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Geology and Coal Resources of the Thar Coal Field Sindh Province Pakistan
James E Fassett and Nasir A Durrani
4wL J
US Geological Survey Open-ie Report 94-167 1994
GEOL OGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF THE THAR COAL FIELD
SINDH PROVINCE PAKISTAN
by
James E Fassett US Geological Survey
PO Box 25046 MS 939 DFC Denver Colorado 80225 USA
and
Nasir A Durrani International Resources Group 30 ATS Center Third Floor
Blue Area Islamabad Pakistan
US Department of Interior US Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-167
This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with US Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS
1994
CONTENTS
Page Abstract I Introduction I
Discovery of the Thar coal fieu I Drilling-exploration program for the Thar field 2 Purpose and scope 3 Acknowledgm ents 4 Geography 4
General geology 5 Thar coal field 6
Field limits 7 Total coal thickness 9
Coal thickness m easurem ents and methodology 9 Coal distribution 10
Coal-bench correlation 10 Coal quality 10
Sample collection and analysis 10 Heating values 12 Moisture 12 Sulfur 12 Ash 14
Overburden 14 Structure 17 Coal resources 17 Summary of Thar coal field characteristics 21
Comparison with other coal fields of South Asia 22 Geologic history 23
General 23 Coal-deposition model 23
References cited 23 Append- es 25
Appendix 1 Stratigraphic columns for Thar drill holes 25 Appendix 2- Coal-analyses tables for Thar coal field 47 Appendix 3-Structural cross sections across Thar coal field 69
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures Figure 1 Pakistan coal field location map 2 Figure 2 Thar coal field index map 3 Figure 3 Regional geologic cross section from Nabisar 1 drill hole to TP-25 5 Figure 4 Stratigraphic column for Nabisar I drill hole 6 Figure 5 Granite basement structure contour map 7 Figure 6 Total coal isopach map 9 Figure 7 Thickest coal bench isopach map 11
Figure 8 C oal correlation diagram 13 Figure 9 Heating value (as received) isopleth map 15 Figure 10 Total overburden isopach map 16 Figure 11 Structure map on top of first coal bed 18 Figure 12 Isopach map of coal with less than 150 m of overburden 19
Fables
Table 1 Locations and summary data for Thar drill holes 8 Table 2 Summary of selected coal analyses for Thar drill holes 14 Table 3 Total-coal tonnage for Thar coal field 20 Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-in of overburden 21 Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole 22
I
Geology and Coal Resources of the Thar Coal Field Sindh Province Pakistan
by
James E Fassett and Nasir A Durrani
Abstract
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeast Pakistan in eastern Sindh Province The coal field area is 9000 square kilometers with dimensions of 140 km (north-south) by 65 km (east-west) the field area is bounded by the Pakistan-India border to the north east and south The field area is covered by northeastshytrending longitudinal stabilized sand dunes with topographic relief of upto 100 m The Tharis essentially roadless with tracks through the sand being the principal transportation routes mandating four-wheel drive vehicles The Mirpur Khas -Khokhropar Branch Railroad traverses the desert just northwest of the field area Total coal tonnagefor the field is 78196555800 metric tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an average as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfurpercentage of 157 and as-received ash percentage of 883 percent The averagedry and ash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu Average as received moisture content is4857 percent Nine drill holes inthe south-central part of the field contain more than 24 mof total coal six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 mthick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 mthick containingonly three partings in its upper part measuring 105 m 9 m and 41 mthick The shallowest coal inthe field lies at a depth of 123 m the deepest coal (depth to 1st coal bed) isat 245 m The field contains 3962385900 metric tons of coal at a depth of less than 150 m All of the drill holes in the field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of the Thar Desert isas much as 100 m the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered on average by an additional tens of meters of dune sand
The thickest coals in the field are closer to the surface over a structural dome inthe south-central part of the Thar coal field A northeast trending fault forms the boundary of the Thar field in the southeast east of this fault the coal-bearinq ocks were uplifted as much as 150 m and were probably eroded prior to deposition of the overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probably represents the maximum southern extent of minable coal inthe field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward inthe northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age probably early Eocene Available evidence indicates that the Thar coals may have been deposited in a raised-bog environment landward (east)of a north-trending coastline
INTRODUCTION
The Thar coal field islocated in the eastern partof Sindh Province Pakistan inthe Thar Desert (fig 1) The discovery of this giant coal field was the culmination of acoal explo-ration and assessment program (COALREAP) involving the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Geologi-cal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) This program was carried out under the auspices of the United States Agency for Interna-tional Development (USAID) the program began in 1985 and formally ended on June 30 1993 The princoal goals of the USGSG3P program were to improve the professional capabilities of the GSP staff particularly in fhe area of coal exploration andassessment and toexamine in detail the coal resource potential of Pakistan
Discovery of the Thar Coal Field
The first tangible indication that coal was present be-neath the sands of the Thar Desert came with the drilling of five water wells by theBritish Overseas Development Agency
(ODA) in cooperation with the Sindh Arid Zone Developshyment Authority (SAZDA) (This account of the discovery of coal in tie Thar Desert is largely derived from areport by SanFilipo and others 1992) Water well ODA2 was drilled in 1988 near the village of Khario Ghulam Shah about 15 kin east of Islamkot (fig 2) The description of cuttings from this well noted carbonaceous shale (sic) between depths of 1265 in and 1295 m Inaddition the sample log gave the following description for the interval from 1296 in and 1320 im CARBONACEOUS SHALE very fine dark but variably coloured some resin and amber some lignite rare chalcopyrite The interval from 1296 mand 1320 in in this well was cored The core was examined inFebruary 1989 by USGS and GSP geologists who detennined that most of the cored interval was coal
On the basis of the presence of coal in the ODA2 water well the USGSGSP examined and described drill cuttingsfrom other nearby SAZDA wells and in March 1989 geoshyphysically logged water well TH-5 near Dhaklo (essentially the sane location as TP-1 on fig 2) and in July 1989 geophysically logged water well TH-6 near Chachro On the
1
64 72
COAL FIELDS TAJIKISTAN 1 Sonda East 2 Sonda-Thatta
CH]IIA
3 Meting-Jhimpir 4 Lakhra
Northern 6 Dureji 7 Balgor
Sanni AFGHANISTAN North- 9 Johan 10 Mach-Ab E Gum 11 Abi Gul
12 Margat13 Pir Ismail Ziarat
11 bi ui
FedAdmmd2h
21 -
est 25 roptierl - t
2 24 Azad bull
320 14 Sor Range-Daghari 15 Kach 16 Khost-Sharig-Harnai
Tribal Areass p
$ r
23 17 Duki18 Cham along19 Badinzai 15
I
J 20 Makarwal-Kurd-Sho 1-
1916 Y
21 Cherat 14 17
22 Choi 23 Salt Rango24 Koti25 Khilla Muzatfarabad 26 Hangu
0
~-
I
08 V 13M INDIA
Balochistan
IRAN Sindh
7 661
24 ARABIAN SEA 2
0 200Km
0 200 Mi
Figure 1 Map of Pakistan showing locations and names of coal fields and coal occurrences the Thar coal field area isshown atlarger scale on figure 2 of this report
basis of these geophysical logs it was estimated that the total locating the 21 test holes over a more or less uniform gridcoal present in well TH-5 was 19 m and in well TH-6 the total covering that part of the desert thought to be underlain bycoal thickness was 161 in (TH-6 is used as a control point in significant coal resources This drilling pattern resulted in this report and its total coal thickness has been re-estimated to a drill-hole spacing averaging about 22 km (These 21 holes be 125 in) The confirmation of the presence of very thick plus the initial 4 Thar Desert test holes have the prefix TPshycoal beds on geophysical logs in the Thar Desert ultimately led in this report TP stands for Thar Parker and administrashyto a modest 4-hole coal test drilling progrn in the Thar that tive district of Sindh Province) This strategy proved to be was conducted in February through July 1992 This drilling quite successful in that it almost totally defined the limits of confirmed the presence of tie thickest coal beds yet found in the field (with the exception of the southern boundary of the Pakistan test hole TP-3 penetrated nearly 30 m of coal and field which is as yet still not clearly defined) The 21-hole contiined a bench of unbroken coal nearly 20 in thick drilling program ended in mid-summer 1993
During the last quarter of 1993 an additional 10 test holes were drilled under a contract with the John T Boyd CornshyDrilling-Exploration Program for the Thar pany under the auspices ofUSAID The focusofthis 10-hole
Field drilling program was to conduct in-fill drilling in the southshycentral part of the field where the coal was known to beIn October 1992 the GSPUSGS began a2l-holeexplo- thickest and shallowest to gather data for a preliminary
ration program to define the magnitude and geographic determination of the mining-ergineering parameters of the limits of theThar coal field The drilling plan was based on Tharfield The Boyd drilling was completed in late December
2
7O00 7030 7100r
INDIA
lb Gadra I
TP-31 TP-30 Irr0D CD
4
I TP-28f
TP-22 TP-23
Umako -6 P-5 TPP14 INDIA
rT-92P-180EP-20 22oa TP-19
TP1rP-12 TP1
F STP- a k 0Fil~
TPTP2 I - TP-8G 7 TP H
STP-1 i -T
TIsamkot ST TP-7
TP-5 141-STP23-HTP- s -
P-1SI 1D ST T- 1
STP-13 - bull-shy I I Nagar Parka
-- INDIA S i -
Rann of Kutch 05 iai
Figure 2 Index map ofthe Thar coal field area showing locations of all coal test holes plus water well TH-6 and lines of eight structural cross sections A-A through H-H The dolled line beginning at drill hole TP-10 and ending at drill hole TP-12 is the line of the coalshycorrelation diagram (fig 8) The line of seismic ection 107 of figure 3 is also shown
1993 In January 1994 the GSP drilled 3 additiona coal test analyses were not available at the time of writing of this holes under the auspices of US AID (The 10 John T Boyd report holes and the three GSP holes have the prefix STP- in this report STP stands for Sindh Thar Parker) Purpose and Scope
CoAsamples were collected for analysis by the USGS GSP from the first 25 Tharcoal field test holesandtie results The Thar field has enormous economic potential for of those analyses are summarized in this report (table 2 and Pakistan because it contains 78 billion metric tons of total appendix 2) Coal samples were collected for analysis from coal in place when this tonnage is added to Pakistans the 10 John T Boyd drill holes but the results of those previously known resource base of9 billion metric tons the
3
total resources of 87 billion metric tons of coal resources for Pakistan vaults the country to 1 th place in a list of 12 countries in the world with the most reported estimated coal resources as shown ol the following table (modified from Landis and Weaver 1993) resources are in millions of metric tons
1 USSR (for-ner) 4405900 2 USA 1570262 3 China 1566500 4 Australia 785226 5 Germany 285400 6 Great Britain 190000 7 Poland 184000 8 South Africa 129100 9 India 115402 10 Botswana 107000 II Pakistan 87000 12 Canada 63000
Prior to the discovery of the Thar field Pakistan was not even in the top 20 countries with significant coal resources
Because the economic potential of the Thar field is so significant for Pakistan it is important to quickly make available the basic geologic facts of this deposit and that is the purpose of this report These facts are presented herein primarily in the form of figures and tables A detailed disussion of the geologic setting of the Thar field within the tectonic and stratigraphic environs of Pakistan and South Asia is beyond the scope of this report
Acknowledgments
The basic hard dirty and physically demanding work of gathering tile data that this report is based on fell primarily on the shoulders of the GSP drilling crews drill-site geolo-gists and geophysicists assigned to work on the Thar coal-drilling program These personnel worked long hours in aadrilingprogwnTheepesonel wrke log hors n very harsh environment in order to successfully complete the Thar Desert coal test drilling program There is not space enough to list all of the many persons who participated in the discovery and definition of the Thar coal field but recogni-tion must be given to the well-site geologists whose core descriptions form the basis for this report they are A A Shah H Chandio M D Khan SA Khan Z M Khan G S Lashari A R Memon and M A Tagar the field geophysicists responsible for conducting the geophysical logging of the test holes are Mehtab ur Rehman Mujeeb Ahmad and MA Nizmani Five USGS geologists were involved in tours of duty (in the Thi- exploration program overseeing the drilling in the Thar Desert and making detailed core descriptions of thie rill core these persons wereJohnSanFilipo PeterWarwick BruceWardlaw Roger Thomas and Ellie Brouwers The true discoverer of the Thar coal field USGS geologist John SanFilipo deserves special recognition it was Johns perseverance and stubborn
4
insistence on following up on the initial ODA coal discovery that ultimately led to tie Thar coal test drilling progran and the discovery anrd definition of the Thar coal field
Upper-level management in the GSP were totally supshyportiveoftheThardrillingprogramandtheireffornscontribshyuted greatly to the success ofthe drilling prograin We would especially like to thank Farhat Hussain who was Director General of the GSPduring the time theThardrilling program was conceived and executed Dr Hussains patient and continuing support was invaluable in helping to resolve all of the many crises and problems that developed in the course of putting this drilling program together without Dr Hussains strong and able leadership of the GSP during his tenure as Director General the Thar drilling program and definition of the Thar coal field would probably not have occurred
Geography
The Thar Desert of Pakistan is part of a much larger desert extending to the north and east into India The Thar coal field is located in the Pakistan part of the Thar Desert in the eastern part of Sindh Province (fig 1) The Thar Desert of Pakistan is bounded to the north east and south by the Indian border and on the west by the irrigated Indus River flood plain The Indian border to the south follows the shorelineoftheGreatRannofKutch agreat shallowarm of the Arabian Sca that is seasonally dry The Tharcoal field as presently defined is about 140 kn long (north trend) and about 65 km wide (east trend) covering an area of 9100 square km
The terrain is generally topographically higher in the northern and eastern parts of the field area with elevationsranging from near sea level in the south to more than 200 m aibove sea level in the northeast Most of the sand dunes of the Thar are stabilized by scrub vegetation and grasses The dunes are longitudinal with a northeast tren dg have T
re ongi tens of meteast tend Thae a relief ranging from tens of meters to 100 riieters There isnodrainage system developed in the Tharcoal fieldarea When the monsoon rains fall the water is immediately absorbed by the sand orrarely during heavy downpours flows very short distances down into the low-lying interdune areas where it is quickly absorbed
Precipitation is seasonal coming normally during the monsoon monthsofJune to Septemberbutdrought yearsare not uncommon For example a seven-year drought was broken by very heavy rains in September 1992 as the 21shydrill-hole program (holes TP-5 through TP-31) was just getting under way Averageannual rainfall ranges from 200 to 300 mm the amount of average annual rainfall increases from northwest to southeast Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures range from 35C to 19C maximum daily temperatures commonly exceed 45C in April through June (Ploethner 1992) The Thar Desert has been characerized as one of the most densely populated deserts in the world the 1982 government census showed the population at nearly one million people
West 762 km ------- 169km - East Eocene and younger
0 Nabisar 1 rPaleocene and Eocene TP-25 TP-28
o - - - __ Pre-Cambrian Basement --
-5- ti - - 5-w- - - - 5 - l - 1 - I
- - I -
S - - I
6 - - I - _ - - - shy7 SI bull - bull I
Figure 3 Structural cross section from Nabisar 1 oil and gas test hole through drill hole TP-25 and east of TP28 showing the
configuration of the basement poundanite and the distributionof the setmentary rocks along the line of section This figure is modified from figure 8 in Ahmad and others (1993) based on an oil and gas exploration seismic profile The stratigraphic cotumn for the Nabisar 1 drill hole is figure 4 of this report
The people of the Thar are primarily pastoral livestock consists of cattle sheep goals camunels horses and donkeys bur the low-lying interdune areas are heavily farmed when-ever the monsoon rains cooperte The crops raised are
primarily rapid-growing and maturing millets and pulsesThe people of the Thurdepend on dug wells as their primary source of water The water is typically quite salty but potable Immediately following the monsoon rains rela-tively shadlow wells producing very fresh water e utilizedt in some of the broader low-lying interdune playa flats these wells must obviously be producing fro perched ephemeral m aquifers A detailed study of the groundwater of the Thar Desert of Pakistan is avpilable (Ploethner 1992)
The only pavedroadin the Thr Desertextends fron the town of Naukot located west of the Thar coal field on the eastern edge of the irrigated Indus plain to Mithi west of the coal field area (fig 2) The other roads of the Thar consist of deep ruts in the sand and four-wheel drive vehicles araa necessity o traverse these roads Commercial transport into and out of the Thar Desert is provided by large six-heel drive trucks that serve as combination busses and goods Carriers C mels are the primary means of transport for the Thar people within thedesert The Mirpur Khas- Khokhlopar Branch railroad traverses the northwestern part of the Thar coal field area (fig 2)
GENERAL GEOLOGY rThe GENERGE LLOGYwere
The geology of the Tha Desert of Pakistan has been
poorly understood because the area is covered by dune sand to an average depth of approximately 80 in The only outcropping bedrock in the TharDesert of Pakistan is found at Nagar Parker (fig 2) where the striking red-granite basement rocks tower above the surrounding dunes (The basement rocks a~e not all granite there are minor amounts ofrhyoliteandmetamorphicrocksmixedinwiththegranite
but red granite seemns to be the dominant lithtology) The Thar coal field rests upon astructural platfonn in the eastern part of the desert This platform is underlain by relativelyshallow granite basement rock Figure 3 modified from a
report by Ahmad and Zaighmn (1993) provides a goodrepresentation of the subsurface geology of the Thar Desert area This figure is a northeafst-trending geolog crossi section that is an interpretation ofa geophysical seismic line that was run from the vicinity of the Nabisar i oil and gas test hole on the western edge of the desert nearly to the Pakistan-Indian border on the east This cross section shows that the granite basement rock dives down abruptly beneath the western part of the Thar Desert and is there highly faulted (Abad and Zaigham 1993 interpret three other seismic lines in the Thar coal field area)
At the Nabisar drill site the sedimentary rock sequence is nearly 4000 n thick drilled rocks at the Nabisar hole are 3000 m thick and consist of Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene and post-Eocene age rocks (figure 4 is a stratigraphic column of the Nabisar hole) As this cross section shows the sedimentary rock sequence thins tarkshyedly from west to east across the Tha-rDesert and in the Thd coal field area has an average thickness of about 250 n The depth to granite basement rocks in the Thar coal field ranges from 1530 m below sea level at drill site TP-20 to 66 m
below sea level at TP-6 (fig 5)available seismic records in the Thar coal field area
designed for oil and gas exploration purposes and hence designed to show stratigraphic relations at depth For thatreasonthedefinitionofthestratigraphyoftheupperfew
hundred meters on these seismic profiles is so poor as to be useless For this reasOa the Ahrad and Zighain (1993) cross section on which figure 3 of this report is based is essentially blank above the granite on its eastern end where the sedimentary sequence is close to the surface The intershypretation of the subsurface relationships in the area of the Thar field (east of the point where the upper Jurassic
5
System Formation Depth Thickness or Series or Group (meters) Uthology (meters)
SiwalikPOST EOCENE (Aluvium) 226-
-ilhr226 shy iEOCENE 263 - - -
Laki 149 412
PALEOCENE Ranikof PALECEN niko 561- 149-14
Lower 282 Goru
843 CRETACEOUS
Sembar 494
1337
Chiltan 373
1710-o
JURASSIC
Shirinab1 0
16
narrowly
2773
TRIASSIC Wulgai 283 3055 _TD
Figure 4 Stratigraphic column of the Nabisar 1oil and gas testhole location of this hole is shown on figure 2 This figure is adaptedfromtheSTANVACinterpretationreportfortheprospect of Nabisar 1959
carbonates of the Chiltan Formation are shown ending) on figure 3 is our modification of the original figure by Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) We here show an unconformity at the base of the PaleoceneEocene sequence in the Thar field area truncating the underlying sedimentary rock sequence east-ward to the point where the PaleoceneEocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite
Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) conclude in their report that the thickest coal ia theTar coal field is Jurassic inage based on the physical tracing of geologic contacts on seismic sccuons Publisledpdynological studies ofcuttingssamples however from two water wells from these same coal-bearing sequences in the vicinity of drill hole TP- Iand east of lslamkot clearly indicate that the coal-bearing strataare of late Paleocene to early Eocene age (see Report on Referred Fossils by Frederiksen appendix 6 in SanFilipo and others 1991) Frederiksen has subsequently examined rock samples
collected from drill core from drill holes TP- 1TP-3 TP-4TP-5 and TP-7 and he reports that these samples undoubtedly come from close to the Paleocene-Eoceneboundary and the preponderance of evidence may favor an early Eocene age (Frederiksen written communication 1993) On the basis ofall available evidence it is ouropinionthat the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field arc all latePaleocene to early Eocene in age (This subject is discussed further in the Geologic History section of this report)
The stratigraphic sequence in all of the Thar Desert coal
test holes is essentially the same in each drill hole there is an interval of dune sand ranging from 14 m to 93 m thick followed by an interval of what is thought to be relativelyrecent Indus-valley alluvi- ranging from 11 m to 209 m thick followed by the coal-bearing bedrock interval ranging from zero to 185 m thick Nine of the test holes penetrated granite at or near their total depths (table I and fig 5) Stratigraphic columns for the 38 coal test holes plus the water well TH-6 are in appendix 1 of this report
No stratigraphic name is here given to the coal-bearingrocks of the Thar coal field these strata are labeled bedshyrock on all of the stratigraphic diagrams in this report As stated above these rocks are Paleocene to Eocene in age onthe basis of palynological evidence Additial dics or fossils from marine interbeds in the coal-bearing sequencefrom several test holes in the western part of the coal field are now in progress and it is hoped that those studies will more
