Geological Field Report_granite cutting anf phosphate mining.pdf

8/14/2019 Geological Field Report_granite cutting anf phosphate mining.pdf

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Field report| ACKNOWLEDGMENT 0

Geological Field Report

Submitted to: Dr. Amjad SabirSubmitted by:Salik I jaz (FA10-ERS-111)

Waqas Ahmad (FA10-ERS-106)

Haseeb Abbasi (FA10-ERS-075)

Mustahsan Shuaib (FA10-ERS-076)


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Field report| ACKNOWLEDGMENT 1

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I only desire your betterment to the best of my powerAnd my success in my task can only come from ALLAHIn Him I trust and unto Him I look (Surah-e-Hud, Verse 88, Chapter 11)

First of all, I would like to thank ALLAH Almighty for giving us the capability,

perseverance, courage and determination to accomplish this venture. Darood-o-Salam

to the personage (SAWW) for whose sake gracious ALLAH created this universe.

Working with Dr. Amjad Sabir (HOD) was special for us. We not only value his

outstanding field knowledge and talents but his company. His critical comments and

thoughtful input helped guide our work and clearly strengthened our field motives.


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Table of Contents

Our fieldsobjectives ....03

ChapterIntroduction ....05

Definition of Terms ....06

Chapter 2Phosphate Deposit

....

10Ore Reserves of Rock Phosphate (Lagarban-Tarnawa)..10

Type of Phosphate Rocks, Reserves and Grade......11

Pak Arab Company (Fatima Group)11

Phosphorite. ...12

Correlation ...13

Sublevel Stoping....13

Chapter 3Dolerite cutting at darband ..17

Instument and machines used for cutting dolorite....18


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OBJECTIVE OF FIELD

The main objectives of this field trip were:

To study about some deposits of the region.

Economic importance of the deposit.

Mining methods and techniques used.

Host lithology.

To study the hazard regarding to mining.

Remedies of impacts.


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO MINING TECHNIQUES

AND TERMINOLOGY


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INTRODUCTION

ining can be simply defined as an art and science of extracting

minerals. Mining can be classified into two major types:

1. Surface Mining

2. Underground Mining

There are four steps involved in the whole mining process:

a. Prospecting: Searching the ore body.

b. Exploration: Defining the ore body.

c. Exploitation: Access the ore body or approaching the ore body.

d. Mining starts.

Definition of Terms

M


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terminology escription

CHUTE

Loading arrangement that utilizes gravity to move material from a

higher level to a lower level.

CONEFunnel shaped excavation located at the top of a raise use to collect

rock from the area above.

DITHorizontal or nearly horizontal entrance to a mine.

CROSSCUT Horizontal or nearly horizontal underground opening driven tointersect an ore body.

B CKRoof or overhead surface of an underground excavation.

DR W POINT

Place where ore can be loaded and removed. A draw point is located

beneath the stoping area and gravity flow transfers the ore to the

loading place.

DIP Angle at which an ore deposit is inclined from the horizontal.

FINGER R ISETypically, a system of several raises that branch together to the same

delivery point used for transferring ore.

DRIFT Horizontal or nearly horizontal underground opening.

GRIZZLYArrangement that prevents oversized rock from entering an ore

transfer system. A grizzly usually consists of a steel grating for

coarse screening or scalping.


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LEVELSystem of horizontal underground workings connecting to the shaft. A

level forms the basis for excavation of the ore above or below..

M NW YUnderground opening that is intended for personnel access and

communication.

H NGING W LLWall or rock above an ore deposit.

FOOTW LL Wall or rock under the ore deposit..

OREMineral deposit that can be worked at a profit under existing economic

conditions.

ORE P SSVertical or inclined underground opening through which ore is

transferred.

R ISEUnderground opening driven upward from one level to a higher level

or to the surface; a raise may be either vertical or inclined.

PROSPECTMineral deposit for which the economic value has not yet been proven.

R MP Inclined underground opening that connects levels or productionareas; ramps are inclined to allow the passage of motorized vehicles.Ramps usually are driven downward.

