Geoinformatics 2021 11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine

GEOINFORMATICS 2021

21011

Classification of cartographic geoimages as a component of geoinformation builder

*T. M. Kurach (Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine)

SUMMARY

With the increase in the number and variety of types of geoimages and the possibility of their design there is a problem of choosing the optimal type. One of the solutions for effective modelling of geoimages with given properties is to create an interactive system for designing geoimages. On the way to its implementation, one of the methodological issues is the creation of a classification of geoimages, in particular, cartographic. To describe the set of cartographic geoimages, we select objects, indicate their constituent elements and properties on the basis of which the features of classification groups of systematization are created. In addition to maps, cartographic geoimages also include plans, cartograms, mosaic cartogram, and others. To form a classification system, the properties of cartographic geoimages are studied and a system of features is developed. Among the properties are taken into account: 1) spatio-temporal similarity; 2) semantic compliance; 3) abstractness; 4) selectivity; 5) syntheticity; 6) metrics; 7) unambiguity; 8) continuity; 9) clarity; 10) readability; 11) visibility; 12) high informativeness. Based on the composition of elements and properties of maps, many objects of classification of cartographic geoimages are determined and the system of features (basics of classification) is expanded. The main classification features include those related to the cartographic image: the method of scientific research, subject (content), degree of reduction, spatial coverage, temporal correspondence, purpose, degree of schematization, degree of formalization, degree of objectivity. The features that apply to the whole work as a whole include: image form, method of use, design, method of manufacture, language of publication, storage media, format, breadth of the topic. On the basis of the formed system of classification features the classification of cartographic geoimages is developed.

Geoinformatics 2021

11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine

GEOINFORMATICS 2021

Introduction The system of geoimages in the form of a combinational matrix was first presented in 1987 (Berlyant, 1987), which was further improved (Berlyant, 1996), (Berlyant, 2006). The system presents four main types of geoimages (cartographic, dynamic, remote, block) in the form of a matrix, at the intersection of rows and columns are examples of a combination of these four types of geoimages. If we give these combinations names and mirror them, we get six main subtypes (remote-cartographic, block-cartographic, dynamic-cartographic, block-remote, dynamic-remote) and six mirror-inverted at the top of the matrix (cartographic-remote, cartographic). -block, remote-block, cartographic-dynamic, remote-dynamic, block-dynamic) (Figure 1). The difference between them is in the presentation of information by its meaning. For example, in remote cartographic geoimages, the main content is a picture that shows certain types of data in cartographic form, such as the transport network or the boundaries of settlements. In cartographic-remote geoimages, the map is conventionally the main content, and the space image is used as a "substrate", the geographical basis. That is, the priority in the title determines the semantic priority.

Lots of geoimages

Cartographic Remote Block Dynamic

Cartographic Cartographic Cartographic and

remote Cartographic-

block Cartographic and

dynamic

Remote Remote-

cartographic Remote Remote-block Remote-dynamic

Block Block and

cartographic Block-remote Block Block-dynamic

Dynamic Dynamic and cartographic

Dynamic-remote Dynamic-block Block-dynamic

Figure 1. Geoimaging system (in the form of a classification matrix)

The presented division (Figure 1) shows only a double intersection of types of geoimages with 16 combinations, 4 of which are identical (cartographic-cartographic). Triple intersection will give 64 combinations, 24 without identity. For example, cartographic-block-dynamic, etc. The Quaternary intersection will give 256 combinations, for example, cartographic-block-remote-dynamic and their variations. Such geoimages are called hypergeoimages, which combine the properties of all four types of geoimages. Method and/or Theory Objects of any set differ in properties and composition. To describe the set of cartographic geoimages, we select objects, indicate their constituent elements and properties on the basis of which the features of classification groups of systematization are created. A geographical map is a typical representative in the group of cartographic geoimages, so its definition (formulated by KO Salishchev and OM Berlyant) is quite suitable for the concept of "cartographic geoimage". A cartographic geoimage is a mathematically defined, scaled-down, generalized image of the Earth's surface, other celestial body, or outer space that reflects objects located or projected on it in an accepted system of notation (Salishhev, 1990), (Berlyant, 2006). In addition to maps, cartographic geoimages also include plans, anamorphoses, and cartoids. Plans differ from maps in their scale and detail in displaying content using unified symbols for each scale. The plan is a cartographic image of a limited area of the earth's surface in orthogonal projection without taking into account the curvature of the surface. Anamorphosis (from the Greek anamorphoo) is a map-like, specially (consciously) altered image with disturbed proportions, the transformation of which is based on a certain indicator or coefficient. Among the anamorphic images there are linear and planar (Figure 1).