define the age of the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field The coal-bearing strata appear to be equivalent to the upper part of the Raikot Group or more likely the lower part of the Laki Formation (fig 4) but available evidence indicates that these coals are probably younger than the coals of the Indus valley coal fields to the west (fields 1-4 of figure 1) Coal-bearing rocks in coal fields of western India have been dated as Eocene and major Eocene-age Indian coal deposits in the Panandhro region south of the Rann ofKutch and the Barmer region due east of the Thar coal field (Gowrisankaran and others 1987) provide evidence that coal occurrences in rocks of Eocene age are widespread
south east and northeast of the Thar coal field area
THAR COAL FIELD
The data on which this report is based were obtained by drilling 38 coal test holes in the Thar Desert In addition information about the Tharcoal field was obtained from geophysical logs and sanple descripions from water well
TH-6 The coal test drilling was conducteu Ly the Geologishycal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) drill crews using GSP drill rigs geological work during the drilling program including core description and coal-core sampling was done princishypally by GSP geologists with some oversight and assistance provided by USGS geologists for the drill holes prefixed TPshyand by John T Boyd Company personnel for holes STP- I through STP-10 The GSP selected the locations drilled and carried out the geologic work for holes STP- 11 through
6
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
K~INDIA 0T
90
a o
250- 0 G
IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
+o
7000
1 + IV INDIA
7030
i
7100
OPadra
I t I
SUniarkot TP20
Z- INDIA
14I
1I3
II64Chac r
Z ~VU
1P
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a
7
00
11D
6
SW i 292 IA
St v 741srv
oL
Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
--
No I I
Coal
srr
c~
Nagar Parkar
rr
o
I
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
-- A INDIA
Gadra
1
2530 I I
EG14Pr25
n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
Ia INDIA
OF
11+15
2500 12
1P lt TPI +n i+ SWP2 e 1
I 6 vpIpd N o
0 P o
bullT 7L oIt
1P4
2430 Rann of Kuich fault zone
- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
MIA_
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
INDIA
-to Gadra
2530
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TP 2 22 INDIA
I 4I
I i i P 19
Cbachro
Is 1 TP 4
25O -0
7P 13 To K T llone 3
SIP T
S 9 P7 P S
Y 0 ST6
IIlO
TP41 Rann of Kutch faur zone5E
u
oD-- Nagar Parker SIPI13 a
INDIA
Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
- Gadra
2521
UmaTko31 TDo
lip
TP2 2
K INDIA
250
am 2M
Chachro 4z1
D
6244
Midii
bullr
0 N
243 S627
24 - era
Rann ol Kul fauh zone
u
amp
i
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INDIA Rann of Kutch o
Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
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Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
GEOL OGY AND COAL RESOURCES OF THE THAR COAL FIELD
SINDH PROVINCE PAKISTAN
by
James E Fassett US Geological Survey
PO Box 25046 MS 939 DFC Denver Colorado 80225 USA
and
Nasir A Durrani International Resources Group 30 ATS Center Third Floor
Blue Area Islamabad Pakistan
US Department of Interior US Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-167
This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with US Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS
1994
CONTENTS
Page Abstract I Introduction I
Discovery of the Thar coal fieu I Drilling-exploration program for the Thar field 2 Purpose and scope 3 Acknowledgm ents 4 Geography 4
General geology 5 Thar coal field 6
Field limits 7 Total coal thickness 9
Coal thickness m easurem ents and methodology 9 Coal distribution 10
Coal-bench correlation 10 Coal quality 10
Sample collection and analysis 10 Heating values 12 Moisture 12 Sulfur 12 Ash 14
Overburden 14 Structure 17 Coal resources 17 Summary of Thar coal field characteristics 21
Comparison with other coal fields of South Asia 22 Geologic history 23
General 23 Coal-deposition model 23
References cited 23 Append- es 25
Appendix 1 Stratigraphic columns for Thar drill holes 25 Appendix 2- Coal-analyses tables for Thar coal field 47 Appendix 3-Structural cross sections across Thar coal field 69
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures Figure 1 Pakistan coal field location map 2 Figure 2 Thar coal field index map 3 Figure 3 Regional geologic cross section from Nabisar 1 drill hole to TP-25 5 Figure 4 Stratigraphic column for Nabisar I drill hole 6 Figure 5 Granite basement structure contour map 7 Figure 6 Total coal isopach map 9 Figure 7 Thickest coal bench isopach map 11
Figure 8 C oal correlation diagram 13 Figure 9 Heating value (as received) isopleth map 15 Figure 10 Total overburden isopach map 16 Figure 11 Structure map on top of first coal bed 18 Figure 12 Isopach map of coal with less than 150 m of overburden 19
Fables
Table 1 Locations and summary data for Thar drill holes 8 Table 2 Summary of selected coal analyses for Thar drill holes 14 Table 3 Total-coal tonnage for Thar coal field 20 Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-in of overburden 21 Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole 22
I
Geology and Coal Resources of the Thar Coal Field Sindh Province Pakistan
by
James E Fassett and Nasir A Durrani
Abstract
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeast Pakistan in eastern Sindh Province The coal field area is 9000 square kilometers with dimensions of 140 km (north-south) by 65 km (east-west) the field area is bounded by the Pakistan-India border to the north east and south The field area is covered by northeastshytrending longitudinal stabilized sand dunes with topographic relief of upto 100 m The Tharis essentially roadless with tracks through the sand being the principal transportation routes mandating four-wheel drive vehicles The Mirpur Khas -Khokhropar Branch Railroad traverses the desert just northwest of the field area Total coal tonnagefor the field is 78196555800 metric tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an average as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfurpercentage of 157 and as-received ash percentage of 883 percent The averagedry and ash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu Average as received moisture content is4857 percent Nine drill holes inthe south-central part of the field contain more than 24 mof total coal six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 mthick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 mthick containingonly three partings in its upper part measuring 105 m 9 m and 41 mthick The shallowest coal inthe field lies at a depth of 123 m the deepest coal (depth to 1st coal bed) isat 245 m The field contains 3962385900 metric tons of coal at a depth of less than 150 m All of the drill holes in the field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of the Thar Desert isas much as 100 m the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered on average by an additional tens of meters of dune sand
The thickest coals in the field are closer to the surface over a structural dome inthe south-central part of the Thar coal field A northeast trending fault forms the boundary of the Thar field in the southeast east of this fault the coal-bearinq ocks were uplifted as much as 150 m and were probably eroded prior to deposition of the overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probably represents the maximum southern extent of minable coal inthe field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward inthe northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age probably early Eocene Available evidence indicates that the Thar coals may have been deposited in a raised-bog environment landward (east)of a north-trending coastline
INTRODUCTION
The Thar coal field islocated in the eastern partof Sindh Province Pakistan inthe Thar Desert (fig 1) The discovery of this giant coal field was the culmination of acoal explo-ration and assessment program (COALREAP) involving the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Geologi-cal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) This program was carried out under the auspices of the United States Agency for Interna-tional Development (USAID) the program began in 1985 and formally ended on June 30 1993 The princoal goals of the USGSG3P program were to improve the professional capabilities of the GSP staff particularly in fhe area of coal exploration andassessment and toexamine in detail the coal resource potential of Pakistan
Discovery of the Thar Coal Field
The first tangible indication that coal was present be-neath the sands of the Thar Desert came with the drilling of five water wells by theBritish Overseas Development Agency
(ODA) in cooperation with the Sindh Arid Zone Developshyment Authority (SAZDA) (This account of the discovery of coal in tie Thar Desert is largely derived from areport by SanFilipo and others 1992) Water well ODA2 was drilled in 1988 near the village of Khario Ghulam Shah about 15 kin east of Islamkot (fig 2) The description of cuttings from this well noted carbonaceous shale (sic) between depths of 1265 in and 1295 m Inaddition the sample log gave the following description for the interval from 1296 in and 1320 im CARBONACEOUS SHALE very fine dark but variably coloured some resin and amber some lignite rare chalcopyrite The interval from 1296 mand 1320 in in this well was cored The core was examined inFebruary 1989 by USGS and GSP geologists who detennined that most of the cored interval was coal
On the basis of the presence of coal in the ODA2 water well the USGSGSP examined and described drill cuttingsfrom other nearby SAZDA wells and in March 1989 geoshyphysically logged water well TH-5 near Dhaklo (essentially the sane location as TP-1 on fig 2) and in July 1989 geophysically logged water well TH-6 near Chachro On the
1
64 72
COAL FIELDS TAJIKISTAN 1 Sonda East 2 Sonda-Thatta
CH]IIA
3 Meting-Jhimpir 4 Lakhra
Northern 6 Dureji 7 Balgor
Sanni AFGHANISTAN North- 9 Johan 10 Mach-Ab E Gum 11 Abi Gul
12 Margat13 Pir Ismail Ziarat
11 bi ui
FedAdmmd2h
21 -
est 25 roptierl - t
2 24 Azad bull
320 14 Sor Range-Daghari 15 Kach 16 Khost-Sharig-Harnai
Tribal Areass p
$ r
23 17 Duki18 Cham along19 Badinzai 15
I
J 20 Makarwal-Kurd-Sho 1-
1916 Y
21 Cherat 14 17
22 Choi 23 Salt Rango24 Koti25 Khilla Muzatfarabad 26 Hangu
0
~-
I
08 V 13M INDIA
Balochistan
IRAN Sindh
7 661
24 ARABIAN SEA 2
0 200Km
0 200 Mi
Figure 1 Map of Pakistan showing locations and names of coal fields and coal occurrences the Thar coal field area isshown atlarger scale on figure 2 of this report
basis of these geophysical logs it was estimated that the total locating the 21 test holes over a more or less uniform gridcoal present in well TH-5 was 19 m and in well TH-6 the total covering that part of the desert thought to be underlain bycoal thickness was 161 in (TH-6 is used as a control point in significant coal resources This drilling pattern resulted in this report and its total coal thickness has been re-estimated to a drill-hole spacing averaging about 22 km (These 21 holes be 125 in) The confirmation of the presence of very thick plus the initial 4 Thar Desert test holes have the prefix TPshycoal beds on geophysical logs in the Thar Desert ultimately led in this report TP stands for Thar Parker and administrashyto a modest 4-hole coal test drilling progrn in the Thar that tive district of Sindh Province) This strategy proved to be was conducted in February through July 1992 This drilling quite successful in that it almost totally defined the limits of confirmed the presence of tie thickest coal beds yet found in the field (with the exception of the southern boundary of the Pakistan test hole TP-3 penetrated nearly 30 m of coal and field which is as yet still not clearly defined) The 21-hole contiined a bench of unbroken coal nearly 20 in thick drilling program ended in mid-summer 1993
During the last quarter of 1993 an additional 10 test holes were drilled under a contract with the John T Boyd CornshyDrilling-Exploration Program for the Thar pany under the auspices ofUSAID The focusofthis 10-hole
Field drilling program was to conduct in-fill drilling in the southshycentral part of the field where the coal was known to beIn October 1992 the GSPUSGS began a2l-holeexplo- thickest and shallowest to gather data for a preliminary
ration program to define the magnitude and geographic determination of the mining-ergineering parameters of the limits of theThar coal field The drilling plan was based on Tharfield The Boyd drilling was completed in late December
2
7O00 7030 7100r
INDIA
lb Gadra I
TP-31 TP-30 Irr0D CD
4
I TP-28f
TP-22 TP-23
Umako -6 P-5 TPP14 INDIA
rT-92P-180EP-20 22oa TP-19
TP1rP-12 TP1
F STP- a k 0Fil~
TPTP2 I - TP-8G 7 TP H
STP-1 i -T
TIsamkot ST TP-7
TP-5 141-STP23-HTP- s -
P-1SI 1D ST T- 1
STP-13 - bull-shy I I Nagar Parka
-- INDIA S i -
Rann of Kutch 05 iai
Figure 2 Index map ofthe Thar coal field area showing locations of all coal test holes plus water well TH-6 and lines of eight structural cross sections A-A through H-H The dolled line beginning at drill hole TP-10 and ending at drill hole TP-12 is the line of the coalshycorrelation diagram (fig 8) The line of seismic ection 107 of figure 3 is also shown
1993 In January 1994 the GSP drilled 3 additiona coal test analyses were not available at the time of writing of this holes under the auspices of US AID (The 10 John T Boyd report holes and the three GSP holes have the prefix STP- in this report STP stands for Sindh Thar Parker) Purpose and Scope
CoAsamples were collected for analysis by the USGS GSP from the first 25 Tharcoal field test holesandtie results The Thar field has enormous economic potential for of those analyses are summarized in this report (table 2 and Pakistan because it contains 78 billion metric tons of total appendix 2) Coal samples were collected for analysis from coal in place when this tonnage is added to Pakistans the 10 John T Boyd drill holes but the results of those previously known resource base of9 billion metric tons the
3
total resources of 87 billion metric tons of coal resources for Pakistan vaults the country to 1 th place in a list of 12 countries in the world with the most reported estimated coal resources as shown ol the following table (modified from Landis and Weaver 1993) resources are in millions of metric tons
1 USSR (for-ner) 4405900 2 USA 1570262 3 China 1566500 4 Australia 785226 5 Germany 285400 6 Great Britain 190000 7 Poland 184000 8 South Africa 129100 9 India 115402 10 Botswana 107000 II Pakistan 87000 12 Canada 63000
Prior to the discovery of the Thar field Pakistan was not even in the top 20 countries with significant coal resources
Because the economic potential of the Thar field is so significant for Pakistan it is important to quickly make available the basic geologic facts of this deposit and that is the purpose of this report These facts are presented herein primarily in the form of figures and tables A detailed disussion of the geologic setting of the Thar field within the tectonic and stratigraphic environs of Pakistan and South Asia is beyond the scope of this report
Acknowledgments
The basic hard dirty and physically demanding work of gathering tile data that this report is based on fell primarily on the shoulders of the GSP drilling crews drill-site geolo-gists and geophysicists assigned to work on the Thar coal-drilling program These personnel worked long hours in aadrilingprogwnTheepesonel wrke log hors n very harsh environment in order to successfully complete the Thar Desert coal test drilling program There is not space enough to list all of the many persons who participated in the discovery and definition of the Thar coal field but recogni-tion must be given to the well-site geologists whose core descriptions form the basis for this report they are A A Shah H Chandio M D Khan SA Khan Z M Khan G S Lashari A R Memon and M A Tagar the field geophysicists responsible for conducting the geophysical logging of the test holes are Mehtab ur Rehman Mujeeb Ahmad and MA Nizmani Five USGS geologists were involved in tours of duty (in the Thi- exploration program overseeing the drilling in the Thar Desert and making detailed core descriptions of thie rill core these persons wereJohnSanFilipo PeterWarwick BruceWardlaw Roger Thomas and Ellie Brouwers The true discoverer of the Thar coal field USGS geologist John SanFilipo deserves special recognition it was Johns perseverance and stubborn
4
insistence on following up on the initial ODA coal discovery that ultimately led to tie Thar coal test drilling progran and the discovery anrd definition of the Thar coal field
Upper-level management in the GSP were totally supshyportiveoftheThardrillingprogramandtheireffornscontribshyuted greatly to the success ofthe drilling prograin We would especially like to thank Farhat Hussain who was Director General of the GSPduring the time theThardrilling program was conceived and executed Dr Hussains patient and continuing support was invaluable in helping to resolve all of the many crises and problems that developed in the course of putting this drilling program together without Dr Hussains strong and able leadership of the GSP during his tenure as Director General the Thar drilling program and definition of the Thar coal field would probably not have occurred
Geography
The Thar Desert of Pakistan is part of a much larger desert extending to the north and east into India The Thar coal field is located in the Pakistan part of the Thar Desert in the eastern part of Sindh Province (fig 1) The Thar Desert of Pakistan is bounded to the north east and south by the Indian border and on the west by the irrigated Indus River flood plain The Indian border to the south follows the shorelineoftheGreatRannofKutch agreat shallowarm of the Arabian Sca that is seasonally dry The Tharcoal field as presently defined is about 140 kn long (north trend) and about 65 km wide (east trend) covering an area of 9100 square km
The terrain is generally topographically higher in the northern and eastern parts of the field area with elevationsranging from near sea level in the south to more than 200 m aibove sea level in the northeast Most of the sand dunes of the Thar are stabilized by scrub vegetation and grasses The dunes are longitudinal with a northeast tren dg have T
re ongi tens of meteast tend Thae a relief ranging from tens of meters to 100 riieters There isnodrainage system developed in the Tharcoal fieldarea When the monsoon rains fall the water is immediately absorbed by the sand orrarely during heavy downpours flows very short distances down into the low-lying interdune areas where it is quickly absorbed
Precipitation is seasonal coming normally during the monsoon monthsofJune to Septemberbutdrought yearsare not uncommon For example a seven-year drought was broken by very heavy rains in September 1992 as the 21shydrill-hole program (holes TP-5 through TP-31) was just getting under way Averageannual rainfall ranges from 200 to 300 mm the amount of average annual rainfall increases from northwest to southeast Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures range from 35C to 19C maximum daily temperatures commonly exceed 45C in April through June (Ploethner 1992) The Thar Desert has been characerized as one of the most densely populated deserts in the world the 1982 government census showed the population at nearly one million people
West 762 km ------- 169km - East Eocene and younger
0 Nabisar 1 rPaleocene and Eocene TP-25 TP-28
o - - - __ Pre-Cambrian Basement --
-5- ti - - 5-w- - - - 5 - l - 1 - I
- - I -
S - - I
6 - - I - _ - - - shy7 SI bull - bull I
Figure 3 Structural cross section from Nabisar 1 oil and gas test hole through drill hole TP-25 and east of TP28 showing the
configuration of the basement poundanite and the distributionof the setmentary rocks along the line of section This figure is modified from figure 8 in Ahmad and others (1993) based on an oil and gas exploration seismic profile The stratigraphic cotumn for the Nabisar 1 drill hole is figure 4 of this report
The people of the Thar are primarily pastoral livestock consists of cattle sheep goals camunels horses and donkeys bur the low-lying interdune areas are heavily farmed when-ever the monsoon rains cooperte The crops raised are
primarily rapid-growing and maturing millets and pulsesThe people of the Thurdepend on dug wells as their primary source of water The water is typically quite salty but potable Immediately following the monsoon rains rela-tively shadlow wells producing very fresh water e utilizedt in some of the broader low-lying interdune playa flats these wells must obviously be producing fro perched ephemeral m aquifers A detailed study of the groundwater of the Thar Desert of Pakistan is avpilable (Ploethner 1992)
The only pavedroadin the Thr Desertextends fron the town of Naukot located west of the Thar coal field on the eastern edge of the irrigated Indus plain to Mithi west of the coal field area (fig 2) The other roads of the Thar consist of deep ruts in the sand and four-wheel drive vehicles araa necessity o traverse these roads Commercial transport into and out of the Thar Desert is provided by large six-heel drive trucks that serve as combination busses and goods Carriers C mels are the primary means of transport for the Thar people within thedesert The Mirpur Khas- Khokhlopar Branch railroad traverses the northwestern part of the Thar coal field area (fig 2)
GENERAL GEOLOGY rThe GENERGE LLOGYwere
The geology of the Tha Desert of Pakistan has been
poorly understood because the area is covered by dune sand to an average depth of approximately 80 in The only outcropping bedrock in the TharDesert of Pakistan is found at Nagar Parker (fig 2) where the striking red-granite basement rocks tower above the surrounding dunes (The basement rocks a~e not all granite there are minor amounts ofrhyoliteandmetamorphicrocksmixedinwiththegranite
but red granite seemns to be the dominant lithtology) The Thar coal field rests upon astructural platfonn in the eastern part of the desert This platform is underlain by relativelyshallow granite basement rock Figure 3 modified from a
report by Ahmad and Zaighmn (1993) provides a goodrepresentation of the subsurface geology of the Thar Desert area This figure is a northeafst-trending geolog crossi section that is an interpretation ofa geophysical seismic line that was run from the vicinity of the Nabisar i oil and gas test hole on the western edge of the desert nearly to the Pakistan-Indian border on the east This cross section shows that the granite basement rock dives down abruptly beneath the western part of the Thar Desert and is there highly faulted (Abad and Zaigham 1993 interpret three other seismic lines in the Thar coal field area)
At the Nabisar drill site the sedimentary rock sequence is nearly 4000 n thick drilled rocks at the Nabisar hole are 3000 m thick and consist of Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene and post-Eocene age rocks (figure 4 is a stratigraphic column of the Nabisar hole) As this cross section shows the sedimentary rock sequence thins tarkshyedly from west to east across the Tha-rDesert and in the Thd coal field area has an average thickness of about 250 n The depth to granite basement rocks in the Thar coal field ranges from 1530 m below sea level at drill site TP-20 to 66 m
below sea level at TP-6 (fig 5)available seismic records in the Thar coal field area
designed for oil and gas exploration purposes and hence designed to show stratigraphic relations at depth For thatreasonthedefinitionofthestratigraphyoftheupperfew
hundred meters on these seismic profiles is so poor as to be useless For this reasOa the Ahrad and Zighain (1993) cross section on which figure 3 of this report is based is essentially blank above the granite on its eastern end where the sedimentary sequence is close to the surface The intershypretation of the subsurface relationships in the area of the Thar field (east of the point where the upper Jurassic
5
System Formation Depth Thickness or Series or Group (meters) Uthology (meters)
SiwalikPOST EOCENE (Aluvium) 226-
-ilhr226 shy iEOCENE 263 - - -
Laki 149 412
PALEOCENE Ranikof PALECEN niko 561- 149-14
Lower 282 Goru
843 CRETACEOUS
Sembar 494
1337
