Geological representivity of returned drill cuttings from coiled ......Coiled-tubing drilling technologies have been used by the petroleum exploration industry for many decades for

Geological representivity of returned

drill cuttings from coiled-tubing

drilling in a hard rock environment.

Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Adelaide for an Honours Degree in Geology

Jaydon Dietman

November 2015

Jaydon Dietman

Geological representivity of cuttings

i

GEOLOGICAL REPRESENTIVITY OF RETURNED DRILL CUTTINGS FROM COILED-TUBING DRILLING IN A HARD ROCK ENVIRONMENT.

GEOLOGICAL REPRESENTIVITY OF CUTTINGS

ABSTRACT

With the global discovery rate of mineral deposits decreasing and with near surface

resources being gradually depleted, there is a need for new technologies to aid in the

discovery of mineral deposits under deep cover. In order to increase the productivity of

deep exploration, the Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Centre

(DET CRC) is building a Coiled-tubing (CT) drill rig, which is accompanied by a top-

of-hole Lab-at-Rig®

system, allowing real time geochemical and mineralogical analysis.

Rather than produce core, CT drilling returns cuttings to the surface within the drilling

fluid. These cuttings are passed through a Solids Removal Unit (SRU) which separates

cuttings from the drilling fluid, from which they can be prepared for analysis. Drill

cuttings from the CT rig can have broad and heterogeneous particle size distributions

(PSD). Enroute to the surface, these drill cuttings can be subjected to differential rate of

return and mixing of particles from adjacent depths, which can cause smearing in the

geochemical signal. A series of experiments were conducted at 100 m depth through

simple, single-layered pseudostratigraphies using full-faced diamond and Wassara

hammer drill bits, in order to quantify this smearing effect, and provide advice on how

to mitigate against it. Samples were taken before and after the SRU, to assess the

contributions of up-hole flow and the SRU to smearing. Pre-SRU samples were found

to have consistently decreased smearing compared to post-SRU samples. The results

indicate that limited smearing is occurring during up-hole flow, likely due to efficient

cutting transport at the high flow rates (120-150 L/min) associated with CT drilling.

Smearing within the SRU is most likely the result of particle separation and settling

rates in the shaker tank. This smearing can be mitigated by simple modification in the

design of the SRU, notably by reducing the water column.

KEYWORDS:

Geochemistry; coiled-tubing drilling; Solids Removal Unit (SRU); annulus; mineral

exploration; pXRF; particle size distribution (PSD); depth fidelity

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Geological representivity of returned drill cuttings from coiled-tubing drilling in a hard

rock environment. .............................................................................................................. i

Geological representivity of cuttings ................................................................................. i

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. i

Keywords: .......................................................................................................................... i

List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 2

List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 2

Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4

Background ....................................................................................................................... 8

Coiled-Tubing Drilling ................................................................................................. 8

Discovery using geochemistry ...................................................................................... 9

Drill cuttings are the new sample................................................................................ 10

Preliminary smearing and sample return experiment ................................................. 11

Methodology ................................................................................................................... 11

Experiment design ...................................................................................................... 11

Drilling ........................................................................................................................ 14

Solids Removal Unit configuration ............................................................................ 15

Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 17

Particle size analysis ................................................................................................... 18

Geochemical analysis ................................................................................................. 19

Results ............................................................................................................................ 20

Particle Size Analysis ................................................................................................. 20

Full-faced diamond ................................................................................................. 20

Wasarra hammer ..................................................................................................... 24

Geochemistry .............................................................................................................. 25

Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 26

Assessment of smearing .............................................................................................. 26

Lag 6 ........................................................................................................................ 27

Lag 7 ........................................................................................................................ 29

Lag 8 ........................................................................................................................ 31

Lag 9 ........................................................................................................................ 33

Influence of particle size distribution on geochemical smearing................................ 35

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Influence of SRU water tank on smearing .................................................................. 38

Influence of drilling rate on smearing ......................................................................... 39

Approximation of calculated geochemisty ................................................................. 41

Smearing versus depth ................................................................................................ 43

Recommendations for collection of geologically representative sample from CT

drilling ......................................................................................................................... 44

Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 46

Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 47

References ...................................................................................................................... 47

Appendix A: Particle size distrubtion upper size limit for Lag 6 and 7 pre-SRU samples

........................................................................................................................................ 48

Appendix B: Whole rock analysis .................................................................................. 60

Appendix C: Average geochemical data for cement types and Brukunga chips............ 78

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Parameters of 50 m and 100 m Lag experiments. Modified from Forbes et al.

(2014a). *Smearing considered over estimate due to inadequate collar capture device. 16

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Effect of geochemical smearing in returned drill cuttings. Dashed grey line

represents natural crustal abundance. Solid grey line represents 10 times natural crustal

abundance. The theoretical element concentration is shown by the solid black line, and

can be seen to be significantly above 10 times natural crustal abundance where there is

no smearing, and only slightly above natural crustal abundance where there is 10 m

smearing. In the latter case, the geochemical anomaly would be missed. In the case of 5

m smearing, the geochemical anomaly would be seen, but the signal is significantly

diluted due to the smearing in sample return, and may not be recognised as an anomaly.

Modified from Forbes et al. (2014b). ............................................................................... 6

Figure 2. (a) Experimental setup for Lag 6 and 7; (b) Experimental setup for Lag 8 and

9. ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 3. (a) Wassara hammer drill bit used in Lag 7 and Lag 9; (b) Solids Removal

Unit (SRU) setup. ........................................................................................................... 14 Figure 4. Schematic of drill hole and SRU: (a) Down-hole set up with velocity of

different particle sizes; (b) Shaker table; (c) Shaker tank with velocity of different

particle sizes and mixing; (d) Pathway to centrifuge via a pump; (e) Centrifuge and

post-SRU sample. ........................................................................................................... 15 Figure 5. Photographs showing (a) drill site set up and the Solids Removal Unit (SRU);

(b) T-piece used for pre-SRU sample collection; (c) 10L pre-SRU sample collected into

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buckets; (d) Sample collection at SRU outlet; (e) Thick slurry sample collected post-

SRU into drill core trays. ................................................................................................ 18 Figure 6. Particle-size distribution of upper size (µm) vs % in interval for Lag 6 pre-

SRU samples, indicating where the sample resides in reference to doped section. First

sample of section is of lightest colour, and progressively darkens to represent deeper

drilling. Samples before doped section: (a) P79851; (b) P79852; (c) P79853; (d)

P79854; (e) P79855; Samples within doped section: (f) P79856; (g) P79857; Samples

after the doped section: (h) P79858; (i) P79859; (j) P79860; (k) P79861; (l) P79862; (m)

P79863; (n) P79864. ....................................................................................................... 22 Figure 7. Particle-size distribution of upper size (µm) vs % in interval for Lag 7 pre-

SRU samples, indicating where the sample resides in reference to doped section. First

sample of section is of lightest colour, and progressively darkens to represent deeper

drilling. Samples before the doped section: (a) P79881; (b) P79882; (c) P79883;

Samples within the doped section: (d) P79884; (e) P79885; (f) P79886; (g) P79887;

Samples after the doped section: (h) P79888; (i) P79889; (j) P79890; (k) P79891; (l)

P79892; (m) P79893; (n) P79894; (o) P79895; (p) P79896; (q) P79897; (r) P79898; (s)

P79899. ........................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 8. Lag experiment 6: Drilling parameters (feed position (depth) and water

pressure), S, Fe and Zn chemistry for pre- and post-SRU samples with maximum smear

depth and cement type. ................................................................................................... 28

Figure 9. Lag experiment 7: Drilling parameters (feed position (depth) and water


depth and cement type. Final data from Lag experiment 6 were used to determine the

initial background concentration of Lag 7. ..................................................................... 30







Figure 12. Weight normalised particle size geochemisty of Lag 9 pre-SRU samples. (a)

Sample L9007; (b) Sample L9008.................................................................................. 37 Figure 13. (a) Approximate sulphur concentration of Lag 8 post-SRU samples; (b)

Cumulative sum plot to show area under curve. ............................................................ 42 Figure 14. Box and whisker plot for 10 repeat pXRF analyses of each cement type used

in Lag 8. .......................................................................................................................... 43

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INTRODUCTION

Global demand for metals is increasing exponentially, but with this increased demand

there is a declining discovery rate of greenfield mineral deposits (Schodde 2010, Hillis

et al. 2014, Schodde 2014a). Mineral deposit discoveries made in Australia have

generally been in areas with relatively shallow cover (<100 m), but as these deposits are

exploited, explorers must search for potential mineral systems in areas of deeper

sedimentary cover (Schodde 2014b). Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative

Research Centre (DET CRC) was established in 2010 as a collaboration between the

resource industry, drilling equipment and technology service providers, and research

and development providers in order to develop technologies that would allow more

successful mineral exploration through deep, barren cover rock. The main focus of the

DET CRC is the development of a coiled-tubing (CT) drill rig, downhole sensors and a

Lab-At-Rig® system that is capable of top-of-hole, real-time mineralogical and

geochemical analysis.

Coiled-tubing drilling technologies have been used by the petroleum exploration

industry for many decades for descaling bore-holes and are still commonly used in coal

seam gas exploration in Australia (Kumar et al. 2011, Giles et al. 2014). Compared with

conventional diamond drilling, CT drilling is cheaper, faster, safer and more

environmentally friendly, as it does not require rod changes or the extensive site set up

used in more conventional drilling (Giles et al. 2014, Hillis et al. 2014). Instead of rock

chips or core being returned to the surface, CT drilling returns fine cuttings up to 5 mm

size (Kamyab and Rasouli 2014). These cuttings can be geochemically and

mineralogically analysed to identify the geology and assess the mineralisation potential

of an area. In order for the cuttings to be a representative sample, it is necessary to

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ensure that the returned sample has good depth fidelity and is not mixing with material

from a wider depth range (i.e. smearing). Therefore, an understanding is required of

how material is transported up the drill hole and processed at top-of-hole.

In this study, smearing is defined as:

The contamination adjacent samples experience through mixing during transport by

dilution or enrichment, and is measured by the distance over which an element that is

concentrated is detected, until it returns to background concentration (Figure 1),

where distance is measured as depth within a drill hole.

In order for CT drilling to be a viable option for greenfields mineral exploration, it must

provide a sample that does not show significant smearing and is geologically

representative of the rock mass being drilled. If smearing is significant, a potential

anomaly may be diluted so that it is no longer recognisable as anomalous (Figure 1).

This is most problematic for elements with low natural crustal abundances, as this can

reduce the effectiveness of characterising and utilising geochemical pathfinder elements

towards potential mineralisation. Smearing also has the potential for producing a false

signature, where heavy minerals may trail behind the light minerals and arrive at the

surface in a discrete concentrated package and lead to the misrepresentation of

mineralisation (Forbes et al. 2014a).

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Figure 1. Effect of geochemical smearing in returned drill cuttings. Dashed grey line represents

natural crustal abundance. Solid grey line represents 10 times natural crustal abundance. The

theoretical element concentration is shown by the solid black line, and can be seen to be

significantly above 10 times natural crustal abundance where there is no smearing, and only

slightly above natural crustal abundance where there is 10 m smearing. In the latter case, the

geochemical anomaly would be missed. In the case of 5 m smearing, the geochemical anomaly

would be seen, but the signal is significantly diluted due to the smearing in sample return, and may

not be recognised as an anomaly. Modified from Forbes et al. (2014b).

In CT drilling, the rate of cuttings return to the surface and the amount of mixing

samples experience from adjacent depth intervals during transport is governed by a

number of factors including particle shape and size, depth of drilling, lithological

features, and transport/flow rates in the annulus (Leising and Walton 1998, Leising and

Walton 2002, Kamyab and Rasouli 2014, Mostofi et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2015). The

potential for borehole contamination of the returned cuttings must also be considered

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(Mostofi et al. 2014, Avijegon et al. 2015). The current workflow for the DET CRC

involves processing cuttings returned to the surface through a Solids Removal Unit

(SRU) that separates the cuttings from fluid and produces a thick slurry. The slurry is

then passed to the Lab-At-Rig® system for geochemical and mineralogical analysis.

Preliminary analysis of the geological representivity of cuttings returned from CT

drilling has been undertaken by Forbes et al. (2014a). These experiments used

geochemical analysis of cuttings returned from a chemically doped cement stratigraphy

in a controlled drilling environment at 50 m depth. The work done by Forbes et al.

(2014a) showed that smearing can occur over 1.5-2 m for a number of elements (S, Fe

and Zn), and that it is comparable between, full-faced diamond drilling with low rate of

penetration (ROP) and percussive hammer drilling, which has a higher ROP.

Experimentation on the effect of drilling depth and the components used in treating the

cuttings at top-of-hole (e.g. the SRU) are yet to be undertaken.

This paper aims to assess the geochemical smearing of cuttings as a result of CT drilling

at 100 m depth, and of components used in surface sample processing (e.g. SRU).

Geochemical smearing is assessed using whole rock geochemistry and particle size

analysis of the cuttings. Samples are collected before and after the cuttings pass through

the SRU to assess its contribution on the geochemical smearing. The relationship

between depth fidelity, geochemical smearing and varied drilling parameters (SRU

configuration and drilling rates) is then discussed in reference to the 50 m depth

experiments of Forbes et al. (2014a), to assess the quality and representativity of the

sample.

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BACKGROUND

Coiled-Tubing Drilling

The first successful CT drill rig was developed in 1962 by the California Oil Co. and

Bowen Tools (Kumar et al. 2011). Due to the added ability for directional drilling, and

coupled with low weight-on-bit (WOB), CT drilling was a major breakthrough in

petroleum exploration. Conversely, diamond drilling is conventionally used for mineral

exploration due to its ability to provide high weight-on-bit necessary for cutting hard

rock and bring intact rock core to the surface. However, compared to CT drilling,

diamond drilling is slow, costly, has a large environmental impact, and has many safety

issues associated with rod changes, which account for more than 50% of injuries in

mineral exploration (Hillis et al. 2014). The DET CRC has set the ambitious goal of

developing a CT drill rig suited for greenfields mineral exploration that weighs less than

10 t and has the capacity to drill 500 m vertical holes at a cost of less than AUS $50/m

(Hillis et al. 2014). Additionally, a Lab-At-Rig® system for automated top-of-hole

geochemical and mineralogical analysis of returned cuttings is being developed (Hillis

et al. 2014).

Adaptation of a CT rig to mineral exploration has its challenges, as CT drilling has only

been developed for soft rock (e.g. sandstone, shale) exploration in a petroleum

environment, and not for the hard rock environment of mineral exploration.

Development of this new technology and adaptation to a hard rock mineral environment

requires the need to fully characterise the cuttings production and transport that occurs

in CT drilling. Moreover, the samples presented to the Lab-At-Rig® must not be bias in

any way.

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Discovery using geochemistry

Ore bodies have characteristic alteration signatures and associated pathfinder elements

that can be used to vector towards potential mineralisation (Mark et al. 2005, Mark et al.

2006a, Mark et al. 2006b). DET CRC saw the generation of a series of tools for

geochemical vectoring towards potential mineralisation (Fabris et al. 2013, Forbes et al.

2014a). These tools use the concentrations of specific pathfinder elements within whole

rock geochemical datasets to characterise background versus anomalous data. Using this

knowledge, Fabris et al. (2013) produced a geochemical prospectivity index for IOCG

mineralisation that can be calculated by averaging the cumulative score of 10 trace key

elements (e.g. Cu, Au, Ag, Ce, La, As, Bi, Sb, Se, Te, Mo and W) that are known to be

associated with this style of deposit.

Elements are not typically homogenously distributed throughout rocks, but can be

concentrated within specific minerals, lithologies (e.g. rock that has been altered in

some way), or stratigraphic horizons (e.g. within transported regolith at the basement-

cover interface; Forbes et al. 2014b). The thickness of horizons that contain these

pathfinder elements can vary from centimetre to metre scale (e.g. Meter-scale variations

in thickness of transported cover over the Prominent Hill orebody; Forbes et al. 2015).

Due to the variable horizon thickness and type, it is essential that the sample is not

contaminated by material from other depths, and the drill cuttings (or specific minerals

or particles sizes) are not significantly delaying during sample return in the annulus,

resulting in dilution of the geochemical signal, which could lead to missed anomalies

(Forbes et al. 2014b).

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Drill cuttings are the new sample

The advantage of drill core is the depth is well constrained and a competent sample is

retrieved from the hole. A major issue associated with CT drilling is that the sample

retrieved from drilling can mix with particles from adjacent depth, and can contaminate

the sample. This is an issue which also occurs in reverse circulation (RC) and rotary air

blast (RAB) drilling. In CT drilling, it is essential that the depth where the cuttings

originate is well constrained, and that it has good depth fidelity. Many factors can affect

depth fidelity during CT drilling. These include cuttings transport processes, particle

size and shape, depth of drilling, lithological features, transport/flow rates up the

annulus and contamination from the bore hole (Leising and Walton 1998, Leising and

Walton 2002, Kamyab and Rasouli 2014, Mostofi et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2015).

Studies of cutting movement and transport have shown that optimal transport

mechanisms to minimise mixing of cuttings from adjacent intervals in the annulus are

suspension and ‘moving bed’ movement in low viscosity, turbulent flows (Kamyab and

Rasouli 2014, Mostofi et al. 2014).

Particle size, shape and density affect the movement of individual particles in fluid

(Walker and Li 2000, Mostofi et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2015). Variations of these

parameters can influence the transport velocity in the annulus and produce a significant

time difference between particles originating from the same drilling depth and reaching

the surface (Zhang et al. 2015). Large particles have faster slip velocities and are

expected to settle faster and more readily than cuttings that have lower densities

(Walker and Li 2000, Mostofi et al. 2014). Mostofi et al. (2014) suggests that for a fluid

velocity of 0.5 m/s, density can effect particle movement in a controlled simulation, but

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for fluid velocities in CT drilling (up to 2 m/s), particle size is the dominant parameter,

while particle density has less contribution.

