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Eon Era Period 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350 355 360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465 470 475 480 485 490 495 500 505 510 515 520 525 530 535 540 P a l e o z o i c Era Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Terre- neuvian Epoch 2 Epoch 3 Furon- gian Early Middle Late Llandovery Wenlock Ludlow Pridoli Early Middle Late Early Early Middle Mid. Late Late Cisuralian Guada- lupian Lopingian -100 0 100 200m Age (Ma) Age (Ma) Age / Stage Epoch Polarity Period Sea level Pennsylvanian Mississippian Fortunian Age 2 Age 3 Age 4 Age 5 Drumian Guzhangian Paibian Jiangshanian Age 10 Tremadocian Floian Dapingian Darriwilian Sandbian Katian Hirnantian Rhuddanian Aeronian Telychian Sheinwoodian Homerian Gorstian Ludfordian Lochkovian Pragian Emsian Eifelian Givetian Frasnian Famennian Tournaisian Visean Serpukhovian Bashkirian Moscovian Kasimovian Gzhelian Asselian Sakmarian Artinskian Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian 541 529 521 514 509 504.5 500.5 497 494 489.5 485.4 477.7 470.0 467.3 458.4 453.0 445.2 443.8 440.8 438.5 433.4 430.5 427.4 425.6 423.0 419.2 410.8 407.6 393.3 387.7 382.7 372.2 358.9 346.7 330.9 323.2 315.2 307.0 303.7 298.9 295.5 290.1 279.3 272.3 268.8 265.1 259.8 254.2 Messinian 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene C e n o z o i c M e s o z o i c Neogene Quat. Early Middle Late Early Middle Late Early Late Paleo- cene Eocene Oligo- cene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Induan 252.2 250.0 247.1 241.5 237 228.4 209.5 201.3 199.3 190.8 182.7 174.1 170.3 168.3 166.1 163.5 157.3 152.1 145.0 139.4 133.9 130.8 126.3 113.0 100.5 93.9 89.8 86.3 83.6 66.0 72.1 61.6 59.2 56.0 47.8 41.2 Olenekian Anisian Ladinian Carnian Norian Rhaetian Hettangian Sinemurian Pliensbachian Toarcian Aalenian Bajocian Bathonian Callovian Oxfordian Kimmeridgian Tithonian Berriasian Valanginian Hauterivian Barremian Aptian Albian Cenomanian Turonian Coniacian Santonian Campanian Danian Selandian Thanetian Ypresian Lutetian Bartonian Priabonian 37.8 33.9 28.1 23.03 20.44 15.97 13.82 11.63 7.25 Piacenzian/ Zanclean 5.33 M25/26 M24 M23 M22 M21 M20 M19 M11 M10 M17/18 M14/15 M12/13 M7/9 M5/6 M16 M0r/M1 M"-1"r C34 C33 C32 C31 C30 C29 C27/28 C26 C25 C24 C23 C22 C21 C19/ 20 C18 C17 C15/16 C13 C12 C10/11 C7/9 C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 -100 0 100 200m see Quaternary detail Rupelian Chattian Aquitanian Burdigalian Langhian Serravallian Tortonian Maastrichtian M3 Age (Ma) Age / Stage Epoch Era Polarity Chron Period Sea level C e n o z o i c Neogene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene Quaternary Age (Ma) Age / Stage Epoch Era Polarity Chron Period Lisieki & Raymo, 2005 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.33 3.6 2.59 1.81 0.78 Zanclean Piacenzian Gelasian Calabrian Ionian Tarantian 0.13 0.0118 C3 C2A C2 C1 3 4 5 Matuyama Gauss Gilbert Brunhes 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 Marine Isotope Stages warm cool δ 18 O Jara- millo Olduvai Thvera 356 Ma Carboniferous 650 Ma Cryogenian 425 Ma Silurian 514 Ma Cambrian 255 Ma Permian 255 M P i 650 Ma C Cryogenian ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9 Geologic Time Scale 2012 C e n o z o i c Neogene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene Quaternary A A A A A A Age ( ( ( (Ma) Age / Stage Epoch h h h h h Era P Pol lari it ty Chron Period d Lisieki & Raymo, 2005 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 1 1.0 1 1 1.5 2 2 2 2 2.0 2 2 2 2 2.5 3 3 3 3 3.0 3 3 3 3 3.5 4 4 4 4 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.5 5 5 5 5 5.0 5 5 5. 5.33 33 33 33 3.6 2.59 1.81 0.78 Zanclean Piacenzian Gelasian Calabrian Ionian T arantian 0.13 0.0118 C3 C2A C2 C1 3 4 5 Matuyama Gauss Gilbert Brunhes 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n i i i i r r r r r r r r r r r a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o t t t t t t t t t t o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s I I I I s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a t t t t t t t t t t S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S m m m m m m m m warm l l l l o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c δ δ δ δ 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 O O O O O - Jara- - J millo o Olduvai Thvera Messinian 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 1 100 1 105 1 1 10 1 1 15 1 120 1 125 1 130 1 135 1 140 1 145 1 150 1 155 1 160 1 165 1 170 1 175 1 180 1 185 1 190 1 195 2 2 200 2 2 205 2 2 210 2 2 215 2 2 220 2 2 225 2 2 230 2 2 235 2 2 240 2 2 245 2 2 25 2 2 0 T riassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene C e n o z o i c M e s o z o i c Neogene Quat. Early Middle Late Early Middle Late Early Late Paleo- cene Eocene Oligo- cene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Induan 