Chiltan 373
1710-o
JURASSIC
Shirinab1 0
16
narrowly
2773
TRIASSIC Wulgai 283 3055 _TD
Figure 4 Stratigraphic column of the Nabisar 1oil and gas testhole location of this hole is shown on figure 2 This figure is adaptedfromtheSTANVACinterpretationreportfortheprospect of Nabisar 1959
carbonates of the Chiltan Formation are shown ending) on figure 3 is our modification of the original figure by Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) We here show an unconformity at the base of the PaleoceneEocene sequence in the Thar field area truncating the underlying sedimentary rock sequence east-ward to the point where the PaleoceneEocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite
Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) conclude in their report that the thickest coal ia theTar coal field is Jurassic inage based on the physical tracing of geologic contacts on seismic sccuons Publisledpdynological studies ofcuttingssamples however from two water wells from these same coal-bearing sequences in the vicinity of drill hole TP- Iand east of lslamkot clearly indicate that the coal-bearing strataare of late Paleocene to early Eocene age (see Report on Referred Fossils by Frederiksen appendix 6 in SanFilipo and others 1991) Frederiksen has subsequently examined rock samples
collected from drill core from drill holes TP- 1TP-3 TP-4TP-5 and TP-7 and he reports that these samples undoubtedly come from close to the Paleocene-Eoceneboundary and the preponderance of evidence may favor an early Eocene age (Frederiksen written communication 1993) On the basis ofall available evidence it is ouropinionthat the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field arc all latePaleocene to early Eocene in age (This subject is discussed further in the Geologic History section of this report)
The stratigraphic sequence in all of the Thar Desert coal
test holes is essentially the same in each drill hole there is an interval of dune sand ranging from 14 m to 93 m thick followed by an interval of what is thought to be relativelyrecent Indus-valley alluvi- ranging from 11 m to 209 m thick followed by the coal-bearing bedrock interval ranging from zero to 185 m thick Nine of the test holes penetrated granite at or near their total depths (table I and fig 5) Stratigraphic columns for the 38 coal test holes plus the water well TH-6 are in appendix 1 of this report
No stratigraphic name is here given to the coal-bearingrocks of the Thar coal field these strata are labeled bedshyrock on all of the stratigraphic diagrams in this report As stated above these rocks are Paleocene to Eocene in age onthe basis of palynological evidence Additial dics or fossils from marine interbeds in the coal-bearing sequencefrom several test holes in the western part of the coal field are now in progress and it is hoped that those studies will more
define the age of the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field The coal-bearing strata appear to be equivalent to the upper part of the Raikot Group or more likely the lower part of the Laki Formation (fig 4) but available evidence indicates that these coals are probably younger than the coals of the Indus valley coal fields to the west (fields 1-4 of figure 1) Coal-bearing rocks in coal fields of western India have been dated as Eocene and major Eocene-age Indian coal deposits in the Panandhro region south of the Rann ofKutch and the Barmer region due east of the Thar coal field (Gowrisankaran and others 1987) provide evidence that coal occurrences in rocks of Eocene age are widespread
south east and northeast of the Thar coal field area
THAR COAL FIELD
The data on which this report is based were obtained by drilling 38 coal test holes in the Thar Desert In addition information about the Tharcoal field was obtained from geophysical logs and sanple descripions from water well
TH-6 The coal test drilling was conducteu Ly the Geologishycal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) drill crews using GSP drill rigs geological work during the drilling program including core description and coal-core sampling was done princishypally by GSP geologists with some oversight and assistance provided by USGS geologists for the drill holes prefixed TPshyand by John T Boyd Company personnel for holes STP- I through STP-10 The GSP selected the locations drilled and carried out the geologic work for holes STP- 11 through
6
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
K~INDIA 0T
90
a o
250- 0 G
IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
+o
7000
1 + IV INDIA
7030
i
7100
OPadra
I t I
SUniarkot TP20
Z- INDIA
14I
1I3
II64Chac r
Z ~VU
1P
24U -
a
7
00
11D
6
SW i 292 IA
St v 741srv
oL
Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
--
No I I
Coal
srr
c~
Nagar Parkar
rr
o
I
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
-- A INDIA
Gadra
1
2530 I I
EG14Pr25
n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
Ia INDIA
OF
11+15
2500 12
1P lt TPI +n i+ SWP2 e 1
I 6 vpIpd N o
0 P o
bullT 7L oIt
1P4
2430 Rann of Kuich fault zone
- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
MIA_
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
INDIA
-to Gadra
2530
Umarkot T25
TP 2 22 INDIA
I 4I
I i i P 19
Cbachro
Is 1 TP 4
25O -0
7P 13 To K T llone 3
SIP T
S 9 P7 P S
Y 0 ST6
IIlO
TP41 Rann of Kutch faur zone5E
u
oD-- Nagar Parker SIPI13 a
INDIA
Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
- Gadra
2521
UmaTko31 TDo
lip
TP2 2
K INDIA
250
am 2M
Chachro 4z1
D
6244
Midii
bullr
0 N
243 S627
24 - era
Rann ol Kul fauh zone
u
amp
i
-
N agar Parkar
INDIA Rann of Kutch o
Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
STP
T lJTP sit a
INDIA
_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
CONTENTS
Page Abstract I Introduction I
Discovery of the Thar coal fieu I Drilling-exploration program for the Thar field 2 Purpose and scope 3 Acknowledgm ents 4 Geography 4
General geology 5 Thar coal field 6
Field limits 7 Total coal thickness 9
Coal thickness m easurem ents and methodology 9 Coal distribution 10
Coal-bench correlation 10 Coal quality 10
Sample collection and analysis 10 Heating values 12 Moisture 12 Sulfur 12 Ash 14
Overburden 14 Structure 17 Coal resources 17 Summary of Thar coal field characteristics 21
Comparison with other coal fields of South Asia 22 Geologic history 23
General 23 Coal-deposition model 23
References cited 23 Append- es 25
Appendix 1 Stratigraphic columns for Thar drill holes 25 Appendix 2- Coal-analyses tables for Thar coal field 47 Appendix 3-Structural cross sections across Thar coal field 69
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures Figure 1 Pakistan coal field location map 2 Figure 2 Thar coal field index map 3 Figure 3 Regional geologic cross section from Nabisar 1 drill hole to TP-25 5 Figure 4 Stratigraphic column for Nabisar I drill hole 6 Figure 5 Granite basement structure contour map 7 Figure 6 Total coal isopach map 9 Figure 7 Thickest coal bench isopach map 11
Figure 8 C oal correlation diagram 13 Figure 9 Heating value (as received) isopleth map 15 Figure 10 Total overburden isopach map 16 Figure 11 Structure map on top of first coal bed 18 Figure 12 Isopach map of coal with less than 150 m of overburden 19
Fables
Table 1 Locations and summary data for Thar drill holes 8 Table 2 Summary of selected coal analyses for Thar drill holes 14 Table 3 Total-coal tonnage for Thar coal field 20 Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-in of overburden 21 Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole 22
I
Geology and Coal Resources of the Thar Coal Field Sindh Province Pakistan
by
James E Fassett and Nasir A Durrani
Abstract
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeast Pakistan in eastern Sindh Province The coal field area is 9000 square kilometers with dimensions of 140 km (north-south) by 65 km (east-west) the field area is bounded by the Pakistan-India border to the north east and south The field area is covered by northeastshytrending longitudinal stabilized sand dunes with topographic relief of upto 100 m The Tharis essentially roadless with tracks through the sand being the principal transportation routes mandating four-wheel drive vehicles The Mirpur Khas -Khokhropar Branch Railroad traverses the desert just northwest of the field area Total coal tonnagefor the field is 78196555800 metric tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an average as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfurpercentage of 157 and as-received ash percentage of 883 percent The averagedry and ash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu Average as received moisture content is4857 percent Nine drill holes inthe south-central part of the field contain more than 24 mof total coal six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 mthick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 mthick containingonly three partings in its upper part measuring 105 m 9 m and 41 mthick The shallowest coal inthe field lies at a depth of 123 m the deepest coal (depth to 1st coal bed) isat 245 m The field contains 3962385900 metric tons of coal at a depth of less than 150 m All of the drill holes in the field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of the Thar Desert isas much as 100 m the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered on average by an additional tens of meters of dune sand
The thickest coals in the field are closer to the surface over a structural dome inthe south-central part of the Thar coal field A northeast trending fault forms the boundary of the Thar field in the southeast east of this fault the coal-bearinq ocks were uplifted as much as 150 m and were probably eroded prior to deposition of the overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probably represents the maximum southern extent of minable coal inthe field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward inthe northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age probably early Eocene Available evidence indicates that the Thar coals may have been deposited in a raised-bog environment landward (east)of a north-trending coastline
INTRODUCTION
The Thar coal field islocated in the eastern partof Sindh Province Pakistan inthe Thar Desert (fig 1) The discovery of this giant coal field was the culmination of acoal explo-ration and assessment program (COALREAP) involving the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Geologi-cal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) This program was carried out under the auspices of the United States Agency for Interna-tional Development (USAID) the program began in 1985 and formally ended on June 30 1993 The princoal goals of the USGSG3P program were to improve the professional capabilities of the GSP staff particularly in fhe area of coal exploration andassessment and toexamine in detail the coal resource potential of Pakistan
Discovery of the Thar Coal Field
The first tangible indication that coal was present be-neath the sands of the Thar Desert came with the drilling of five water wells by theBritish Overseas Development Agency
(ODA) in cooperation with the Sindh Arid Zone Developshyment Authority (SAZDA) (This account of the discovery of coal in tie Thar Desert is largely derived from areport by SanFilipo and others 1992) Water well ODA2 was drilled in 1988 near the village of Khario Ghulam Shah about 15 kin east of Islamkot (fig 2) The description of cuttings from this well noted carbonaceous shale (sic) between depths of 1265 in and 1295 m Inaddition the sample log gave the following description for the interval from 1296 in and 1320 im CARBONACEOUS SHALE very fine dark but variably coloured some resin and amber some lignite rare chalcopyrite The interval from 1296 mand 1320 in in this well was cored The core was examined inFebruary 1989 by USGS and GSP geologists who detennined that most of the cored interval was coal
On the basis of the presence of coal in the ODA2 water well the USGSGSP examined and described drill cuttingsfrom other nearby SAZDA wells and in March 1989 geoshyphysically logged water well TH-5 near Dhaklo (essentially the sane location as TP-1 on fig 2) and in July 1989 geophysically logged water well TH-6 near Chachro On the
1
64 72
COAL FIELDS TAJIKISTAN 1 Sonda East 2 Sonda-Thatta
CH]IIA
3 Meting-Jhimpir 4 Lakhra
Northern 6 Dureji 7 Balgor
Sanni AFGHANISTAN North- 9 Johan 10 Mach-Ab E Gum 11 Abi Gul
12 Margat13 Pir Ismail Ziarat
11 bi ui
FedAdmmd2h
21 -
est 25 roptierl - t
2 24 Azad bull
320 14 Sor Range-Daghari 15 Kach 16 Khost-Sharig-Harnai
Tribal Areass p
$ r
23 17 Duki18 Cham along19 Badinzai 15
I
J 20 Makarwal-Kurd-Sho 1-
1916 Y
21 Cherat 14 17
22 Choi 23 Salt Rango24 Koti25 Khilla Muzatfarabad 26 Hangu
0
~-
I
08 V 13M INDIA
Balochistan
IRAN Sindh
7 661
24 ARABIAN SEA 2
0 200Km
0 200 Mi
Figure 1 Map of Pakistan showing locations and names of coal fields and coal occurrences the Thar coal field area isshown atlarger scale on figure 2 of this report
basis of these geophysical logs it was estimated that the total locating the 21 test holes over a more or less uniform gridcoal present in well TH-5 was 19 m and in well TH-6 the total covering that part of the desert thought to be underlain bycoal thickness was 161 in (TH-6 is used as a control point in significant coal resources This drilling pattern resulted in this report and its total coal thickness has been re-estimated to a drill-hole spacing averaging about 22 km (These 21 holes be 125 in) The confirmation of the presence of very thick plus the initial 4 Thar Desert test holes have the prefix TPshycoal beds on geophysical logs in the Thar Desert ultimately led in this report TP stands for Thar Parker and administrashyto a modest 4-hole coal test drilling progrn in the Thar that tive district of Sindh Province) This strategy proved to be was conducted in February through July 1992 This drilling quite successful in that it almost totally defined the limits of confirmed the presence of tie thickest coal beds yet found in the field (with the exception of the southern boundary of the Pakistan test hole TP-3 penetrated nearly 30 m of coal and field which is as yet still not clearly defined) The 21-hole contiined a bench of unbroken coal nearly 20 in thick drilling program ended in mid-summer 1993
During the last quarter of 1993 an additional 10 test holes were drilled under a contract with the John T Boyd CornshyDrilling-Exploration Program for the Thar pany under the auspices ofUSAID The focusofthis 10-hole
Field drilling program was to conduct in-fill drilling in the southshycentral part of the field where the coal was known to beIn October 1992 the GSPUSGS began a2l-holeexplo- thickest and shallowest to gather data for a preliminary
ration program to define the magnitude and geographic determination of the mining-ergineering parameters of the limits of theThar coal field The drilling plan was based on Tharfield The Boyd drilling was completed in late December
2
7O00 7030 7100r
INDIA
lb Gadra I
TP-31 TP-30 Irr0D CD
4
I TP-28f
TP-22 TP-23
Umako -6 P-5 TPP14 INDIA
rT-92P-180EP-20 22oa TP-19
TP1rP-12 TP1
F STP- a k 0Fil~
TPTP2 I - TP-8G 7 TP H
STP-1 i -T
TIsamkot ST TP-7
TP-5 141-STP23-HTP- s -
P-1SI 1D ST T- 1
STP-13 - bull-shy I I Nagar Parka
-- INDIA S i -
Rann of Kutch 05 iai
Figure 2 Index map ofthe Thar coal field area showing locations of all coal test holes plus water well TH-6 and lines of eight structural cross sections A-A through H-H The dolled line beginning at drill hole TP-10 and ending at drill hole TP-12 is the line of the coalshycorrelation diagram (fig 8) The line of seismic ection 107 of figure 3 is also shown
1993 In January 1994 the GSP drilled 3 additiona coal test analyses were not available at the time of writing of this holes under the auspices of US AID (The 10 John T Boyd report holes and the three GSP holes have the prefix STP- in this report STP stands for Sindh Thar Parker) Purpose and Scope
CoAsamples were collected for analysis by the USGS GSP from the first 25 Tharcoal field test holesandtie results The Thar field has enormous economic potential for of those analyses are summarized in this report (table 2 and Pakistan because it contains 78 billion metric tons of total appendix 2) Coal samples were collected for analysis from coal in place when this tonnage is added to Pakistans the 10 John T Boyd drill holes but the results of those previously known resource base of9 billion metric tons the
3
total resources of 87 billion metric tons of coal resources for Pakistan vaults the country to 1 th place in a list of 12 countries in the world with the most reported estimated coal resources as shown ol the following table (modified from Landis and Weaver 1993) resources are in millions of metric tons
1 USSR (for-ner) 4405900 2 USA 1570262 3 China 1566500 4 Australia 785226 5 Germany 285400 6 Great Britain 190000 7 Poland 184000 8 South Africa 129100 9 India 115402 10 Botswana 107000 II Pakistan 87000 12 Canada 63000
Prior to the discovery of the Thar field Pakistan was not even in the top 20 countries with significant coal resources
Because the economic potential of the Thar field is so significant for Pakistan it is important to quickly make available the basic geologic facts of this deposit and that is the purpose of this report These facts are presented herein primarily in the form of figures and tables A detailed disussion of the geologic setting of the Thar field within the tectonic and stratigraphic environs of Pakistan and South Asia is beyond the scope of this report
Acknowledgments
The basic hard dirty and physically demanding work of gathering tile data that this report is based on fell primarily on the shoulders of the GSP drilling crews drill-site geolo-gists and geophysicists assigned to work on the Thar coal-drilling program These personnel worked long hours in aadrilingprogwnTheepesonel wrke log hors n very harsh environment in order to successfully complete the Thar Desert coal test drilling program There is not space enough to list all of the many persons who participated in the discovery and definition of the Thar coal field but recogni-tion must be given to the well-site geologists whose core descriptions form the basis for this report they are A A Shah H Chandio M D Khan SA Khan Z M Khan G S Lashari A R Memon and M A Tagar the field geophysicists responsible for conducting the geophysical logging of the test holes are Mehtab ur Rehman Mujeeb Ahmad and MA Nizmani Five USGS geologists were involved in tours of duty (in the Thi- exploration program overseeing the drilling in the Thar Desert and making detailed core descriptions of thie rill core these persons wereJohnSanFilipo PeterWarwick BruceWardlaw Roger Thomas and Ellie Brouwers The true discoverer of the Thar coal field USGS geologist John SanFilipo deserves special recognition it was Johns perseverance and stubborn
4
insistence on following up on the initial ODA coal discovery that ultimately led to tie Thar coal test drilling progran and the discovery anrd definition of the Thar coal field
Upper-level management in the GSP were totally supshyportiveoftheThardrillingprogramandtheireffornscontribshyuted greatly to the success ofthe drilling prograin We would especially like to thank Farhat Hussain who was Director General of the GSPduring the time theThardrilling program was conceived and executed Dr Hussains patient and continuing support was invaluable in helping to resolve all of the many crises and problems that developed in the course of putting this drilling program together without Dr Hussains strong and able leadership of the GSP during his tenure as Director General the Thar drilling program and definition of the Thar coal field would probably not have occurred
Geography
The Thar Desert of Pakistan is part of a much larger desert extending to the north and east into India The Thar coal field is located in the Pakistan part of the Thar Desert in the eastern part of Sindh Province (fig 1) The Thar Desert of Pakistan is bounded to the north east and south by the Indian border and on the west by the irrigated Indus River flood plain The Indian border to the south follows the shorelineoftheGreatRannofKutch agreat shallowarm of the Arabian Sca that is seasonally dry The Tharcoal field as presently defined is about 140 kn long (north trend) and about 65 km wide (east trend) covering an area of 9100 square km
The terrain is generally topographically higher in the northern and eastern parts of the field area with elevationsranging from near sea level in the south to more than 200 m aibove sea level in the northeast Most of the sand dunes of the Thar are stabilized by scrub vegetation and grasses The dunes are longitudinal with a northeast tren dg have T
re ongi tens of meteast tend Thae a relief ranging from tens of meters to 100 riieters There isnodrainage system developed in the Tharcoal fieldarea When the monsoon rains fall the water is immediately absorbed by the sand orrarely during heavy downpours flows very short distances down into the low-lying interdune areas where it is quickly absorbed
Precipitation is seasonal coming normally during the monsoon monthsofJune to Septemberbutdrought yearsare not uncommon For example a seven-year drought was broken by very heavy rains in September 1992 as the 21shydrill-hole program (holes TP-5 through TP-31) was just getting under way Averageannual rainfall ranges from 200 to 300 mm the amount of average annual rainfall increases from northwest to southeast Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures range from 35C to 19C maximum daily temperatures commonly exceed 45C in April through June (Ploethner 1992) The Thar Desert has been characerized as one of the most densely populated deserts in the world the 1982 government census showed the population at nearly one million people
West 762 km ------- 169km - East Eocene and younger
0 Nabisar 1 rPaleocene and Eocene TP-25 TP-28
o - - - __ Pre-Cambrian Basement --
-5- ti - - 5-w- - - - 5 - l - 1 - I
- - I -
S - - I
6 - - I - _ - - - shy7 SI bull - bull I
Figure 3 Structural cross section from Nabisar 1 oil and gas test hole through drill hole TP-25 and east of TP28 showing the
configuration of the basement poundanite and the distributionof the setmentary rocks along the line of section This figure is modified from figure 8 in Ahmad and others (1993) based on an oil and gas exploration seismic profile The stratigraphic cotumn for the Nabisar 1 drill hole is figure 4 of this report
The people of the Thar are primarily pastoral livestock consists of cattle sheep goals camunels horses and donkeys bur the low-lying interdune areas are heavily farmed when-ever the monsoon rains cooperte The crops raised are
primarily rapid-growing and maturing millets and pulsesThe people of the Thurdepend on dug wells as their primary source of water The water is typically quite salty but potable Immediately following the monsoon rains rela-tively shadlow wells producing very fresh water e utilizedt in some of the broader low-lying interdune playa flats these wells must obviously be producing fro perched ephemeral m aquifers A detailed study of the groundwater of the Thar Desert of Pakistan is avpilable (Ploethner 1992)
The only pavedroadin the Thr Desertextends fron the town of Naukot located west of the Thar coal field on the eastern edge of the irrigated Indus plain to Mithi west of the coal field area (fig 2) The other roads of the Thar consist of deep ruts in the sand and four-wheel drive vehicles araa necessity o traverse these roads Commercial transport into and out of the Thar Desert is provided by large six-heel drive trucks that serve as combination busses and goods Carriers C mels are the primary means of transport for the Thar people within thedesert The Mirpur Khas- Khokhlopar Branch railroad traverses the northwestern part of the Thar coal field area (fig 2)
GENERAL GEOLOGY rThe GENERGE LLOGYwere
The geology of the Tha Desert of Pakistan has been
poorly understood because the area is covered by dune sand to an average depth of approximately 80 in The only outcropping bedrock in the TharDesert of Pakistan is found at Nagar Parker (fig 2) where the striking red-granite basement rocks tower above the surrounding dunes (The basement rocks a~e not all granite there are minor amounts ofrhyoliteandmetamorphicrocksmixedinwiththegranite
but red granite seemns to be the dominant lithtology) The Thar coal field rests upon astructural platfonn in the eastern part of the desert This platform is underlain by relativelyshallow granite basement rock Figure 3 modified from a