Preliminary smearing and sample return experiment

Experiments on geochemical smearing due to mixing of sample returned during hard

rock CT drilling have previously been conducted by Forbes et al. (2014a). These tests

were undertaken within a controlled environment using a pseudostratigraphy

constructed with clean cement and a 1 m interval doped with ZnO and pyrite-bearing

rock chips of low metamorphic grade. The cement pseudostratigraphy was made within

a NQ drill rod (~60 mm inside diameter), which was inserted into a vertical, HQ cased

drill hole (~77 mm inside diameter). The pseudostratigraphy was drilled out using AWJ

drill rods (~48 mm outside diameter) and a 60 mm drill bit to simulate CT drilling.

Forbes et al. (2014a) inserted the pseudostratigraphy into drill rods to ensure that

borehole contamination or loss of drilling fluid to the rock formation could not occur.

Forbes et al. (2014a) conducted their experiments at 50 m depth using a full-faced

diamond and a percussive drill bit. The results showed that S, Fe, and Zn were smeared

over 1.5-2 m depth after the doped section. The potential controls on the smearing (e.g.

particle density, particle size, mixing) were not investigated by Forbes et al. (2014a).

METHODOLOGY

Experiment design

A series of experiments (Lag 6-9, divided into two different pseudostratigraphy) at

100 m depth were conducted under conditions simulating CT drilling. Experiment

designs are presented in Figure 2. The experiments used a pseudostratigraphy that was

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made within 3 m length NQ drill rods using clean cement and cement doped with ZnO

and pyrite bearing rocks (Figure 2). The pseudostratigraphy was prepared at the surface

following the method given in Forbes et al. (2014a). Doped NQ drill rods were prepared

by initially filling the bottom 0.5-1 m of the rods with clean cement. This cement was

allowed to cure for 24 hours. Then, chips of pyrite-bearing rock (<4 cm size) were

loaded into the drill rod to fill a 1 m section on top of the cured clean cement. The chips

were collected from a boulder in the waste material at the Brukunga drill site (Brukunga

pyrite mine, SA). The rock chips were then cemented in place by filling the drill rod

with doped cement so that it just covered the rock chips in the drill rod. The cement was

doped with ZnO powder and pyrite-bearing chips as Zn, S and Fe are not typically

found in high concentrations within cement. The doped section and any potential

smearing will therefore be best highlighted as zones of elevated Zn, S and Fe in whole

rock geochemical data. The doped cement was allowed to cure for 24 hours. The

remainder of the drill rod was then filled with clean cement and were allowed to cure

for another 24 hours. The volume of cement used to fill pore space between rock chips

in each doped section was recorded and used to calculate the volume of rock chips

versus cement and the concentration of Zn in each doped section (refer to Table 1).

Additional clean cement rods were made by filling NQ rods with clean cement. Samples

of the cement used to fill the clean and doped sections were taken when the drill rods

were filled.

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Figure 2. (a) Experimental setup for Lag 6 and 7; (b) Experimental setup for Lag 8 and 9.

The drill rods were placed into the vertical HQ cased hole DET Brukunga 4 to create an

initial 3 m clean cement section followed by two 6 m length experiments as shown in

Figure 2. The top of the doped sections were placed as close to 100 m as possible

(Figure 2).

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Drilling

Drilling was conducted at the DET CRC Brukunga Drilling and Research Training

Facility, Brukunga, Adelaide Hills. The experiments were conducted using a Boart

Longyear LX12 drill rig, with a 6 m stroke. AWJ drill rods were used as these are the

same diameter as those used for CT drilling. A 3 m clean cement interval was drilled

before Lag experiments 6 and 7 to prime the SRU and ensure that sample would travel

through the equipment as quickly as possible. The 6 metres experiments were then

drilled as a continuous period of drilling to avoid rod changes, stopped fluid circulation

and cutting settling in the annulus.

For Lag 8 and Lag 9, a 3 m section of clean cement was drilled prior to starting each

experiment to ensure that the SRU was primed and that sufficient background material

could be collected. The 6 metre experiments were then drilled as a continuous period of

drilling. All drilling was done using parameters simulating CT drilling (e.g. constant

water flow, low weight on bit, constant ROP; Table 1). Lag experiments 6 and 8 used a

nobbly full-faced diamond drill bit, not shown here due to Boart Longyear

confidentiality. Experiments 7 and 9 used a percussive Wassara hammer bit (Figure 3a).

Figure 3. (a) Wassara hammer drill bit used in Lag 7 and Lag 9; (b) Solids Removal Unit (SRU)

setup.

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Solids Removal Unit configuration

A SRU was used in all experiments (Figure 3b). Figure 4 shows the main components

of the SRU, that are a shaking sieve table (850 µm), shaker tank and a high-speed

decanter centrifuge that separates sample from fluid and returns thick slurry. Lag

experiments 6 and 7 were conducted with a full ~750 litre shaker tank underneath the

shaker table (Figure 4c). Lag experiments 8 and 9 were conducted with the shaker tank

filled to a minimal level (~150-200 L) and was kept constant by adjusting the water

outflow rate to match the water inflow rate during drilling.

Figure 4. Schematic of drill hole and SRU: (a) Down-hole set up with velocity of different particle

sizes; (b) Shaker table; (c) Shaker tank with velocity of different particle sizes and mixing; (d)

Pathway to centrifuge via a pump; (e) Centrifuge and post-SRU sample.

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Table 1. Parameters of 50 m and 100 m Lag experiments. Modified from Forbes et al. (2014a). *Smearing considered over estimate due to inadequate collar capture

device.

Experiment Name Forbes et al. 2014a This Study

Lag 1 Lag 2 Lag 3 Lag 4 Lag 5 Lag 6 Lag 7 Lag 8 Lag 9 Drill bit Wassara

hammer Wassara hammer

Full-faced diamond

(butterfly)

Full-Faced diamond (peace

sign)

Nobbly butterfly

Wassara hammer

Full-faced diamond

(Butterfly)

Wassara hammer

Depth (m) 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 100 100

Down-hole motor

PDM PDM PDM PDM N/A PDM PDM PDM PDM

Penetration rate (average) (mm/min)

1321 1400 74 127 N/A 200 250 60 900

Water flow (L/min)

131 124 97 98 N/A 120 150 120 140

Weight on bit (N)

4305 4407 2308 6874 N/A N/A N/A 4214 5310

Depth to top of cement (m)

45.6 45.4 44.6 44.6 N/A 95.6 101.6 92.7 101.7

Depth to top of doped section (m)

50.2 50.0 49.2 49.3 N/A 96.03 102.1 96.5 105.7

Depth to bottom of doped section (m)

51.2 60.0 50.1 50.2 N/A 97.01 103.02 97.9 107.1

Depth to bottom of cement (m)

63.6 63.4 62.6 62.6 N/A 101.6 107.6 101.7 110.7

Weight of Brukunga chips used (kg)

4 3.75 3.25 3.75 N/A 3 3 3

3.5

Volume of cement (L) 2 1.9 1.9 1.7 N/A 2 2 2 2

Pre-SRU smearing (m)

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.4 0.7 0.4 1.3

Post-SRU smearing (m) >10* 2 1.5 1.7 N/A 2.9 1.5 0.8 2.5 Dop

ed s

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Sampling

Cuttings returned from the drill hole were directed to the SRU through a collar capture

device at the top of the hole. The cuttings were sampled before and after the SRU

(Figures 3b and 5).

The pre-SRU samples were collected using a T-piece connected to a pipe between the

drill collar and the SRU (Figure 5b). Sample frequency was determined to ensure

adequate depth intervals, cutting representivity, and a sufficient volume of material for

geochemical analysis was collected. Sample rates varied from continuously filling

buckets for 30 seconds each (ROP of ~1000 mm/min) to 1 sample every 8 minutes with

a collection time of 1 minute (ROP of 60 mm/min). Approximately 10 L were collected

for each sample (Figure 5c). The samples, which consisted of water and cuttings, were

allowed to settle overnight and the clean water was manually decanted off and

solids/fluids were collected as a ~1 L sample.

Post-SRU samples were collected as dewatered cuttings from the SRU decanter

centrifuge (Figures 4e, 5d), and were placed into drill core trays (Figure 5e). The drill

core trays were marked every 30 or 60 seconds once sample started coming out of the

centrifuge so that the geochemistry could be time-corrected to depth. Sub-samples were

collected from the core trays with a metal spatula, placed in a clean plastic container and

dried at ~60°C overnight. Sample locations in the core tray were selected so that at least

one sub-sample was collected in every one minute interval. Where a significant volume

of material was returned in a minute interval, multiple sub-samples were taken.

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Figure 5. Photographs showing (a) drill site set up and the Solids Removal Unit (SRU); (b) T-piece

used for pre-SRU sample collection; (c) 10L pre-SRU sample collected into buckets; (d) Sample

collection at SRU outlet; (e) Thick slurry sample collected post-SRU into drill core trays.

Particle size analysis

Pre-SRU samples from Lag experiment 6 and 7 were sent to the CSIRO Particle

Analysis Service in Perth for particle size analysis. As the pre-SRU samples for the Lag

8 and Lag 9 experiments are expected to have a similar particle size distribution (PSD)

as for Lag 6 and Lag 7 they were not sent for PSD analysis. Samples were first wet

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sieved to 2000, 1000, and 500 µm. Wet sieving was done by thoroughly rinsing the

particles with water through the different sieve sizes, and placing the captured sample

into a pre-weighed beaker for drying in the oven. The rinse water was collected and

allowed to stand. The excess water was then decanted off and the concentrated fines

were subsampled for particle size analysis. The remaining slurry was dried and the total

weight used to calculate mass in size intervals.

The particle size of small fractions was analysed by laser diffraction using a Malvern

Mastersizer. Particles from 0.02 µm to 500 µm were sorted by laser diffraction;

particles 500 µm to 10,000 µm were sorted by wet screening. The dried samples were

returned and used for geochemical analysis.

Two samples from the doped section of Lag experiment 9 were manually sieved at the

University of Adelaide into 10 different particle fractions (from <38 µm to >2 mm) and

weighed. Each particle fraction was analysed using a portable X-Ray Fluorescence

(pXRF) device to identify the relation between particle size and geochemistry.

Geochemical analysis

Pre- and post-SRU sample sets for Lag experiments 6-9 as well as reference samples of

clean cement used to fill the drill rods and representative sample of the Brukunga chips

were used for whole rock geochemical analysis. Dried samples were crushed to a

powder using a ceramic mortar and pestle. After each sample was crushed, the mortar

and pestle was cleaned using ethanol. Powdered samples were then placed in a XRF

sample holder and tamped down to ensure a flat surface and tight matrix for analysis.

Samples were analysed using an Olympus Innov-X X-5000 desktop pXRF. Geochem

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mode was used for 60 seconds for each of the two required beams for a total of 120

seconds analysis time.

Standards were analysed at the beginning and end of each session, and after every 20

unknowns (samples). Standards used were OREAS 131a, 1949052, 1933084 and

1947175. These standards were chosen to maximise the number and range of

concentrations of elements of interest. Pre- and post-SRU samples were analysed once.

Samples of Brukunga rock chips and clean cement used to fill the drill rods were

analysed ten times each. The data were corrected to the standards using an in-house

CSIRO spreadsheet designed by Louise Fisher.

RESULTS

Particle Size Analysis

Particle size analysis was conducted on pre-SRU samples for Lag 6 and Lag 7. Results

are shown in Figures 6 and 7. All Data is given in Appendix A. The data are reported as

percentage intervals of measured upper particle size, and are categorised as ‘before’,

‘within’ and ‘after’ the doped section.

FULL-FACED DIAMOND

Samples from the Lag 6 experiment have particle sizes between 0.2 µm and 700 µm.

Samples before the doped section have similar PSD, with two peaks at 7 µm and 50 µm

(Figure 6 a-e). The population becomes more clearly bimodal closer to the doped

section. Within the doped interval, the PSD changes from bimodal to unimodal. The

majority of particles are ~20 µm size with a lesser population being at ~5 µm. The PSD

for the second sample within the doped section (P79857, Figure 6g) has two peaks at

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~12 µm and ~80 µm, and a higher percentage of coarser particles from 100 to 400 µm

compared to shallower samples. After the doped interval, the peak is below 10 µm and

has less coarse particles. The PSD of samples of clean cement from below (deeper) the

doped section has similar distribution to the PSD of clean cement samples above the

doped interval.

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Figure 6. Particle-size distribution of upper size (µm) vs % in interval for Lag 6 pre-SRU samples,

indicating where the sample resides in reference to doped section. First sample of section is of

lightest colour, and progressively darkens to represent deeper drilling. Samples before doped

section: (a) P79851; (b) P79852; (c) P79853; (d) P79854; (e) P79855; Samples within doped section:

(f) P79856; (g) P79857; Samples after the doped section: (h) P79858; (i) P79859; (j) P79860; (k)

P79861; (l) P79862; (m) P79863; (n) P79864.

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Figure 7. Particle-size distribution of upper size (µm) vs % in interval for Lag 7 pre-SRU samples,

indicating where the sample resides in reference to doped section. First sample of section is of

lightest colour, and progressively darkens to represent deeper drilling. Samples before the doped

section: (a) P79881; (b) P79882; (c) P79883; Samples within the doped section: (d) P79884; (e)

P79885; (f) P79886; (g) P79887; Samples after the doped section: (h) P79888; (i) P79889; (j)

P79890; (k) P79891; (l) P79892; (m) P79893; (n) P79894; (o) P79895; (p) P79896; (q) P79897; (r)

P79898; (s) P79899.

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WASARRA HAMMER

Pre-SRU samples from Lag 7 contain particle sizes ranging from 0.3 µm to

>10,000 µm. The two first samples P79881 and P79882 (Figure 7a,b) have two distinct

peaks at ~7 µm and ~60 µm, similar to that of Lag 6, but also present a small peak at

1000 µm and a significant percentage of coarse particles up to 10,000 µm. The PSD for

sample P79883 (Figure 7c) is similar with smaller 7 µm and 1000 µm peaks. These

coarse particles form a tail at the right are too large to be sieved by laser diffraction, but

are still accounted for by wet sieving and weight normalisation. Within the doped

section (Figures 7d-g), the first peak at 7 µm decreases, and has a unimodal distribution

with a peak at ~80 µm. These samples contain a significant population of coarse

particles (>1000 µm).

The samples after the doped section (Figure 7h-s) change from a bimodal distribution

(Fig. 7h-j), to a unimodal distribution (Figure 7k-p), and back to a bimodal distribution

(Figure 7q-s). The first sample, P79888 (Figure 7h), has two peaks appear, one at ~5 µm

and the other at ~70 µm, and the following next few samples follow this bimodal trend.

The highest percentage of particle size that reaches the surface are between 10 and 100

µm, and mid-way through samples after the doped section. From sample P79891 to

P79896 (Figure 7k-p), the PSD gradually fines.

At the end of the experiment (Figure 7q-s), the samples begin to show similar

percentage in particle size as to what they were before the doped section had been

drilled through, with two main peaks at ~6 µm and ~60 µm.

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Geochemistry

Representative geochemical plots of S, Fe and Zn for the four experiments are given in

Figures 8-11. All data is given in Appendix B. Sulphur, iron and zinc highlight the

doped section. The doped section can also be highlighted by other elements (e.g. Si, K,

As, Ti and Rb) that are present in the Brukunga chips. The doped section contrasts

against the clean cement, which is dominantly Si and Ca.

Real-time data from the drill rig (water pressure, WOB, feed position) were not

collected for the Lag 6 and 7 experiments due to an equipment fault. As drilling was

conducted over a continuous 6 m interval for these experiments, depth was estimated by

assuming a constant ROP over the duration of the experiment (Lag 6: 200 mm/min over

47 minutes; Lag 7 250 mm/min over 39 minutes; Table 1). Depth for the Lag 8 and 9

experiments was calculated using the times marked on the sample core tray during the

experiment and the feed position downloaded from the drill rig.

Due to the high ROP of the Wassara hammer in Lag 7, there is limited background

sample before and within the doped interval. As the Lag 6 experiment was drilled

immediately before the Lag 7 experiment, the six deepest samples (two Pre-SRU and

four Post-SRU samples) from the Lag 6 experiment are used to estimate the initial

background for the Lag 7 experiment (Figure 9).

For Lag experiments 6-9, pre-SRU average element concentrations of S, Fe and Zn are

lower or equivalent to the post-SRU concentrations (dashed lines in Figures 8-11),

except within the doped section, where pre-SRU values are higher than the post-SRU.

Pre-SRU concentrations increase up until the doped section and return to background

concentrations within a short time interval. Post-SRU values also increase in the doped

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section, but return to background concentration occurs over a longer time interval

(Figures 8-11).

Post-SRU concentrations of S, Fe and Zn return to background concentrations except

for Lag 6, where post-SRU sulphur concentration does not reach the initial background

(Figure 8). For experiments 7-9 the Fe concentration before the doped section is higher

than after the doped section (Figures 9-11).

The Lag 9 results shows higher than expected S and Fe background concentrations that

may represent sample contamination (Figure 11). Post-SRU results for Lag 9 are highly

variable after the doped section. Concentrations decrease gradually after the doped

section to level out for a period of 100 seconds, and then increase to concentrations

higher than samples from the doped section. Results for Lag 9 are sporadic towards the

end of the experiment.

DISCUSSION

Assessment of smearing

For each experiment, the smearing length is calculated as being from the end of the

doped section to the point where the element concentration consistently approximates

background and is calculated using S, Fe and Zn. An initial assessment of the smearing

can be taken from the S data for the four experiments, as the sulphur trends are similar

to Fe and Zn, and the only source is from the Brukunga chips. Average geochemical

data of cement and Brukunga chips is given in Appendix C.