252.2 250.0 247.1 241.5 237 228.4 209.5 201.3 199.3 190.8 182.7 174.1 170.3 1 168.3 166.1 163.5 157.3 152.1 145.0 139.4 133.9 130.8 126.3 113.0 100.5 93.9 89.8 86.3 83.6 66.0 72.1 61.6 59.2 56.0 47.8 41.2 Olenekian Anisian Ladinian Carnian Norian Rhaetian Hettangian H tt i Sinemurian Pliensbachian Toarcian Aalenian Bajocian Bathonian Callovian Oxfordian Kimmeridgian Tithonian Berriasian V alanginian Hauterivian Barremian Aptian Albian Cenomanian Turonian Coniacian Santonian Campanian Danian Selandian Selandian Thanetian Y presian Lutetian Bartonian Priabonian 37.8 33.9 28.1 23.03 20.44 15.97 13.82 11.63 7.25 Piacenzian/ Piacenzian/ Zanclean ocene Piacenzian/ 5.33 P P M25/26 M24 M23 M22 M21 M21 M20 M19 M19 M11 M10 M17/18 M14/15 M12/13 / M7/9 M5/6 M16 M0r/M1 M"-1"r C34 C33 C32 C31 C30 C29 C27/28 C26 C25 C24 C23 C22 C21 C19/ 20 C18 C17 C15/16 C13 C12 C10/11 C7/9 C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 -100 - 0 100 200m m m see Quaternary detail Rupelian Chattian Aquitanian Burdigalian Langhian L hi Serravallian S lli Tortonian Maastrichtian M3 A A A A A Age ( ( (Ma) Age / Stage Epoch Era P Pol lari it ty Chron Period d S S S S S Se e ea a a level 2 255 2 260 2 265 2 270 2 275 2 280 2 285 2 290 2 295 3 300 3 305 3 310 3 315 3 320 3 325 3 330 3 335 3 340 3 345 3 350 3 355 3 360 3 365 3 370 3 375 3 380 3 385 3 390 3 395 4 400 4 405 4 410 4 415 4 420 4 425 4 430 4 435 4 440 4 445 4 450 4 455 4 460 4 465 4 470 4 475 4 480 4 485 4 490 4 495 5 500 5 505 5 510 5 515 5 520 5 525 5 530 5 535 54 54 5 5 54 5 5 0 0 0 P a l e o z o i c Era Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Terre- neuvian Epoch 2 Epoch 3 Furon- gian Early Middle Late Llandovery Wenlock Ludlow Pridoli Early Middle Late Early Early Middle Mid. Late Late Cisuralian Guada- lupian Lopingian -100 0 100 200m m m m m A A A A Age ( (Ma) Age / Stage Epoch Polarit ty y y y y y y Period d S S S S S Se ea a level Pennsylvanian Mississippian Fortunian Age 2 Age 3 Age 4 Age 5 Drumian Guzhangian Paibian Jiangshanian Age 10 Tremadocian Floian Dapingian Darriwilian Sandbian Katian Hirnantian Rhuddanian Aeronian A i T elychian Sheinwoodian Homerian H i Gorstian G ti Ludfordian L df di Lochkovian Pragian Emsian Eifelian Givetian Frasnian Famennian T ournaisian Visean Serpukhovian Bashkirian Moscovian Kasimovian Gzhelian Asselian Sakmarian Artinskian Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian 54 54 54 541 1 1 1 529 521 514 509 504.5 500.5 497 494 489.5 485.4 477.7 470.0 467.3 458.4 453.0 4 445.2 4 443.8 440.8 438.5 433.4 430.5 427.4 4 425.6 423.0 419.2 410.8 407.6 393.3 387.7 382.7 372.2 358.9 346.7 330.9 323.2 315.2 307.0 303.7 298.9 295.5 290.1 279.3 272.3 268.8 265.1 259.8 W W 254.2 2 Eon Era Period A A Age (Ma) 237 Ma Triassic 152 Ma Jurassic 94 Ma Cretaceous 50 Ma Paleogene 21,000 years Quaternary PHANEROZOIC PHANEROZOIC & PRECAMBRIAN 600 500 400 300 200 100 700 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 900 2000 2100 2200 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 2300 3400 3500 3600 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 3700 Archean Hadean Proterozoic Phanerozoic Cryogenian Tonian Stenian Ectasian Calymmian Statherian Orosirian Rhyacian Siderian Ediacaran Neo- proterozoic Neo- archean Meso- archean Meso- proterozoic Paleo- proterozoic Paleo- archean Eoarchean Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic 3600 4560 4000 3200 2800 2500 2300 2050 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 850 635 Geologic TimeScale Foundation Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Copyright © 2012 Geologic TimeScale Foundation For details see: "The Geologic Time Scale 2012" by F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. Schmitz and G. Ogg (2012, published by Elsevier), and the website of the Geologic TimeScale Foundation http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu. The maps were provided by Chris Scotese. This chart was produced by Gabi Ogg using TimeScale Creator software: http://www.tscreator.org Precambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cen Time ScaLe Creator R Legend: Uncertain polarity Subduction Zone Spreading Center Reversed polarity Normal polarity F For details see: " "The Geologic Time Scale 2012" by F. M. G Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. Schmitz and G. Ogg ( (2012, published by Elsevier), and the website o of the Geologic TimeScale Foundation h http://stratigraphy .science.purdue.edu . T The maps were provided by Chris Scotese. T This chart was produced b by Gabi Ogg using T TimeScale Creator s software: http : // www .tscreator .org Precamb Paleozo Mesozoic Cen Time ScaLe Creator R r r L L Legend d d: Uncertain polarity Subduction Zone Spreading Center Reversed polarity Normal polarity NORLEX www.nhm2.uio.no/stratlex ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9