report by Ahmad and Zaighmn (1993) provides a goodrepresentation of the subsurface geology of the Thar Desert area This figure is a northeafst-trending geolog crossi section that is an interpretation ofa geophysical seismic line that was run from the vicinity of the Nabisar i oil and gas test hole on the western edge of the desert nearly to the Pakistan-Indian border on the east This cross section shows that the granite basement rock dives down abruptly beneath the western part of the Thar Desert and is there highly faulted (Abad and Zaigham 1993 interpret three other seismic lines in the Thar coal field area)
At the Nabisar drill site the sedimentary rock sequence is nearly 4000 n thick drilled rocks at the Nabisar hole are 3000 m thick and consist of Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene and post-Eocene age rocks (figure 4 is a stratigraphic column of the Nabisar hole) As this cross section shows the sedimentary rock sequence thins tarkshyedly from west to east across the Tha-rDesert and in the Thd coal field area has an average thickness of about 250 n The depth to granite basement rocks in the Thar coal field ranges from 1530 m below sea level at drill site TP-20 to 66 m
below sea level at TP-6 (fig 5)available seismic records in the Thar coal field area
designed for oil and gas exploration purposes and hence designed to show stratigraphic relations at depth For thatreasonthedefinitionofthestratigraphyoftheupperfew
hundred meters on these seismic profiles is so poor as to be useless For this reasOa the Ahrad and Zighain (1993) cross section on which figure 3 of this report is based is essentially blank above the granite on its eastern end where the sedimentary sequence is close to the surface The intershypretation of the subsurface relationships in the area of the Thar field (east of the point where the upper Jurassic
5
System Formation Depth Thickness or Series or Group (meters) Uthology (meters)
SiwalikPOST EOCENE (Aluvium) 226-
-ilhr226 shy iEOCENE 263 - - -
Laki 149 412
PALEOCENE Ranikof PALECEN niko 561- 149-14
Lower 282 Goru
843 CRETACEOUS
Sembar 494
1337
Chiltan 373
1710-o
JURASSIC
Shirinab1 0
16
narrowly
2773
TRIASSIC Wulgai 283 3055 _TD
Figure 4 Stratigraphic column of the Nabisar 1oil and gas testhole location of this hole is shown on figure 2 This figure is adaptedfromtheSTANVACinterpretationreportfortheprospect of Nabisar 1959
carbonates of the Chiltan Formation are shown ending) on figure 3 is our modification of the original figure by Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) We here show an unconformity at the base of the PaleoceneEocene sequence in the Thar field area truncating the underlying sedimentary rock sequence east-ward to the point where the PaleoceneEocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite
Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) conclude in their report that the thickest coal ia theTar coal field is Jurassic inage based on the physical tracing of geologic contacts on seismic sccuons Publisledpdynological studies ofcuttingssamples however from two water wells from these same coal-bearing sequences in the vicinity of drill hole TP- Iand east of lslamkot clearly indicate that the coal-bearing strataare of late Paleocene to early Eocene age (see Report on Referred Fossils by Frederiksen appendix 6 in SanFilipo and others 1991) Frederiksen has subsequently examined rock samples
collected from drill core from drill holes TP- 1TP-3 TP-4TP-5 and TP-7 and he reports that these samples undoubtedly come from close to the Paleocene-Eoceneboundary and the preponderance of evidence may favor an early Eocene age (Frederiksen written communication 1993) On the basis ofall available evidence it is ouropinionthat the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field arc all latePaleocene to early Eocene in age (This subject is discussed further in the Geologic History section of this report)
The stratigraphic sequence in all of the Thar Desert coal
test holes is essentially the same in each drill hole there is an interval of dune sand ranging from 14 m to 93 m thick followed by an interval of what is thought to be relativelyrecent Indus-valley alluvi- ranging from 11 m to 209 m thick followed by the coal-bearing bedrock interval ranging from zero to 185 m thick Nine of the test holes penetrated granite at or near their total depths (table I and fig 5) Stratigraphic columns for the 38 coal test holes plus the water well TH-6 are in appendix 1 of this report
No stratigraphic name is here given to the coal-bearingrocks of the Thar coal field these strata are labeled bedshyrock on all of the stratigraphic diagrams in this report As stated above these rocks are Paleocene to Eocene in age onthe basis of palynological evidence Additial dics or fossils from marine interbeds in the coal-bearing sequencefrom several test holes in the western part of the coal field are now in progress and it is hoped that those studies will more
define the age of the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field The coal-bearing strata appear to be equivalent to the upper part of the Raikot Group or more likely the lower part of the Laki Formation (fig 4) but available evidence indicates that these coals are probably younger than the coals of the Indus valley coal fields to the west (fields 1-4 of figure 1) Coal-bearing rocks in coal fields of western India have been dated as Eocene and major Eocene-age Indian coal deposits in the Panandhro region south of the Rann ofKutch and the Barmer region due east of the Thar coal field (Gowrisankaran and others 1987) provide evidence that coal occurrences in rocks of Eocene age are widespread
south east and northeast of the Thar coal field area
THAR COAL FIELD
The data on which this report is based were obtained by drilling 38 coal test holes in the Thar Desert In addition information about the Tharcoal field was obtained from geophysical logs and sanple descripions from water well
TH-6 The coal test drilling was conducteu Ly the Geologishycal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) drill crews using GSP drill rigs geological work during the drilling program including core description and coal-core sampling was done princishypally by GSP geologists with some oversight and assistance provided by USGS geologists for the drill holes prefixed TPshyand by John T Boyd Company personnel for holes STP- I through STP-10 The GSP selected the locations drilled and carried out the geologic work for holes STP- 11 through
6
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
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IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
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7000
1 + IV INDIA
7030
i
7100
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I t I
SUniarkot TP20
Z- INDIA
14I
1I3
II64Chac r
Z ~VU
1P
24U -
a
7
00
11D
6
SW i 292 IA
St v 741srv
oL
Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
--
No I I
Coal
srr
c~
Nagar Parkar
rr
o
I
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
-- A INDIA
Gadra
1
2530 I I
EG14Pr25
n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
Ia INDIA
OF
11+15
2500 12
1P lt TPI +n i+ SWP2 e 1
I 6 vpIpd N o
0 P o
bullT 7L oIt
1P4
2430 Rann of Kuich fault zone
- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
MIA_
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
INDIA
-to Gadra
2530
Umarkot T25
TP 2 22 INDIA
I 4I
I i i P 19
Cbachro
Is 1 TP 4
25O -0
7P 13 To K T llone 3
SIP T
S 9 P7 P S
Y 0 ST6
IIlO
TP41 Rann of Kutch faur zone5E
u
oD-- Nagar Parker SIPI13 a
INDIA
Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
- Gadra
2521
UmaTko31 TDo
lip
TP2 2
K INDIA
250
am 2M
Chachro 4z1
D
6244
Midii
bullr
0 N
243 S627
24 - era
Rann ol Kul fauh zone
u
amp
i
-
N agar Parkar
INDIA Rann of Kutch o
Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
STP
T lJTP sit a
INDIA
_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
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2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
Figure 8 C oal correlation diagram 13 Figure 9 Heating value (as received) isopleth map 15 Figure 10 Total overburden isopach map 16 Figure 11 Structure map on top of first coal bed 18 Figure 12 Isopach map of coal with less than 150 m of overburden 19
Fables
Table 1 Locations and summary data for Thar drill holes 8 Table 2 Summary of selected coal analyses for Thar drill holes 14 Table 3 Total-coal tonnage for Thar coal field 20 Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-in of overburden 21 Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole 22
I
Geology and Coal Resources of the Thar Coal Field Sindh Province Pakistan
by
James E Fassett and Nasir A Durrani
Abstract
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeast Pakistan in eastern Sindh Province The coal field area is 9000 square kilometers with dimensions of 140 km (north-south) by 65 km (east-west) the field area is bounded by the Pakistan-India border to the north east and south The field area is covered by northeastshytrending longitudinal stabilized sand dunes with topographic relief of upto 100 m The Tharis essentially roadless with tracks through the sand being the principal transportation routes mandating four-wheel drive vehicles The Mirpur Khas -Khokhropar Branch Railroad traverses the desert just northwest of the field area Total coal tonnagefor the field is 78196555800 metric tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an average as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfurpercentage of 157 and as-received ash percentage of 883 percent The averagedry and ash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu Average as received moisture content is4857 percent Nine drill holes inthe south-central part of the field contain more than 24 mof total coal six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 mthick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 mthick containingonly three partings in its upper part measuring 105 m 9 m and 41 mthick The shallowest coal inthe field lies at a depth of 123 m the deepest coal (depth to 1st coal bed) isat 245 m The field contains 3962385900 metric tons of coal at a depth of less than 150 m All of the drill holes in the field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of the Thar Desert isas much as 100 m the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered on average by an additional tens of meters of dune sand
The thickest coals in the field are closer to the surface over a structural dome inthe south-central part of the Thar coal field A northeast trending fault forms the boundary of the Thar field in the southeast east of this fault the coal-bearinq ocks were uplifted as much as 150 m and were probably eroded prior to deposition of the overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probably represents the maximum southern extent of minable coal inthe field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward inthe northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age probably early Eocene Available evidence indicates that the Thar coals may have been deposited in a raised-bog environment landward (east)of a north-trending coastline
INTRODUCTION
The Thar coal field islocated in the eastern partof Sindh Province Pakistan inthe Thar Desert (fig 1) The discovery of this giant coal field was the culmination of acoal explo-ration and assessment program (COALREAP) involving the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Geologi-cal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) This program was carried out under the auspices of the United States Agency for Interna-tional Development (USAID) the program began in 1985 and formally ended on June 30 1993 The princoal goals of the USGSG3P program were to improve the professional capabilities of the GSP staff particularly in fhe area of coal exploration andassessment and toexamine in detail the coal resource potential of Pakistan
Discovery of the Thar Coal Field
The first tangible indication that coal was present be-neath the sands of the Thar Desert came with the drilling of five water wells by theBritish Overseas Development Agency
(ODA) in cooperation with the Sindh Arid Zone Developshyment Authority (SAZDA) (This account of the discovery of coal in tie Thar Desert is largely derived from areport by SanFilipo and others 1992) Water well ODA2 was drilled in 1988 near the village of Khario Ghulam Shah about 15 kin east of Islamkot (fig 2) The description of cuttings from this well noted carbonaceous shale (sic) between depths of 1265 in and 1295 m Inaddition the sample log gave the following description for the interval from 1296 in and 1320 im CARBONACEOUS SHALE very fine dark but variably coloured some resin and amber some lignite rare chalcopyrite The interval from 1296 mand 1320 in in this well was cored The core was examined inFebruary 1989 by USGS and GSP geologists who detennined that most of the cored interval was coal
On the basis of the presence of coal in the ODA2 water well the USGSGSP examined and described drill cuttingsfrom other nearby SAZDA wells and in March 1989 geoshyphysically logged water well TH-5 near Dhaklo (essentially the sane location as TP-1 on fig 2) and in July 1989 geophysically logged water well TH-6 near Chachro On the
1
64 72
COAL FIELDS TAJIKISTAN 1 Sonda East 2 Sonda-Thatta
CH]IIA
3 Meting-Jhimpir 4 Lakhra
Northern 6 Dureji 7 Balgor
Sanni AFGHANISTAN North- 9 Johan 10 Mach-Ab E Gum 11 Abi Gul
12 Margat13 Pir Ismail Ziarat
11 bi ui
FedAdmmd2h
21 -
est 25 roptierl - t
2 24 Azad bull
320 14 Sor Range-Daghari 15 Kach 16 Khost-Sharig-Harnai
Tribal Areass p
$ r
23 17 Duki18 Cham along19 Badinzai 15
I
J 20 Makarwal-Kurd-Sho 1-
1916 Y
21 Cherat 14 17
22 Choi 23 Salt Rango24 Koti25 Khilla Muzatfarabad 26 Hangu
0
~-
I
08 V 13M INDIA
Balochistan
IRAN Sindh
7 661
24 ARABIAN SEA 2
0 200Km
0 200 Mi
Figure 1 Map of Pakistan showing locations and names of coal fields and coal occurrences the Thar coal field area isshown atlarger scale on figure 2 of this report
basis of these geophysical logs it was estimated that the total locating the 21 test holes over a more or less uniform gridcoal present in well TH-5 was 19 m and in well TH-6 the total covering that part of the desert thought to be underlain bycoal thickness was 161 in (TH-6 is used as a control point in significant coal resources This drilling pattern resulted in this report and its total coal thickness has been re-estimated to a drill-hole spacing averaging about 22 km (These 21 holes be 125 in) The confirmation of the presence of very thick plus the initial 4 Thar Desert test holes have the prefix TPshycoal beds on geophysical logs in the Thar Desert ultimately led in this report TP stands for Thar Parker and administrashyto a modest 4-hole coal test drilling progrn in the Thar that tive district of Sindh Province) This strategy proved to be was conducted in February through July 1992 This drilling quite successful in that it almost totally defined the limits of confirmed the presence of tie thickest coal beds yet found in the field (with the exception of the southern boundary of the Pakistan test hole TP-3 penetrated nearly 30 m of coal and field which is as yet still not clearly defined) The 21-hole contiined a bench of unbroken coal nearly 20 in thick drilling program ended in mid-summer 1993
During the last quarter of 1993 an additional 10 test holes were drilled under a contract with the John T Boyd CornshyDrilling-Exploration Program for the Thar pany under the auspices ofUSAID The focusofthis 10-hole
Field drilling program was to conduct in-fill drilling in the southshycentral part of the field where the coal was known to beIn October 1992 the GSPUSGS began a2l-holeexplo- thickest and shallowest to gather data for a preliminary
ration program to define the magnitude and geographic determination of the mining-ergineering parameters of the limits of theThar coal field The drilling plan was based on Tharfield The Boyd drilling was completed in late December
2
7O00 7030 7100r
INDIA
lb Gadra I
TP-31 TP-30 Irr0D CD
4
I TP-28f
TP-22 TP-23
Umako -6 P-5 TPP14 INDIA
rT-92P-180EP-20 22oa TP-19
TP1rP-12 TP1
F STP- a k 0Fil~
TPTP2 I - TP-8G 7 TP H
STP-1 i -T
TIsamkot ST TP-7
TP-5 141-STP23-HTP- s -
P-1SI 1D ST T- 1
STP-13 - bull-shy I I Nagar Parka
-- INDIA S i -
Rann of Kutch 05 iai
Figure 2 Index map ofthe Thar coal field area showing locations of all coal test holes plus water well TH-6 and lines of eight structural cross sections A-A through H-H The dolled line beginning at drill hole TP-10 and ending at drill hole TP-12 is the line of the coalshycorrelation diagram (fig 8) The line of seismic ection 107 of figure 3 is also shown
1993 In January 1994 the GSP drilled 3 additiona coal test analyses were not available at the time of writing of this holes under the auspices of US AID (The 10 John T Boyd report holes and the three GSP holes have the prefix STP- in this report STP stands for Sindh Thar Parker) Purpose and Scope
CoAsamples were collected for analysis by the USGS GSP from the first 25 Tharcoal field test holesandtie results The Thar field has enormous economic potential for of those analyses are summarized in this report (table 2 and Pakistan because it contains 78 billion metric tons of total appendix 2) Coal samples were collected for analysis from coal in place when this tonnage is added to Pakistans the 10 John T Boyd drill holes but the results of those previously known resource base of9 billion metric tons the
3
total resources of 87 billion metric tons of coal resources for Pakistan vaults the country to 1 th place in a list of 12 countries in the world with the most reported estimated coal resources as shown ol the following table (modified from Landis and Weaver 1993) resources are in millions of metric tons
1 USSR (for-ner) 4405900 2 USA 1570262 3 China 1566500 4 Australia 785226 5 Germany 285400 6 Great Britain 190000 7 Poland 184000 8 South Africa 129100 9 India 115402 10 Botswana 107000 II Pakistan 87000 12 Canada 63000
Prior to the discovery of the Thar field Pakistan was not even in the top 20 countries with significant coal resources
Because the economic potential of the Thar field is so significant for Pakistan it is important to quickly make available the basic geologic facts of this deposit and that is the purpose of this report These facts are presented herein primarily in the form of figures and tables A detailed disussion of the geologic setting of the Thar field within the tectonic and stratigraphic environs of Pakistan and South Asia is beyond the scope of this report
Acknowledgments
The basic hard dirty and physically demanding work of gathering tile data that this report is based on fell primarily on the shoulders of the GSP drilling crews drill-site geolo-gists and geophysicists assigned to work on the Thar coal-drilling program These personnel worked long hours in aadrilingprogwnTheepesonel wrke log hors n very harsh environment in order to successfully complete the Thar Desert coal test drilling program There is not space enough to list all of the many persons who participated in the discovery and definition of the Thar coal field but recogni-tion must be given to the well-site geologists whose core descriptions form the basis for this report they are A A Shah H Chandio M D Khan SA Khan Z M Khan G S Lashari A R Memon and M A Tagar the field geophysicists responsible for conducting the geophysical logging of the test holes are Mehtab ur Rehman Mujeeb Ahmad and MA Nizmani Five USGS geologists were involved in tours of duty (in the Thi- exploration program overseeing the drilling in the Thar Desert and making detailed core descriptions of thie rill core these persons wereJohnSanFilipo PeterWarwick BruceWardlaw Roger Thomas and Ellie Brouwers The true discoverer of the Thar coal field USGS geologist John SanFilipo deserves special recognition it was Johns perseverance and stubborn
4
insistence on following up on the initial ODA coal discovery that ultimately led to tie Thar coal test drilling progran and the discovery anrd definition of the Thar coal field
Upper-level management in the GSP were totally supshyportiveoftheThardrillingprogramandtheireffornscontribshyuted greatly to the success ofthe drilling prograin We would especially like to thank Farhat Hussain who was Director General of the GSPduring the time theThardrilling program was conceived and executed Dr Hussains patient and continuing support was invaluable in helping to resolve all of the many crises and problems that developed in the course of putting this drilling program together without Dr Hussains strong and able leadership of the GSP during his tenure as Director General the Thar drilling program and definition of the Thar coal field would probably not have occurred
Geography
The Thar Desert of Pakistan is part of a much larger desert extending to the north and east into India The Thar coal field is located in the Pakistan part of the Thar Desert in the eastern part of Sindh Province (fig 1) The Thar Desert of Pakistan is bounded to the north east and south by the Indian border and on the west by the irrigated Indus River flood plain The Indian border to the south follows the shorelineoftheGreatRannofKutch agreat shallowarm of the Arabian Sca that is seasonally dry The Tharcoal field as presently defined is about 140 kn long (north trend) and about 65 km wide (east trend) covering an area of 9100 square km
The terrain is generally topographically higher in the northern and eastern parts of the field area with elevationsranging from near sea level in the south to more than 200 m aibove sea level in the northeast Most of the sand dunes of the Thar are stabilized by scrub vegetation and grasses The dunes are longitudinal with a northeast tren dg have T
re ongi tens of meteast tend Thae a relief ranging from tens of meters to 100 riieters There isnodrainage system developed in the Tharcoal fieldarea When the monsoon rains fall the water is immediately absorbed by the sand orrarely during heavy downpours flows very short distances down into the low-lying interdune areas where it is quickly absorbed
Precipitation is seasonal coming normally during the monsoon monthsofJune to Septemberbutdrought yearsare not uncommon For example a seven-year drought was broken by very heavy rains in September 1992 as the 21shydrill-hole program (holes TP-5 through TP-31) was just getting under way Averageannual rainfall ranges from 200 to 300 mm the amount of average annual rainfall increases from northwest to southeast Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures range from 35C to 19C maximum daily temperatures commonly exceed 45C in April through June (Ploethner 1992) The Thar Desert has been characerized as one of the most densely populated deserts in the world the 1982 government census showed the population at nearly one million people
West 762 km ------- 169km - East Eocene and younger
0 Nabisar 1 rPaleocene and Eocene TP-25 TP-28
o - - - __ Pre-Cambrian Basement --
-5- ti - - 5-w- - - - 5 - l - 1 - I
- - I -
S - - I
6 - - I - _ - - - shy7 SI bull - bull I
Figure 3 Structural cross section from Nabisar 1 oil and gas test hole through drill hole TP-25 and east of TP28 showing the
configuration of the basement poundanite and the distributionof the setmentary rocks along the line of section This figure is modified from figure 8 in Ahmad and others (1993) based on an oil and gas exploration seismic profile The stratigraphic cotumn for the Nabisar 1 drill hole is figure 4 of this report
The people of the Thar are primarily pastoral livestock consists of cattle sheep goals camunels horses and donkeys bur the low-lying interdune areas are heavily farmed when-ever the monsoon rains cooperte The crops raised are
primarily rapid-growing and maturing millets and pulsesThe people of the Thurdepend on dug wells as their primary source of water The water is typically quite salty but potable Immediately following the monsoon rains rela-tively shadlow wells producing very fresh water e utilizedt in some of the broader low-lying interdune playa flats these wells must obviously be producing fro perched ephemeral m aquifers A detailed study of the groundwater of the Thar Desert of Pakistan is avpilable (Ploethner 1992)