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LAG 6

Sulphur concentration for the post-SRU samples does not return to the pre-doped

background concentration, so the assessment of smearing is determined by when the S

concentration returns to a steady elevated background concentration (blue dashed line in

Figure 8). The maximum smearing is therefore estimated to be ~0.5 m for the pre-SRU

samples, and up to 3 m smearing for the post-SRU samples. Four different batches of

cement were used to make the Lag 6 pseudostratigraphy (Appendix C). Three of the

cement batches have similar geochemistry (batches 1, 6 and 7: Figure 8). The cement

used to fill the bottom 1.5 m of the 3 m doped rod (the interval drilled after the doped

section; cement type 8; Figure 8), has a higher concentration of S than the other cement

types. This may explain why the background S concentration after the doped interval is

elevated, and therefore artificially increased the degree of smearing of samples

according to the S data. Smearing of the post-SRU samples for Fe is 0.5 m less than it is

for S and Zn (Figure 8).

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Figure 8. Lag experiment 6: Drilling parameters (feed position (depth) and water pressure), S, Fe

and Zn chemistry for pre- and post-SRU samples with maximum smear depth and cement type.

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LAG 7

Pre- and post-SRU samples have elevated S and Fe concentrations that are coincident

with the doped section (Figure 9). Pre-SRU samples have ~0.4 m smearing in the S and

the post-SRU has up to ~1.5 m smearing in the S. The highest Fe concentration occurs

just after the doped section, and may be due to an extremely pyritic rock chip at this

depth. Another explanation could be that there is an error in the time-depth correction

for this sample, as the sample times are rounded by up to 30 seconds. Pre-SRU

smearing for Fe is 0.6 m, and the post-SRU smearing for Fe is 1.1 m (less than the S).

The maximum Zn concentration in the pre- and post-SRU samples occurs ~0.3 m after

the doped section (Figure 9). The smearing in peak Zn concentration for pre- and post-

SRU samples could arise from differences in particle velocity inside the annulus (Figure

4a), and/or from different settling rates of particles in the SRU shaker tank (Figure 4c).

Flow rates and shaker tank volumes will be discussed in reference to smearing

occurring in the annulus and shaker tanks.

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Final data from Lag experiment 6 were used to determine the initial background concentration of

Lag 7.

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LAG 8

The Lag 8 experiment used a ‘nobbly butterfly’ full-faced diamond drill bit. The bit is

similar to that used in Lag 6, but slightly more worn, that resulted in a lower ROP

(Table 1). Elevated S, Fe and Zn concentrations are coincident with the doped section

(Figure 10), and smearing for pre-SRU is between 0.3 and 0.4 m for these elements.

Post-SRU samples present a smearing slightly longer (0.2-0.8 m) than the pre-SRU

samples.

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LAG 9

Throughout Lag experiment 9 there were significant pauses in the drilling at 125-550

seconds and 1200 seconds to the end of the experiment (Flat lines on feed position plot,

Figure 11), due to problems with the collar capture device.

Pre-SRU smearing was 1.3 m for S, and 0.8 m for Fe and Zn. The post-SRU smearing

was greater than the pre-SRU, which was 2.4-2.5 m for S and Zn, and 1.5 m for Fe. The

increase in noise within the data towards the end of the experiment (Figure 11) may be

attributed to factors such as, a decrease and eventual stop in water flow due to the drill

bit catching on the drill rod, which resulted in the collar capture device breaking. This

may have caused the SRU to suck in all surrounding particles in the shaker tank which

hadn’t moved to the centrifuge and settled before (Figure 4c, d). Alternatively, the high

ROP may have resulted in mixing and cross-contamination of the sample in the SRU.

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Influence of particle size distribution on geochemical smearing

The PSD data for pre-SRU samples from Lag 6 shows a distinct increase in particle size

during drilling of the doped section (Figure 6). This is most likely due to the

metamorphosed pyrite-bearing Brukunga chips not breaking up as easily as the cement.

Particles that are coarser and of irregular shape will take longer to reach the surface

(Zhang et al. 2015). Figures 9-11 show an increase in S, Zn and Fe concentrations

within the doped sections for Lag experiments 7, 8 and 9. However, for Lag 6, the

elevated S, Zn and Fe concentrations are still observable after the doped section

(Figure 8). This may be due to particle size having an effect on the smearing in samples,

but it may also be due to non-constant drilling rates which would affect where the doped

interval would sit on the graph. To clarify, the depth was estimated from assuming a

constant penetration rate (refer to Table 1) and it is possible that the doped section may

sit more towards the left or right of where it currently sits on Figure 8. This could

account for why the increased concentration data points are not all coincident with the

doped section.

Larger particles are returned in Lag 7 compared to Lag 6 (Figures 6 and 7). This is

attributed to the different drill bits used in the experiments. A Wassara hammer, which

is a percussive bit and beats the rock into coarse particles was used in Lag 7.

Conversely, a full-faced diamond bit, which grinds the rock into smaller particles, was

used in Lag 6.

There is a significant difference in particles size from within the doped section, to either

side of it when observing the PSD of Lag experiment 7 (Figure 7). Cuttings from the

doped section are generally coarser, which could have potential to affect travel time in

the annulus, thus resulting in more smearing (Figure 4a). The influence of particle size

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on geochemistry was estimated by sieving two Pre-SRU samples taken from the doped

section of the Lag 9 experiment into 10 different size fractions and collecting whole

rock pXRF geochemical data on each fraction (Figure 12). These data show that the

highest concentration of elements is found in the smallest and largest size fractions

(Figure 12).

When samples were process through the SRU, coarse particles were removed by the

850 µm screen of the shaker table. This may influence the element concentrations seen

in the sample received from the SRU. The screening of coarse particles may also

influence the relative concentrations of elements observed in the pre- and post-SRU

data, as the pre-SRU data will include the chemistry of the coarser particles. This may

explain the higher concentrations in the pre-SRU data compared to the post-SRU data

(Figures 8-11).

van der Hoek (2015) has recently conducted studies on particle size and geochemistry

of Brukunga metasedimentary rocks drilling with a Wassara bit, and shows that for a

range of elements, samples of particle size above 250 µm have comparable whole rock

geochemistry. Therefore, coarser grain fractions (>500 µm) may not be required for a

representative whole rock geochemical analysis. This implies that the particles removed

by the SRU shaker table will not have a major influence on whole rock geochemistry of

the samples returned from the SRU.

In all experiments, the Zn data peak is occurring after the S and Fe for both pre- and

post-SRU. As Zn is concentrated in the coarsest and finest particles (<63 µm and

>1000 µm; Figure 12), it is possible that the coarser Zn-rich particles are smearing in

the annulus due to a transport velocity less than the fluid velocity (i.e. slipping), and the

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fine Zn-rich particles are smearing in the SRU water column during settling. However,

recent experimental work has shown that the high flow rates used during CT drilling

(120-150 L/min) will allow particles to move from the drill bit to top-of-hole with

negligible smearing occurring in the annulus (Mostofi et al. 2014).

Figure 12. Weight normalised particle size geochemisty of Lag 9 pre-SRU samples. (a) Sample

L9007; (b) Sample L9008.

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Influence of SRU water tank on smearing

The SRU can contribute to the geochemical smearing. The returned cuttings have the

potential to mix during the sieving process, within the shaker tanks, or when passing

through the decanter centrifuge (Figure 4). The shaker tank has high potential to

influence geochemical smearing as coarser, denser particles will settle through water

faster than finer, lighter particles. Therefore a higher water column will increase the

time it takes for particles to settle. This can have significant effect on the geochemical

smear, particularly with respect to small, light and irregular particles (e.g. Oursel et al.

2014).

Lag experiments 6 and 7 were conducted with a fully filled shaker tank (~750 litres).

Lag experiments 8 and 9 were conducted using a partially filled shaker tank (~150-

200 L) to assess the contribution of the shaker tank to smearing. Comparison of the full-

faced diamond experiments (Lag 6 and 8; Figures 8 and 10) shows that the smear is

greatly reduced for the post-SRU data in Lag 8, suggesting that the shaker tank does

significantly contribute to the degree of smearing. However, Lag experiments 7 and 9,

which use a percussive Wassara hammer drill bit, show the opposite trend, with an

increase in smearing for both pre-SRU and post-SRU data when the shaker tank water

column is reduced (Lag 9; Figures 9 and 11). Several issues arose during drilling of the

Lag 9 experiment, and in particular the collar capture device broke after drilling the

doped section and before the end of the experiment. This interruption in drilling may

have influenced the degree of smearing recorded. Additionally, the ROP for Lag 9 was

inconsistent, and up to 4 times faster than Lag 7 (Table 1), which may have caused this

increase in smearing. Several issues arose with drilling in Lag 9, especially after drilling

the doped interval where most of the smearing would have occurred, and this may

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attribute to the increase in smear. The drilling rate for Lag 9 was also inconsistent, and

up to 4 times faster than Lag 7, which may have caused this increase in smearing.

The primary influence of smearing is the amount of fluid in the shaker tank and the

ROP, as this determines the length of drilling time, and the amount cuttings the SRU is

exposed to at any time. If the tank was filled to 400 L, and the chosen flow rate was

133 L/min, then there is 3 minutes of drilling fluid in the tank. If a higher ROP was

used, such as 1m/min, then the tank would at any time hold ~3 m of cuttings. Increasing

the amount of water in the shaker tank will increased the length of drilling, and will

supply the SRU with more cuttings, leading to an increase in the smearing.

Influence of drilling rate on smearing

Full-faced diamond (Lag 6 and 8) and Wassara hammer (Lag 7 and 9) drill bits were

used in these experiments to compare amount of smear associated with each bit type,

and how the sample is received at top-of-hole. Overall, the Wassara hammer has a

significantly faster ROP (>1m/min) compared to the full faced diamond bit

(~200 mm/min), but produces coarser particles with a broad PSD (Figures 6 and 7).

Lag experiment 6 and 7 were respectively drilled with full-faced diamond and Wassara

hammer drill bits with similar ROPs (~200-250 mm/min; Table 1). However, Lag 6

shows less smearing in the pre-SRU samples (0.4 m compared to 0.7 m), but an

increased smearing of up to 2.9 m for post-SRU samples (Lag 7 up to 1.5 m). The

difference in smearing under the same experimental conditions may be attributed to the

different bits that were used. However, it is also noted that the true feed position in Lag

6 is unknown due to faulty equipment. As the location of the doped section for Lag 6

was subsequently estimated from the ROP, the true location of the doped section is not

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known, which will influence the true degree of smearing. Overall, the suggestion that

the drill bits may influence the degree of smearing is tentative.

Lag 8 had a low ROP (~60mm/min; Table 1), the pre-SRU smear was down to 0.3 m,

while the post-SRU smear significantly decreased to 0.2-0.8 m. This suggests that the

low ROP has allowed for a steady supply rate of sample to the SRU with limited mixing

in the shaker tank.

Lag 9 had a higher than expected ROP (up to 1400 mm/min; Table 1), and from this we

see the largest pre-SRU smear out of all experiments (up to 1.3 m), and post-SRU

smearing between 1.5 and 2.5 m. In the pre-SRU data, drilling rates of between 60-

250 mm/min all have quite similar smearing around 0.5 m, but when the penetration

rate is increased, it has caused the smear to increase. In the two full-faced diamond

experiments (Lag 6 and 8), there is an increase in smearing for Lag 6, which has the

higher ROP. This can also be observed in the Wassara hammer experiments (Lag 7 and

9). In pre-SRU and post-SRU samples, the smearing is increased where there is a higher

ROP (Figures 9 and 11).

When observing the varied drilling rates and degree of smearing in Forbes et al. (2014a)

with 50 m experiments (Table 1), the Wassara experiments had a faster ROP (1300-

1400 mm/min average) compared to the ROP for the full-faced diamond experiments

(70-130 mm/min average; Table 1). The Wassara hammer experiments also had an

increased degree of smearing, with ~2 m smearing, compared with ~1.5-1.7 m smearing

for the full-faced diamond experiments (Table 1).

The data in this paper, as well as the work done in Forbes et al. (2014a), support the

hypothesis that higher ROPs cause increased smearing.

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Approximation of calculated geochemisty

Samples of the cement batches and Brukunga chips were collected for pXRF analysis to

assess the concentration of S in the rock chips, and to determine if the geochemistry of

the cement has an influence on the degree of smearing. As the experiments were

conducted using a designed pseudostratigraphy, there is a reasonable amount of

knowledge that can be applied to determine if the cement has an influence on the smear.

Figure 13 shows the concentration of S in the samples, where the samples have had

their S concentration subtracted by the average S concentration of the cement (see

Appendix C) to show if the cement is having an influence on the smearing. Figure 13b

is a cumulative sum plot of the positive area under the curve. It can be seen from Figure

13, at the end of the doped section, that there is ~85% of S from the entire experiment.

As we moved to 0.5 m smearing, 95% of the S in the experiment has been collected.

This indicates that at the end of the doped section for Lag experiment 8, the majority of

the overall S has been collection once it has been drilled through.

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Figure 13. (a) Approximate sulphur concentration of Lag 8 post-SRU samples; (b) Cumulative sum

plot to show area under curve.

Cement S concentrations for Lag experiment 8 are presented as a Box and Whisker plot

in Figure 14. All cement types are statistically similar and that there is a large variation

in analysis. The mean of each cement varies by 300 ppm (0.3%), and they each share a

quartile with each other. This indicates that the cement types are not having a major

effect on the smearing seen in the data.

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Figure 14. Box and whisker plot for 10 repeat pXRF analyses of each cement type used in Lag 8.

Smearing versus depth

Comparison of the data from the 100 m depth experiments conducted here with the

50 m experiments of Forbes et al. (2014a) can be used to determine how smearing is

affected by depth of drilling. In the experiments undertaken by Forbes et al. (2014a),

fluids retrieved from drilling were pumped from the drill collar directly to the SRU

centrifuge outlet and avoiding the SRU shaker tank (Figures 3b, 4b). No pre-SRU

samples were collected. Therefore, the data of Forbes et al. (2014a) is most comparable

with the pre-SRU data from Lag 6-9 and the post-SRU data from Lag 8 and 9 as they

are exposed to the lease amount of particle settling in the shaker tank. For the lag

experiments conducted at 50 m depth, smearing is between 1.5 to 10 m (Lag 1-4; Table

1). However, the smearing taken from Lag 1 is an overestimate as the experiment was

conducted with an inadequate collar capture device. The smearing of the pre-SRU

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samples from the 100 m depth experiments range from 0.4-1.0 m, and 0.5-2.0 m for the

selected post-SRU samples (Table 1). This suggests that even though the depth of

drilling has been increased, there is a reduction in smearing seen in the pre-SRU

samples (Table 1). This implies that the increase in depth from 50 m to 100 m does not

have a major effect on the degree of smearing. Further experimentation at greater depths

may reveal that increasing the depth has an effect on smearing, however the high flow

rates (120-150 L/min) associated with CT drilling appears to effectively transport the

cuttings to the surface with limited smearing occurring in the annulus.

Recommendations for collection of geologically representative sample from CT drilling

Pre-SRU samples from all experiments have significantly less smearing than samples

collected after the SRU, but retain a lot of fluid when collected (~60% fluid). The

sample needs to be dried prior to pXRF analysis, therefore using wet samples will

significantly increase the analytical time. A potential setup for pre-SRU sample

collection may be to pass the sample through another centrifuge to separate fluid from

particles, then collect the sample and dry it so it can be analysed. However, this

introduces uncertainties of a sub-sample being collected, as processing it through a

centrifuge may cause mixing of particles and an increase in smearing. There is also the

uncertainty of the sub-sample being exposed to the centrifuge is representative.

The shaker table is an essential component of the current SRU design, as it limits the

particle size that enters the centrifuge and cleans the water so it may be recycled. The

shaker table may cause issues for loss of indicative elements if they partition to large

grains, however recent work does show that even when coarser size fractions are

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screened off the sample should be geochemically representative to whole rock (van der

Hoek 2015).

The easiest solution to obtain the driest sample without introducing the uncertainty of

sub-sampling is to use the SRU. In this case, the shaker tank should be filled to a

minimal level in order to reduce the amount of smearing caused by different settling

rates of particles within the SRU (e.g. Oursel et al. 2014). However, the potential for

mixing of particles occurring within the shaker tank, or more likely in the centrifuge,

remains.

High water flow rates (120-150 L/min) used in CT drilling is advantageous and limits

mixing in the annulus. Higher ROPs are more desirable in exploration, but there must

be some compromise, as the sample needs to be representative of the rock drilled.

Moderate ROPs (250 mm/min) still give good depth fidelity, especially in the pre-SRU

data, but further work needs to be conducted with how ROP effects the smearing in the

data.

The experiments in this study were conducted with a high degree of knowledge of the

chemistry of the rods drilled through, and used a simple, one-layered stratigraphy.

Further experimentation can be conducted to test how smearing in samples is effected

when penetration through a stratigraphy that has multiple anomalous horizons, with

different thicknesses and concentrations. Doing this would provide useful information

into how smearing is affected by a complex stratigraphy, and how to better collect a

representative sample.

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CONCLUSIONS

The experiments conducted here are used to assess the degree of geochemical smearing

in samples collected before and after a SRU during CT drilling. The smearing is best

estimated using S, Fe and Zn data, as the experiments were designed by doping a

section with pyrite bearing chips and with ZnO powder.

The degree of geochemical smearing for pre-SRU data is less than received by the post-

SRU data. Comparison of full-faced diamond and Wassara hammer experiments show

that the former has lower degree of smearing. PSD analysis shows a bimodal

distribution when out of the doped interval, and a unimodal distribution within the

doped interval. The Wassara hammer experiments had a much broader range of particle

sizes received at top-of-hole, and had much coarser particles overall. The geochemistry

of particle sizes indicate that the highest concentration of elements are found within the

coarsest and finest particles, but the flow rates used in these experiments are able to

move particles to the surface with minimal mixing.

