Geography Higher Level 2013 Exam Answers - JC-Learn · PDF fileHigher Level Geography JC-Learn 5 C. Levees Levees are features formed by river deposition. These are raised banks found

Higher Level Geography JC-Learn

1

JC-Learn

Geography

Higher Level

2013 Exam Answers


2

Section 1

1. (i) Crater (ii) Vent (iii) Magma Chamber/Magma Reservoir 2.

(i) Source (ii) Tributary (iii) Alluvium 3. Relief rainfall 4. (i)Heavier (ii) Cold (iii) Prevailing Wind 5.

(i) Collide (ii) Armorican (iii) Andes 6.

15.4mm (ii) 2.9°C (iii) 14.1°C 7A.

(i) Saudi Arabia (ii) Oil (iii) Non-renewable

OR 7B.

(i)Isobars (ii) Isotherms (iii) Isohels 8A.

X Y

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 1

OR

8B.

X Y

A 4

B 3

C 1

D 2


3

9A. From Coalfields to Coasts

OR 9B. Linear

10. 3

(i) False (ii) False (iii) True

11. 3

(i) False (ii) True (iii) False

12. 3

(i) 2004 (ii) 6000 (iii) 1000

13. 3

(i) False (ii) True (iii) False

14. 3

(i) Coniferous Plantation (ii) Upland

(iii) Short

15. 2,3,4

16. 2,4,5

17. NNE/NE

18.

X Y

A 3

B 4

C 2

D 1 19. Bree 20. Meander


4

Section 2

Question 1 A. This type of weathering is chemical weathering. This occurs when rocks are dissolved because of a chemical change. The process of carbonation explains how this weathering works. Weathering by water can cause carbonation. Carbonation occurs mainly in limestone landscapes. What is carbonation?

When rain falls, it takes in carbon dioxide and becomes a weak carbonic acid. Limestone contains calcium carbonate. The acid reacts with the calcium carbonate in limestone, causing the limestone to dissolve slowly in process known as carbonation. Limestone is permeable (allows water through), so rainwater easily passes through its joints, eroding it further.

The impact of carbonation can clearly be seen in the limestone landscape of the Burren, Co. Clare.

B. (i) The gradient (slope) of the land surface - when the slope is steep, mass movement is rapid. When the slop is fairly flat, mass movement is much slower. The water content (precipitation) - for example, after a period of heavy rain, the regolith is heavier and so flows quicker. Water also acts as a lubricant, making mass movement easier. (ii) Soil creep -

Slowest type of mass movement. It is greatest at surface and decreases with depth of soil. Evidence of it includes tilted poles, broken/ tilted fences, soil piled up behind walls, soil accumulated into series of steps (terracettes), tree trunks turned downslope, and road cracks.


5

C. Levees Levees are features formed by river deposition. These are raised banks found alongside a river at its old stage.

When the river is in flood and spreads out over the flood plain, it deposits its load of rich alluvium.

It drops the larger particles close to the edge of the river and transports the lighter, smaller particles further away.

These larger particles gradually build up to form a levee.

An example of a levee is at the old stage of the River Liffey.


6

Question 2 A. (i) The water cycle:

1. Evaporation (A) occurs when the sun heats up water and changes it from liquid to gas (water vapour) in the air.

2. The light water vapour in the air rises and cools. It then condenses (B) and changes back into liquid in the form of tiny droplets, which then form clouds.

3. The cooling and condensing continues until the cloud becomes saturated (cannot hold any more water at that temperature). Eventually, the droplets are too heavy to be suspended and precipitation (C) occurs.

4. Run off (D) - when the precipitation returns to the earth’s surface it flows to the seas and lakes via the rivers and stream, or through the soil and rocks.

(ii) Cumulus clouds Cirrus clouds B. Latitude: This is the angular distance north or south of the equator. The sun’s energy is greatest at the equator, where the heat is concentrated. The average temperature decreases going away from the equator, as the sun’s rays have further to travel to reach the earth’s surface. Prevailing wind: The movement of air produces winds, which create the movement of warm and cold air masses. These air masses move over the earth’s surface influencing temperature and precipitation. A prevailing wind is the most common wind of a region. Common winds from tropical regions will carry warm air while those from Polar Regions are cold. Prevailing winds influence the climate based on the location from which they blow.