Geologic Time Scale 2012 · Eon Era Period 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350 355 360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420

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Page 1: Geologic Time Scale 2012 · Eon Era Period 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350 355 360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420

Eon Era Period

255

260

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540

P a

l e o

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i c

Era

Cam

bria

nO

rdov

icia

nS

iluria

nD

evon

ian

Car

boni

fero

usP

erm

ian

Terre-neuvian

Epoch 2

Epoch 3

Furon-gian

Early

Middle

Late

Llandovery

WenlockLudlowPridoli

Early

Middle

Late

Ear

lyE

arly

Mid

dle

Mid

.La

teLa

teC

isur

alia

n

Guada-lupian

Lopingian

-100 0 100 200m

Age(Ma)

Age(Ma)Age / StageEpoch

Pol

arity

Perio

d Sealevel

Pen

nsyl

vani

anM

issi

ssip

pian

Fortunian

Age 2

Age 3

Age 4Age 5

DrumianGuzhangian

PaibianJiangshanian

Age 10

Tremadocian

FloianDapingian

Darriwilian

Sandbian

KatianHirnantian

RhuddanianAeronianTelychian

SheinwoodianHomerianGorstian

Ludfordian

Lochkovian

Pragian

Emsian

EifelianGivetian

Frasnian

Famennian

Tournaisian

Visean

Serpukhovian

Bashkirian

Moscovian

KasimovianGzhelianAsselian

Sakmarian

Artinskian

KungurianRoadianWordian

CapitanianWuchiapingian

Changhsingian

541

529

521

514

509

504.5

500.5

497494

489.5

485.4

477.7

470.0467.3

458.4

453.0

445.2443.8440.8438.5

433.4430.5

427.4425.6423.0

419.2

410.8

407.6

393.3

387.7

382.7

372.2

358.9

346.7

330.9

323.2

315.2

307.0

303.7

298.9

295.5

290.1

279.3

272.3

268.8

265.1

259.8

254.2

Messinian

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

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120

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Tria

ssic

Jura

ssic

Cre

tace

ous

Pal

eoge

neC

e n

o z

o i

cM

e s

o z

o i

cN

eoge

ne

Quat.