The only pavedroadin the Thr Desertextends fron the town of Naukot located west of the Thar coal field on the eastern edge of the irrigated Indus plain to Mithi west of the coal field area (fig 2) The other roads of the Thar consist of deep ruts in the sand and four-wheel drive vehicles araa necessity o traverse these roads Commercial transport into and out of the Thar Desert is provided by large six-heel drive trucks that serve as combination busses and goods Carriers C mels are the primary means of transport for the Thar people within thedesert The Mirpur Khas- Khokhlopar Branch railroad traverses the northwestern part of the Thar coal field area (fig 2)
GENERAL GEOLOGY rThe GENERGE LLOGYwere
The geology of the Tha Desert of Pakistan has been
poorly understood because the area is covered by dune sand to an average depth of approximately 80 in The only outcropping bedrock in the TharDesert of Pakistan is found at Nagar Parker (fig 2) where the striking red-granite basement rocks tower above the surrounding dunes (The basement rocks a~e not all granite there are minor amounts ofrhyoliteandmetamorphicrocksmixedinwiththegranite
but red granite seemns to be the dominant lithtology) The Thar coal field rests upon astructural platfonn in the eastern part of the desert This platform is underlain by relativelyshallow granite basement rock Figure 3 modified from a
report by Ahmad and Zaighmn (1993) provides a goodrepresentation of the subsurface geology of the Thar Desert area This figure is a northeafst-trending geolog crossi section that is an interpretation ofa geophysical seismic line that was run from the vicinity of the Nabisar i oil and gas test hole on the western edge of the desert nearly to the Pakistan-Indian border on the east This cross section shows that the granite basement rock dives down abruptly beneath the western part of the Thar Desert and is there highly faulted (Abad and Zaigham 1993 interpret three other seismic lines in the Thar coal field area)
At the Nabisar drill site the sedimentary rock sequence is nearly 4000 n thick drilled rocks at the Nabisar hole are 3000 m thick and consist of Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene and post-Eocene age rocks (figure 4 is a stratigraphic column of the Nabisar hole) As this cross section shows the sedimentary rock sequence thins tarkshyedly from west to east across the Tha-rDesert and in the Thd coal field area has an average thickness of about 250 n The depth to granite basement rocks in the Thar coal field ranges from 1530 m below sea level at drill site TP-20 to 66 m
below sea level at TP-6 (fig 5)available seismic records in the Thar coal field area
designed for oil and gas exploration purposes and hence designed to show stratigraphic relations at depth For thatreasonthedefinitionofthestratigraphyoftheupperfew
hundred meters on these seismic profiles is so poor as to be useless For this reasOa the Ahrad and Zighain (1993) cross section on which figure 3 of this report is based is essentially blank above the granite on its eastern end where the sedimentary sequence is close to the surface The intershypretation of the subsurface relationships in the area of the Thar field (east of the point where the upper Jurassic
5
System Formation Depth Thickness or Series or Group (meters) Uthology (meters)
SiwalikPOST EOCENE (Aluvium) 226-
-ilhr226 shy iEOCENE 263 - - -
Laki 149 412
PALEOCENE Ranikof PALECEN niko 561- 149-14
Lower 282 Goru
843 CRETACEOUS
Sembar 494
1337
Chiltan 373
1710-o
JURASSIC
Shirinab1 0
16
narrowly
2773
TRIASSIC Wulgai 283 3055 _TD
Figure 4 Stratigraphic column of the Nabisar 1oil and gas testhole location of this hole is shown on figure 2 This figure is adaptedfromtheSTANVACinterpretationreportfortheprospect of Nabisar 1959
carbonates of the Chiltan Formation are shown ending) on figure 3 is our modification of the original figure by Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) We here show an unconformity at the base of the PaleoceneEocene sequence in the Thar field area truncating the underlying sedimentary rock sequence east-ward to the point where the PaleoceneEocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite
Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) conclude in their report that the thickest coal ia theTar coal field is Jurassic inage based on the physical tracing of geologic contacts on seismic sccuons Publisledpdynological studies ofcuttingssamples however from two water wells from these same coal-bearing sequences in the vicinity of drill hole TP- Iand east of lslamkot clearly indicate that the coal-bearing strataare of late Paleocene to early Eocene age (see Report on Referred Fossils by Frederiksen appendix 6 in SanFilipo and others 1991) Frederiksen has subsequently examined rock samples
collected from drill core from drill holes TP- 1TP-3 TP-4TP-5 and TP-7 and he reports that these samples undoubtedly come from close to the Paleocene-Eoceneboundary and the preponderance of evidence may favor an early Eocene age (Frederiksen written communication 1993) On the basis ofall available evidence it is ouropinionthat the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field arc all latePaleocene to early Eocene in age (This subject is discussed further in the Geologic History section of this report)
The stratigraphic sequence in all of the Thar Desert coal
test holes is essentially the same in each drill hole there is an interval of dune sand ranging from 14 m to 93 m thick followed by an interval of what is thought to be relativelyrecent Indus-valley alluvi- ranging from 11 m to 209 m thick followed by the coal-bearing bedrock interval ranging from zero to 185 m thick Nine of the test holes penetrated granite at or near their total depths (table I and fig 5) Stratigraphic columns for the 38 coal test holes plus the water well TH-6 are in appendix 1 of this report
No stratigraphic name is here given to the coal-bearingrocks of the Thar coal field these strata are labeled bedshyrock on all of the stratigraphic diagrams in this report As stated above these rocks are Paleocene to Eocene in age onthe basis of palynological evidence Additial dics or fossils from marine interbeds in the coal-bearing sequencefrom several test holes in the western part of the coal field are now in progress and it is hoped that those studies will more
define the age of the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field The coal-bearing strata appear to be equivalent to the upper part of the Raikot Group or more likely the lower part of the Laki Formation (fig 4) but available evidence indicates that these coals are probably younger than the coals of the Indus valley coal fields to the west (fields 1-4 of figure 1) Coal-bearing rocks in coal fields of western India have been dated as Eocene and major Eocene-age Indian coal deposits in the Panandhro region south of the Rann ofKutch and the Barmer region due east of the Thar coal field (Gowrisankaran and others 1987) provide evidence that coal occurrences in rocks of Eocene age are widespread
south east and northeast of the Thar coal field area
THAR COAL FIELD
The data on which this report is based were obtained by drilling 38 coal test holes in the Thar Desert In addition information about the Tharcoal field was obtained from geophysical logs and sanple descripions from water well
TH-6 The coal test drilling was conducteu Ly the Geologishycal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) drill crews using GSP drill rigs geological work during the drilling program including core description and coal-core sampling was done princishypally by GSP geologists with some oversight and assistance provided by USGS geologists for the drill holes prefixed TPshyand by John T Boyd Company personnel for holes STP- I through STP-10 The GSP selected the locations drilled and carried out the geologic work for holes STP- 11 through
6
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
K~INDIA 0T
90
a o
250- 0 G
IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
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srr
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Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
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Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
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Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
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Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
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_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
Geology and Coal Resources of the Thar Coal Field Sindh Province Pakistan
by
James E Fassett and Nasir A Durrani
Abstract
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeast Pakistan in eastern Sindh Province The coal field area is 9000 square kilometers with dimensions of 140 km (north-south) by 65 km (east-west) the field area is bounded by the Pakistan-India border to the north east and south The field area is covered by northeastshytrending longitudinal stabilized sand dunes with topographic relief of upto 100 m The Tharis essentially roadless with tracks through the sand being the principal transportation routes mandating four-wheel drive vehicles The Mirpur Khas -Khokhropar Branch Railroad traverses the desert just northwest of the field area Total coal tonnagefor the field is 78196555800 metric tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an average as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfurpercentage of 157 and as-received ash percentage of 883 percent The averagedry and ash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu Average as received moisture content is4857 percent Nine drill holes inthe south-central part of the field contain more than 24 mof total coal six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 mthick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 mthick containingonly three partings in its upper part measuring 105 m 9 m and 41 mthick The shallowest coal inthe field lies at a depth of 123 m the deepest coal (depth to 1st coal bed) isat 245 m The field contains 3962385900 metric tons of coal at a depth of less than 150 m All of the drill holes in the field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of the Thar Desert isas much as 100 m the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered on average by an additional tens of meters of dune sand
The thickest coals in the field are closer to the surface over a structural dome inthe south-central part of the Thar coal field A northeast trending fault forms the boundary of the Thar field in the southeast east of this fault the coal-bearinq ocks were uplifted as much as 150 m and were probably eroded prior to deposition of the overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probably represents the maximum southern extent of minable coal inthe field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward inthe northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age probably early Eocene Available evidence indicates that the Thar coals may have been deposited in a raised-bog environment landward (east)of a north-trending coastline
INTRODUCTION
The Thar coal field islocated in the eastern partof Sindh Province Pakistan inthe Thar Desert (fig 1) The discovery of this giant coal field was the culmination of acoal explo-ration and assessment program (COALREAP) involving the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Geologi-cal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) This program was carried out under the auspices of the United States Agency for Interna-tional Development (USAID) the program began in 1985 and formally ended on June 30 1993 The princoal goals of the USGSG3P program were to improve the professional capabilities of the GSP staff particularly in fhe area of coal exploration andassessment and toexamine in detail the coal resource potential of Pakistan
Discovery of the Thar Coal Field
The first tangible indication that coal was present be-neath the sands of the Thar Desert came with the drilling of five water wells by theBritish Overseas Development Agency
(ODA) in cooperation with the Sindh Arid Zone Developshyment Authority (SAZDA) (This account of the discovery of coal in tie Thar Desert is largely derived from areport by SanFilipo and others 1992) Water well ODA2 was drilled in 1988 near the village of Khario Ghulam Shah about 15 kin east of Islamkot (fig 2) The description of cuttings from this well noted carbonaceous shale (sic) between depths of 1265 in and 1295 m Inaddition the sample log gave the following description for the interval from 1296 in and 1320 im CARBONACEOUS SHALE very fine dark but variably coloured some resin and amber some lignite rare chalcopyrite The interval from 1296 mand 1320 in in this well was cored The core was examined inFebruary 1989 by USGS and GSP geologists who detennined that most of the cored interval was coal
On the basis of the presence of coal in the ODA2 water well the USGSGSP examined and described drill cuttingsfrom other nearby SAZDA wells and in March 1989 geoshyphysically logged water well TH-5 near Dhaklo (essentially the sane location as TP-1 on fig 2) and in July 1989 geophysically logged water well TH-6 near Chachro On the
1
64 72
COAL FIELDS TAJIKISTAN 1 Sonda East 2 Sonda-Thatta
CH]IIA
3 Meting-Jhimpir 4 Lakhra
Northern 6 Dureji 7 Balgor
Sanni AFGHANISTAN North- 9 Johan 10 Mach-Ab E Gum 11 Abi Gul
12 Margat13 Pir Ismail Ziarat
11 bi ui
FedAdmmd2h
21 -
est 25 roptierl - t
2 24 Azad bull
320 14 Sor Range-Daghari 15 Kach 16 Khost-Sharig-Harnai
Tribal Areass p
$ r
23 17 Duki18 Cham along19 Badinzai 15
I
J 20 Makarwal-Kurd-Sho 1-
1916 Y
21 Cherat 14 17
22 Choi 23 Salt Rango24 Koti25 Khilla Muzatfarabad 26 Hangu
0
~-
I
08 V 13M INDIA
Balochistan
IRAN Sindh
7 661
24 ARABIAN SEA 2
0 200Km
0 200 Mi
Figure 1 Map of Pakistan showing locations and names of coal fields and coal occurrences the Thar coal field area isshown atlarger scale on figure 2 of this report
basis of these geophysical logs it was estimated that the total locating the 21 test holes over a more or less uniform gridcoal present in well TH-5 was 19 m and in well TH-6 the total covering that part of the desert thought to be underlain bycoal thickness was 161 in (TH-6 is used as a control point in significant coal resources This drilling pattern resulted in this report and its total coal thickness has been re-estimated to a drill-hole spacing averaging about 22 km (These 21 holes be 125 in) The confirmation of the presence of very thick plus the initial 4 Thar Desert test holes have the prefix TPshycoal beds on geophysical logs in the Thar Desert ultimately led in this report TP stands for Thar Parker and administrashyto a modest 4-hole coal test drilling progrn in the Thar that tive district of Sindh Province) This strategy proved to be was conducted in February through July 1992 This drilling quite successful in that it almost totally defined the limits of confirmed the presence of tie thickest coal beds yet found in the field (with the exception of the southern boundary of the Pakistan test hole TP-3 penetrated nearly 30 m of coal and field which is as yet still not clearly defined) The 21-hole contiined a bench of unbroken coal nearly 20 in thick drilling program ended in mid-summer 1993
During the last quarter of 1993 an additional 10 test holes were drilled under a contract with the John T Boyd CornshyDrilling-Exploration Program for the Thar pany under the auspices ofUSAID The focusofthis 10-hole
Field drilling program was to conduct in-fill drilling in the southshycentral part of the field where the coal was known to beIn October 1992 the GSPUSGS began a2l-holeexplo- thickest and shallowest to gather data for a preliminary
ration program to define the magnitude and geographic determination of the mining-ergineering parameters of the limits of theThar coal field The drilling plan was based on Tharfield The Boyd drilling was completed in late December
2
7O00 7030 7100r
INDIA
lb Gadra I
TP-31 TP-30 Irr0D CD
4
I TP-28f
TP-22 TP-23
Umako -6 P-5 TPP14 INDIA
rT-92P-180EP-20 22oa TP-19
TP1rP-12 TP1
F STP- a k 0Fil~
TPTP2 I - TP-8G 7 TP H
STP-1 i -T
TIsamkot ST TP-7
TP-5 141-STP23-HTP- s -
P-1SI 1D ST T- 1
STP-13 - bull-shy I I Nagar Parka
-- INDIA S i -
Rann of Kutch 05 iai
Figure 2 Index map ofthe Thar coal field area showing locations of all coal test holes plus water well TH-6 and lines of eight structural cross sections A-A through H-H The dolled line beginning at drill hole TP-10 and ending at drill hole TP-12 is the line of the coalshycorrelation diagram (fig 8) The line of seismic ection 107 of figure 3 is also shown
1993 In January 1994 the GSP drilled 3 additiona coal test analyses were not available at the time of writing of this holes under the auspices of US AID (The 10 John T Boyd report holes and the three GSP holes have the prefix STP- in this report STP stands for Sindh Thar Parker) Purpose and Scope
CoAsamples were collected for analysis by the USGS GSP from the first 25 Tharcoal field test holesandtie results The Thar field has enormous economic potential for of those analyses are summarized in this report (table 2 and Pakistan because it contains 78 billion metric tons of total appendix 2) Coal samples were collected for analysis from coal in place when this tonnage is added to Pakistans the 10 John T Boyd drill holes but the results of those previously known resource base of9 billion metric tons the
3
total resources of 87 billion metric tons of coal resources for Pakistan vaults the country to 1 th place in a list of 12 countries in the world with the most reported estimated coal resources as shown ol the following table (modified from Landis and Weaver 1993) resources are in millions of metric tons
1 USSR (for-ner) 4405900 2 USA 1570262 3 China 1566500 4 Australia 785226 5 Germany 285400 6 Great Britain 190000 7 Poland 184000 8 South Africa 129100 9 India 115402 10 Botswana 107000 II Pakistan 87000 12 Canada 63000
Prior to the discovery of the Thar field Pakistan was not even in the top 20 countries with significant coal resources
Because the economic potential of the Thar field is so significant for Pakistan it is important to quickly make available the basic geologic facts of this deposit and that is the purpose of this report These facts are presented herein primarily in the form of figures and tables A detailed disussion of the geologic setting of the Thar field within the tectonic and stratigraphic environs of Pakistan and South Asia is beyond the scope of this report
Acknowledgments
The basic hard dirty and physically demanding work of gathering tile data that this report is based on fell primarily on the shoulders of the GSP drilling crews drill-site geolo-gists and geophysicists assigned to work on the Thar coal-drilling program These personnel worked long hours in aadrilingprogwnTheepesonel wrke log hors n very harsh environment in order to successfully complete the Thar Desert coal test drilling program There is not space enough to list all of the many persons who participated in the discovery and definition of the Thar coal field but recogni-tion must be given to the well-site geologists whose core descriptions form the basis for this report they are A A Shah H Chandio M D Khan SA Khan Z M Khan G S Lashari A R Memon and M A Tagar the field geophysicists responsible for conducting the geophysical logging of the test holes are Mehtab ur Rehman Mujeeb Ahmad and MA Nizmani Five USGS geologists were involved in tours of duty (in the Thi- exploration program overseeing the drilling in the Thar Desert and making detailed core descriptions of thie rill core these persons wereJohnSanFilipo PeterWarwick BruceWardlaw Roger Thomas and Ellie Brouwers The true discoverer of the Thar coal field USGS geologist John SanFilipo deserves special recognition it was Johns perseverance and stubborn
4
insistence on following up on the initial ODA coal discovery that ultimately led to tie Thar coal test drilling progran and the discovery anrd definition of the Thar coal field
Upper-level management in the GSP were totally supshyportiveoftheThardrillingprogramandtheireffornscontribshyuted greatly to the success ofthe drilling prograin We would especially like to thank Farhat Hussain who was Director General of the GSPduring the time theThardrilling program was conceived and executed Dr Hussains patient and continuing support was invaluable in helping to resolve all of the many crises and problems that developed in the course of putting this drilling program together without Dr Hussains strong and able leadership of the GSP during his tenure as Director General the Thar drilling program and definition of the Thar coal field would probably not have occurred
Geography
The Thar Desert of Pakistan is part of a much larger desert extending to the north and east into India The Thar coal field is located in the Pakistan part of the Thar Desert in the eastern part of Sindh Province (fig 1) The Thar Desert of Pakistan is bounded to the north east and south by the Indian border and on the west by the irrigated Indus River flood plain The Indian border to the south follows the shorelineoftheGreatRannofKutch agreat shallowarm of the Arabian Sca that is seasonally dry The Tharcoal field as presently defined is about 140 kn long (north trend) and about 65 km wide (east trend) covering an area of 9100 square km
The terrain is generally topographically higher in the northern and eastern parts of the field area with elevationsranging from near sea level in the south to more than 200 m aibove sea level in the northeast Most of the sand dunes of the Thar are stabilized by scrub vegetation and grasses The dunes are longitudinal with a northeast tren dg have T
re ongi tens of meteast tend Thae a relief ranging from tens of meters to 100 riieters There isnodrainage system developed in the Tharcoal fieldarea When the monsoon rains fall the water is immediately absorbed by the sand orrarely during heavy downpours flows very short distances down into the low-lying interdune areas where it is quickly absorbed
Precipitation is seasonal coming normally during the monsoon monthsofJune to Septemberbutdrought yearsare not uncommon For example a seven-year drought was broken by very heavy rains in September 1992 as the 21shydrill-hole program (holes TP-5 through TP-31) was just getting under way Averageannual rainfall ranges from 200 to 300 mm the amount of average annual rainfall increases from northwest to southeast Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures range from 35C to 19C maximum daily temperatures commonly exceed 45C in April through June (Ploethner 1992) The Thar Desert has been characerized as one of the most densely populated deserts in the world the 1982 government census showed the population at nearly one million people
West 762 km ------- 169km - East Eocene and younger
0 Nabisar 1 rPaleocene and Eocene TP-25 TP-28
o - - - __ Pre-Cambrian Basement --
-5- ti - - 5-w- - - - 5 - l - 1 - I
- - I -
S - - I
6 - - I - _ - - - shy7 SI bull - bull I
Figure 3 Structural cross section from Nabisar 1 oil and gas test hole through drill hole TP-25 and east of TP28 showing the
configuration of the basement poundanite and the distributionof the setmentary rocks along the line of section This figure is modified from figure 8 in Ahmad and others (1993) based on an oil and gas exploration seismic profile The stratigraphic cotumn for the Nabisar 1 drill hole is figure 4 of this report
The people of the Thar are primarily pastoral livestock consists of cattle sheep goals camunels horses and donkeys bur the low-lying interdune areas are heavily farmed when-ever the monsoon rains cooperte The crops raised are
primarily rapid-growing and maturing millets and pulsesThe people of the Thurdepend on dug wells as their primary source of water The water is typically quite salty but potable Immediately following the monsoon rains rela-tively shadlow wells producing very fresh water e utilizedt in some of the broader low-lying interdune playa flats these wells must obviously be producing fro perched ephemeral m aquifers A detailed study of the groundwater of the Thar Desert of Pakistan is avpilable (Ploethner 1992)
The only pavedroadin the Thr Desertextends fron the town of Naukot located west of the Thar coal field on the eastern edge of the irrigated Indus plain to Mithi west of the coal field area (fig 2) The other roads of the Thar consist of deep ruts in the sand and four-wheel drive vehicles araa necessity o traverse these roads Commercial transport into and out of the Thar Desert is provided by large six-heel drive trucks that serve as combination busses and goods Carriers C mels are the primary means of transport for the Thar people within thedesert The Mirpur Khas- Khokhlopar Branch railroad traverses the northwestern part of the Thar coal field area (fig 2)