7

Altitude: This is the height above sea level. The higher you climb, the colder it gets. Higher elevations have less atmosphere, so they hold less heat. C. The Greenhouse Effect The earth receives light from the sun. Most of the heat energy from the sun passes through the earth’s atmosphere as ultraviolet (short-wave) radiation. As the temperature increases on earth, heat energy is radiated back into the atmosphere as infrared (long-wave) radiation.

Gases in the atmosphere known as greenhouse gases, trap some of this infrared energy. This natural process is called the greenhouse effect.

This process keeps heat inside the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. As humans emit more carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect becomes stronger and the temperature of the earth rises. This is causing the earth’s climate to change unnaturally.


8

Question 3 3A. (i) O Horizon (organic matter) -

This is a non-decomposed layer of vegetation, also called plant litter. A Horizon (topsoil) -

This is the upper layer of the soil and is called the topsoil. Most of the organic material can be found here. Topsoil contains humus and so is dark in colour.

B Horizon (subsoil) -

This is known as the subsoil and is light in colour as it contains less humus. It’s also stonier than the A Horizon as it is nearer to the bedrock or parent material of the soil and is protected from weathering and erosion.

C Horizon (parent rock) -

This is the bedrock or parent material of the soil. Soil formation (three examples of factors which influence soil formation): Climatic Conditions The climate of an area is the main influence on soil type.

Rainfall and temperature changes determine the weathering and erosion that the rock experiences.

Moisture and heat influence the type of vegetation and micro-organisms that can live in an area and therefore the organic material in the soil.

When the rainfall is heavy, leaching is the result. Leaching is the washing down of minerals and nutrients to lower horizons.

Parent Material This gives the soil its character. Parent rock is the original rock, which has been broken by weathering. The process of weathering breaks down the


9

parent material into tiny mineral particles. The minerals provide nutrients for living organisms. Vegetation When vegetation dies it is broken down by micro-organisms to form humus. The type of vegetation is an important factor in the quality of humus produced and the type of organic matter in the soil. (ii) Brown earth soils Peat soils 3B. (i) Ulster plantation (ii) Effects of Plantation

1. Culture - English and Scottish cultures were established (included English language). The Irish language and culture in Ulster was slowly abandoned.

2. Religious divide - Protestant planters dispossessed Catholics (unrest in North of Ireland). This led to sectarian conflict (violence between religions). The violence carried on between Protestants and Catholics for a number of years, causing many lives to be lost in the process.

(iii) One barrier to migration in the present day may be the cost. The cost of travel can be very high, so this would cause problems for a number of people in the present day. 3C. (i) Coastlines and beaches eg. Cliffs of Moher in Clare, Ireland Cities eg. Dublin city (has Temple Bar, Collins Barracks etc.) (ii) Tourists are attracted to the Cliffs of Moher in Clare because of its sheer beauty and location. It stands over 200m above the Atlantic, and is one of the most beautiful tourist attractions on the coastline of Ireland.


10

Tourists come here to see the views and to witness the excitement when you look over the edge. Tourists are attracted to Dublin city because it offers a variety of attractions for tourists - Temple Bar:

This is the cultural quarter of Dublin. It offers tourists a chance to experience pubs, shops, contemporary arts etc.

The Book of Kells:

This is in Trinity College, and one of the most beautifully illustrated manuscripts in the world.

Collins Barracks:

This is home to the National Museum of Ireland. It is one of the largest inhabited barracks in Europe.