Less smearing is apparent in the 100 m pre-SRU samples than in post-SRU samples in

the 50m experiments, which indicates that if smearing is occurring in the annulus, it is

negligible. The majority of smearing that is observed must be caused by mixing in the

SRU. The experiments that used the Wassara hammer have increased smearing

compared to full-faced diamond drilling. This may be due to increased ROPs that lead

to larger supply of material to SRU, and subsequently increased mixing of sample. It

may also be due to the Wassara hammer breaking the rock into larger particles and

creating a broader range of particles (e.g. Figure 7). At 50 m and 100 m depths, it

appears that the flow rate used is causing a negligible smearing affect in the annulus, but

at deeper depths, the may influence smearing.

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This study suggests that pre-SRU samples from 100 m depth have the least amount of

smearing, and so are the most representative sample collected. However, the sample

collected at top-of-hole consists of both drilling fluid and cuttings, and sub-sampling

this through a centrifuge can lead to uncertainty of a representative sample. Samples

collected after the SRU are dewatered, reducing sample preparation time, and are still

representative to whole rock geochemistry. Using the SRU with a minimal filled shaker

tank, in conjunction with moderate ROPs and a high flow rate reduces mixing of

particles in the annulus and the SRU, and allows for a representative sample.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Big thank you to Caroline Forbes, Ben van der Hoek, Stephanie Fleurance, David Giles

and Agnieszka Zuber for helping massively with the project and with the experiments

run up at Brukunga. Thanks to Chris Nowacki (driller) and John (offsider) for running

the experiments smoothly. Thanks to the DET CRC for allowing me to be a part of

ground-breaking research, and for all the workshops. Thanks to Phil Fawell and Gay

Walten from CSIRO PAS for the PSD analysis, as well as Fred Blaine and Masood

Mostofi for their input.

REFERENCES

FABRIS A., VAN DER WIELEN S. E., HALLEY S. W., KEEPING T. & GORDON G. 2013 Interim technical

report/final project report Project 3.4: South Australian Data Integration. Characterising

alteration in the eastern Gawler Craton: regional geochemical trends within an IOCG province.

DET CRC Report 2013/207.

FORBES C., VAN DER HOEK B. & GILES D. 2014a Project 3.2: LAR Futures (Module 6). Sample smearing

under coiled tubing drilling conditions: Report on experiments run in June 2014. DET CRC

Report 2015/620.

--- 2014b Interim Technical Report Project 3.2: LAR Futures. Module 6 Experiment Design. DET CRC

2014/438.

FORBES C., GILES D., FREEMAN H., SAWYER M. & NORMINGTON V. 2015. Glacial dispersion of

hydrothermal monazite in the Prominent Hill deposit: An exploration tool. Journal of

Geochemical Exploration 156, 10-33.

GILES D., HILLIS R. & CLEVERLEY J. 2014. Deep Exploration Technologies Provide the Pathway to Deep

Discovery. Society of Economic Geologists 97, 22-27.

HILLIS R., GILES D., VAN DER WIELEN S. E., BAENSCH A., CLEVERLEY J., FABRIS A., HALLEY S. W.,

HARRIS B. D., HILL S. M., KANCK P. A., KEPIC A., SOE S., STEWART G. & UVAROVA Y. 2014.

Coiled Tubing Drilling and Real-Time Sensing - Enabling Prospecting Drilling in the 21st

Century? Society of Economic Geologists 18, 243-259.

KAMYAB M. & RASOULI V. 2014 Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Cuttings Transportation in

Coiled Tubing Drilling. pp. 1-48.

KUMAR S., RAJ P. & MATHUR B. 2011 A Literature Analysis of the Coiled-tubing Drilling Processes. pp.

1-12. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Jaydon Dietman


48

LEISING L. J. & WALTON I. C. 1998 Cuttings Transport Problems and Solutions in Coiled Tubing Drilling.

pp. 85-100. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

--- 2002. Cuttings-Transport Problems and Solutions in Coiled-Tubing Drilling. 54-66.

MARK G., WILDE A., OLIVER N. H. S., WILLIAMS P. J. & RYAN C. G. 2005. Modeling outflow from the

Ernest Henry Fe oxide Cu–Au deposit: implications for ore genesis and exploration. Journal of

Geochemical Exploration 85, 31-46.

MARK G., OLIVER N. & WILLIAMS P. 2006a. Mineralogical and chemical evolution of the Ernest Henry

Fe oxide-Cu-Au ore system, Cloncurry District, northwest Queensland, Australia. Mineralium

Deposita 40, 769-801.

MARK G., OLIVER N. H. S. & CAREW M. J. 2006b. Insights into the genesis and diversity of epigenetic

Cu – Au mineralisation in the Cloncurry district, Mt Isa Inlier, northwest Queensland. Australian

Journal of Earth Sciences 53, 109-124.

MOSTOFI M., RASOULI V. & ZHANG H. 2014 Project 1.1: Next Generation Drilling Technologies.

Borehole Stability in Greenfields: A Literature Review. DET CRC Report 2014/570.

SCHODDE R. 2010 The key drivers behind resource growth: an analysis of the copper industry over the

last 100 years. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, MEMS Conference, Mineral and

metal markets over the long term. pp. 1-26. Phoenix, Arizona.

--- 2014a Uncovering exploration trends and the future: Where's exploration going? presentation at the

International Mining and Resources Conference (IMARC). pp. 1-49. Melbourne.

--- 2014b Challenges and Opportunities for under-cover exploration in Australia. Presentation to the

UNCOVER Summit 2014. pp. 1-55. Adelaide.

VAN DER HOEK B. 2015 Mineralogy and chemistry of cuttings. DET CRC Mid-year Researchers meeting.

WALKER S. & LI J. 2000 The Effects of Particle Size, Fluid Rheology, and Pipe Eccentricity on Cuttings

Transport. pp. 1-10. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

ZHANG H., RASOULI V., MOSTOFI M. & SOE S. 2015 A Lab Study on Cuttings Velocity in Hard rock

Coiled Tubing Drilling. AusIMM Africa Australia Technical Mining Conference 2015. pp. 1-4.

APPENDIX A: PARTICLE SIZE DISTRUBTION UPPER SIZE LIMIT FOR LAG 6 AND 7 PRE-SRU SAMPLES

Lag 6

P79851 P79852 P79853 P79854 P79855 P79856 P79857 P79858

Upper

Size

(µm)

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

0.022 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.025 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.028 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.032 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.036 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.040 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.045 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.050 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.056 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.063 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.071 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.080 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.089 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.112 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

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0.126 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.142 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.159 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.178 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.200 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.224 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.252 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.283 0.12 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00

0.317 0.18 0.01 0.07 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.00

0.356 0.19 0.08 0.09 0.17 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.00

0.399 0.19 0.10 0.12 0.20 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.07

0.448 0.19 0.13 0.14 0.22 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.10

0.502 0.18 0.15 0.17 0.24 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.13

0.564 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.26 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.15

0.632 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.29 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.18

0.710 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.21

0.796 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.38 0.29 0.27 0.23 0.24

0.893 0.31 0.32 0.37 0.44 0.34 0.33 0.28 0.27

1.002 0.39 0.38 0.45 0.51 0.39 0.39 0.33 0.32

1.125 0.50 0.47 0.55 0.60 0.46 0.46 0.39 0.38

1.262 0.64 0.57 0.67 0.70 0.54 0.53 0.44 0.46

1.416 0.81 0.71 0.81 0.82 0.64 0.59 0.49 0.58

1.589 1.01 0.87 0.99 0.96 0.77 0.64 0.54 0.74

1.783 1.24 1.08 1.20 1.13 0.93 0.69 0.59 0.95

2.000 1.50 1.31 1.43 1.32 1.12 0.74 0.64 1.22

2.244 1.79 1.58 1.70 1.53 1.35 0.78 0.70 1.56

2.518 2.10 1.87 1.98 1.78 1.62 0.82 0.77 1.96

2.825 2.41 2.18 2.26 2.04 1.92 0.88 0.86 2.42

3.170 2.71 2.49 2.54 2.31 2.24 0.96 0.97 2.91

3.557 2.99 2.78 2.79 2.58 2.56 1.06 1.12 3.40

3.991 3.22 3.03 3.01 2.84 2.86 1.20 1.30 3.88

4.477 3.39 3.24 3.18 3.05 3.13 1.39 1.52 4.29

5.024 3.50 3.39 3.28 3.22 3.33 1.64 1.77 4.61

5.637 3.54 3.47 3.32 3.33 3.47 1.94 2.06 4.82

6.325 3.52 3.49 3.30 3.39 3.53 2.30 2.36 4.90

7.096 3.44 3.45 3.23 3.38 3.51 2.70 2.68 4.85

7.962 3.34 3.38 3.12 3.32 3.42 3.11 2.99 4.68

8.934 3.21 3.27 2.98 3.22 3.27 3.54 3.27 4.42

10.024 3.07 3.15 2.84 3.11 3.08 3.93 3.51 4.10

11.247 2.95 3.02 2.70 2.98 2.88 4.27 3.68 3.73

12.619 2.84 2.91 2.57 2.88 2.68 4.52 3.78 3.36

14.159 2.75 2.81 2.47 2.80 2.50 4.67 3.79 3.01

15.887 2.68 2.74 2.39 2.77 2.37 4.71 3.72 2.69

17.825 2.64 2.70 2.34 2.78 2.29 4.64 3.58 2.42

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20.000 2.63 2.68 2.33 2.83 2.26 4.47 3.38 2.19

22.440 2.62 2.68 2.34 2.92 2.28 4.23 3.16 2.01

25.179 2.62 2.70 2.37 3.02 2.33 3.94 2.92 1.87

28.251 2.61 2.71 2.41 3.12 2.40 3.64 2.71 1.75

31.698 2.58 2.71 2.45 3.18 2.46 3.35 2.54 1.65

35.566 2.52 2.69 2.48 3.19 2.49 3.08 2.41 1.55

39.905 2.42 2.63 2.49 3.12 2.48 2.86 2.33 1.46

44.774 2.27 2.52 2.46 2.97 2.42 2.67 2.30 1.37

50.238 2.10 2.37 2.39 2.74 2.31 2.51 2.30 1.27

56.368 1.89 2.17 2.29 2.43 2.16 2.36 2.32 1.18

63.246 1.68 1.94 2.15 2.08 1.98 2.21 2.33 1.10

70.963 1.46 1.70 1.99 1.70 1.79 2.05 2.33 1.02

79.621 1.27 1.45 1.81 1.32 1.60 1.86 2.30 0.95

89.337 1.10 1.21 1.62 0.96 1.42 1.64 2.21 0.89

100.237 0.97 0.99 1.43 0.65 1.27 1.39 2.09 0.83

112.468 0.88 0.80 1.24 0.41 1.15 1.13 1.92 0.77

126.191 0.81 0.66 1.07 0.23 1.05 0.86 1.72 0.70

141.589 0.76 0.56 0.92 0.13 0.97 0.63 1.50 0.64

158.866 0.71 0.49 0.78 0.08 0.90 0.29 1.28 0.57

178.250 0.64 0.46 0.67 0.07 0.84 0.11 1.07 0.50

200.000 0.53 0.44 0.58 0.10 0.79 0.00 0.89 0.44

224.404 0.43 0.43 0.50 0.13 0.73 0.00 0.75 0.38

251.785 0.11 0.40 0.41 0.16 0.66 0.00 0.64 0.31

282.508 0.00 0.34 0.33 0.16 0.59 0.00 0.57 0.25

316.979 0.00 0.24 0.25 0.14 0.53 0.00 0.52 0.19

355.656 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.07 0.47 0.00 0.49 0.10

399.052 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.40 0.00 0.47 0.03

447.744 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.44 0.00

502.377 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.39 0.00

563.677 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.32 0.00

632.456 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.13 0.00

709.627 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00

796.214 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

893.367 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1002.374 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1124.683 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1261.915 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1415.892 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1588.656 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1782.502 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2000.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

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P79859 P79860 P79861 P79862 P79863 P79864

Upper

Size

(µm)

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

0.022 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.025 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.028 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.032 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.036 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.040 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.045 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.050 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.056 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.063 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.071 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.080 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.089 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.112 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.126 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.142 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.159 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.178 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.200 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.224 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.252 0.00 0.07 0.08 0.00 0.07 0.09

0.283 0.03 0.12 0.13 0.00 0.12 0.14

0.317 0.07 0.18 0.19 0.01 0.18 0.21

0.356 0.08 0.19 0.21 0.08 0.19 0.23

0.399 0.09 0.20 0.21 0.10 0.20 0.25

0.448 0.11 0.19 0.21 0.13 0.19 0.27

0.502 0.13 0.19 0.20 0.16 0.19 0.30

0.564 0.15 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.34

0.632 0.17 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.39

0.710 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.47

0.796 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.56

0.893 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.66

1.002 0.36 0.42 0.46 0.42 0.44 0.76

1.125 0.44 0.52 0.58 0.50 0.56 0.86

1.262 0.54 0.65 0.73 0.61 0.69 0.95

1.416 0.65 0.80 0.91 0.75 0.85 1.04

1.589 0.79 0.98 1.12 0.92 1.04 1.13

1.783 0.96 1.20 1.37 1.13 1.27 1.23

2.000 1.14 1.45 1.65 1.38 1.52 1.34

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2.244 1.35 1.74 1.96 1.68 1.81 1.49

2.518 1.58 2.06 2.29 2.00 2.13 1.68

2.825 1.82 2.40 2.63 2.35 2.45 1.91

3.170 2.05 2.74 2.96 2.72 2.78 2.18

3.557 2.27 3.07 3.27 3.06 3.08 2.47

3.991 2.46 3.37 3.53 3.37 3.35 2.78

4.477 2.60 3.61 3.72 3.63 3.56 3.07

5.024 2.71 3.79 3.84 3.82 3.70 3.33

5.637 2.76 3.88 3.88 3.92 3.77 3.53

6.325 2.75 3.90 3.85 3.94 3.76 3.66

7.096 2.71 3.84 3.75 3.87 3.68 3.71

7.962 2.63 3.72 3.59 3.75 3.55 3.69

8.934 2.53 3.55 3.40 3.57 3.39 3.59

10.024 2.42 3.35 3.20 3.37 3.21 3.43

11.247 2.31 3.14 2.99 3.15 3.03 3.23

12.619 2.22 2.94 2.80 2.95 2.86 3.02

14.159 2.14 2.77 2.63 2.76 2.71 2.82

15.887 2.10 2.63 2.49 2.60 2.59 2.65

17.825 2.09 2.53 2.39 2.48 2.50 2.53

20.000 2.11 2.48 2.33 2.39 2.44 2.46

22.440 2.17 2.47 2.30 2.34 2.41 2.45

25.179 2.26 2.50 2.30 2.33 2.39 2.48

28.251 2.36 2.54 2.31 2.33 2.38 2.54

31.698 2.46 2.58 2.32 2.33 2.36 2.60

35.566 2.56 2.60 2.31 2.33 2.33 2.64

39.905 2.64 2.59 2.27 2.31 2.26 2.63

44.774 2.68 2.51 2.19 2.27 2.17 2.56

50.238 2.69 2.39 2.08 2.19 2.04 2.43

56.368 2.66 2.20 1.92 2.07 1.88 2.22

63.246 2.60 1.97 1.74 1.91 1.70 1.96

70.963 2.49 1.69 1.52 1.73 1.51 1.66

79.621 2.36 1.40 1.29 1.52 1.32 1.35

89.337 2.21 1.11 1.07 1.29 1.14 1.05

100.237 2.04 0.82 0.85 1.07 0.97 0.78

112.468 1.86 0.53 0.66 0.85 0.82 0.55

126.191 1.67 0.23 0.50 0.65 0.68 0.38

141.589 1.49 0.02 0.37 0.48 0.56 0.26

158.866 1.30 0.00 0.28 0.34 0.47 0.19

178.250 1.14 0.00 0.21 0.24 0.39 0.16

200.000 0.99 0.00 0.18 0.17 0.32 0.15

224.404 0.86 0.00 0.15 0.12 0.26 0.15

251.785 0.76 0.00 0.13 0.10 0.21 0.15

282.508 0.67 0.00 0.11 0.08 0.15 0.13

316.979 0.61 0.00 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.10

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355.656 0.56 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

399.052 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

447.744 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

502.377 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

563.677 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

632.456 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

709.627 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

796.214 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

893.367 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1002.374 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1124.683 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1261.915 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1415.892 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1588.656 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1782.502 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2000.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Lag 7

P79881 P79882 P79883 P79884 P79885 P79886 P79887 P79888

Upper

Size

(µm)

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

0.022 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.025 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.028 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.032 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.036 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.040 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.045 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.050 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.056 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.063 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.071 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.080 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.089 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.112 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.126 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.142 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.159 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.178 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.200 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.224 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.252 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.283 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06

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0.317 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10

0.356 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.13

0.399 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.15

0.448 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.18

0.502 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.20

0.564 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.23

0.632 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.25

0.710 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.28

0.796 0.21 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.15 0.31

0.893 0.25 0.20 0.19 0.25 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.36

1.002 0.30 0.24 0.24 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.21 0.42

1.125 0.36 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.29 0.30 0.24 0.50

1.262 0.42 0.35 0.36 0.41 0.34 0.35 0.28 0.60

1.416 0.49 0.42 0.43 0.47 0.39 0.40 0.31 0.73

1.589 0.58 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.44 0.46 0.35 0.88

1.783 0.68 0.61 0.62 0.59 0.49 0.53 0.39 1.05

2.000 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.65 0.55 0.60 0.44 1.23