GENERAL GEOLOGY rThe GENERGE LLOGYwere
The geology of the Tha Desert of Pakistan has been
poorly understood because the area is covered by dune sand to an average depth of approximately 80 in The only outcropping bedrock in the TharDesert of Pakistan is found at Nagar Parker (fig 2) where the striking red-granite basement rocks tower above the surrounding dunes (The basement rocks a~e not all granite there are minor amounts ofrhyoliteandmetamorphicrocksmixedinwiththegranite
but red granite seemns to be the dominant lithtology) The Thar coal field rests upon astructural platfonn in the eastern part of the desert This platform is underlain by relativelyshallow granite basement rock Figure 3 modified from a
report by Ahmad and Zaighmn (1993) provides a goodrepresentation of the subsurface geology of the Thar Desert area This figure is a northeafst-trending geolog crossi section that is an interpretation ofa geophysical seismic line that was run from the vicinity of the Nabisar i oil and gas test hole on the western edge of the desert nearly to the Pakistan-Indian border on the east This cross section shows that the granite basement rock dives down abruptly beneath the western part of the Thar Desert and is there highly faulted (Abad and Zaigham 1993 interpret three other seismic lines in the Thar coal field area)
At the Nabisar drill site the sedimentary rock sequence is nearly 4000 n thick drilled rocks at the Nabisar hole are 3000 m thick and consist of Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene and post-Eocene age rocks (figure 4 is a stratigraphic column of the Nabisar hole) As this cross section shows the sedimentary rock sequence thins tarkshyedly from west to east across the Tha-rDesert and in the Thd coal field area has an average thickness of about 250 n The depth to granite basement rocks in the Thar coal field ranges from 1530 m below sea level at drill site TP-20 to 66 m
below sea level at TP-6 (fig 5)available seismic records in the Thar coal field area
designed for oil and gas exploration purposes and hence designed to show stratigraphic relations at depth For thatreasonthedefinitionofthestratigraphyoftheupperfew
hundred meters on these seismic profiles is so poor as to be useless For this reasOa the Ahrad and Zighain (1993) cross section on which figure 3 of this report is based is essentially blank above the granite on its eastern end where the sedimentary sequence is close to the surface The intershypretation of the subsurface relationships in the area of the Thar field (east of the point where the upper Jurassic
5
System Formation Depth Thickness or Series or Group (meters) Uthology (meters)
SiwalikPOST EOCENE (Aluvium) 226-
-ilhr226 shy iEOCENE 263 - - -
Laki 149 412
PALEOCENE Ranikof PALECEN niko 561- 149-14
Lower 282 Goru
843 CRETACEOUS
Sembar 494
1337
Chiltan 373
1710-o
JURASSIC
Shirinab1 0
16
narrowly
2773
TRIASSIC Wulgai 283 3055 _TD
Figure 4 Stratigraphic column of the Nabisar 1oil and gas testhole location of this hole is shown on figure 2 This figure is adaptedfromtheSTANVACinterpretationreportfortheprospect of Nabisar 1959
carbonates of the Chiltan Formation are shown ending) on figure 3 is our modification of the original figure by Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) We here show an unconformity at the base of the PaleoceneEocene sequence in the Thar field area truncating the underlying sedimentary rock sequence east-ward to the point where the PaleoceneEocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite
Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) conclude in their report that the thickest coal ia theTar coal field is Jurassic inage based on the physical tracing of geologic contacts on seismic sccuons Publisledpdynological studies ofcuttingssamples however from two water wells from these same coal-bearing sequences in the vicinity of drill hole TP- Iand east of lslamkot clearly indicate that the coal-bearing strataare of late Paleocene to early Eocene age (see Report on Referred Fossils by Frederiksen appendix 6 in SanFilipo and others 1991) Frederiksen has subsequently examined rock samples
collected from drill core from drill holes TP- 1TP-3 TP-4TP-5 and TP-7 and he reports that these samples undoubtedly come from close to the Paleocene-Eoceneboundary and the preponderance of evidence may favor an early Eocene age (Frederiksen written communication 1993) On the basis ofall available evidence it is ouropinionthat the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field arc all latePaleocene to early Eocene in age (This subject is discussed further in the Geologic History section of this report)
The stratigraphic sequence in all of the Thar Desert coal
test holes is essentially the same in each drill hole there is an interval of dune sand ranging from 14 m to 93 m thick followed by an interval of what is thought to be relativelyrecent Indus-valley alluvi- ranging from 11 m to 209 m thick followed by the coal-bearing bedrock interval ranging from zero to 185 m thick Nine of the test holes penetrated granite at or near their total depths (table I and fig 5) Stratigraphic columns for the 38 coal test holes plus the water well TH-6 are in appendix 1 of this report
No stratigraphic name is here given to the coal-bearingrocks of the Thar coal field these strata are labeled bedshyrock on all of the stratigraphic diagrams in this report As stated above these rocks are Paleocene to Eocene in age onthe basis of palynological evidence Additial dics or fossils from marine interbeds in the coal-bearing sequencefrom several test holes in the western part of the coal field are now in progress and it is hoped that those studies will more
define the age of the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field The coal-bearing strata appear to be equivalent to the upper part of the Raikot Group or more likely the lower part of the Laki Formation (fig 4) but available evidence indicates that these coals are probably younger than the coals of the Indus valley coal fields to the west (fields 1-4 of figure 1) Coal-bearing rocks in coal fields of western India have been dated as Eocene and major Eocene-age Indian coal deposits in the Panandhro region south of the Rann ofKutch and the Barmer region due east of the Thar coal field (Gowrisankaran and others 1987) provide evidence that coal occurrences in rocks of Eocene age are widespread
south east and northeast of the Thar coal field area
THAR COAL FIELD
The data on which this report is based were obtained by drilling 38 coal test holes in the Thar Desert In addition information about the Tharcoal field was obtained from geophysical logs and sanple descripions from water well
TH-6 The coal test drilling was conducteu Ly the Geologishycal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) drill crews using GSP drill rigs geological work during the drilling program including core description and coal-core sampling was done princishypally by GSP geologists with some oversight and assistance provided by USGS geologists for the drill holes prefixed TPshyand by John T Boyd Company personnel for holes STP- I through STP-10 The GSP selected the locations drilled and carried out the geologic work for holes STP- 11 through
6
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
K~INDIA 0T
90
a o
250- 0 G
IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
+o
7000
1 + IV INDIA
7030
i
7100
OPadra
I t I
SUniarkot TP20
Z- INDIA
14I
1I3
II64Chac r
Z ~VU
1P
24U -
a
7
00
11D
6
SW i 292 IA
St v 741srv
oL
Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
--
No I I
Coal
srr
c~
Nagar Parkar
rr
o
I
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
-- A INDIA
Gadra
1
2530 I I
EG14Pr25
n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
Ia INDIA
OF
11+15
2500 12
1P lt TPI +n i+ SWP2 e 1
I 6 vpIpd N o
0 P o
bullT 7L oIt
1P4
2430 Rann of Kuich fault zone
- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
MIA_
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
INDIA
-to Gadra
2530
Umarkot T25
TP 2 22 INDIA
I 4I
I i i P 19
Cbachro
Is 1 TP 4
25O -0
7P 13 To K T llone 3
SIP T
S 9 P7 P S
Y 0 ST6
IIlO
TP41 Rann of Kutch faur zone5E
u
oD-- Nagar Parker SIPI13 a
INDIA
Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
- Gadra
2521
UmaTko31 TDo
lip
TP2 2
K INDIA
250
am 2M
Chachro 4z1
D
6244
Midii
bullr
0 N
243 S627
24 - era
Rann ol Kul fauh zone
u
amp
i
-
N agar Parkar
INDIA Rann of Kutch o
Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
STP
T lJTP sit a
INDIA
_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
64 72
COAL FIELDS TAJIKISTAN 1 Sonda East 2 Sonda-Thatta
CH]IIA
3 Meting-Jhimpir 4 Lakhra
Northern 6 Dureji 7 Balgor
Sanni AFGHANISTAN North- 9 Johan 10 Mach-Ab E Gum 11 Abi Gul
12 Margat13 Pir Ismail Ziarat
11 bi ui
FedAdmmd2h
21 -
est 25 roptierl - t
2 24 Azad bull
320 14 Sor Range-Daghari 15 Kach 16 Khost-Sharig-Harnai
Tribal Areass p
$ r
23 17 Duki18 Cham along19 Badinzai 15
I
J 20 Makarwal-Kurd-Sho 1-
1916 Y
21 Cherat 14 17
22 Choi 23 Salt Rango24 Koti25 Khilla Muzatfarabad 26 Hangu
0
~-
I
08 V 13M INDIA
Balochistan
IRAN Sindh
7 661
24 ARABIAN SEA 2
0 200Km
0 200 Mi
Figure 1 Map of Pakistan showing locations and names of coal fields and coal occurrences the Thar coal field area isshown atlarger scale on figure 2 of this report
basis of these geophysical logs it was estimated that the total locating the 21 test holes over a more or less uniform gridcoal present in well TH-5 was 19 m and in well TH-6 the total covering that part of the desert thought to be underlain bycoal thickness was 161 in (TH-6 is used as a control point in significant coal resources This drilling pattern resulted in this report and its total coal thickness has been re-estimated to a drill-hole spacing averaging about 22 km (These 21 holes be 125 in) The confirmation of the presence of very thick plus the initial 4 Thar Desert test holes have the prefix TPshycoal beds on geophysical logs in the Thar Desert ultimately led in this report TP stands for Thar Parker and administrashyto a modest 4-hole coal test drilling progrn in the Thar that tive district of Sindh Province) This strategy proved to be was conducted in February through July 1992 This drilling quite successful in that it almost totally defined the limits of confirmed the presence of tie thickest coal beds yet found in the field (with the exception of the southern boundary of the Pakistan test hole TP-3 penetrated nearly 30 m of coal and field which is as yet still not clearly defined) The 21-hole contiined a bench of unbroken coal nearly 20 in thick drilling program ended in mid-summer 1993
During the last quarter of 1993 an additional 10 test holes were drilled under a contract with the John T Boyd CornshyDrilling-Exploration Program for the Thar pany under the auspices ofUSAID The focusofthis 10-hole
Field drilling program was to conduct in-fill drilling in the southshycentral part of the field where the coal was known to beIn October 1992 the GSPUSGS began a2l-holeexplo- thickest and shallowest to gather data for a preliminary
ration program to define the magnitude and geographic determination of the mining-ergineering parameters of the limits of theThar coal field The drilling plan was based on Tharfield The Boyd drilling was completed in late December
2
7O00 7030 7100r
INDIA
lb Gadra I
TP-31 TP-30 Irr0D CD
4
I TP-28f
TP-22 TP-23
Umako -6 P-5 TPP14 INDIA
rT-92P-180EP-20 22oa TP-19
TP1rP-12 TP1
F STP- a k 0Fil~
TPTP2 I - TP-8G 7 TP H
STP-1 i -T
TIsamkot ST TP-7
TP-5 141-STP23-HTP- s -
P-1SI 1D ST T- 1
STP-13 - bull-shy I I Nagar Parka
-- INDIA S i -
Rann of Kutch 05 iai
Figure 2 Index map ofthe Thar coal field area showing locations of all coal test holes plus water well TH-6 and lines of eight structural cross sections A-A through H-H The dolled line beginning at drill hole TP-10 and ending at drill hole TP-12 is the line of the coalshycorrelation diagram (fig 8) The line of seismic ection 107 of figure 3 is also shown
1993 In January 1994 the GSP drilled 3 additiona coal test analyses were not available at the time of writing of this holes under the auspices of US AID (The 10 John T Boyd report holes and the three GSP holes have the prefix STP- in this report STP stands for Sindh Thar Parker) Purpose and Scope
CoAsamples were collected for analysis by the USGS GSP from the first 25 Tharcoal field test holesandtie results The Thar field has enormous economic potential for of those analyses are summarized in this report (table 2 and Pakistan because it contains 78 billion metric tons of total appendix 2) Coal samples were collected for analysis from coal in place when this tonnage is added to Pakistans the 10 John T Boyd drill holes but the results of those previously known resource base of9 billion metric tons the
3
total resources of 87 billion metric tons of coal resources for Pakistan vaults the country to 1 th place in a list of 12 countries in the world with the most reported estimated coal resources as shown ol the following table (modified from Landis and Weaver 1993) resources are in millions of metric tons
1 USSR (for-ner) 4405900 2 USA 1570262 3 China 1566500 4 Australia 785226 5 Germany 285400 6 Great Britain 190000 7 Poland 184000 8 South Africa 129100 9 India 115402 10 Botswana 107000 II Pakistan 87000 12 Canada 63000
Prior to the discovery of the Thar field Pakistan was not even in the top 20 countries with significant coal resources
Because the economic potential of the Thar field is so significant for Pakistan it is important to quickly make available the basic geologic facts of this deposit and that is the purpose of this report These facts are presented herein primarily in the form of figures and tables A detailed disussion of the geologic setting of the Thar field within the tectonic and stratigraphic environs of Pakistan and South Asia is beyond the scope of this report
Acknowledgments
The basic hard dirty and physically demanding work of gathering tile data that this report is based on fell primarily on the shoulders of the GSP drilling crews drill-site geolo-gists and geophysicists assigned to work on the Thar coal-drilling program These personnel worked long hours in aadrilingprogwnTheepesonel wrke log hors n very harsh environment in order to successfully complete the Thar Desert coal test drilling program There is not space enough to list all of the many persons who participated in the discovery and definition of the Thar coal field but recogni-tion must be given to the well-site geologists whose core descriptions form the basis for this report they are A A Shah H Chandio M D Khan SA Khan Z M Khan G S Lashari A R Memon and M A Tagar the field geophysicists responsible for conducting the geophysical logging of the test holes are Mehtab ur Rehman Mujeeb Ahmad and MA Nizmani Five USGS geologists were involved in tours of duty (in the Thi- exploration program overseeing the drilling in the Thar Desert and making detailed core descriptions of thie rill core these persons wereJohnSanFilipo PeterWarwick BruceWardlaw Roger Thomas and Ellie Brouwers The true discoverer of the Thar coal field USGS geologist John SanFilipo deserves special recognition it was Johns perseverance and stubborn
4
insistence on following up on the initial ODA coal discovery that ultimately led to tie Thar coal test drilling progran and the discovery anrd definition of the Thar coal field
Upper-level management in the GSP were totally supshyportiveoftheThardrillingprogramandtheireffornscontribshyuted greatly to the success ofthe drilling prograin We would especially like to thank Farhat Hussain who was Director General of the GSPduring the time theThardrilling program was conceived and executed Dr Hussains patient and continuing support was invaluable in helping to resolve all of the many crises and problems that developed in the course of putting this drilling program together without Dr Hussains strong and able leadership of the GSP during his tenure as Director General the Thar drilling program and definition of the Thar coal field would probably not have occurred
Geography
The Thar Desert of Pakistan is part of a much larger desert extending to the north and east into India The Thar coal field is located in the Pakistan part of the Thar Desert in the eastern part of Sindh Province (fig 1) The Thar Desert of Pakistan is bounded to the north east and south by the Indian border and on the west by the irrigated Indus River flood plain The Indian border to the south follows the shorelineoftheGreatRannofKutch agreat shallowarm of the Arabian Sca that is seasonally dry The Tharcoal field as presently defined is about 140 kn long (north trend) and about 65 km wide (east trend) covering an area of 9100 square km
The terrain is generally topographically higher in the northern and eastern parts of the field area with elevationsranging from near sea level in the south to more than 200 m aibove sea level in the northeast Most of the sand dunes of the Thar are stabilized by scrub vegetation and grasses The dunes are longitudinal with a northeast tren dg have T
re ongi tens of meteast tend Thae a relief ranging from tens of meters to 100 riieters There isnodrainage system developed in the Tharcoal fieldarea When the monsoon rains fall the water is immediately absorbed by the sand orrarely during heavy downpours flows very short distances down into the low-lying interdune areas where it is quickly absorbed
Precipitation is seasonal coming normally during the monsoon monthsofJune to Septemberbutdrought yearsare not uncommon For example a seven-year drought was broken by very heavy rains in September 1992 as the 21shydrill-hole program (holes TP-5 through TP-31) was just getting under way Averageannual rainfall ranges from 200 to 300 mm the amount of average annual rainfall increases from northwest to southeast Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures range from 35C to 19C maximum daily temperatures commonly exceed 45C in April through June (Ploethner 1992) The Thar Desert has been characerized as one of the most densely populated deserts in the world the 1982 government census showed the population at nearly one million people
West 762 km ------- 169km - East Eocene and younger
0 Nabisar 1 rPaleocene and Eocene TP-25 TP-28
o - - - __ Pre-Cambrian Basement --
-5- ti - - 5-w- - - - 5 - l - 1 - I
- - I -
S - - I
6 - - I - _ - - - shy7 SI bull - bull I
Figure 3 Structural cross section from Nabisar 1 oil and gas test hole through drill hole TP-25 and east of TP28 showing the
configuration of the basement poundanite and the distributionof the setmentary rocks along the line of section This figure is modified from figure 8 in Ahmad and others (1993) based on an oil and gas exploration seismic profile The stratigraphic cotumn for the Nabisar 1 drill hole is figure 4 of this report
The people of the Thar are primarily pastoral livestock consists of cattle sheep goals camunels horses and donkeys bur the low-lying interdune areas are heavily farmed when-ever the monsoon rains cooperte The crops raised are
primarily rapid-growing and maturing millets and pulsesThe people of the Thurdepend on dug wells as their primary source of water The water is typically quite salty but potable Immediately following the monsoon rains rela-tively shadlow wells producing very fresh water e utilizedt in some of the broader low-lying interdune playa flats these wells must obviously be producing fro perched ephemeral m aquifers A detailed study of the groundwater of the Thar Desert of Pakistan is avpilable (Ploethner 1992)
The only pavedroadin the Thr Desertextends fron the town of Naukot located west of the Thar coal field on the eastern edge of the irrigated Indus plain to Mithi west of the coal field area (fig 2) The other roads of the Thar consist of deep ruts in the sand and four-wheel drive vehicles araa necessity o traverse these roads Commercial transport into and out of the Thar Desert is provided by large six-heel drive trucks that serve as combination busses and goods Carriers C mels are the primary means of transport for the Thar people within thedesert The Mirpur Khas- Khokhlopar Branch railroad traverses the northwestern part of the Thar coal field area (fig 2)
GENERAL GEOLOGY rThe GENERGE LLOGYwere
The geology of the Tha Desert of Pakistan has been
poorly understood because the area is covered by dune sand to an average depth of approximately 80 in The only outcropping bedrock in the TharDesert of Pakistan is found at Nagar Parker (fig 2) where the striking red-granite basement rocks tower above the surrounding dunes (The basement rocks a~e not all granite there are minor amounts ofrhyoliteandmetamorphicrocksmixedinwiththegranite
but red granite seemns to be the dominant lithtology) The Thar coal field rests upon astructural platfonn in the eastern part of the desert This platform is underlain by relativelyshallow granite basement rock Figure 3 modified from a
report by Ahmad and Zaighmn (1993) provides a goodrepresentation of the subsurface geology of the Thar Desert area This figure is a northeafst-trending geolog crossi section that is an interpretation ofa geophysical seismic line that was run from the vicinity of the Nabisar i oil and gas test hole on the western edge of the desert nearly to the Pakistan-Indian border on the east This cross section shows that the granite basement rock dives down abruptly beneath the western part of the Thar Desert and is there highly faulted (Abad and Zaigham 1993 interpret three other seismic lines in the Thar coal field area)
At the Nabisar drill site the sedimentary rock sequence is nearly 4000 n thick drilled rocks at the Nabisar hole are 3000 m thick and consist of Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene and post-Eocene age rocks (figure 4 is a stratigraphic column of the Nabisar hole) As this cross section shows the sedimentary rock sequence thins tarkshyedly from west to east across the Tha-rDesert and in the Thd coal field area has an average thickness of about 250 n The depth to granite basement rocks in the Thar coal field ranges from 1530 m below sea level at drill site TP-20 to 66 m
below sea level at TP-6 (fig 5)available seismic records in the Thar coal field area
designed for oil and gas exploration purposes and hence designed to show stratigraphic relations at depth For thatreasonthedefinitionofthestratigraphyoftheupperfew
hundred meters on these seismic profiles is so poor as to be useless For this reasOa the Ahrad and Zighain (1993) cross section on which figure 3 of this report is based is essentially blank above the granite on its eastern end where the sedimentary sequence is close to the surface The intershypretation of the subsurface relationships in the area of the Thar field (east of the point where the upper Jurassic
5
System Formation Depth Thickness or Series or Group (meters) Uthology (meters)
SiwalikPOST EOCENE (Aluvium) 226-
-ilhr226 shy iEOCENE 263 - - -
Laki 149 412
PALEOCENE Ranikof PALECEN niko 561- 149-14
Lower 282 Goru
843 CRETACEOUS
Sembar 494
1337
Chiltan 373
1710-o
JURASSIC
Shirinab1 0
16
narrowly
2773
TRIASSIC Wulgai 283 3055 _TD
Figure 4 Stratigraphic column of the Nabisar 1oil and gas testhole location of this hole is shown on figure 2 This figure is adaptedfromtheSTANVACinterpretationreportfortheprospect of Nabisar 1959
carbonates of the Chiltan Formation are shown ending) on figure 3 is our modification of the original figure by Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) We here show an unconformity at the base of the PaleoceneEocene sequence in the Thar field area truncating the underlying sedimentary rock sequence east-ward to the point where the PaleoceneEocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite
Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) conclude in their report that the thickest coal ia theTar coal field is Jurassic inage based on the physical tracing of geologic contacts on seismic sccuons Publisledpdynological studies ofcuttingssamples however from two water wells from these same coal-bearing sequences in the vicinity of drill hole TP- Iand east of lslamkot clearly indicate that the coal-bearing strataare of late Paleocene to early Eocene age (see Report on Referred Fossils by Frederiksen appendix 6 in SanFilipo and others 1991) Frederiksen has subsequently examined rock samples