Early

Middle

Late

Early

Middle

Late

Early

Late

Paleo-cene

Eoc

ene

Oligo-cene

Mio

cene

PliocenePleistocene

Induan252.2250.0

247.1

241.5

237

228.4

209.5

201.3199.3

190.8

182.7

174.1

170.3168.3166.1163.5

157.3

152.1

145.0

139.4

133.9

130.8

126.3

113.0

100.5

93.9

89.8

86.383.6

66.0

72.1

61.659.2

56.0

47.8

41.2

OlenekianAnisian

Ladinian

Carnian

Norian

Rhaetian

Hettangian

Sinemurian

Pliensbachian

Toarcian

AalenianBajocian

BathonianCallovianOxfordian

Kimmeridgian

Tithonian

Berriasian

ValanginianHauterivianBarremian

Aptian

Albian

Cenomanian

TuronianConiacianSantonian

Campanian

DanianSelandianThanetian

Ypresian

Lutetian

BartonianPriabonian37.8

33.9

28.1

23.0320.44

15.9713.8211.63

7.25

Piacenzian/ Zanclean5.33

M25/26 M24M23M22M21M20M19

M11M10

M17/18

M14/15M12/13

M7/9M5/6

M16

M0r/M1

M"-1"r

C34

C33

C32C31C30C29

C27/28

C26C25

C24C23C22C21

C19/20

C18C17

C15/16C13C12

C10/11

C7/9

C6

C5

C4C3C2C1

-100 0 100 200m

see Quaternary detail

Rupelian

ChattianAquitanianBurdigalian

LanghianSerravallianTortonian

Maastrichtian

M3

Age(Ma) Age / StageEpoch

Era

PolarityChron

Perio

d Sealevel

C e

n o

z o

i c

Neo

gene

Plio

cene

Ple

isto

cene

Holocene

Qua

tern

ary

Age(Ma) Age / Stage

Epo

ch

Era

PolarityChron

Perio

d

Lisieki &Raymo, 2005

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.33

3.6

2.59

1.81

0.78

Zanclean

Piacenzian

Gelasian

Calabrian

Ionian

Tarantian0.13

0.0118

C3

C2A

C2

C1

3 4 5M

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tB

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810

12

14

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202224262830323436384042444648505254565860626468707274767880828486889092949698100

102104106

MarineIsotopeStages

warm cool

δ18O

Jara-millo

Olduvai

Thvera

356 Ma Carboniferous

650 Ma Cryogenian

425 Ma Silurian

514 Ma Cambrian

255 Ma Permian255 M P i

650 Ma CCryogenian

ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9

Geologic Time Scale 2012C

e n

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0

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111.0

111.5

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22222.5

33333.0

33333.5

44444.0

44444.5

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555.5.33333333

3.6

2.59

1.81

0.78

Zanclean

Piacenzian

Gelasian

Calabrian

Ionian

Tarantian0.13

0.0118

C3

C2A

C2

C1

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tB

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44444444444444444444444444888888888888888888888666666666666666666666666688888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888880000000000000000000000000999999999999999999999222222222222222222222222299999999999999999999944444444444444444444444444999999999999999999999666666666666666666666666699999999999999999999988888888888888888888888889999999999999999999990000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011111111111 888888888888888888888888888888888889999999999999999999999999999999999992222222222222222222222200000000000000000000011111111111444444444444444444444444000000000000000000000111111111116666666666666666666666600000000000000000000011111111111eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnnniiiirrrrrrrrrrraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeppppppppppppppppoooooooooooooooooottttttttttooooooooooooooooosssssssssssssssIIIIssssssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeegggggggggggggggggaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaattttttttttSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

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Olduvai

Thvera

Messinian

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

1100

1105

1110

1115

1120

1125

1130

1135

1140

1145

1150

1155

1160

1165

1170

1175

1180

1185

1190

1195

22200

22205

22210

22215

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22225

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22235

22240

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Eoc

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Oligo-cene

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Induan252.2250.0

247.1

241.5

237

228.4

209.5

201.3199.3

190.8

182.7

174.1

170.31168.3166.1163.5

157.3

152.1

145.0

139.4

133.9

130.8

126.3

113.0

100.5

93.9

89.8

86.383.6

66.0

72.1

61.659.2

56.0

47.8

41.2

OlenekianAnisian

Ladinian

Carnian

Norian

Rhaetian

gHettangiangH tt i

Sinemurian

Pliensbachian

Toarcian

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Tithonian

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Aptian

Albian

Cenomanian

TuronianConiacianSantonian

Campanian

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Ypresian

Lutetian

BartonianPriabonian37.8

33.9

28.1

23.0320.44

15.9713.8211.63

7.25

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M25/26 M24M23M22M21M21M20M19M19