2.244 0.95 0.89 0.86 0.71 0.61 0.68 0.49 1.42

2.518 1.12 1.06 1.00 0.78 0.68 0.76 0.54 1.60

2.825 1.32 1.26 1.15 0.84 0.75 0.86 0.61 1.76

3.170 1.53 1.49 1.31 0.90 0.82 0.96 0.69 1.89

3.557 1.75 1.72 1.48 0.97 0.89 1.06 0.78 1.99

3.991 1.97 1.96 1.63 1.03 0.96 1.17 0.89 2.03

4.477 2.17 2.19 1.77 1.09 1.02 1.27 1.02 2.04

5.024 2.35 2.40 1.89 1.15 1.08 1.37 1.16 2.01

5.637 2.49 2.57 1.98 1.21 1.14 1.46 1.32 1.95

6.325 2.58 2.70 2.05 1.26 1.19 1.54 1.48 1.87

7.096 2.61 2.78 2.09 1.32 1.24 1.61 1.64 1.79

7.962 2.60 2.80 2.10 1.38 1.29 1.68 1.79 1.71

8.934 2.55 2.78 2.10 1.44 1.34 1.73 1.94 1.65

10.024 2.47 2.72 2.08 1.52 1.39 1.78 2.07 1.61

11.247 2.37 2.64 2.06 1.60 1.46 1.83 2.17 1.60

12.619 2.28 2.54 2.05 1.69 1.53 1.89 2.26 1.60

14.159 2.21 2.44 2.04 1.80 1.61 1.95 2.32 1.62

15.887 2.17 2.37 2.05 1.91 1.70 2.02 2.36 1.66

17.825 2.19 2.33 2.08 2.05 1.81 2.10 2.38 1.71

20.000 2.25 2.34 2.14 2.19 1.93 2.20 2.40 1.77

22.440 2.37 2.41 2.24 2.35 2.07 2.31 2.42 1.84

25.179 2.54 2.54 2.38 2.54 2.22 2.43 2.46 1.92

28.251 2.75 2.72 2.56 2.74 2.41 2.58 2.51 2.03

31.698 2.97 2.93 2.77 2.96 2.62 2.74 2.60 2.15

35.566 3.19 3.15 3.01 3.20 2.86 2.93 2.72 2.29

39.905 3.37 3.36 3.26 3.45 3.12 3.12 2.87 2.45

44.774 3.50 3.52 3.51 3.70 3.39 3.33 3.05 2.62

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50.238 3.56 3.61 3.73 3.93 3.66 3.53 3.25 2.78

56.368 3.53 3.61 3.90 4.13 3.91 3.71 3.45 2.93

63.246 3.42 3.51 4.00 4.29 4.12 3.86 3.64 3.04

70.963 3.24 3.32 4.01 4.37 4.27 3.96 3.79 3.11

79.621 2.99 3.04 3.92 4.36 4.34 3.98 3.89 3.12

89.337 2.70 2.69 3.72 4.24 4.31 3.91 3.90 3.06

100.237 2.39 2.32 3.42 4.02 4.17 3.75 3.82 2.93

112.468 2.07 1.93 3.03 3.69 3.92 3.50 3.64 2.74

126.191 1.77 1.56 2.59 3.27 3.57 3.16 3.37 2.49

141.589 1.48 1.23 2.10 2.78 3.14 2.76 3.01 2.21

158.866 1.24 0.97 1.62 2.28 2.68 2.34 2.61 1.92

178.250 1.02 0.77 1.18 1.78 2.20 1.90 2.17 1.64

200.000 0.85 0.63 0.81 1.33 1.77 1.50 1.75 1.40

224.404 0.69 0.53 0.51 0.94 1.39 1.14 1.36 1.20

251.785 0.56 0.47 0.31 0.64 1.10 0.85 1.03 1.04

282.508 0.43 0.41 0.19 0.42 0.88 0.62 0.77 0.93

316.979 0.32 0.35 0.14 0.27 0.74 0.47 0.57 0.86

355.656 0.21 0.26 0.13 0.20 0.66 0.38 0.45 0.82

399.052 0.01 0.10 0.16 0.17 0.62 0.33 0.38 0.79

500.000 0.00 0.03 0.19 0.17 0.57 0.31 0.34 0.76

1000.00 1.20 1.00 0.40 0.40 0.70 1.60 0.40 2.00

2000.00 1.10 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.80 1.70 0.30 1.50

10000.00 2.30 1.00 0.80 4.20 16.80 6.60 3.30 17.00

P79889 P79890 P79891 P79892 P79893 P79894 P79895 P79896

Upper

Size

(µm)

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

0.022 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.025 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.028 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.032 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.036 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.040 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.045 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.050 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.056 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.063 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.071 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.080 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.089 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.112 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.126 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Jaydon Dietman


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0.142 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.159 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.178 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.200 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.224 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.252 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.283 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.317 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.356 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.399 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.448 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.05

0.502 0.08 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.07

0.564 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.09

0.632 0.13 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.11

0.710 0.16 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.14

0.796 0.20 0.25 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.16

0.893 0.25 0.30 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.20

1.002 0.30 0.36 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.24

1.125 0.36 0.43 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.30

1.262 0.42 0.50 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.33 0.30 0.37

1.416 0.48 0.58 0.50 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.36 0.46

1.589 0.56 0.66 0.61 0.56 0.52 0.48 0.44 0.58

1.783 0.63 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.58 0.52 0.73

2.000 0.72 0.85 0.93 0.88 0.81 0.71 0.62 0.92

2.244 0.81 0.96 1.14 1.10 1.01 0.86 0.75 1.15

2.518 0.93 1.09 1.40 1.38 1.26 1.05 0.91 1.43

2.825 1.07 1.25 1.71 1.71 1.56 1.29 1.11 1.75

3.170 1.23 1.43 2.05 2.08 1.90 1.56 1.35 2.12

3.557 1.41 1.64 2.42 2.50 2.28 1.88 1.63 2.52

3.991 1.61 1.87 2.80 2.92 2.68 2.22 1.95 2.93

4.477 1.83 2.10 3.17 3.36 3.09 2.60 2.32 3.34

5.024 2.05 2.33 3.50 3.75 3.47 2.99 2.71 3.71

5.637 2.26 2.54 3.78 4.09 3.82 3.37 3.11 4.04

6.325 2.45 2.72 3.98 4.36 4.10 3.72 3.52 4.31

7.096 2.61 2.86 4.10 4.53 4.30 4.03 3.90 4.49

7.962 2.74 2.94 4.13 4.59 4.41 4.29 4.24 4.60

8.934 2.81 2.97 4.08 4.56 4.44 4.47 4.52 4.62

10.024 2.85 2.94 3.96 4.43 4.39 4.57 4.72 4.56

11.247 2.84 2.87 3.79 4.23 4.26 4.59 4.83 4.44

12.619 2.79 2.75 3.58 3.97 4.08 4.52 4.85 4.26

14.159 2.71 2.60 3.36 3.69 3.86 4.38 4.76 4.05

15.887 2.63 2.44 3.13 3.40 3.61 4.17 4.59 3.80

17.825 2.54 2.29 2.93 3.12 3.36 3.92 4.35 3.54

20.000 2.47 2.15 2.75 2.87 3.11 3.64 4.05 3.29

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22.440 2.43 2.03 2.60 2.65 2.88 3.35 3.72 3.04

25.179 2.44 1.95 2.49 2.48 2.68 3.07 3.40 2.83

28.251 2.49 1.91 2.42 2.35 2.50 2.81 3.07 2.63

31.698 2.59 1.91 2.36 2.24 2.35 2.58 2.78 2.46

35.566 2.72 1.93 2.32 2.15 2.20 2.38 2.51 2.30

39.905 2.87 1.97 2.28 2.06 2.07 2.20 2.27 2.14

44.774 3.03 2.03 2.23 1.96 1.93 2.04 2.06 1.98

50.238 3.16 2.09 2.15 1.85 1.80 1.89 1.87 1.82

56.368 3.25 2.14 2.05 1.73 1.66 1.74 1.69 1.64

63.246 3.28 2.19 1.92 1.58 1.51 1.60 1.52 1.44

70.963 3.23 2.21 1.77 1.43 1.37 1.45 1.36 1.23

79.621 3.11 2.22 1.60 1.26 1.23 1.30 1.21 1.01

89.337 2.92 2.20 1.42 1.10 1.09 1.14 1.06 0.79

100.237 2.67 2.16 1.22 0.94 0.96 0.99 0.92 0.58

112.468 2.38 2.09 1.04 0.78 0.83 0.84 0.78 0.42

126.191 2.05 2.01 0.86 0.64 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.25

141.589 1.72 1.91 0.69 0.51 0.58 0.56 0.53 0.07

158.866 1.40 1.79 0.55 0.40 0.47 0.45 0.42 0.01

178.250 1.10 1.66 0.42 0.31 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.00

200.000 0.84 1.52 0.33 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.00

224.404 0.63 1.39 0.25 0.17 0.20 0.21 0.15 0.00

251.785 0.47 1.27 0.19 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.03 0.00

282.508 0.35 1.15 0.14 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.00 0.00

316.979 0.28 1.05 0.09 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.00 0.00

355.656 0.25 0.97 0.06 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00

399.052 0.24 0.90 0.01 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00

500.000 0.25 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00

1000.00 0.40 2.90 0.40 0.10 0.00 0.20 0.10 0.50

2000.00 1.00 2.40 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.20 0.10 0.10

10000.00 2.20 5.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.30 0.10 0.00

P79898 P79899

Upper

Size

(µm)

% in

Interval

% in

Interval

0.022 0.00 0.00

0.025 0.00 0.00

0.028 0.00 0.00

0.032 0.00 0.00

0.036 0.00 0.00

0.040 0.00 0.00

0.045 0.00 0.00

0.050 0.00 0.00

0.056 0.00 0.00

0.063 0.00 0.00

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0.071 0.00 0.00

0.080 0.00 0.00

0.089 0.00 0.00

0.100 0.00 0.00

0.112 0.00 0.00

0.126 0.00 0.00

0.142 0.00 0.00

0.159 0.00 0.00

0.178 0.00 0.00

0.200 0.00 0.00

0.224 0.00 0.00

0.252 0.00 0.00

0.283 0.00 0.07

0.317 0.00 0.12

0.356 0.01 0.18

0.399 0.07 0.20

0.448 0.09 0.20

0.502 0.11 0.19

0.564 0.13 0.18

0.632 0.16 0.17

0.710 0.18 0.19

0.796 0.21 0.21

0.893 0.25 0.27

1.002 0.30 0.34

1.125 0.37 0.44

1.262 0.45 0.57

1.416 0.56 0.73

1.589 0.70 0.92

1.783 0.87 1.15

2.000 1.08 1.42

2.244 1.32 1.72

2.518 1.60 2.06

2.825 1.90 2.42

3.170 2.22 2.79

3.557 2.54 3.16

3.991 2.84 3.50

4.477 3.10 3.79

5.024 3.31 4.00

5.637 3.46 4.12

6.325 3.53 4.15

7.096 3.53 4.08

7.962 3.47 3.94

8.934 3.37 3.73

10.024 3.23 3.47

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11.247 3.08 3.20

12.619 2.93 2.93

14.159 2.80 2.69

15.887 2.70 2.47

17.825 2.63 2.30

20.000 2.61 2.18

22.440 2.62 2.10

25.179 2.68 2.06

28.251 2.76 2.06

31.698 2.85 2.07

35.566 2.94 2.10

39.905 3.01 2.11

44.774 3.03 2.10

50.238 2.98 2.07

56.368 2.87 1.99

63.246 2.67 1.87

70.963 2.41 1.72

79.621 2.08 1.53

89.337 1.73 1.32

100.237 1.36 1.10

112.468 1.00 0.88

126.191 0.69 0.68

141.589 0.45 0.50

158.866 0.11 0.36

178.250 0.02 0.25

200.000 0.00 0.19

224.404 0.00 0.15

251.785 0.00 0.13

282.508 0.00 0.12

316.979 0.00 0.11

355.656 0.00 0.09

399.052 0.00 0.07

500.000 0.00 0.02

1000.00 0.30 1.20

2000.00 0.20 0.60

10000.00 0.10 0.60

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APPENDIX B: WHOLE ROCK ANALYSIS

All data is presented in ppm

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample

Type Al Si S K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Rb Pb Zr

Lag 6

L6001 330 Post SRU

103288 11446 692 349587 1964 37 205 720 37280 16 60 224 637 22 5 43 123

L6002 510 Post SRU

101339 12113 528 367736 1905 44 138 693 32787 15 59 203 577 22 4 44 122

L6003 750 Post SRU

101205 11714 385 366159 1906 39 209 692 34125 12 58 189 601 24 2 41 120

L6004 810 Post SRU

101243 11368 498 361992 1893 43 162 690 32958 14 52 191 585 24 4 38 117

L6005 990 Post SRU 34107 107785 12308 519 366199 1928 41 156 705 34570 16 50 201 606 27 4 40 121

L6006 1410 Post SRU 21097 109896 12685 1679 342987 2034 40 289 712 48671 19 62 215 751 25 8 59 115

L6007 1470 Post SRU 29942 129635 15013 3828 315262 2324 69 193 671 42345 19 50 196 1078 20 19 157 118

L6008 1530 Post SRU 33211 158466 19202 6679 269804 2875 54 224 572 43331 19 47 189 1383 37 31 283 124

L6009 1590 Post SRU 29598 171202 21355 7864 259220 3034 62 210 589 42890 19 51 183 1512 38 33 326 129

L6010 1650 Post SRU 37762 175925 24058 8655 235578 3210 75 235 491 44074 18 69 197 1712 47 39 353 129

L6011 1710 Post SRU 31191 180244 25168 9414 223440 3278 82 219 490 44531 23 60 191 1800 48 45 359 128

L6012 1760 Post SRU 32956 178504 23984 8923 234852 3054 66 218 516 43683 21 60 199 1701 48 39 329 126

L6013 1780 Post SRU 38892 176195 23522 8527 236880 2941 74 246 533 42977 21 58 189 1738 44 40 424 132

L6014 1800 Post SRU 35579 173619 24231 8456 240200 3236 63 248 540 45206 20 61 198 1664 56 38 311 126

L6015 1830 Post SRU 42852 162283 22819 7116 265541 3067 73 254 542 44987 22 66 200 1532 47 32 284 126

L6016 1860 Post SRU 37196 158689 22495 6790 278286 3318 59 196 557 40902 21 52 185 1407 44 31 268 128

L6017 1880 Post SRU 23264 139480 19749 5104 304566 3088 56 203 580 37736 18 60 182 1181 43 24 200 122

L6018 1900 Post SRU 32287 146315 20873 5857 295647 2929 68 194 573 39406 20 58 185 1294 49 29 225 123

L6019 1920 Post SRU 32652 146798 20358 5897 282804 2991 56 248 568 40128 18 57 196 1579 42 29 254 121

L6020 1950 Post SRU 29703 128680 17584 4255 332595 2556 59 184 605 37144 18 54 182 974 41 19 158 117

Jaydon Dietman


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Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L6021 2000 Post SRU 21995 130530 18525 3835 339362 2496 54 161 591 36751 18 54 184 991 34 19 166 122

L6022 2020 Post SRU 34389 134874 18756 4132 339932 2496 68 190 551 37725 19 52 188 983 38 19 169 125

L6023 2040 Post SRU 26429 131956 18272 4035 336558 2509 54 203 596 37842 17 50 183 973 35 19 159 125

L6024 2052 Post SRU 25565 129325 18621 4321 331905 2637 60 165 619 36930 20 53 179 1033 48 20 164 123

L6025 2064 Post SRU 34025 142575 20321 5381 306992 2714 64 201 563 38819 19 52 182 1204 44 24 206 119

L6026 2076 Post SRU 25888 134110 18446 4329 330044 2582 42 200 592 36397 17 53 175 1032 38 20 163 123

L6027 2088 Post SRU 24530 129476 18561 3782 332851 2439 62 180 624 37542 20 42 177 977 40 17 150 120

L6028 2100 Post SRU 35093 138064 19331 4642 320917 2661 69 172 625 37981 21 49 185 1143 50 21 187 124

L6029 2120 Post SRU 21472 131289 18283 3812 333213 2452 69 178 609 36438 17 51 186 955 30 17 158 122

L6030 2140 Post SRU 31516 133031 18403 4090 328391 2360 61 199 613 37600 19 46 184 994 40 19 156 118

L6031 2160 Post SRU 24667 126474 17847 3527 339702 2465 56 178 646 36676 20 47 186 905 34 13 128 116

L6032 2166 Post SRU 24392 127019 17503 3485 336788 2332 49 180 615 35891 14 58 181 912 39 15 128 120

L6033 2173 Post SRU 22761 125209 17252 3358 335632 2347 55 249 621 37373 19 41 177 885 37 15 133 121

L6034 2180 Post SRU 30823 126371 18118 3330 340143 2418 38 183 693 35520 17 55 189 877 35 14 131 120

L6035 2186 Post SRU 33081 135405 18692 4315 324801 2629 58 172 608 36765 19 43 182 1027 38 20 154 122

L6036 2193 Post SRU 34473 126263 17561 3461 334182 2323 49 172 595 35292 17 55 182 914 37 15 140 115

L6037 2200 Post SRU 29850 127758 17960 3725 330243 2311 51 179 614 36262 17 53 178 954 36 16 148 119

L6038 2206 Post SRU 26033 136770 18618 4319 319484 2534 57 170 643 36654 18 41 184 1031 40 20 169 123

L6039 2213 Post SRU 32131 124724 17286 3107 330919 2230 51 177 601 36382 17 55 183 935 35 15 128 118

L6040 2220 Post SRU 18664 117893 16740 2859 334547 2254 39 192 618 34766 16 40 172 861 31 12 119 116

L6041 2250 Post SRU 28292 118268 16495 2874 343039 2286 47 151 634 35097 19 40 175 867 36 13 118 121

L6042 2280 Post SRU

113894 16462 2524 340724 2194 50 151 614 34444 15 51 182 840 35 11 109 122

L6043 2310 Post SRU 37291 117854 17362 2285 353134 2192 37 178 657 34901 16 51 183 803 54 11 106 121

L6044 2340 Post SRU 24689 115224 16603 2133 355165 2052 54 159 663 34271 17 49 175 764 31 11 91 120

L6045 2360 Post SRU 44720 119691 16162 2509 353779 2424 55 147 661 35527 19 43 176 838 35 13 108 122