collected from drill core from drill holes TP- 1TP-3 TP-4TP-5 and TP-7 and he reports that these samples undoubtedly come from close to the Paleocene-Eoceneboundary and the preponderance of evidence may favor an early Eocene age (Frederiksen written communication 1993) On the basis ofall available evidence it is ouropinionthat the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field arc all latePaleocene to early Eocene in age (This subject is discussed further in the Geologic History section of this report)
The stratigraphic sequence in all of the Thar Desert coal
test holes is essentially the same in each drill hole there is an interval of dune sand ranging from 14 m to 93 m thick followed by an interval of what is thought to be relativelyrecent Indus-valley alluvi- ranging from 11 m to 209 m thick followed by the coal-bearing bedrock interval ranging from zero to 185 m thick Nine of the test holes penetrated granite at or near their total depths (table I and fig 5) Stratigraphic columns for the 38 coal test holes plus the water well TH-6 are in appendix 1 of this report
No stratigraphic name is here given to the coal-bearingrocks of the Thar coal field these strata are labeled bedshyrock on all of the stratigraphic diagrams in this report As stated above these rocks are Paleocene to Eocene in age onthe basis of palynological evidence Additial dics or fossils from marine interbeds in the coal-bearing sequencefrom several test holes in the western part of the coal field are now in progress and it is hoped that those studies will more
define the age of the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field The coal-bearing strata appear to be equivalent to the upper part of the Raikot Group or more likely the lower part of the Laki Formation (fig 4) but available evidence indicates that these coals are probably younger than the coals of the Indus valley coal fields to the west (fields 1-4 of figure 1) Coal-bearing rocks in coal fields of western India have been dated as Eocene and major Eocene-age Indian coal deposits in the Panandhro region south of the Rann ofKutch and the Barmer region due east of the Thar coal field (Gowrisankaran and others 1987) provide evidence that coal occurrences in rocks of Eocene age are widespread
south east and northeast of the Thar coal field area
THAR COAL FIELD
The data on which this report is based were obtained by drilling 38 coal test holes in the Thar Desert In addition information about the Tharcoal field was obtained from geophysical logs and sanple descripions from water well
TH-6 The coal test drilling was conducteu Ly the Geologishycal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) drill crews using GSP drill rigs geological work during the drilling program including core description and coal-core sampling was done princishypally by GSP geologists with some oversight and assistance provided by USGS geologists for the drill holes prefixed TPshyand by John T Boyd Company personnel for holes STP- I through STP-10 The GSP selected the locations drilled and carried out the geologic work for holes STP- 11 through
6
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
K~INDIA 0T
90
a o
250- 0 G
IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
+o
7000
1 + IV INDIA
7030
i
7100
OPadra
I t I
SUniarkot TP20
Z- INDIA
14I
1I3
II64Chac r
Z ~VU
1P
24U -
a
7
00
11D
6
SW i 292 IA
St v 741srv
oL
Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
--
No I I
Coal
srr
c~
Nagar Parkar
rr
o
I
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
-- A INDIA
Gadra
1
2530 I I
EG14Pr25
n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
Ia INDIA
OF
11+15
2500 12
1P lt TPI +n i+ SWP2 e 1
I 6 vpIpd N o
0 P o
bullT 7L oIt
1P4
2430 Rann of Kuich fault zone
- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
MIA_
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
INDIA
-to Gadra
2530
Umarkot T25
TP 2 22 INDIA
I 4I
I i i P 19
Cbachro
Is 1 TP 4
25O -0
7P 13 To K T llone 3
SIP T
S 9 P7 P S
Y 0 ST6
IIlO
TP41 Rann of Kutch faur zone5E
u
oD-- Nagar Parker SIPI13 a
INDIA
Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
- Gadra
2521
UmaTko31 TDo
lip
TP2 2
K INDIA
250
am 2M
Chachro 4z1
D
6244
Midii
bullr
0 N
243 S627
24 - era
Rann ol Kul fauh zone
u
amp
i
-
N agar Parkar
INDIA Rann of Kutch o
Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
STP
T lJTP sit a
INDIA
_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
7O00 7030 7100r
INDIA
lb Gadra I
TP-31 TP-30 Irr0D CD
4
I TP-28f
TP-22 TP-23
Umako -6 P-5 TPP14 INDIA
rT-92P-180EP-20 22oa TP-19
TP1rP-12 TP1
F STP- a k 0Fil~
TPTP2 I - TP-8G 7 TP H
STP-1 i -T
TIsamkot ST TP-7
TP-5 141-STP23-HTP- s -
P-1SI 1D ST T- 1
STP-13 - bull-shy I I Nagar Parka
-- INDIA S i -
Rann of Kutch 05 iai
Figure 2 Index map ofthe Thar coal field area showing locations of all coal test holes plus water well TH-6 and lines of eight structural cross sections A-A through H-H The dolled line beginning at drill hole TP-10 and ending at drill hole TP-12 is the line of the coalshycorrelation diagram (fig 8) The line of seismic ection 107 of figure 3 is also shown
1993 In January 1994 the GSP drilled 3 additiona coal test analyses were not available at the time of writing of this holes under the auspices of US AID (The 10 John T Boyd report holes and the three GSP holes have the prefix STP- in this report STP stands for Sindh Thar Parker) Purpose and Scope
CoAsamples were collected for analysis by the USGS GSP from the first 25 Tharcoal field test holesandtie results The Thar field has enormous economic potential for of those analyses are summarized in this report (table 2 and Pakistan because it contains 78 billion metric tons of total appendix 2) Coal samples were collected for analysis from coal in place when this tonnage is added to Pakistans the 10 John T Boyd drill holes but the results of those previously known resource base of9 billion metric tons the
3
total resources of 87 billion metric tons of coal resources for Pakistan vaults the country to 1 th place in a list of 12 countries in the world with the most reported estimated coal resources as shown ol the following table (modified from Landis and Weaver 1993) resources are in millions of metric tons
1 USSR (for-ner) 4405900 2 USA 1570262 3 China 1566500 4 Australia 785226 5 Germany 285400 6 Great Britain 190000 7 Poland 184000 8 South Africa 129100 9 India 115402 10 Botswana 107000 II Pakistan 87000 12 Canada 63000
Prior to the discovery of the Thar field Pakistan was not even in the top 20 countries with significant coal resources
Because the economic potential of the Thar field is so significant for Pakistan it is important to quickly make available the basic geologic facts of this deposit and that is the purpose of this report These facts are presented herein primarily in the form of figures and tables A detailed disussion of the geologic setting of the Thar field within the tectonic and stratigraphic environs of Pakistan and South Asia is beyond the scope of this report
Acknowledgments
The basic hard dirty and physically demanding work of gathering tile data that this report is based on fell primarily on the shoulders of the GSP drilling crews drill-site geolo-gists and geophysicists assigned to work on the Thar coal-drilling program These personnel worked long hours in aadrilingprogwnTheepesonel wrke log hors n very harsh environment in order to successfully complete the Thar Desert coal test drilling program There is not space enough to list all of the many persons who participated in the discovery and definition of the Thar coal field but recogni-tion must be given to the well-site geologists whose core descriptions form the basis for this report they are A A Shah H Chandio M D Khan SA Khan Z M Khan G S Lashari A R Memon and M A Tagar the field geophysicists responsible for conducting the geophysical logging of the test holes are Mehtab ur Rehman Mujeeb Ahmad and MA Nizmani Five USGS geologists were involved in tours of duty (in the Thi- exploration program overseeing the drilling in the Thar Desert and making detailed core descriptions of thie rill core these persons wereJohnSanFilipo PeterWarwick BruceWardlaw Roger Thomas and Ellie Brouwers The true discoverer of the Thar coal field USGS geologist John SanFilipo deserves special recognition it was Johns perseverance and stubborn
4
insistence on following up on the initial ODA coal discovery that ultimately led to tie Thar coal test drilling progran and the discovery anrd definition of the Thar coal field
Upper-level management in the GSP were totally supshyportiveoftheThardrillingprogramandtheireffornscontribshyuted greatly to the success ofthe drilling prograin We would especially like to thank Farhat Hussain who was Director General of the GSPduring the time theThardrilling program was conceived and executed Dr Hussains patient and continuing support was invaluable in helping to resolve all of the many crises and problems that developed in the course of putting this drilling program together without Dr Hussains strong and able leadership of the GSP during his tenure as Director General the Thar drilling program and definition of the Thar coal field would probably not have occurred
Geography
The Thar Desert of Pakistan is part of a much larger desert extending to the north and east into India The Thar coal field is located in the Pakistan part of the Thar Desert in the eastern part of Sindh Province (fig 1) The Thar Desert of Pakistan is bounded to the north east and south by the Indian border and on the west by the irrigated Indus River flood plain The Indian border to the south follows the shorelineoftheGreatRannofKutch agreat shallowarm of the Arabian Sca that is seasonally dry The Tharcoal field as presently defined is about 140 kn long (north trend) and about 65 km wide (east trend) covering an area of 9100 square km
The terrain is generally topographically higher in the northern and eastern parts of the field area with elevationsranging from near sea level in the south to more than 200 m aibove sea level in the northeast Most of the sand dunes of the Thar are stabilized by scrub vegetation and grasses The dunes are longitudinal with a northeast tren dg have T
re ongi tens of meteast tend Thae a relief ranging from tens of meters to 100 riieters There isnodrainage system developed in the Tharcoal fieldarea When the monsoon rains fall the water is immediately absorbed by the sand orrarely during heavy downpours flows very short distances down into the low-lying interdune areas where it is quickly absorbed
Precipitation is seasonal coming normally during the monsoon monthsofJune to Septemberbutdrought yearsare not uncommon For example a seven-year drought was broken by very heavy rains in September 1992 as the 21shydrill-hole program (holes TP-5 through TP-31) was just getting under way Averageannual rainfall ranges from 200 to 300 mm the amount of average annual rainfall increases from northwest to southeast Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures range from 35C to 19C maximum daily temperatures commonly exceed 45C in April through June (Ploethner 1992) The Thar Desert has been characerized as one of the most densely populated deserts in the world the 1982 government census showed the population at nearly one million people
West 762 km ------- 169km - East Eocene and younger
0 Nabisar 1 rPaleocene and Eocene TP-25 TP-28
o - - - __ Pre-Cambrian Basement --
-5- ti - - 5-w- - - - 5 - l - 1 - I
- - I -
S - - I
6 - - I - _ - - - shy7 SI bull - bull I
Figure 3 Structural cross section from Nabisar 1 oil and gas test hole through drill hole TP-25 and east of TP28 showing the
configuration of the basement poundanite and the distributionof the setmentary rocks along the line of section This figure is modified from figure 8 in Ahmad and others (1993) based on an oil and gas exploration seismic profile The stratigraphic cotumn for the Nabisar 1 drill hole is figure 4 of this report
The people of the Thar are primarily pastoral livestock consists of cattle sheep goals camunels horses and donkeys bur the low-lying interdune areas are heavily farmed when-ever the monsoon rains cooperte The crops raised are
primarily rapid-growing and maturing millets and pulsesThe people of the Thurdepend on dug wells as their primary source of water The water is typically quite salty but potable Immediately following the monsoon rains rela-tively shadlow wells producing very fresh water e utilizedt in some of the broader low-lying interdune playa flats these wells must obviously be producing fro perched ephemeral m aquifers A detailed study of the groundwater of the Thar Desert of Pakistan is avpilable (Ploethner 1992)
The only pavedroadin the Thr Desertextends fron the town of Naukot located west of the Thar coal field on the eastern edge of the irrigated Indus plain to Mithi west of the coal field area (fig 2) The other roads of the Thar consist of deep ruts in the sand and four-wheel drive vehicles araa necessity o traverse these roads Commercial transport into and out of the Thar Desert is provided by large six-heel drive trucks that serve as combination busses and goods Carriers C mels are the primary means of transport for the Thar people within thedesert The Mirpur Khas- Khokhlopar Branch railroad traverses the northwestern part of the Thar coal field area (fig 2)
GENERAL GEOLOGY rThe GENERGE LLOGYwere
The geology of the Tha Desert of Pakistan has been
poorly understood because the area is covered by dune sand to an average depth of approximately 80 in The only outcropping bedrock in the TharDesert of Pakistan is found at Nagar Parker (fig 2) where the striking red-granite basement rocks tower above the surrounding dunes (The basement rocks a~e not all granite there are minor amounts ofrhyoliteandmetamorphicrocksmixedinwiththegranite
but red granite seemns to be the dominant lithtology) The Thar coal field rests upon astructural platfonn in the eastern part of the desert This platform is underlain by relativelyshallow granite basement rock Figure 3 modified from a
report by Ahmad and Zaighmn (1993) provides a goodrepresentation of the subsurface geology of the Thar Desert area This figure is a northeafst-trending geolog crossi section that is an interpretation ofa geophysical seismic line that was run from the vicinity of the Nabisar i oil and gas test hole on the western edge of the desert nearly to the Pakistan-Indian border on the east This cross section shows that the granite basement rock dives down abruptly beneath the western part of the Thar Desert and is there highly faulted (Abad and Zaigham 1993 interpret three other seismic lines in the Thar coal field area)
At the Nabisar drill site the sedimentary rock sequence is nearly 4000 n thick drilled rocks at the Nabisar hole are 3000 m thick and consist of Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene and post-Eocene age rocks (figure 4 is a stratigraphic column of the Nabisar hole) As this cross section shows the sedimentary rock sequence thins tarkshyedly from west to east across the Tha-rDesert and in the Thd coal field area has an average thickness of about 250 n The depth to granite basement rocks in the Thar coal field ranges from 1530 m below sea level at drill site TP-20 to 66 m
below sea level at TP-6 (fig 5)available seismic records in the Thar coal field area
designed for oil and gas exploration purposes and hence designed to show stratigraphic relations at depth For thatreasonthedefinitionofthestratigraphyoftheupperfew
hundred meters on these seismic profiles is so poor as to be useless For this reasOa the Ahrad and Zighain (1993) cross section on which figure 3 of this report is based is essentially blank above the granite on its eastern end where the sedimentary sequence is close to the surface The intershypretation of the subsurface relationships in the area of the Thar field (east of the point where the upper Jurassic
5
System Formation Depth Thickness or Series or Group (meters) Uthology (meters)
SiwalikPOST EOCENE (Aluvium) 226-
-ilhr226 shy iEOCENE 263 - - -
Laki 149 412
PALEOCENE Ranikof PALECEN niko 561- 149-14
Lower 282 Goru
843 CRETACEOUS
Sembar 494
1337
Chiltan 373
1710-o
JURASSIC
Shirinab1 0
16
narrowly
2773
TRIASSIC Wulgai 283 3055 _TD
Figure 4 Stratigraphic column of the Nabisar 1oil and gas testhole location of this hole is shown on figure 2 This figure is adaptedfromtheSTANVACinterpretationreportfortheprospect of Nabisar 1959
carbonates of the Chiltan Formation are shown ending) on figure 3 is our modification of the original figure by Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) We here show an unconformity at the base of the PaleoceneEocene sequence in the Thar field area truncating the underlying sedimentary rock sequence east-ward to the point where the PaleoceneEocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite
Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) conclude in their report that the thickest coal ia theTar coal field is Jurassic inage based on the physical tracing of geologic contacts on seismic sccuons Publisledpdynological studies ofcuttingssamples however from two water wells from these same coal-bearing sequences in the vicinity of drill hole TP- Iand east of lslamkot clearly indicate that the coal-bearing strataare of late Paleocene to early Eocene age (see Report on Referred Fossils by Frederiksen appendix 6 in SanFilipo and others 1991) Frederiksen has subsequently examined rock samples
collected from drill core from drill holes TP- 1TP-3 TP-4TP-5 and TP-7 and he reports that these samples undoubtedly come from close to the Paleocene-Eoceneboundary and the preponderance of evidence may favor an early Eocene age (Frederiksen written communication 1993) On the basis ofall available evidence it is ouropinionthat the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field arc all latePaleocene to early Eocene in age (This subject is discussed further in the Geologic History section of this report)
The stratigraphic sequence in all of the Thar Desert coal
test holes is essentially the same in each drill hole there is an interval of dune sand ranging from 14 m to 93 m thick followed by an interval of what is thought to be relativelyrecent Indus-valley alluvi- ranging from 11 m to 209 m thick followed by the coal-bearing bedrock interval ranging from zero to 185 m thick Nine of the test holes penetrated granite at or near their total depths (table I and fig 5) Stratigraphic columns for the 38 coal test holes plus the water well TH-6 are in appendix 1 of this report
No stratigraphic name is here given to the coal-bearingrocks of the Thar coal field these strata are labeled bedshyrock on all of the stratigraphic diagrams in this report As stated above these rocks are Paleocene to Eocene in age onthe basis of palynological evidence Additial dics or fossils from marine interbeds in the coal-bearing sequencefrom several test holes in the western part of the coal field are now in progress and it is hoped that those studies will more
define the age of the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field The coal-bearing strata appear to be equivalent to the upper part of the Raikot Group or more likely the lower part of the Laki Formation (fig 4) but available evidence indicates that these coals are probably younger than the coals of the Indus valley coal fields to the west (fields 1-4 of figure 1) Coal-bearing rocks in coal fields of western India have been dated as Eocene and major Eocene-age Indian coal deposits in the Panandhro region south of the Rann ofKutch and the Barmer region due east of the Thar coal field (Gowrisankaran and others 1987) provide evidence that coal occurrences in rocks of Eocene age are widespread
south east and northeast of the Thar coal field area
THAR COAL FIELD
The data on which this report is based were obtained by drilling 38 coal test holes in the Thar Desert In addition information about the Tharcoal field was obtained from geophysical logs and sanple descripions from water well
TH-6 The coal test drilling was conducteu Ly the Geologishycal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) drill crews using GSP drill rigs geological work during the drilling program including core description and coal-core sampling was done princishypally by GSP geologists with some oversight and assistance provided by USGS geologists for the drill holes prefixed TPshyand by John T Boyd Company personnel for holes STP- I through STP-10 The GSP selected the locations drilled and carried out the geologic work for holes STP- 11 through
6
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
K~INDIA 0T
90
a o
250- 0 G
IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
+o
7000
1 + IV INDIA
7030
i
7100
OPadra
I t I
SUniarkot TP20
Z- INDIA
14I
1I3
II64Chac r
Z ~VU
1P
24U -
a
7
00
11D
6
SW i 292 IA
St v 741srv
oL
Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
--
No I I
Coal
srr
c~
Nagar Parkar
rr
o
I
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
-- A INDIA
Gadra
1
2530 I I
EG14Pr25
n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
Ia INDIA
OF
11+15
2500 12
1P lt TPI +n i+ SWP2 e 1
I 6 vpIpd N o
0 P o
bullT 7L oIt
1P4
2430 Rann of Kuich fault zone
- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
MIA_
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
INDIA
-to Gadra
2530
Umarkot T25
TP 2 22 INDIA
I 4I
I i i P 19
Cbachro
Is 1 TP 4
25O -0
7P 13 To K T llone 3
SIP T
S 9 P7 P S
Y 0 ST6
IIlO
TP41 Rann of Kutch faur zone5E
u
oD-- Nagar Parker SIPI13 a
INDIA
Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
- Gadra
2521
UmaTko31 TDo
lip
TP2 2
K INDIA
250
am 2M
Chachro 4z1
D
6244
Midii
bullr
0 N
243 S627
24 - era
Rann ol Kul fauh zone
u
amp
i
-
N agar Parkar
INDIA Rann of Kutch o
Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
STP
T lJTP sit a
INDIA
_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
total resources of 87 billion metric tons of coal resources for Pakistan vaults the country to 1 th place in a list of 12 countries in the world with the most reported estimated coal resources as shown ol the following table (modified from Landis and Weaver 1993) resources are in millions of metric tons
1 USSR (for-ner) 4405900 2 USA 1570262 3 China 1566500 4 Australia 785226 5 Germany 285400 6 Great Britain 190000 7 Poland 184000 8 South Africa 129100 9 India 115402 10 Botswana 107000 II Pakistan 87000 12 Canada 63000
Prior to the discovery of the Thar field Pakistan was not even in the top 20 countries with significant coal resources
Because the economic potential of the Thar field is so significant for Pakistan it is important to quickly make available the basic geologic facts of this deposit and that is the purpose of this report These facts are presented herein primarily in the form of figures and tables A detailed disussion of the geologic setting of the Thar field within the tectonic and stratigraphic environs of Pakistan and South Asia is beyond the scope of this report
Acknowledgments
The basic hard dirty and physically demanding work of gathering tile data that this report is based on fell primarily on the shoulders of the GSP drilling crews drill-site geolo-gists and geophysicists assigned to work on the Thar coal-drilling program These personnel worked long hours in aadrilingprogwnTheepesonel wrke log hors n very harsh environment in order to successfully complete the Thar Desert coal test drilling program There is not space enough to list all of the many persons who participated in the discovery and definition of the Thar coal field but recogni-tion must be given to the well-site geologists whose core descriptions form the basis for this report they are A A Shah H Chandio M D Khan SA Khan Z M Khan G S Lashari A R Memon and M A Tagar the field geophysicists responsible for conducting the geophysical logging of the test holes are Mehtab ur Rehman Mujeeb Ahmad and MA Nizmani Five USGS geologists were involved in tours of duty (in the Thi- exploration program overseeing the drilling in the Thar Desert and making detailed core descriptions of thie rill core these persons wereJohnSanFilipo PeterWarwick BruceWardlaw Roger Thomas and Ellie Brouwers The true discoverer of the Thar coal field USGS geologist John SanFilipo deserves special recognition it was Johns perseverance and stubborn
4
insistence on following up on the initial ODA coal discovery that ultimately led to tie Thar coal test drilling progran and the discovery anrd definition of the Thar coal field