SH FTVertical or inclined underground opening through which a mine is

worked.


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SUBLEVEL

System of horizontal underground workings; normally, sublevels are

used only within stopping areas where they are required for oreproduction.

W STE Barren rock or rock of too low grade to be mined economically.

STRIKEMain horizontal course or direction of a mineral deposit.

W LL ROCK Wall in which an ore deposit is enclosed.

STOPEUnderground excavation made by removing ore from surrounding

rock.

SLOTVertical or inclined ore section excavation to open up for further

stoping.


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CHAPTER 2

Phosphate Deposits Of Hazara District,

Southern Himalaya,

Pakistan


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Phosphate Deposit (Lagarban-Tarnawai)

The lease area developed by Pak Arab Company lies at the Western flank

of Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis between two major faults i.e. Main Boundary

Thrust (MBT) and Panjal Thrust (PT). The depositional environment of this

deposit is marine followed by the process of regression. It is a Stratabound

deposit.

Strike: NE-SW

Dip: 55- 65o

SE Depth of ore body is: 250m

Lower Contact: Galdanian Formation

Upper Contact: Sirban Dolomite

Ore Reserves of Rock Phosphate in Lagarban-Tarnawai

Locality Mt

Lagarban-Tarnawai

Southern Phosphate 3.5

Lagarban North & South 3

Eastern Phosphorite 7.5

Batkanala 5.5

Lamba Nakka 0.5

Mandrian 1.5

Galdanian 3

Source: SDA


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Type of Phosphate Rocks, Reserves and Grade:

1.Southern Body:Dolomitic ore generally containing low to medium percentage of

P2O5and SiO2but high amount of MgO.

2.Eastern Body:Siliceous ore generally enriched in medium to high P2O5and SiO2 but

low in MgO.

Type of Rock Reserves Grade (Percentage)

Dolomitic Ore 14 Mt

P2O5 (23-32 %), SiO2(3-10%), MgO (2-8%),

R2O3 (1.5-4.5%)

Siliceous Ore 12 MtP2O5 (24-35%), SiO2

(5-25%), MgO (0.5%),

R2O3(1.5-4.5%)

Pak Arab Company (Fatima Group)

The mines developed by Pak Arab Company approximately cover an area

of 678 acres near Danna Village. They started working in 2008 with signing

a contract of 10 years. The total reserve estimated by former workers was

about 3.8 Mt but the study conducted by Pak Arab gave a result of about 5

Mt of phosphate in this region. This lease area is called as D-block


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consisting of for mines near Danna village and two mines are developed at

Lagarban. During the developmental phase they are extracting 200-250

tons per day of phosphate and are hopeful for 500 to 1000 tons per day of

phosphate in the coming days.

During the auction ceremony in 2008, the area was handed over to Pak

Arab Company in 25 crores. The company is paying tax about 19% of the

whole income. If the extraction is about 3000 tons of phosphate per month

then the profit reaches 1.5 lakhs. The selling rate adopted by this company

in developing stage is 4200 rupees per ton of phosphate.

Phosphorite

The major mineral is Apatite. Gangue minerals found in the deposit are:

Chalcopyrite CuFeS2

Hematite Fe2O3

Pyrite

Glauconite

Dolomite

Silica

The texture is medium to coarse grained and high grade pelletal

phosphorite is found. The phosphorite found is silicified to black chert or

grade into white chert at some places. Phosphorous body is porous and


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permeable, swells by the entrance of water becomes soft and collapse.

Leaching process is not dominant

Correlation

Phosphate deposit of the Hazara region is chronostratigraphically

correlated with the late Precambrian to Cambrian phosphate deposit of

Tien Shan geosyncline of the neighboring China and USSR.

Sublevel Stoping

Sublevel stoping is the method used for mining of phosphate in the visited

area. In sublevel stoping, ore is recovered in stopes normally backfilled

after being mined. Stopes are often large, particularly in the vertical


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direction. The ore body is divided into separate stopes. Between stopes, ore

sections are set aside for pillars to support the hanging wall. Pillars are

normally shaped as vertical beams across the ore body. Horizontal sections

of ore, known as crown pillars, are also left to support mine workings

above the producing stopes.