Jaydon Dietman


62

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L6046 2380 Post SRU

116096 15977 2415 342234 2398 54 161 625 35240 16 54 183 819 30 12 106 117

L6047 2400 Post SRU

117417 15721 2242 348388 2187 55 168 647 34313 17 42 179 788 29 11 113 121

L6048 2430 Post SRU 23429 117107 15247 2004 357050 2135 53 181 671 34564 16 50 173 770 32 10 94 122

L6049 2460 Post SRU 35325 117062 15483 2191 355868 2256 54 182 693 34365 16 51 182 763 31 10 97 122

L6050 2472 Post SRU 26952 116138 14845 1732 358934 2165 37 148 689 33894 17 45 175 766 31 9 79 124

L6051 2484 Post SRU 20648 118828 15881 2143 351503 2197 57 146 652 35034 18 47 180 773 33 10 97 120

L6052 2496 Post SRU 20474 131158 17887 3626 331549 2478 48 168 641 36376 17 49 184 973 37 17 148 124

L6053 2508 Post SRU

116069 16048 2538 336422 2297 45 148 668 35411 17 48 177 838 39 12 110 121

L6054 2520 Post SRU 24502 116200 15836 2294 348968 2188 54 164 659 34973 17 59 179 834 32 11 107 121

L6055 2550 Post SRU 20678 108500 13707 1387 362471 2131 46 171 684 32941 15 53 176 659 25 7 70 118

L6056 2600 Post SRU 20670 109837 14571 1615 356284 2050 48 158 658 33945 16 53 174 706 26 7 82 119

L6057 2620 Post SRU

106654 13567 1160 358237 2044 51 197 656 32511 15 47 168 633 26 7 80 118

L6058 2640 Post SRU

103375 13665 1195 357875 2079 40 134 666 32702 15 42 175 641 25 6 71 120

L6059 2670 Post SRU

104028 13491 1347 353240 2171 37 189 673 33015 14 49 174 686 30 7 70 117

L6060 2730 Post SRU

101199 13325 1007 353957 2034 49 168 695 32451 15 45 173 628 25 6 60 117

L6061 2760 Post SRU 24539 108277 13904 1180 362583 2072 51 160 695 32739 15 49 175 636 26 7 70 119

L6062 2775 Post SRU

106372 13775 1528 350513 2091 47 165 684 33670 15 52 187 678 30 8 72 118

L6063 2790 Post SRU

109682 13831 1455 356735 2183 50 203 715 33805 17 47 181 697 28 7 77 123

L6064 2805 Post SRU

109648 14168 1549 354885 2119 46 166 645 34347 17 44 181 691 33 7 82 121

L6065 2820 Post SRU 29254 110529 14198 1293 363213 2131 41 196 687 33798 15 52 178 674 27 7 72 121

L6066 2840 Post SRU 26038 115333 14186 1556 362899 2156 66 169 688 34827 15 52 176 709 31 8 82 121

L6067 2860 Post SRU 23665 108622 14067 1072 378254 2193 33 170 714 34115 16 49 181 645 26 6 63 122

L6068 2880 Post SRU 26958 113028 14885 1643 366897 2133 52 195 690 34820 15 47 179 698 32 9 76 124

L6069 2910 Post SRU 21961 111980 14036 1393 372872 2112 50 165 719 34777 16 51 188 673 27 6 72 123

L6070 2970 Post SRU 25236 108931 13739 1194 371544 2239 52 170 704 35539 16 51 184 664 29 6 70 126

Jaydon Dietman


63

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L6071 3000 Post SRU

108009 13708 977 365533 1990 50 179 696 34998 17 39 189 643 27 5 61 128

L6072 3020 Post SRU 27462 107358 13766 1143 365545 2121 51 165 712 36082 17 44 194 667 31 5 69 123

L6073 3040 Post SRU

108461 13465 1295 350863 2033 45 169 699 35587 16 56 189 687 27 7 74 123

L6074 3060 Post SRU 26043 110973 14455 1242 361409 2077 41 154 695 34863 16 48 184 686 27 7 71 123

L6075 3075 Post SRU

106680 13322 1021 353691 2140 30 201 693 35582 17 46 181 658 27 6 66 126

L6076 3090 Post SRU

106202 13412 1069 356260 2185 41 162 708 35279 16 54 190 660 30 6 62 123

L6077 3105 Post SRU

106216 13617 1049 345122 2057 50 187 691 35925 18 43 192 669 26 7 69 121

L6078 3120 Post SRU

107255 13189 1059 358246 2091 47 140 703 35865 16 49 195 662 24 6 72 128

L6079 3150 Post SRU 29196 110292 13997 1159 355554 2155 43 237 724 39466 20 39 210 697 28 6 75 124

L6080 3180 Post SRU 19583 107298 13760 945 356342 2102 50 175 714 35160 16 49 183 656 26 5 62 123

L6081 3210 Post SRU

104845 13571 1087 342474 2072 44 171 694 35015 18 35 179 667 28 7 70 120

L6082 3240 Post SRU 19367 108807 13800 1115 348148 1949 43 197 697 35984 14 51 193 694 25 7 84 125

L6083 3270 Post SRU

108811 13406 1209 345697 2034 44 212 685 34751 13 53 178 664 26 7 81 120

L6084 3300 Post SRU 23235 108904 14313 1428 348683 2102 43 237 659 36438 18 48 181 712 26 8 87 125

L6085 3330 Post SRU 25136 115379 15332 1830 349702 2263 55 200 700 37236 18 43 183 757 30 9 98 124

L6086 3450 Post SRU

108693 13918 1699 338289 2168 53 239 675 36703 15 63 186 754 30 10 100 126

L6087 3690 Post SRU 27783 112730 14198 1685 346389 2059 54 188 678 35125 17 59 180 725 28 10 91 121

L6001PS 240 Pre SRU 26430 102200 13090 157 350802 1919 32 102 687 30276 15 36 269 590 20 2 49 117

L6002PS 420 Pre SRU

92376 11257 151 346960 1914 34 161 663 30264 15 39 204 576 21 2 44 111

L6003PS 600 Pre SRU 27668 99913 12233 186 353977 1756 44 128 682 31439 16 32 221 576 24 2 42 117

L6004PS 780 Pre SRU

97065 11891 168 335967 1824 36 159 696 34329 19 36 221 613 26 3 41 116

L6007PS 1516 Pre SRU

100102 11252 219 335004 1895 44 179 716 36105 18 30 198 588 19 2 45 116

L6008PS 1696 Pre SRU 53102 230975 31292 11358 160299 3817 75 197 394 48562 28 87 286 1934 112 50 658 149

L6009PS 1876 Pre SRU 51443 217032 27906 11828 174560 3793 80 267 442 50456 30 67 274 2389 87 51 455 139

L6010PS 2056 Pre SRU 21594 97817 11696 282 396961 1911 43 127 633 28589 14 51 199 606 24 2 44 107

Jaydon Dietman


64

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample



102127 11922 210 347465 1949 43 193 680 34826 19 29 208 573 24 3 44 118

L6012PS 2416 Pre SRU 20512 99326 13184 198 346238 1767 40 153 704 34572 18 35 225 597 23 3 49 126

L6013PS 2596 Pre SRU 24718 103543 12279 171 355511 1791 37 171 689 30590 16 40 212 570 21 3 46 119


97512 12296 169 347124 1830 46 124 664 31217 16 40 210 563 23 3 45 118

L6015PS 2956 Pre SRU 24376 102237 13227 230 347782 1903 39 158 713 34031 19 30 225 570 23 2 46 116

L6016PS 3136 Pre SRU 32043 99799 11561 215 323625 1970 25 168 715 39393 19 25 277 612 27 3 44 124

Lag 7

L7001A 15 Post SRU 30477 135214 16837 7272 233435 2853 57 169 509 41692 23 39 207 1048 26 34 303 113

L7001 30 Post SRU 37588 158190 21209 8736 237030 3291 67 205 527 45392 22 50 213 1096 26 42 378 127

L7002 135 Post SRU 42962 173392 25454 10779 216053 3779 79 182 524 46490 28 55 206 1257 37 49 413 130

L7003 195 Post SRU 42931 173683 25600 11620 209006 3724 74 188 516 47084 28 41 209 1283 41 51 439 132

L7004 375 Post SRU 24565 136088 20405 5792 302627 3070 49 176 595 40027 23 57 196 1540 41 27 257 133

L7005 405 Post SRU 32629 153733 22672 7947 263545 3236 77 188 562 43363 24 51 220 1513 47 36 593 134

L7006 435 Post SRU 39789 158832 23574 8539 265488 3855 85 161 541 43736 23 42 192 1471 33 35 324 134

L7007 465 Post SRU 30513 126320 18888 3952 340654 2691 57 135 654 37513 19 60 196 1246 32 16 166 132

L7008 495 Post SRU 20952 132871 19776 5635 306640 2860 64 154 612 40310 21 59 196 1387 33 25 241 130

L7009 555 Post SRU 28673 147226 21248 6916 281067 3091 56 140 581 40628 19 56 194 1302 32 33 290 133

L7010 570 Post SRU

109242 15264 2277 356964 2244 55 122 684 34522 17 46 184 1052 30 9 108 128

L7011 585 Post SRU 21218 111736 15629 2243 365253 2263 55 142 684 33833 20 55 186 993 29 9 95 123

L7012 615 Post SRU 30187 115527 16722 2842 356037 2391 68 131 658 34485 18 58 178 1041 28 13 123 126

L7013 645 Post SRU 26518 109029 15867 2074 367064 2371 49 117 664 33720 17 50 191 968 29 9 87 124

L7014 705 Post SRU 20551 110874 15650 2117 366018 2295 53 129 680 33753 17 54 176 981 30 10 92 124

L7015 735 Post SRU 27629 116029 16516 2827 357143 2416 55 107 678 34099 18 61 183 1085 25 12 119 124

L7016 750 Post SRU 37330 115015 15968 2379 362548 2323 49 107 620 33077 16 45 192 1035 27 10 109 122

L7017 765 Post SRU 29040 113003 16056 2502 358735 2250 51 119 618 32538 15 51 165 948 24 10 108 119

Jaydon Dietman


65

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L7018 825 Post SRU 26455 109601 15374 2249 357566 2090 51 142 627 31105 19 47 184 939 28 11 132 116

L7019 855 Post SRU 20627 109456 15647 2344 351664 2268 56 124 606 30386 17 45 168 827 24 12 120 115

L7020 870 Post SRU 24497 104745 14915 1971 355415 2139 48 96 611 29096 17 41 171 818 23 12 102 112

L7021 885 Post SRU

106227 14184 1789 354146 2128 49 156 616 30515 15 42 168 749 32 9 93 116

L7022 900 Post SRU

103456 14382 1579 361057 2179 43 92 613 29503 15 53 163 698 21 8 98 115

L7023 945 Post SRU

99504 13233 1178 369715 2105 51 129 608 28016 13 48 155 653 25 5 78 114

L7024 975 Post SRU 26884 101459 13863 1188 374533 2017 44 112 649 28201 16 52 162 675 212 7 65 108

L7025 997 Post SRU 22971 105432 13697 1574 368910 2137 45 131 633 29373 16 51 163 726 29 7 82 113

L7026 1005 Post SRU

96312 13074 997 370018 2042 51 119 617 27597 15 53 159 632 23 6 65 114

L7027 1012 Post SRU 23789 104993 14300 1482 373771 2194 47 142 611 28598 14 46 162 679 21 8 82 114

L7028 1020 Post SRU 22445 101276 13506 1192 376010 2007 44 112 618 28615 15 46 157 663 24 6 73 114

L7029 1035 Post SRU

98336 13279 970 374074 2076 37 120 621 27873 16 55 167 657 25 5 70 115

L7030 1065 Post SRU

99906 13198 1157 363091 2081 38 125 624 27285 15 45 157 720 20 7 76 109

L7031 1095 Post SRU 30461 103616 14280 1125 369647 2033 42 91 634 27085 13 51 150 651 20 8 82 109

L7032 1125 Post SRU

104710 14496 1620 354349 2096 54 137 634 29468 14 63 165 793 21 9 126 115

L7033 1140 Post SRU 22447 104735 13874 1096 365499 1934 34 96 619 27913 16 48 194 690 20 7 84 111

L7034 1155 Post SRU 25919 105211 14911 1324 362918 2106 44 90 634 28488 18 43 174 697 19 11 89 116

L7035 1215 Post SRU

103280 13932 1319 366028 2083 48 114 618 28225 14 42 156 717 19 7 97 114

L7036 1245 Post SRU 25639 108337 14945 1502 357494 2242 50 89 661 29980 16 39 169 699 22 10 113 117

L7037 1275 Post SRU 21463 107242 15086 1292 363961 2045 51 101 639 30212 17 36 172 753 22 9 107 115

L7038 1290 Post SRU 24694 103686 14670 1342 363476 2127 43 116 619 29832 16 44 174 761 24 8 97 117

L7039 1305 Post SRU 27531 107081 15244 1231 361563 2006 34 87 635 30169 17 48 180 769 19 9 151 120

L7040 1335 Post SRU

106021 14332 993 356896 2095 56 112 661 29986 18 46 175 730 24 7 102 119

L7041 1365 Post SRU

106489 15375 1253 353518 2084 52 97 672 35023 24 49 170 835 869 10 114 119

L7042 1425 Post SRU 19446 109064 15344 1404 357326 2088 42 136 648 31570 17 61 183 710 21 12 143 122

Jaydon Dietman


66

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L7043 1440 Post SRU 28755 110397 15796 1499 359618 2327 41 149 641 32932 22 58 172 759 27 10 128 124

L7044 1545 Post SRU 23449 111564 14846 1539 361717 2214 55 113 634 29821 17 48 163 757 23 9 98 116

L7045 1605 Post SRU 21391 109232 14860 1170 360250 1982 47 100 660 31230 17 59 175 717 21 9 113 121

L7001PS 23 Pre SRU 29105 108531 12103 278 354081 2289 41 100 755 38800 21 64 456 784 24 3 67 139

L7002PS 68 Pre SRU 24348 111452 12123 1287 358164 2144 46 148 630 30955 17 48 243 725 22 8 114 123

L7003PS 113 Pre SRU 43063 183947 20312 9298 228385 3802 77 116 486 39002 24 58 222 1778 51 50 598 142

L7004PS 158 Pre SRU 63884 252169 27486 19571 104961 5131 102 153 342 55320 34 62 185 1242 87 73 910 156

L7005PS 203 Pre SRU 67156 277246 35178 23572 76708 5836 95 154 364 53217 38 60 213 910 100 79 717 169

L7006PS 248 Pre SRU 52523 232326 25942 16806 122386 5341 122 158 365 51303 32 36 201 1620 211 72 589 146

L7007PS 293 Pre SRU 59393 232409 23478 17122 145824 4634 97 115 444 45774 30 40 177 2136 65 65 638 149

L7008PS 338 Pre SRU 43015 199740 24125 11585 157649 3769 72 163 416 64267 35 55 228 1860 80 49 746 136

L7009PS 383 Pre SRU 28608 144146 17737 5424 288424 3082 75 104 595 35564 21 38 201 5229 34 28 185 127

L7010PS 428 Pre SRU

98871 11203 819 325039 2203 46 118 681 36968 20 34 211 6167 35 7 91 139

L7011PS 473 Pre SRU 20441 106758 12459 356 373528 1916 34 92 701 32340 17 41 193 1816 24 3 49 117

L7012PS 518 Pre SRU

98320 10730 243 374600 1806 42 83 665 29410 16 53 186 749 23 3 51 110

L7013PS 563 Pre SRU 19983 106113 11749 402 386429 1825 40 78 640 28427 14 69 182 652 22 3 55 115

L7014PS 608 Pre SRU 21264 94383 12404 554 363487 1747 40 98 644 26261 16 44 155 579 20 4 48 106

L7015PS 653 Pre SRU 21612 105328 13179 476 389784 1930 33 104 632 27711 16 41 166 730 29 4 42 112

L7016PS 698 Pre SRU

97159 13112 574 360400 1776 34 86 620 27660 13 42 162 800 22 3 47 109

L7017PS 743 Pre SRU

89959 13955 198 326766 2007 37 118 679 34826 18 21 185 706 25 3 48 115

L7018PS 915 Pre SRU

95357 12174 242 371138 1933 44 92 604 24963 13 46 148 523 23 2 42 110


83910 11227 219 344703 1791 41 97 580 23364 14 44 148 491 21 2 38 104

Lag 8

L8001 180 Post SRU

102464 9970 1872 367363 2307 53 239 812 49879 24 73 227 787 26 8 67 129

L8002 480 Post SRU 24170 98813 9297 1234 380237 2368 64 197 819 40712 17 81 221 731 28 5 57 133

Jaydon Dietman


67

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L8003 600 Post SRU 26141 102255 9871 1142 383343 2353 57 174 791 39201 20 77 215 722 26 5 56 131

L8004 720 Post SRU 23171 101861 10051 1185 387615 2314 53 171 779 38174 19 73 215 698 23 4 58 132

L8005 840 Post SRU 20441 99580 9563 1191 385135 2169 50 180 772 38795 16 71 208 719 26 5 56 137

L8006 1020 Post SRU

97077 9569 1090 379132 2339 57 192 802 39153 19 65 233 715 24 5 59 138

L8007 1200 Post SRU 30662 101382 9473 1161 387629 2388 62 161 815 38399 19 70 228 719 23 5 59 138

L8008 1380 Post SRU

96469 9169 1042 383626 2172 54 139 791 36508 19 66 216 698 22 5 57 133

L8009 1560 Post SRU 31163 103144 10169 1077 392520 2280 62 149 775 35565 19 55 213 680 24 4 58 131

L8010 1740 Post SRU 21004 99245 10594 1064 393718 2157 57 128 772 35330 18 66 219 695 22 4 58 131