Geoinformatics 2021

11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine

GEOINFORMATICS 2021

Figure 2 Cartogram showing the number of tourists in Ukraine in 2009 (excluding the city of Kyiv), in 1 cm2 about 14 thousand people A tilegram is a transformed image with disturbed proportions and topology. According to BB Rodoman's definition, geographic cartoids (geocartoids) are drawings that show some real or imaginary territory in a simplified way, without the obligatory observance of all the rules of classical cartography (Rodoman, 2010). Cartoids differ from maps by schematic construction, partially or without taking into account metrics. They can reflect both real objects and territories, and abstract, idealized ones. Some cartoids retain the topology, it is less important to preserve the similarity of shapes, and last but not least is to consider the scale and size. Since the early 2010s, so-called "tile maps" (also known as: tile grid map, tilegram, mosaic cartogram) have become popular, especially abroad. The main idea in the implementation of "tiled" cartoids - bringing all the territorial units of the studied region (countries, provinces, districts) to one form of constant size and placement in a clearly regular order at the nodes of the imaginary grid (Figure 2).

Figure 3 Tilegram of age distribution in the United States [https://policyviz.com/2020/10/27/us-waffle-tile-grid-map/]

Geoinformatics 2021

11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine

GEOINFORMATICS 2021

Other types of cartographic geoimages include frontal plans in which the image is projected on a vertical plane, transparent maps that are printed on transparent plastic and used for demonstration through a projector, maps on microfiches can be found in libraries among old publications - microcopies of maps or atlases on photo or film. For people with poor eyesight, special tactile maps are made, on which all signatures and markings are made in a relief-dot method - in Braille.

To form a classification system, the properties of cartographic geoimages are studied and a system of features is developed. Among the properties are taken into account: 1) spatio-temporal similarity; 2) semantic compliance; 3) abstractness; 4) selectivity; 5) syntheticity; 6) metrics; 7) unambiguity; 8) continuity; 9) clarity; 10) readability; 11) visibility; 12) high informativeness. Based on the composition of elements and properties of maps, many objects of classification of cartographic geoimages are determined and the system of features (basics of classification) is expanded. The main classification features include those related to the cartographic image: the method of scientific research, subject (content), and degree of reduction, spatial coverage, temporal correspondence, purpose, degree of schematization, degree of formalization, and degree of objectivity. The features that apply to the whole work as a whole include: image form, method of use, design, method of manufacture, language of publication, storage media, format, breadth of the topic. Results On the basis of the formed system of classification features the classification of cartographic geoimages is developed (Figure 4). The given classification reflects the first classification division, which corresponds to the taxonomic category - the type of geoimage. Each of which can be decomposed and, thus, deepen the classification.

Figure 4 Classification of cartographic geoimages

Geoinformatics 2021

11-14 May 2021, Kyiv, Ukraine

GEOINFORMATICS 2021

Conclusions With the increase in the number and variety of types of geoimages and the possibilities of their construction, the problem of choosing the optimal type arises. One of the solutions of effective creation of geoimages with the set properties is automation of process of designing, a choice of an optimum type of a geoimage for geoiconic visualization. For this purpose the geoinformation builder is developed. The developed classification of cartographic geoimages, along with other classifications of block, remote and dynamic geoimages, will be part of this system. To get acquainted with the existing geoimages, the system will have advanced search options, one of which is the created classification. It is planned to form libraries, templates of the geoimage system, such as in Figures 2 and 3 with a brief description of each species. To implement the design, there are three ways that correspond to different user’s knowledge level: initial, user and professional. The entry level is more suitable for educational purposes. The contractor is offered the optimal type of geoimage based on the entered basic parameters with a view in the library of examples or standards of different combinations of geoimages with classification by a number of parameters and a hierarchy of properties by priority. At the second level (user), the performer chooses the type of geoimage, the main elements of the content from the proposed system and looks in the library of examples of what the projected geoimage will look like. The level provides a semi-automatic mode with a choice of different but limited examples. The third level involves the professional skills of the performer, who independently, guided by his knowledge, chooses the necessary properties of geoimages and forms the content load. After creating a geoimage and forming a graphic image, it is assumed to save the example in the data library, which can then be used as examples or standards for combining image properties. The system will be created as a web application with a wide range of interactive features. The technological scheme provides: UX-prototype, UI design, HTML layout, dynamic programming. References Berlyant, A.M. [1987] Geoizobrazheniya i ikh svojstva. Izv.Vses. geogr. ob-va. Moskva vy`p. 119, 5.

Berlyant, A.M. [1996] Geoikonika. Moskva, 208 s.

Berlyant, A.M. [2006] Teoriya geoizobrazhenij. Moskva, 262 s.

Rodoman, B.B. [2010] Nauchny`e geograficheskie kartoidy`. Geograficheskij vestnik 1, http://press.psu.ru/index.php/geogr/article/view/606/466http://press.psu.ru/index.php/geogr/article/view/606/466

Salishhev, K.A. [1990] Kartovedenie. Moskva, 400 s.