M11M10

M17/18

M14/15M12/13/

M7/9M5/6

M16

M0r/M1

M"-1"r

C34

C33

C32C31C30C29

C27/28

C26C25

C24C23C22C21

C19/20

C18C17C

C15/16C13C12

C10/11

C7/9

C6

C5

C4C3C2C1

-100- 0 100 200mmm

see Quaternary detail

Rupelian

ChattianqAquitanianq

BurdigalianLanghiangL hi

SerravallianS lliTortonian

Maastrichtian

M3

AAAAAAge(((Ma)

gg Age / StageEpoch

Era

PPollariittyChron

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2255

2260

2265

2270

2275

2280

2285

2290

2295

3300

3305

3310

3315

3320

3325

3330

3335

3340

3345

3350

3355

3360

3365

3370

3375

3380

3385

3390

3395

4400

4405

4410

4415

4420

4425

4430

4435

4440

4445

4450

4455

4460

4465

4470

4475

4480

4485

4490

4495

5500

5505

5510

5515

5520

5525

5530

5535

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CapitanianWuchiapingian

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545454541111

529

521

514

509

504.5

500.5

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489.5

485.4

477.7

470.0467.3

458.4

453.0

4445.24443.8440.8438.5

433.4430.5

427.44425.6423.0

419.2

410.8

407.6

393.3

387.7

382.7

372.2

358.9

346.7

330.9

323.2

315.2

307.0

303.7

298.9

295.5

290.1

279.3

272.3

268.8

265.1

259.8WW254.22

Eon Era PeriodAAAge(Ma)

gg

237 Ma Triassic

152 Ma Jurassic

94 Ma Cretaceous

50 Ma Paleogene

21,000 years Quaternary

PHANEROZOIC PHANEROZOIC & PRECAMBRIAN

600

500

400

300

200

100

700

800

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

900

2000

2100

2200

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

3100

3200

3300

2300

3400

3500

3600

3800

3900

4000

4100

4200

4300

4400

4500

3700

Arc

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Hadean

Pro

tero

zoic

Pha

nero

zoic

Cryogenian

Tonian

Stenian

Ectasian

Calymmian

Statherian

Orosirian

Rhyacian

Siderian

Ediacaran

Neo-proterozoic

Neo-archean

Meso-archean

Meso-proterozoic

Paleo-proterozoic

Paleo-archean

Eoarchean

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic

3600

4560

4000

3200

2800

2500

2300

2050

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

850

635

GeologicTimeScaleFoundation

CambrianOrdovician

SilurianDevonian

CarboniferousPermianTriassicJurassic

CretaceousPaleogene

Copyright © 2012 Geologic TimeScale Foundation

For details see:"The Geologic Time Scale 2012" by F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. Schmitz and G. Ogg (2012, published by Elsevier), and the website of the Geologic TimeScale Foundationhttp://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu. The maps were provided by Chris Scotese.

This chart was producedby Gabi Ogg usingTimeScale Creatorsoftware: http://www.tscreator.org

PrecambrianPaleozoicMesozoicCen

TimeScaLe

CreatorR

Legend:

Uncertain polarity

Subduction Zone

Spreading Center

Reversed polarity

Normal polarity

FFor details see:""The Geologic Time Scale 2012" by F. M. GGradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. Schmitz and G. Ogg ((2012, published by Elsevier), and the website oof the Geologic TimeScale Foundationhhttp://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu.TThe maps were provided by Chris Scotese.

TThis chart was producedbby Gabi Ogg usingTTimeScale Creatorssoftware:httpp://www.tscreator.orgg

PrecambPaleozoMesozoicCen

TimeScaLe

CreatorRrr

LLLegenddd:

Uncertain polarity

Subduction Zone

Spreading Center

Reversed polarity

Normal polarity

NORLEXwww.nhm2.uio.no/stratlex

ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9

Solar Nebula Hypothesis fileSolar Nebula Hypothesis 1. The Geologic Time Scale 2. The Geologic “Clock” 3. The Hadean Eon - Accretion, Melting and Differentiation 4. Our Moon 5

Solar Nebula Hypothesis fileSolar Nebula Hypothesis 1. The Geologic Time Scale 2. The Geologic “Clock” 3. The Hadean Eon - Accretion, Melting and Differentiation 4. Our Moon 5

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