L8011 1980 Post SRU 21519 98539 10684 1051 387537 2317 44 146 750 35503 18 62 206 688 20 4 62 130

L8012 2160 Post SRU

97677 9634 1024 383955 2234 47 140 780 35668 18 68 248 698 22 4 58 135

L8013 2340 Post SRU

97823 9896 1006 386160 2266 51 138 791 36448 17 66 234 715 25 3 56 135

L8014 2460 Post SRU

96752 9610 1042 384288 2193 62 143 765 36510 19 65 230 703 24 4 56 139

L8015 2640 Post SRU 25832 101246 9768 1065 391002 2320 48 138 809 37509 19 75 231 725 22 4 57 135

L8016 3120 Post SRU 23013 100702 10337 1206 386717 2208 55 116 809 37675 19 72 228 710 24 4 58 134

L8017 3180 Post SRU

97201 9560 1327 369933 2190 52 167 827 42943 23 65 217 739 25 6 57 132

L8018 3210 Post SRU

99529 9591 1050 376783 2316 58 141 769 39331 19 65 220 706 23 5 60 131

L8019 3240 Post SRU

101647 10284 1518 364987 2229 50 189 787 44719 23 64 225 751 25 6 60 136

L8020 3420 Post SRU

100774 8835 1042 367467 2317 39 143 785 39636 21 59 227 698 22 4 59 138

L8021 3480 Post SRU 30217 102071 9950 1091 385496 2306 56 127 812 38872 18 70 240 713 23 3 60 135

L8022 3600 Post SRU

97921 8894 980 370763 2247 60 147 809 38850 19 67 225 697 24 5 59 138

L8023 3720 Post SRU

99093 8683 1024 374586 2262 60 157 792 39030 20 65 251 753 24 3 59 140

L8024 3900 Post SRU

100403 9197 931 371161 2272 55 141 811 38268 22 53 234 795 20 4 61 140

L8025 3960 Post SRU

101556 9531 980 375948 2208 60 143 775 38383 22 47 229 687 24 4 60 141

L8026 4080 Post SRU 27346 122420 12236 2600 357257 2542 53 106 802 39690 22 59 243 694 29 11 99 137

L8027 4200 Post SRU 46959 217431 27287 12414 199899 3974 92 269 529 51428 31 84 315 642 91 51 338 140

Jaydon Dietman


68

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L8028 4230 Post SRU 49229 212286 25978 12597 211267 4083 74 216 525 47811 28 94 296 694 83 50 344 134

L8029 4260 Post SRU 57686 256306 35416 18309 109992 4219 90 274 417 52054 30 114 322 683 99 70 477 135

L8030 4320 Post SRU 58077 278543 39364 20363 102224 4881 102 291 424 53958 31 112 334 752 111 66 456 139

L8031 4380 Post SRU 36654 215580 27791 12317 197266 4053 79 208 513 47295 27 91 281 905 81 50 382 141

L8032 4500 Post SRU 46913 213133 27460 12289 215013 3811 76 235 519 46304 26 87 270 1628 79 44 383 141

L8033 4530 Post SRU 34202 187295 22552 9277 244763 3569 72 179 582 44128 25 68 307 1549 68 37 355 136

L8034 4560 Post SRU 30446 167407 19114 6825 280896 3123 68 170 581 41328 22 72 258 2436 58 30 302 137

L8035 4620 Post SRU 30637 165506 19676 7029 277195 3077 71 197 635 41791 23 69 248 2462 49 30 286 136

L8036 4740 Post SRU

116976 11757 2769 346062 2659 55 123 697 37590 21 63 213 3016 33 13 138 139

L8037 4800 Post SRU 39352 140245 14898 4278 333174 2714 58 153 665 39497 22 63 234 2463 44 19 192 139

L8038 4860 Post SRU 32743 115905 11413 2357 364533 2632 54 146 732 37182 22 61 224 1769 33 10 111 135

L8039 4920 Post SRU 22541 122435 12487 2848 352628 2607 69 156 748 37539 18 59 211 2318 43 10 128 139

L8040 4950 Post SRU 33829 140972 15244 4675 325952 2815 72 110 678 39683 21 53 220 1629 48 19 178 151

L8041 4980 Post SRU

104168 9560 1711 367978 2498 53 133 743 36340 22 61 228 1284 27 8 86 137

L8042 5040 Post SRU

123823 13228 3288 339143 2654 57 193 701 38537 21 60 232 2281 42 15 160 137

L8043 5100 Post SRU

106810 9583 1673 367554 2292 50 200 758 36106 19 60 227 1293 26 8 85 138

L8044 5160 Post SRU 28280 175218 19666 8178 272143 3517 73 174 599 43020 23 69 245 1548 70 32 254 138

L8045 5220 Post SRU 23136 101701 9119 1324 381189 2360 59 136 812 36054 19 63 218 896 26 6 73 139

L8046 5340 Post SRU 26115 105631 9108 1373 381022 2429 58 126 820 36310 20 62 225 863 27 5 70 138

L8047 5400 Post SRU

116353 11442 2479 350345 2447 57 184 760 38548 19 60 237 1578 27 11 123 139

L8048 5460 Post SRU 24095 103791 8119 1182 382393 2424 53 156 789 36957 18 72 226 815 23 5 65 135

L8049 5580 Post SRU 27296 102931 8912 1358 380607 2352 57 147 780 38840 21 59 216 824 24 6 70 136

L8050 5640 Post SRU 27067 102350 8483 1230 380382 2310 58 169 752 37811 20 65 233 779 24 6 80 139

L8051 5700 Post SRU 27480 102953 9018 1319 384387 2281 48 212 766 37180 19 66 217 746 24 5 72 136

L8052 5760 Post SRU 25172 106993 8635 1283 390401 2434 47 154 783 36814 19 63 201 727 23 5 65 136

Jaydon Dietman


69

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L8053 5880 Post SRU

98562 8915 1068 380790 2265 58 122 759 36567 19 61 218 788 26 6 64 137

L8054 5910 Post SRU 27571 101430 8778 1183 388253 2421 51 166 768 36743 21 64 218 741 21 4 66 137

L8055 6000 Post SRU

102350 8619 1348 377134 2351 52 139 778 36404 19 61 378 820 25 6 69 138

L8056 6060 Post SRU

100810 9017 1297 379402 2302 59 131 772 35961 18 69 215 770 25 6 67 134

L8057 6120 Post SRU 21148 100113 8772 1175 384985 2342 45 124 778 35970 19 62 211 753 25 4 69 138

L8058 6180 Post SRU 22415 98627 9410 1201 379678 2277 49 143 757 35504 17 74 214 728 26 6 65 132

L8059 6240 Post SRU 23753 99286 9232 1066 387181 2273 55 153 788 35353 19 66 212 714 25 4 60 139

L8060 6300 Post SRU

115495 11855 2696 352766 2658 59 152 712 36796 20 59 231 1029 32 12 122 139

L8061 6360 Post SRU

100349 8852 1398 368507 2322 55 149 767 35597 20 56 207 819 24 5 75 138

L8062 6420 Post SRU 20370 102589 8948 1089 389353 2312 60 113 810 35469 19 63 206 728 24 4 63 136

L8063 6480 Post SRU

101633 8780 1211 372838 2318 55 135 772 35949 19 60 213 890 26 5 69 134

L8064 6540 Post SRU 24457 101604 9233 1132 389423 2399 44 133 796 35197 18 55 211 698 23 4 59 135

L8065 6600 Post SRU

103771 9380 1295 380547 2217 52 154 766 35302 18 62 199 759 24 5 67 136

L8066 6660 Post SRU

101250 9197 1064 385685 2321 52 103 804 34883 16 80 195 692 24 3 59 138

L8067 6720 Post SRU

99346 9135 1132 384174 2284 51 138 779 34832 19 61 194 712 24 4 58 135

L8068 6780 Post SRU

99840 8926 1051 385245 2312 42 142 799 35492 18 58 215 693 24 4 58 137

L8069 6840 Post SRU

100725 9339 1087 386932 2256 52 115 780 35187 18 62 203 709 31 4 59 139

L8070 6900 Post SRU 30124 103469 9530 1058 389419 2301 54 142 786 34688 19 63 197 680 21 4 62 134

L8071 7020 Post SRU

98109 9041 1030 378584 2303 45 124 796 35454 18 55 199 696 22 4 57 134

L8072 7080 Post SRU

98737 8852 1029 384083 2148 66 150 792 34836 18 63 194 678 25 4 58 136

L8073 7140 Post SRU 25927 98416 9610 1063 387733 2279 48 120 786 35062 18 58 200 697 23 3 60 134

L8074 7200 Post SRU

100605 9451 995 383293 2236 50 121 773 35174 16 60 195 688 24 4 55 139

L8075 7260 Post SRU

94962 8622 1020 370682 2193 48 94 756 34231 17 67 190 671 25 5 55 135

L8076 7320 Post SRU

100829 8612 1082 381943 2199 77 121 805 35313 20 67 202 712 22 3 60 137

L8077 7350 Post SRU

100502 8730 1026 383038 2300 42 138 803 35415 19 62 212 709 24 3 57 135

Jaydon Dietman


70

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L8078 7380 Post SRU

98552 9100 1078 385804 2321 62 134 739 34645 19 55 202 684 24 4 56 135

L8079 7440 Post SRU 21138 101845 9085 1073 386700 2272 54 150 779 34858 18 67 195 690 22 3 59 137

L8080 7500 Post SRU

98948 9389 992 377695 2236 45 128 770 34374 17 66 212 683 20 5 56 134

L8081 7560 Post SRU

97231 9220 1064 381075 2212 58 119 792 35497 18 61 210 732 26 5 61 136

L8082 7620 Post SRU 24950 101769 9264 1022 391648 2206 59 125 792 35008 18 60 203 677 21 5 61 139

L8083 7650 Post SRU 24059 103008 9621 1087 393920 2396 43 119 797 35313 16 68 219 702 22 5 61 137

L8084 7680 Post SRU

97864 9229 1056 384927 2251 47 95 793 35185 17 70 232 699 21 5 61 137

L8085 7740 Post SRU

102779 9374 1162 387088 2251 53 107 761 34590 19 65 216 708 23 4 60 135

L8086 7800 Post SRU 27002 101137 9247 1004 392231 2340 56 165 768 35112 20 56 219 691 23 4 60 141

L8087 7860 Post SRU

101220 9532 1187 384350 2344 55 146 809 35321 20 59 207 712 25 5 60 141

L8088 7920 Post SRU

101832 9266 1081 388653 2181 79 119 791 34931 22 54 214 690 22 4 57 141

L8089 7980 Post SRU

99533 9370 1036 383341 2108 44 135 779 34998 19 56 231 692 24 4 58 135

L8090 8040 Post SRU 24059 101384 9560 1050 387489 2354 52 99 805 35268 18 59 225 698 27 5 54 139

L8091 8100 Post SRU 20674 100833 8940 1002 385233 2269 51 107 798 34781 22 61 204 692 21 4 62 136

L8092 8160 Post SRU 24399 100071 9352 985 386875 2171 46 135 759 34661 18 63 225 677 22 4 56 133

L8093 8400 Post SRU 22452 103293 9547 1303 380193 2242 56 156 732 34665 19 54 213 812 23 6 76 133

L8001PS 60 Pre SRU

77050 5988 2276 367736 1621 45 143 602 38368 15 84 215 591 23 7 48 97

L8002PS 540 Pre SRU

94154 9361 649 343975 1993 43 150 711 34775 13 59 1074 681 24 3 57 112


84447 7761 1306 343262 1912 40 150 672 31333 13 56 189 638 23 3 53 109

L8004PS 1500 Pre SRU 21999 105258 11611 410 353514 1920 45 114 699 31689 12 51 206 659 25 3 54 112


100429 11117 970 365437 1995 53 128 641 29084 10 96 182 602 22 4 50 102


96532 11026 666 346509 1983 39 107 648 30609 14 49 196 659 22 2 53 109

L8007PS 3610 Pre SRU 23335 95791 8523 571 346907 1851 41 150 690 37435 14 51 237 841 27 3 54 111


86749 8998 1377 353343 1730 48 115 620 28511 13 47 179 582 20 5 54 104

L8009PS 4230 Pre SRU 55846 274005 42793 19638 76322 4497 95 311 419 62216 35 140 322 707 121 72 668 131

Jaydon Dietman


71

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L8010PS 4410 Pre SRU 54573 249715 40082 18005 88333 3963 103 213 303 57182 28 125 261 803 82 72 616 123


94176 10558 945 350189 2020 51 136 638 31054 15 50 187 4483 21 6 68 113


98836 9993 910 344422 1844 41 89 661 28674 11 54 194 674 22 4 54 105


88417 8051 1535 349711 1910 50 185 636 35103 10 65 198 820 21 6 55 101


97593 10030 689 353299 1881 46 60 737 30894 12 54 190 715 26 5 58 120


103230 10979 755 355667 1928 55 88 698 30652 14 55 192 690 26 3 57 112


103486 10978 692 354629 1929 43 106 728 30806 11 52 189 686 25 3 60 111


103486 11248 666 351689 1936 47 58 711 30218 12 47 198 667 25 3 58 115


96810 10236 838 353277 1890 42 76 700 29036 11 75 243 628 23 4 58 110

Lag 9

L9004 0 Post SRU

99167 12699 573 358319 2003 42 160 724 35878 16 59 173 590 24 5 49 116

L9005 5 Post SRU 21982 103889 12809 754 358363 2033 48 121 695 37857 16 62 174 636 24 5 50 117

L9006 35 Post SRU

97137 12599 563 362036 2001 51 151 728 34554 15 52 173 577 24 4 48 121

L9007 95 Post SRU

99801 12398 528 364851 2022 45 101 674 33934 16 60 162 588 22 5 47 120

L9008 125 Post SRU

98780 12473 631 363292 2062 48 151 697 35936 16 58 168 587 25 4 50 118

L9009 455 Post SRU 26197 103357 13181 745 362625 1868 52 135 807 37620 17 55 174 596 26 6 49 123

L9010 485 Post SRU

108726 16995 1919 330779 2162 49 208 779 52209 20 102 209 705 37 12 65 123

L9011 515 Post SRU 31255 103867 12697 610 366556 1936 40 132 717 37793 18 55 178 615 23 5 49 123

L9012 545 Post SRU

101182 12434 688 359528 2056 36 112 733 37028 17 62 179 608 27 5 49 121

L9013 575 Post SRU

103404 12734 578 362026 2013 44 127 771 37390 17 57 175 688 28 6 45 123

L9014 815 Post SRU 26213 103885 12962 610 365032 1958 47 115 746 36342 16 41 173 609 22 4 47 124

L9015 845 Post SRU

97056 12397 481 359957 1868 44 108 752 36412 15 49 174 601 25 5 46 121

L9016 925 Post SRU

98958 12389 577 360023 1977 45 125 737 35713 16 51 163 596 22 4 48 123

Jaydon Dietman


72

Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L9017 945 Post SRU

101053 12536 723 356463 2042 44 123 733 35046 15 50 165 595 44 6 55 123

L9018 965 Post SRU

100689 12385 732 358379 2098 56 126 708 36115 15 49 171 602 26 5 54 119

L9019 995 Post SRU 35087 123496 17011 3714 322485 2568 54 137 607 38938 18 64 168 880 39 22 155 125

L9020 1025 Post SRU 25628 129979 18683 4524 330036 2813 66 138 585 36386 19 51 163 1240 29 22 156 117

L9021 1035 Post SRU

119217 16710 3749 343131 2768 53 140 597 34458 13 60 159 1186 43 18 125 123

L9022 1045 Post SRU

117145 16501 3114 336845 2793 47 111 657 36276 16 60 167 1036 32 18 112 121

L9023 1055 Post SRU 21994 114428 16514 2675 352919 2405 55 121 626 34346 16 55 156 958 30 14 103 117

L9024 1065 Post SRU

105589 15153 2280 352069 2141 62 92 627 33047 14 51 159 870 23 12 97 113

L9025 1075 Post SRU 20236 104751 14511 2040 362600 2155 47 168 609 31686 16 49 155 839 36 11 87 113

L9026 1085 Post SRU 29375 108359 14551 1947 363417 2073 47 115 583 31537 16 54 157 829 27 10 84 115

L9027 1093.5 Post SRU 20313 106057 14102 1744 366306 2169 42 140 621 30641 17 52 155 785 27 10 79 109

L9028 1102 Post SRU 28546 103937 14174 1673 372504 2142 52 114 608 31007 15 53 156 760 26 9 73 109

L9029 1110.5 Post SRU

101486 13619 1441 367273 2107 53 81 636 31049 16 48 151 713 50 8 76 115

L9030 1119 Post SRU

97725 13320 1390 369894 2053 51 116 598 30955 16 52 152 697 23 8 76 114

L9031 1127.5 Post SRU 22450 102075 13475 1209 381977 2037 46 59 614 30364 15 43 150 672 26 8 66 114

L9032 1136 Post SRU

100952 13601 1469 368093 2139 56 75 602 30404 16 51 155 745 26 9 72 115

L9033 1144.5 Post SRU

96404 12614 1081 369752 1943 33 113 603 29069 15 44 150 671 25 8 71 111

L9034 1165 Post SRU

95088 12778 1090 368032 2008 54 133 620 29640 13 47 151 709 45 6 63 119

L9035 1185 Post SRU

98034 12957 1205 366997 2040 41 101 582 30105 15 55 156 700 53 8 73 111

L9036 1205 Post SRU 21843 101349 13257 1472 370424 2139 58 144 616 31133 16 48 161 727 28 10 72 114

L9037 1212.5 Post SRU

116831 16533 3372 335156 2476 61 141 595 33746 17 47 160 1052 46 18 141 131

L9038 1220 Post SRU 19917 111248 15880 2695 351355 2344 53 125 629 33639 14 46 158 908 35 14 101 115

L9039 1227.5 Post SRU 29846 112591 15283 2219 360779 2314 48 137 632 31500 16 49 162 838 29 12 93 116

