Geology 06 Mark-Scheme

8/2/2019 Geology 06 Mark-Scheme

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Question Response Mark Submark Total

(iv) no S waves at D (1)/reduced L waves at D

(1)/reduced P waves at D (1)/L waves arrived

later (1) (1)

(v) no S waves at D - S waves cannot pass through

a liquid (2) P waves slowed down by liquid at

D (2) (2) [7] 16


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3. (a) (i) quartz (1)

(ii) schist is foliated/porphyroblastic (1)

(iii) high (1) high (1) contact/thermal (1) (3) [5]

(b) (i) random crystals/non-foliated (1) (1)

(ii) H 2-6 mm J max. 1.25 mm (2)

(iii) H slow cooling (1) J rapid cooling (1)intrusive /extrusive (2) (2)

(iv) gas bubbles (1) in molten magma (1) frozen

when crystallised quickly (1) cannot escapeviscous magma (1) exsolved from magma (1)Any 2 (2)

(v) two stages of cooling (1) large crystals cooledslowly/at depth (1) intrusion (1) of mixture ofcrystals and magma (1) smaller crystals cooledmore rapidly/near surface (1)Any 4 points (4) [11] 16

4. (a) (i) L Brachiopod (1)

(ii) M suture line (1)

(iii) two of:abundant (1); rapid evolution/short time range(1); widespread (1); easily identified (1) well

preserved (1) (2) [4]

(b) (i) poorly sorted (1)

(ii) chalk (1)

(iii) Till: angular boulders little attrition (ice) (2);poorly sorted dumped as ice melted (2);scratches when boulders caused abrasion orattrition (ice) (2); mixed rock types travelledover various bedrock carried by ice (2); clayrock flour due to grinding of ice (1) erosional

base (2) glacial deposit (1)Oolitic limestone: calcite (ooliths) suggests

precipitation in warm sea (2); cross-beddingstrong currents (2); rounded concentric layeredooliths currents rolled around grains so that

they pick up calcite crystals on all sides (2);brachiopod marine (2); brachiopod shelf (2)Calcite warm shallow sea; warm shallow sea

(3) [5]


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(c) (i) cooling (1) shrinks (1) (2)

(ii) 24000 km3

(1)

(iii) opening of North Atlantic (1); chain of

volcanic centres; (1); plate boundary (1) (1) [4]

(d) oolitic limestone warm sea (1); chalk

limestone in warm sea (1); carbonates formed

near Equator (1); till glacial conditions (1); till

formed at higher latitudes (1); drift of Britain

North with time (1)

Any 3 points (3) [3] 16

5. (a) (i) bony plates - protection (1) or defence (1) Any 1

spines - defence (1) or swing tail to hurt

predators (1) Any 1 (2)

(ii) plants (1) beak teeth for piercing/tearing/

cutting leaves and fruit (1) (2) [4]

(b) (i) 40% (1)

(ii) shallow (1) warm (1) marine (1); tropical (1);

strong currents (1) coral reef (1) well oxygenated

(1) Any 3 or good description of 1 (3)

(iii) terrestrial (1); river (1); swamp (1); slow currents

(1); non-marine (1); forest/trees/plants (1) Any 2 (2) [6] 10


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6. (a) (i) Anticline/salt dome (1)

(ii) halite (salt) (1)

(iii) in the sandstone (1) correct place/shape (1) (2)

(iv) high (1) impermeable (1) (2) [6]

(b) Either

seismic (1); seismic source (1) generates

seismic waves (1) pass into rock (1); reflect off

suitable surfaces (1) recorded at the surface

(1); interpretation (1) reveals geological

structure (1) credit diagramsAny 4 points (4)

Or

Solution mining (1); injection of water through

borehole (1); production of brine (1); pumping

of brine to the surface (1); evaporation (1) to

precipitate crystalline salt (1) credit diagrams

and mining by pillar and room extraction

Any 4 points

(4) [4] 10

7. (a) (i) correct label (1)

(ii) 60-70 (1)

(iii) 1 (1)

(iv) normal (1)

(v) shallow dip coal near surface open cast (1); dip of

the beds takes coal deeper (1); steep dip deeper the

beds deep mining (1); steep dip large amounts ofwaste (2); steep dip difficult to mine (2) (2)

(vi) Sandstone interrupts coal seam (1); hard rock

(1); causing a halt in coal cutting (1); and

move machinery (1); loss of profit (1)

increased cost (1); reduced tonnage (1)

Any 2 points (2) [8]


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(b) (i) determine depth of seam (1); thickness of seam

(1); quality of coal (1); number of seams (1);

water table (1); amount of waste (1) (1)

(ii) reduce noise (1); reduce dust (1); hide site (1)

Any 2 (2)

(iii) backfill to fill in the hole (1); cover with soil

(1); landscaped (1); returned to agricultural

land or other use (1)

Any 2 points (2)

(iv) spoil tips (1) planting (1) landscaping (1)

removal (1)subsidence (1) leave pillars of coal (1)

leaving coal behind beneath important surface

development (1) fill in with waste (1)

acid mine drainage/pollution of water table

(1) filter through reed beds (1) pumping water

(1) settling pond (1) add lime (1)

destruction of habitat (1) relocation (1)

restoration (1)

Any 1 problem up to 2 for a good description of

problem (3) [8] 16

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Geology 06 Mark-Scheme