Enlarging stope dimensions influences mining efficiency. Miners therefore

aim for the largest possible stopes. The stability of the rock mass is a

limiting factor to be considered when selecting the sizes of stopes and

pillars. Sublevel stoping is used for mining mineral deposits with followingcharacteristics:

Steep dip-the inclination of the footwall must exceed the angle of

repose.

Stable rock in both the hanging wall and footwall.

Competent ore and host rock.

Regular ore boundaries.

Sublevel stoping requires a regular shape of stopes and ore boundaries.

Inside the drill pattern, everything qualifies as ore. In larger ore bodies, the

area between the hanging wall and the footwall is divided into modules

along strike and mined as primary and secondary stopes.


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Map of Phosphate Deposits Of HazaraDistrict Lagarban-Tarnawai), Southern Himalaya,

Pakistan


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CHAPTER 3

Dimension stone

Dolerite cutting at darband


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DOLER ITE CUTTING T D RB NDIntroduction:

Dolerite is a volcanic rock. While similar to basalt, it contains crystals

which can be seen with a hand lens. This indicates that it cooled a little

more slowly than basalt. Typically it is found in volcanic plugs which

channeled the basalt to the surface. Dolerite is also found in dykes and

greenish veins are sometimes located because of the presence and

accumulation of the mineral olivine in the fractures. The specific gravity of

rock dolerite is 3.7.

Mineral Assemblages:

Dolerite consists of two essential minerals and several accessory minerals. The

essential minerals include plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene while accessory

minerals include chlorite, magnetite, orthoclase and quartz.

Methods and Techniques

A rotary-percussion drill is a type ofrock drillthat uses both rotary and

percussive action in order to chip away rock and produce a hole. The

combination of rotation and percussion helps the drill achieve a cutting

and grinding (rotary) action at the same time as a chipping (percussive)action. Usually these motions are hydraulically or pneumatically driven.

Types of rotary-percussion drills include the blast hole drill and the down-

the-hole (DTH) hammer drill.
http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Rock_drillhttp://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Rock_drillhttp://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Rock_drillhttp://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Rock_drill


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Rotary-percussion drills use one of three types of drill bits:

1. Drag bits, usually used for soft rock, can have two, three, or four

wings and are sometimes tipped withtungsten carbide.2. Roller bitshave wedge-shaped teeth and are used for harder rock.

3. Diamond bitsare used for grinding hard rock and producing an

annular hole.

INSTUMENT AND MACHINES USED FOR

CUTTING THE DOLORITE.

1.THREE LEG CRAIN:
http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Tungsten_carbidehttp://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Tungsten_carbide


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1.SPHERICAL MACHINE:

1.CUTTING BIT TUNGSTEN CARBIDE):


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1.WATER PUMPING MOTOR:

1.HAMMER:


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1.EXCAVATOR:

1.MANUAL DRILLING NUMATIC MACHINE:


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1.CUTTING WIRE

1.HYDROBAG:


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1.DYNAMITE AND DETONATORS

1.DIAMOND CUTTER:


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1.SPLITTING AGENT

Procedure

In order to achieve the task successfully the mining technique use at

darband is fastidiously appreciated, the process accomplished in

following steps.

Firstly, drilling hole vertically by using spherical machine and within

which tungsten carbide bit is used.


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Secondly, to drill hole horizontally along the x-axis of the block .

The third step is quite difficult to achieve, because the z-axis face is

not exposed to the driller and in order to achieve this step driller uses

dynamite to access the approach to drill along z-axis.


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After achieving three holes the the block is seprated from the wall

by using rope cutting technique.

The splitting agent or hydro bag is then use to expel the block

from its position

Then by using three leg crain the block is pulled up and sale in the

market.


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The End (Gracias)

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Geological Field Report_granite cutting anf phosphate mining.pdf