L9040 1235 Post SRU

96849 12482 1344 364691 1852 48 112 635 30057 12 55 152 691 25 9 71 113

L9041 1242.5 Post SRU

111755 16282 2902 339177 2477 50 130 598 34461 16 54 149 970 38 17 112 118

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Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


L9042 1250 Post SRU 19955 128421 17976 4235 339920 2680 71 133 585 35078 19 45 163 1278 34 20 142 118

L9043 1257.5 Post SRU 23302 117860 16756 3320 351925 2424 54 109 596 34465 17 59 161 1065 36 16 111 117

L9044 1265 Post SRU 25692 130647 19545 4790 323373 2706 67 134 582 37969 19 63 170 1198 50 24 177 116

L9045 1285 Post SRU

111783 15535 2308 355958 2327 50 136 645 33946 15 53 156 921 32 12 99 115

L9046 1305 Post SRU

110085 15105 2358 356359 2340 53 131 644 33306 17 52 167 866 44 12 97 116

L9047 1325 Post SRU 28609 112537 15620 2472 358021 2353 53 142 648 33789 15 56 159 846 24 12 93 120

L9048 1355 Post SRU 32004 126519 18639 4451 334478 2668 67 126 600 35683 16 64 166 1151 43 21 146 139

L9001PS 15 Pre SRU 27815 89122 11131 203 378852 1821 39 92 594 23786 9 57 143 469 20 3 34 103

L9002PS 45 Pre SRU 23705 72669 9142 195 310980 1432 43 74 495 20054 7 45 114 394 16 2 29 82

L9003PS 68 Pre SRU

89008 11325 188 364311 1815 56 113 593 26115 8 56 157 512 21 3 38 106

L9004PS 560 Pre SRU

84949 9710 467 358447 1740 44 95 551 24062 7 52 138 562 18 4 37 97

L9005PS 907 Pre SRU

95444 11936 474 365582 1983 57 110 635 30535 10 71 154 564 20 3 52 102

L9006PS 937 Pre SRU

90392 10779 505 374899 1935 60 123 587 26450 9 65 150 528 20 4 47 98

L9007PS 967 Pre SRU 37465 158193 30779 10042 199347 3125 80 102 320 36119 21 49 127 717 15 47 352 107

L9008PS 997 Pre SRU 20723 111984 17406 4663 282616 2415 50 96 440 29069 16 46 126 1932 105 23 169 97


74459 8266 949 335458 1571 43 82 469 23117 8 60 115 546 15 10 43 88


76449 10570 189 299264 1641 32 93 488 21487 5 41 118 401 16 2 30 79


81814 9903 373 354564 1714 33 106 545 22070 9 49 125 430 21 4 33 114


65983 8732 336 288296 1295 29 79 431 18260 6 33 106 356 16 3 26 79


53564 7507 123 246251 1240 25 61 393 15977 7 23 98 323 12 2 26 66


81287 10391 172 348787 1621 45 102 521 22332 10 51 135 445 18

33 91

Cement

CEMENT 1

Cement

72177 9171 1420 348617 1543 39 112 504 19286 10 44 127 403 16 6 33 90

CEMENT 1

Cement

72712 9331 1438 349569 1368 40 88 470 18953 11 42 120 399 19 6 29 92

CEMENT 1

Cement

70264 9063 1402 349549 1534 36 110 499 19138 10 39 125 400 16 6 33 90

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Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


CEMENT 1

Cement

71494 9454 1470 348280 1540 47 76 503 19255 10 51 126 403 15 7 32 89

CEMENT 1

Cement

71344 9123 1429 347516 1563 37 73 476 19283 10 43 121 396 16 6 33 89

CEMENT 1

Cement

72803 9003 1426 347649 1485 50 95 494 19288 10 37 117 405 18 5 31 93

CEMENT 1

Cement

71672 9128 1471 349468 1568 50 108 505 19324 10 38 125 405 15 5 31 90

CEMENT 1

Cement

71071 8884 1357 348249 1577 47 62 504 19267 9 48 125 395 17 6 30 90

CEMENT 1

Cement

73957 9242 1440 350568 1563 34 104 492 19312 10 50 128 411 17 5 31 93

CEMENT 1

Cement

71906 9314 1490 349160 1508 44 53 484 19037 9 44 128 396 16 6 32 93

CEMENT 2

Cement

67995 9968 1646 335778 1706 46 126 475 18938 10 44 120 385 15 9 31 86

CEMENT 2

Cement

66432 9194 1664 335531 1566 46 94 485 19034 10 36 120 397 16 6 31 86

CEMENT 2

Cement 20112 68422 9748 1671 340955 1526 51 81 512 19068 10 38 123 402 16 7 32 87

CEMENT 2

Cement

68238 9671 1635 336111 1571 56 103 480 18789 10 38 124 393 15 7 32 88

CEMENT 2

Cement

66353 9258 1605 334344 1520 43 97 468 18593 9 43 119 385 17 7 28 86

CEMENT 2

Cement

67165 9365 1758 336205 1484 39 92 488 18837 10 38 119 395 15 7 30 87

CEMENT 2

Cement

69154 9231 1710 336427 1570 46 83 457 18791 10 36 120 398 15 7 31 85

CEMENT 2

Cement

66943 9924 1776 337998 1504 49 99 480 18970 11 37 113 404 15 8 32 87

CEMENT 2

Cement 26662 68826 9767 1798 343211 1614 50 88 497 18787 9 45 121 402 17 8 30 85

CEMENT 2

Cement

68046 9524 1767 336261 1443 40 71 474 18952 10 41 121 403 17 8 29 85

CEMENT 6

Cement 26468 74233 8519 2146 328425 1343 36 88 444 17023 8 39 102 355 15 9 27 80

CEMENT 6

Cement

70997 8526 2072 322786 1487 38 98 449 17278 8 44 114 363 14 9 31 82

CEMENT 6

Cement

68355 8466 2098 322908 1400 38 61 444 17150 7 50 108 360 15 10 28 80

CEMENT 6

Cement

73789 8491 2103 324529 1311 37 79 423 17048 9 33 109 363 16 9 26 80

CEMENT 6

Cement

71867 8736 2117 323249 1381 51 69 426 17211 9 36 113 361 18 9 26 78

CEMENT 6

Cement

69018 8553 2110 323269 1307 45 50 434 17111 10 27 110 356 15 8 28 81

CEMENT 6

Cement

69535 8259 2121 322067 1392 36 92 431 17191 7 39 111 370 18 9 25 80

CEMENT 6

Cement

71958 8228 2071 323481 1316 34 55 445 17228 6 41 111 355 17 9 28 83

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Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


CEMENT 6

Cement

69841 8279 2106 321031 1436 31 75 438 17134 9 41 109 371 15 8 27 82

CEMENT 6

Cement

72154 8418 2081 322247 1362 29 110 442 17093 9 31 107 362 15 9 27 82

CEMENT 7

Cement 22216 72411 9226 1887 349309 1602 48 85 550 19242 11 37 126 399 18 8 32 90

CEMENT 7

Cement

69371 9184 1907 345166 1579 39 94 545 19524 9 49 128 416 19 8 29 89

CEMENT 7

Cement

70213 8876 1934 343487 1739 38 97 508 19376 9 46 121 405 16 8 31 89

CEMENT 7

Cement

70419 8918 1902 344792 1654 42 75 519 19440 10 38 124 402 17 7 31 90

CEMENT 7

Cement

72303 9201 1908 346815 1617 46 64 550 19611 9 45 127 411 17 7 31 92

CEMENT 7

Cement

71167 8918 1851 347088 1806 43 104 507 19407 10 40 120 409 17 7 33 92

CEMENT 7

Cement

70335 8833 1888 350021 1656 44 105 525 19389 10 52 124 410 16 8 31 93

CEMENT 7

Cement

69326 8761 1829 348273 1608 41 97 504 19486 12 39 120 409 18 8 33 93

CEMENT 7

Cement 20056 75055 9045 1883 355696 1552 63 75 513 19248 9 44 118 407 18 7 31 90

CEMENT 7

Cement

72455 8848 1848 349241 1681 44 95 497 19391 10 46 129 409 15 7 34 92

CEMENT 8

Cement

78094 14026 3559 396775 1835 51 125 613 22953 10 66 139 754 21 17 40 107

CEMENT 8

Cement

75784 14314 3600 396830 1893 39 100 595 22426 9 61 139 751 22 16 36 102

CEMENT 8

Cement

72197 13806 3540 395819 1796 56 107 589 22794 10 59 153 744 22 17 37 107

CEMENT 8

Cement

76784 13980 3594 397406 1870 37 110 559 22636 12 65 147 750 22 17 36 106

CEMENT 8

Cement 25189 77271 14051 3643 402455 1726 44 104 558 22365 13 61 144 733 18 17 37 107

CEMENT 8

Cement

76334 14187 3577 395092 1841 45 108 608 22785 10 62 142 756 20 18 40 106

CEMENT 8

Cement

75277 14102 3565 394114 1706 53 72 581 22619 12 58 143 734 18 15 38 106

CEMENT 8

Cement

77597 13887 3539 396440 1770 42 117 582 22845 10 64 143 744 22 16 37 108

CEMENT 8

Cement 21533 74378 13904 3557 401744 1778 54 124 567 22857 11 58 148 746 23 17 37 107

CEMENT 8

Cement

74508 13866 3581 392477 1776 42 112 578 22750 12 61 143 727 20 17 39 103

CEMENT 9

Cement

70804 9470 2247 351465 1577 50 92 514 19874 11 55 121 428 13 9 45 88

CEMENT 9

Cement

72144 9227 2190 351320 1508 56 88 500 19861 11 56 125 422 17 9 39 89

CEMENT 9

Cement

71896 9882 2221 353214 1510 43 109 512 20060 10 56 119 433 16 10 41 89

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Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


CEMENT 9

Cement

69679 9546 2192 350944 1630 46 96 500 19646 10 55 124 420 14 10 41 88

CEMENT 9

Cement

68840 9512 2189 350246 1577 41 115 490 19738 9 57 123 422 15 10 41 88

CEMENT 9

Cement

71657 9507 2244 352283 1600 48 90 495 19948 12 49 120 439 16 10 39 85

CEMENT 9

Cement

68666 9736 2213 351470 1534 53 83 458 19832 10 47 122 426 14 10 41 88

CEMENT 9

Cement

68360 9542 2129 351524 1704 58 118 487 19805 13 50 118 433 16 10 41 86

CEMENT 9

Cement

68856 9654 2206 351755 1594 51 72 474 19768 9 56 118 421 12 9 42 86

CEMENT 9

Cement

71132 9273 2189 352431 1489 37 111 520 19812 11 55 119 426 15 9 43 86

CEMENT 10

Cement

71055 9064 1636 339132 1499 54 99 505 21285 12 55 125 2968 16 8 44 87

CEMENT 10

Cement

71957 9318 1683 338524 1550 53 92 479 21237 12 47 134 2978 15 7 46 87

CEMENT 10

Cement

70403 9096 1620 341247 1542 39 98 475 20307 9 54 121 1479 14 8 43 85

CEMENT 10

Cement

72578 9393 1627 343640 1511 51 121 474 20296 12 58 124 1474 14 7 44 84

CEMENT 10

Cement

70408 9705 1640 342227 1502 46 98 482 20291 12 49 117 1474 16 7 43 84

CEMENT 10

Cement

69758 9494 1608 341795 1596 44 111 468 19858 12 57 115 549 17 7 43 83

CEMENT 10

Cement

71131 9121 1587 339351 1506 49 73 529 19963 12 48 123 560 14 7 44 86

CEMENT 10

Cement

71774 9172 1579 340575 1685 41 91 501 19853 13 42 126 564 15 8 42 85

CEMENT 10

Cement

70826 9344 1633 341642 1562 43 79 499 19666 11 48 122 544 16 7 40 89

CEMENT 10

Cement 22796 72595 9056 1676 347079 1555 46 107 488 19951 11 53 122 558 16 7 42 86

CEMENT 11

Cement

70332 9275 2211 347179 1566 40 76 498 19819 11 41 125 423 16 9 43 84

CEMENT 11

Cement

68855 9277 2235 349541 1578 50 57 481 19575 11 46 121 421 14 11 42 86

CEMENT 11

Cement

67492 9339 2229 348241 1587 39 147 487 19929 12 46 120 431 14 10 43 86

CEMENT 11

Cement

67634 9529 2234 348045 1595 37 79 487 19873 12 48 125 429 13 10 45 89

CEMENT 11

Cement

69511 9639 2216 348695 1570 47 87 498 19965 11 46 119 432 15 10 42 85

CEMENT 11

Cement

73043 9599 2249 350238 1537 36 127 471 19349 11 56 114 417 14 9 41 84

CEMENT 11

Cement

71488 9404 2242 349372 1566 54 86 511 19892 12 54 118 429 16 10 42 88

CEMENT 11

Cement

70635 9708 2211 350014 1608 41 83 483 19846 11 51 125 428 17 10 39 87

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Sample ID

Time

(s)

Sample


CEMENT 11

Cement

70193 9279 2278 350117 1609 46 98 464 19928 10 55 121 435 16 10 42 87

CEMENT 11

Cement

69979 9492 2305 349192 1568 44 79 468 19668 10 45 124 424 15 10 43 87

CEMENT 12

Cement

69057 9552 2220 341489 1549 45 93 482 19518 12 39 112 424 15 9 41 84

CEMENT 12

Cement

70824 9307 2231 344646 1491 44 112 468 19500 9 54 116 419 15 9 37 85

CEMENT 12

Cement

68397 9472 2226 342904 1467 53 74 460 19446 10 47 113 419 15 8 41 86

CEMENT 12

Cement

66876 9331 2219 340852 1432 43 75 468 19344 11 39 115 423 14 11 37 82

CEMENT 12

Cement

69719 9170 2253 342475 1558 40 62 464 19209 12 47 113 416 17 10 38 84

CEMENT 12

Cement

68590 9266 2214 341738 1496 33 99 483 19328 10 50 115 406 15 10 41 86

CEMENT 12

Cement

68495 9301 2219 340725 1502 43 78 466 19588 10 46 112 428 17 9 40 85

CEMENT 12

Cement

68228 9341 2207 341178 1486 50 98 471 19374 10 55 118 419 17 10 40 83

CEMENT 12

Cement

70623 9545 2161 342394 1441 44 73 478 19458 10 46 116 420 13 10 40 83

CEMENT 12

Cement

70535 9320 2202 341840 1542 43 104 468 19228 10 45 118 410 14 11 41 85

BRUKUNGA

Rock Chips 71113 316442 61951 29429 11653 5550 121 101 209 49850 37 51 105 387 92 88 1323 143

BRUKUNGA

Rock Chips 71937 318208 62016 29661 11761 5642 123 107 195 49523 38 46 95 375 110 88 1262 142

BRUKUNGA

Rock Chips 74199 319230 61335 30038 11963 5353 123 130 181 48894 36 51 99 423 66 87 1375 141

BRUKUNGA

Rock Chips 74382 318177 61009 29897 11974 5512 129 95 199 48449 37 42 98 394 64 90 1380 140

BRUKUNGA

Rock Chips 69252 320117 60736 30058 11833 5574 113 134 199 49815 39 43 100 391 93 87 1323 150

BRUKUNGA

Rock Chips 68444 314792 60940 29565 11959 5583 129 112 218 48382 37 43 99 442 103 88 1388 147

BRUKUNGA

Rock Chips 75480 319054 61751 29924 11566 5450 130 143 223 49664 37 52 99 414 68 87 1369 144

BRUKUNGA

Rock Chips 74280 316414 61615 29614 11885 5591 127 80 289 49847 36 61 96 475 72 87 1434 148

BRUKUNGA

Rock Chips 67878 312332 63128 29639 11564 5641 134 123 219 49286 36 45 98 377 75 89 1314 142

BRUKUNGA

Rock Chips 72801 316274 61064 29558 11855 5699 121 120 233 48027 34 53 102 399 89 89 1306 147

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APPENDIX C: AVERAGE GEOCHEMICAL DATA FOR CEMENT TYPES AND BRUKUNGA CHIPS

Cement type 1 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Brukunga chips

Al (ppm) N/A 17726 19886 15880 17552 N/A 17278 N/A N/A 54553

Si (ppm) 92071 89312 93881 94008 98365 91671 92679 91394 90640 329814

S (ppm) 9572 10195 9063 9643 15112 10162 9883 10075 9974 66349

K (ppm) 946 1151 1417 1269 2410 1488 1101 1514 1497 20092

Ca (ppm) 279214 275392 264981 285039 324949 287088 278839 284972 279248 10716

Ti (ppm) 1118 1124 1025 1231 1343 1140 1124 1144 1085 4031

V (ppm) 49 48 38 46 47 49 48 44 44 127

Cr (ppm) 34 43 35 40 49 45 44 42 40 53

Mn (ppm) 113 108 98 117 131 111 110 109 105 48

Fe (ppm) 11204 10572 9672 11150 13297 11203 11490 11170 10917 30519

Co (ppm) 14 14 8 12 13 14 16 15 14 50

Ni (ppm) 34 32 29 33 47 43 41 39 38 39

Cu (ppm) 125 121 110 124 144 122 124 122 116 100

Zn (ppm) 368 362 368 416 758 393 1294 393 384 373

As (ppm) 23 21 20 22 26 20 20 20 20 110

Rb (ppm) 4 5 6 5 12 7 5 7 7 63

Pb (ppm) 9256 8687 8235 9159 11012 8888 8739 8822 8666 3449

Zr (ppm) N/A 82 N/A N/A N/A 83 82 82 80 137

Sb (ppm) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Experiment used in 6 & 7 9 6 & 7 6 & 7 6 & 7 8 & 9 8 & 9 8 & 9 8 All

Documents

Geological representivity of returned drill cuttings from coiled ......Coiled-tubing drilling technologies have been used by the petroleum exploration industry for many decades for