3D. (i) Technology has aided peat exploitation with new machinery for the bogs (A ditcher digs drains throughout the bog. These drains allow surplus water to run through. A grader levels the bog. This makes it easier for harvesting machines to do their work.). Technology has also aided peat exploitation with the transportation used now on bogs. These days, bogs have their own railway line, called a turf train. (ii) The majority of their commericial peat production takes place at raised bogs in the Midlands for two main reasons:

1. Raised bogs are found on lower ground than blanket bogs, so they are easier to be exploited

2. Raised bogs are deeper than blanket bogs (average depth of 8m) so their exploitation here would be more effective for commercial peat production


11

Question 4 A. (i) Kolkata (Calcutta), India (ii) Lack of infrastructural services:

o Access to clean water is very limited o Communal toilets are common, with little waste treatment. o Open waste disposal along the street is common o Facilities are poor, especially the medical services, with many dying

from diseases like typhoid. o Most slum dwellers cannot afford basic educational services and

remain illiterate o There are no roads within the shanty town o There is no electricity supplied to shanty towns

Poor living standard:

o The wealthy live close to the city centre. Employment is nearby, with modern office blocks located in the centre. Other facilities reflect the wealth of the region.

o Moving away from the city centre, the quality of residences deteriorates. On reaching the outskirts of the city, the vast areas of poor quality housing form shanty towns. A shanty town is an area occupied by a high density of people. The area is a vast expense of unplanned settlement with narrow passages between the dwellings. The spread of fire is a problem and the standard of living is poor.

B. Cologne, Germany is an urban settlement along the Rhine River Basin. This is located along the River Rhine and has three main functions:

Market function - it is at a bridging point on the River Rhine and is recognised as a nodal centre. It is an important market centre with many services.

Port function - It is an important settlement and river port on the River Rhine. The port deals with large vessels.

Recreational function - Cologne has become an important location for tourists. It offers a variety of attractions such as Cologne Cathedral.


12

C. (i) (ii) Land value would be the highest in this zone because land value is always highest in the Central Business District, and this is clearly the CBD zone of this area, with many businesses located around the zone. When land value increases, the intensity of land use increases. The intensity of this zone in the image is very high, with the multi-storey buildings located here. This is another reason to show how land value is highest in this zone. (iii) There are two main problems associated with urban sprawl.

1. The expansion of settlement brings with it urban sprawl. This occurs when limits of urban area continue to expand quickly. Open spaces are being built upon and the green belt is disappearing. This is bad for the environment as the green belt is an area that is environmentally-friendly, due to nothing being meant to be built here.

2. Urban sprawl also results in another major problem. Market gardening land is under increasing pressure due to its proximity to the urban area.


13

Question 5 A.


14

B. (i) An example of primary economic activity is agriculture. This is evident in the right background of the aerial photograph. An example of secondary economic activity is the factory in the right centre of the aerial photograph. An example of tertiary economic activity is the railway line in the right centre of the aerial photograph. (ii) Agriculture is located in the right background of the aerial photograph as this is a lowland area with flat land. This land is suitable for mechanisation and the production of crops. A second reason why agriculture is located here is because the land is located on the banks of the river; therefore, it consists of fertile alluvial soil, which is suitable for agriculture.

C. The first reason why the industrial estate has located at S 977 419 is because this is a large greenfield site. The green colour and lack of contour lines suggest that this is flat land. The industrial site is located on approximately 4km of land and therefore, is ideal for expansion. A second reason why the industrial site is located here is accessibility. It is located approximately 2km from the town of Enniscorthy. It is also located close to the National Primary Road, the N11, which runs in a north-south direction through Enniscorthy and the Regional road, the R744, which runs in an easterly direction. These routeways are important for the import and export of goods and also for transporting workers to and from the industrial estate. Access to these major routeways also means that


15

vehicles from the industrial estate can avoid traffic congestion in the town of Enniscorthy. A third reason why the industrial estate is located here is because of the range of services available in the town of Enniscorthy. Such services include the post office at S 974 398 and the train station at S 974 402. These services are useful to businesses in the industrial estate.

Documents

Geography Higher Level 2013 Exam Answers - JC-Learn · PDF fileHigher Level Geography JC-Learn 5 C. Levees Levees are features formed by river deposition. These are raised banks found