Upper-level management in the GSP were totally supshyportiveoftheThardrillingprogramandtheireffornscontribshyuted greatly to the success ofthe drilling prograin We would especially like to thank Farhat Hussain who was Director General of the GSPduring the time theThardrilling program was conceived and executed Dr Hussains patient and continuing support was invaluable in helping to resolve all of the many crises and problems that developed in the course of putting this drilling program together without Dr Hussains strong and able leadership of the GSP during his tenure as Director General the Thar drilling program and definition of the Thar coal field would probably not have occurred
Geography
The Thar Desert of Pakistan is part of a much larger desert extending to the north and east into India The Thar coal field is located in the Pakistan part of the Thar Desert in the eastern part of Sindh Province (fig 1) The Thar Desert of Pakistan is bounded to the north east and south by the Indian border and on the west by the irrigated Indus River flood plain The Indian border to the south follows the shorelineoftheGreatRannofKutch agreat shallowarm of the Arabian Sca that is seasonally dry The Tharcoal field as presently defined is about 140 kn long (north trend) and about 65 km wide (east trend) covering an area of 9100 square km
The terrain is generally topographically higher in the northern and eastern parts of the field area with elevationsranging from near sea level in the south to more than 200 m aibove sea level in the northeast Most of the sand dunes of the Thar are stabilized by scrub vegetation and grasses The dunes are longitudinal with a northeast tren dg have T
re ongi tens of meteast tend Thae a relief ranging from tens of meters to 100 riieters There isnodrainage system developed in the Tharcoal fieldarea When the monsoon rains fall the water is immediately absorbed by the sand orrarely during heavy downpours flows very short distances down into the low-lying interdune areas where it is quickly absorbed
Precipitation is seasonal coming normally during the monsoon monthsofJune to Septemberbutdrought yearsare not uncommon For example a seven-year drought was broken by very heavy rains in September 1992 as the 21shydrill-hole program (holes TP-5 through TP-31) was just getting under way Averageannual rainfall ranges from 200 to 300 mm the amount of average annual rainfall increases from northwest to southeast Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures range from 35C to 19C maximum daily temperatures commonly exceed 45C in April through June (Ploethner 1992) The Thar Desert has been characerized as one of the most densely populated deserts in the world the 1982 government census showed the population at nearly one million people
West 762 km ------- 169km - East Eocene and younger
0 Nabisar 1 rPaleocene and Eocene TP-25 TP-28
o - - - __ Pre-Cambrian Basement --
-5- ti - - 5-w- - - - 5 - l - 1 - I
- - I -
S - - I
6 - - I - _ - - - shy7 SI bull - bull I
Figure 3 Structural cross section from Nabisar 1 oil and gas test hole through drill hole TP-25 and east of TP28 showing the
configuration of the basement poundanite and the distributionof the setmentary rocks along the line of section This figure is modified from figure 8 in Ahmad and others (1993) based on an oil and gas exploration seismic profile The stratigraphic cotumn for the Nabisar 1 drill hole is figure 4 of this report
The people of the Thar are primarily pastoral livestock consists of cattle sheep goals camunels horses and donkeys bur the low-lying interdune areas are heavily farmed when-ever the monsoon rains cooperte The crops raised are
primarily rapid-growing and maturing millets and pulsesThe people of the Thurdepend on dug wells as their primary source of water The water is typically quite salty but potable Immediately following the monsoon rains rela-tively shadlow wells producing very fresh water e utilizedt in some of the broader low-lying interdune playa flats these wells must obviously be producing fro perched ephemeral m aquifers A detailed study of the groundwater of the Thar Desert of Pakistan is avpilable (Ploethner 1992)
The only pavedroadin the Thr Desertextends fron the town of Naukot located west of the Thar coal field on the eastern edge of the irrigated Indus plain to Mithi west of the coal field area (fig 2) The other roads of the Thar consist of deep ruts in the sand and four-wheel drive vehicles araa necessity o traverse these roads Commercial transport into and out of the Thar Desert is provided by large six-heel drive trucks that serve as combination busses and goods Carriers C mels are the primary means of transport for the Thar people within thedesert The Mirpur Khas- Khokhlopar Branch railroad traverses the northwestern part of the Thar coal field area (fig 2)
GENERAL GEOLOGY rThe GENERGE LLOGYwere
The geology of the Tha Desert of Pakistan has been
poorly understood because the area is covered by dune sand to an average depth of approximately 80 in The only outcropping bedrock in the TharDesert of Pakistan is found at Nagar Parker (fig 2) where the striking red-granite basement rocks tower above the surrounding dunes (The basement rocks a~e not all granite there are minor amounts ofrhyoliteandmetamorphicrocksmixedinwiththegranite
but red granite seemns to be the dominant lithtology) The Thar coal field rests upon astructural platfonn in the eastern part of the desert This platform is underlain by relativelyshallow granite basement rock Figure 3 modified from a
report by Ahmad and Zaighmn (1993) provides a goodrepresentation of the subsurface geology of the Thar Desert area This figure is a northeafst-trending geolog crossi section that is an interpretation ofa geophysical seismic line that was run from the vicinity of the Nabisar i oil and gas test hole on the western edge of the desert nearly to the Pakistan-Indian border on the east This cross section shows that the granite basement rock dives down abruptly beneath the western part of the Thar Desert and is there highly faulted (Abad and Zaigham 1993 interpret three other seismic lines in the Thar coal field area)
At the Nabisar drill site the sedimentary rock sequence is nearly 4000 n thick drilled rocks at the Nabisar hole are 3000 m thick and consist of Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene and post-Eocene age rocks (figure 4 is a stratigraphic column of the Nabisar hole) As this cross section shows the sedimentary rock sequence thins tarkshyedly from west to east across the Tha-rDesert and in the Thd coal field area has an average thickness of about 250 n The depth to granite basement rocks in the Thar coal field ranges from 1530 m below sea level at drill site TP-20 to 66 m
below sea level at TP-6 (fig 5)available seismic records in the Thar coal field area
designed for oil and gas exploration purposes and hence designed to show stratigraphic relations at depth For thatreasonthedefinitionofthestratigraphyoftheupperfew
hundred meters on these seismic profiles is so poor as to be useless For this reasOa the Ahrad and Zighain (1993) cross section on which figure 3 of this report is based is essentially blank above the granite on its eastern end where the sedimentary sequence is close to the surface The intershypretation of the subsurface relationships in the area of the Thar field (east of the point where the upper Jurassic
5
System Formation Depth Thickness or Series or Group (meters) Uthology (meters)
SiwalikPOST EOCENE (Aluvium) 226-
-ilhr226 shy iEOCENE 263 - - -
Laki 149 412
PALEOCENE Ranikof PALECEN niko 561- 149-14
Lower 282 Goru
843 CRETACEOUS
Sembar 494
1337
Chiltan 373
1710-o
JURASSIC
Shirinab1 0
16
narrowly
2773
TRIASSIC Wulgai 283 3055 _TD
Figure 4 Stratigraphic column of the Nabisar 1oil and gas testhole location of this hole is shown on figure 2 This figure is adaptedfromtheSTANVACinterpretationreportfortheprospect of Nabisar 1959
carbonates of the Chiltan Formation are shown ending) on figure 3 is our modification of the original figure by Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) We here show an unconformity at the base of the PaleoceneEocene sequence in the Thar field area truncating the underlying sedimentary rock sequence east-ward to the point where the PaleoceneEocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite
Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) conclude in their report that the thickest coal ia theTar coal field is Jurassic inage based on the physical tracing of geologic contacts on seismic sccuons Publisledpdynological studies ofcuttingssamples however from two water wells from these same coal-bearing sequences in the vicinity of drill hole TP- Iand east of lslamkot clearly indicate that the coal-bearing strataare of late Paleocene to early Eocene age (see Report on Referred Fossils by Frederiksen appendix 6 in SanFilipo and others 1991) Frederiksen has subsequently examined rock samples
collected from drill core from drill holes TP- 1TP-3 TP-4TP-5 and TP-7 and he reports that these samples undoubtedly come from close to the Paleocene-Eoceneboundary and the preponderance of evidence may favor an early Eocene age (Frederiksen written communication 1993) On the basis ofall available evidence it is ouropinionthat the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field arc all latePaleocene to early Eocene in age (This subject is discussed further in the Geologic History section of this report)
The stratigraphic sequence in all of the Thar Desert coal
test holes is essentially the same in each drill hole there is an interval of dune sand ranging from 14 m to 93 m thick followed by an interval of what is thought to be relativelyrecent Indus-valley alluvi- ranging from 11 m to 209 m thick followed by the coal-bearing bedrock interval ranging from zero to 185 m thick Nine of the test holes penetrated granite at or near their total depths (table I and fig 5) Stratigraphic columns for the 38 coal test holes plus the water well TH-6 are in appendix 1 of this report
No stratigraphic name is here given to the coal-bearingrocks of the Thar coal field these strata are labeled bedshyrock on all of the stratigraphic diagrams in this report As stated above these rocks are Paleocene to Eocene in age onthe basis of palynological evidence Additial dics or fossils from marine interbeds in the coal-bearing sequencefrom several test holes in the western part of the coal field are now in progress and it is hoped that those studies will more
define the age of the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field The coal-bearing strata appear to be equivalent to the upper part of the Raikot Group or more likely the lower part of the Laki Formation (fig 4) but available evidence indicates that these coals are probably younger than the coals of the Indus valley coal fields to the west (fields 1-4 of figure 1) Coal-bearing rocks in coal fields of western India have been dated as Eocene and major Eocene-age Indian coal deposits in the Panandhro region south of the Rann ofKutch and the Barmer region due east of the Thar coal field (Gowrisankaran and others 1987) provide evidence that coal occurrences in rocks of Eocene age are widespread
south east and northeast of the Thar coal field area
THAR COAL FIELD
The data on which this report is based were obtained by drilling 38 coal test holes in the Thar Desert In addition information about the Tharcoal field was obtained from geophysical logs and sanple descripions from water well
TH-6 The coal test drilling was conducteu Ly the Geologishycal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) drill crews using GSP drill rigs geological work during the drilling program including core description and coal-core sampling was done princishypally by GSP geologists with some oversight and assistance provided by USGS geologists for the drill holes prefixed TPshyand by John T Boyd Company personnel for holes STP- I through STP-10 The GSP selected the locations drilled and carried out the geologic work for holes STP- 11 through
6
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
K~INDIA 0T
90
a o
250- 0 G
IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
+o
7000
1 + IV INDIA
7030
i
7100
OPadra
I t I
SUniarkot TP20
Z- INDIA
14I
1I3
II64Chac r
Z ~VU
1P
24U -
a
7
00
11D
6
SW i 292 IA
St v 741srv
oL
Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
--
No I I
Coal
srr
c~
Nagar Parkar
rr
o
I
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
-- A INDIA
Gadra
1
2530 I I
EG14Pr25
n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
Ia INDIA
OF
11+15
2500 12
1P lt TPI +n i+ SWP2 e 1
I 6 vpIpd N o
0 P o
bullT 7L oIt
1P4
2430 Rann of Kuich fault zone
- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
MIA_
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
INDIA
-to Gadra
2530
Umarkot T25
TP 2 22 INDIA
I 4I
I i i P 19
Cbachro
Is 1 TP 4
25O -0
7P 13 To K T llone 3
SIP T
S 9 P7 P S
Y 0 ST6
IIlO
TP41 Rann of Kutch faur zone5E
u
oD-- Nagar Parker SIPI13 a
INDIA
Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
- Gadra
2521
UmaTko31 TDo
lip
TP2 2
K INDIA
250
am 2M
Chachro 4z1
D
6244
Midii
bullr
0 N
243 S627
24 - era
Rann ol Kul fauh zone
u
amp
i
-
N agar Parkar
INDIA Rann of Kutch o
Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
STP
T lJTP sit a
INDIA
_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
West 762 km ------- 169km - East Eocene and younger
0 Nabisar 1 rPaleocene and Eocene TP-25 TP-28
o - - - __ Pre-Cambrian Basement --
-5- ti - - 5-w- - - - 5 - l - 1 - I
- - I -
S - - I
6 - - I - _ - - - shy7 SI bull - bull I
Figure 3 Structural cross section from Nabisar 1 oil and gas test hole through drill hole TP-25 and east of TP28 showing the
configuration of the basement poundanite and the distributionof the setmentary rocks along the line of section This figure is modified from figure 8 in Ahmad and others (1993) based on an oil and gas exploration seismic profile The stratigraphic cotumn for the Nabisar 1 drill hole is figure 4 of this report
The people of the Thar are primarily pastoral livestock consists of cattle sheep goals camunels horses and donkeys bur the low-lying interdune areas are heavily farmed when-ever the monsoon rains cooperte The crops raised are
primarily rapid-growing and maturing millets and pulsesThe people of the Thurdepend on dug wells as their primary source of water The water is typically quite salty but potable Immediately following the monsoon rains rela-tively shadlow wells producing very fresh water e utilizedt in some of the broader low-lying interdune playa flats these wells must obviously be producing fro perched ephemeral m aquifers A detailed study of the groundwater of the Thar Desert of Pakistan is avpilable (Ploethner 1992)
The only pavedroadin the Thr Desertextends fron the town of Naukot located west of the Thar coal field on the eastern edge of the irrigated Indus plain to Mithi west of the coal field area (fig 2) The other roads of the Thar consist of deep ruts in the sand and four-wheel drive vehicles araa necessity o traverse these roads Commercial transport into and out of the Thar Desert is provided by large six-heel drive trucks that serve as combination busses and goods Carriers C mels are the primary means of transport for the Thar people within thedesert The Mirpur Khas- Khokhlopar Branch railroad traverses the northwestern part of the Thar coal field area (fig 2)
GENERAL GEOLOGY rThe GENERGE LLOGYwere
The geology of the Tha Desert of Pakistan has been
poorly understood because the area is covered by dune sand to an average depth of approximately 80 in The only outcropping bedrock in the TharDesert of Pakistan is found at Nagar Parker (fig 2) where the striking red-granite basement rocks tower above the surrounding dunes (The basement rocks a~e not all granite there are minor amounts ofrhyoliteandmetamorphicrocksmixedinwiththegranite
but red granite seemns to be the dominant lithtology) The Thar coal field rests upon astructural platfonn in the eastern part of the desert This platform is underlain by relativelyshallow granite basement rock Figure 3 modified from a
report by Ahmad and Zaighmn (1993) provides a goodrepresentation of the subsurface geology of the Thar Desert area This figure is a northeafst-trending geolog crossi section that is an interpretation ofa geophysical seismic line that was run from the vicinity of the Nabisar i oil and gas test hole on the western edge of the desert nearly to the Pakistan-Indian border on the east This cross section shows that the granite basement rock dives down abruptly beneath the western part of the Thar Desert and is there highly faulted (Abad and Zaigham 1993 interpret three other seismic lines in the Thar coal field area)
At the Nabisar drill site the sedimentary rock sequence is nearly 4000 n thick drilled rocks at the Nabisar hole are 3000 m thick and consist of Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene and post-Eocene age rocks (figure 4 is a stratigraphic column of the Nabisar hole) As this cross section shows the sedimentary rock sequence thins tarkshyedly from west to east across the Tha-rDesert and in the Thd coal field area has an average thickness of about 250 n The depth to granite basement rocks in the Thar coal field ranges from 1530 m below sea level at drill site TP-20 to 66 m
below sea level at TP-6 (fig 5)available seismic records in the Thar coal field area
designed for oil and gas exploration purposes and hence designed to show stratigraphic relations at depth For thatreasonthedefinitionofthestratigraphyoftheupperfew
hundred meters on these seismic profiles is so poor as to be useless For this reasOa the Ahrad and Zighain (1993) cross section on which figure 3 of this report is based is essentially blank above the granite on its eastern end where the sedimentary sequence is close to the surface The intershypretation of the subsurface relationships in the area of the Thar field (east of the point where the upper Jurassic
5
System Formation Depth Thickness or Series or Group (meters) Uthology (meters)
SiwalikPOST EOCENE (Aluvium) 226-
-ilhr226 shy iEOCENE 263 - - -
Laki 149 412
PALEOCENE Ranikof PALECEN niko 561- 149-14
Lower 282 Goru
843 CRETACEOUS
Sembar 494
1337
Chiltan 373
1710-o
JURASSIC
Shirinab1 0
16
narrowly
2773
TRIASSIC Wulgai 283 3055 _TD
Figure 4 Stratigraphic column of the Nabisar 1oil and gas testhole location of this hole is shown on figure 2 This figure is adaptedfromtheSTANVACinterpretationreportfortheprospect of Nabisar 1959
carbonates of the Chiltan Formation are shown ending) on figure 3 is our modification of the original figure by Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) We here show an unconformity at the base of the PaleoceneEocene sequence in the Thar field area truncating the underlying sedimentary rock sequence east-ward to the point where the PaleoceneEocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite
Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) conclude in their report that the thickest coal ia theTar coal field is Jurassic inage based on the physical tracing of geologic contacts on seismic sccuons Publisledpdynological studies ofcuttingssamples however from two water wells from these same coal-bearing sequences in the vicinity of drill hole TP- Iand east of lslamkot clearly indicate that the coal-bearing strataare of late Paleocene to early Eocene age (see Report on Referred Fossils by Frederiksen appendix 6 in SanFilipo and others 1991) Frederiksen has subsequently examined rock samples
collected from drill core from drill holes TP- 1TP-3 TP-4TP-5 and TP-7 and he reports that these samples undoubtedly come from close to the Paleocene-Eoceneboundary and the preponderance of evidence may favor an early Eocene age (Frederiksen written communication 1993) On the basis ofall available evidence it is ouropinionthat the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field arc all latePaleocene to early Eocene in age (This subject is discussed further in the Geologic History section of this report)
The stratigraphic sequence in all of the Thar Desert coal
test holes is essentially the same in each drill hole there is an interval of dune sand ranging from 14 m to 93 m thick followed by an interval of what is thought to be relativelyrecent Indus-valley alluvi- ranging from 11 m to 209 m thick followed by the coal-bearing bedrock interval ranging from zero to 185 m thick Nine of the test holes penetrated granite at or near their total depths (table I and fig 5) Stratigraphic columns for the 38 coal test holes plus the water well TH-6 are in appendix 1 of this report
No stratigraphic name is here given to the coal-bearingrocks of the Thar coal field these strata are labeled bedshyrock on all of the stratigraphic diagrams in this report As stated above these rocks are Paleocene to Eocene in age onthe basis of palynological evidence Additial dics or fossils from marine interbeds in the coal-bearing sequencefrom several test holes in the western part of the coal field are now in progress and it is hoped that those studies will more
define the age of the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field The coal-bearing strata appear to be equivalent to the upper part of the Raikot Group or more likely the lower part of the Laki Formation (fig 4) but available evidence indicates that these coals are probably younger than the coals of the Indus valley coal fields to the west (fields 1-4 of figure 1) Coal-bearing rocks in coal fields of western India have been dated as Eocene and major Eocene-age Indian coal deposits in the Panandhro region south of the Rann ofKutch and the Barmer region due east of the Thar coal field (Gowrisankaran and others 1987) provide evidence that coal occurrences in rocks of Eocene age are widespread
south east and northeast of the Thar coal field area
THAR COAL FIELD
The data on which this report is based were obtained by drilling 38 coal test holes in the Thar Desert In addition information about the Tharcoal field was obtained from geophysical logs and sanple descripions from water well
TH-6 The coal test drilling was conducteu Ly the Geologishycal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) drill crews using GSP drill rigs geological work during the drilling program including core description and coal-core sampling was done princishypally by GSP geologists with some oversight and assistance provided by USGS geologists for the drill holes prefixed TPshyand by John T Boyd Company personnel for holes STP- I through STP-10 The GSP selected the locations drilled and carried out the geologic work for holes STP- 11 through
6
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
K~INDIA 0T
90
a o
250- 0 G
IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
+o
7000
1 + IV INDIA
7030
i
7100
OPadra
I t I
SUniarkot TP20
Z- INDIA
14I
1I3
II64Chac r
Z ~VU
1P
24U -
a
7
00
11D
6
SW i 292 IA
St v 741srv
oL
Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
--
No I I
Coal
srr
c~
Nagar Parkar
rr
o
I
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
-- A INDIA
Gadra
1
2530 I I
EG14Pr25
n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
Ia INDIA
OF
11+15
2500 12
1P lt TPI +n i+ SWP2 e 1
I 6 vpIpd N o
0 P o
bullT 7L oIt
1P4
2430 Rann of Kuich fault zone
- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
MIA_
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
INDIA
-to Gadra
2530
Umarkot T25
TP 2 22 INDIA
I 4I
I i i P 19
Cbachro
Is 1 TP 4
25O -0
7P 13 To K T llone 3
SIP T
S 9 P7 P S
Y 0 ST6
IIlO
TP41 Rann of Kutch faur zone5E
u
oD-- Nagar Parker SIPI13 a
INDIA
Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
- Gadra
2521
UmaTko31 TDo
lip
TP2 2
K INDIA
250
am 2M
Chachro 4z1
D
6244
Midii
bullr
0 N
243 S627
24 - era
Rann ol Kul fauh zone
u
amp
i
-
N agar Parkar
INDIA Rann of Kutch o
Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
STP
T lJTP sit a
INDIA
_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
System Formation Depth Thickness or Series or Group (meters) Uthology (meters)
SiwalikPOST EOCENE (Aluvium) 226-
-ilhr226 shy iEOCENE 263 - - -
Laki 149 412
PALEOCENE Ranikof PALECEN niko 561- 149-14
Lower 282 Goru
843 CRETACEOUS
Sembar 494
1337
Chiltan 373
1710-o
JURASSIC
Shirinab1 0
16
narrowly
2773
TRIASSIC Wulgai 283 3055 _TD
Figure 4 Stratigraphic column of the Nabisar 1oil and gas testhole location of this hole is shown on figure 2 This figure is adaptedfromtheSTANVACinterpretationreportfortheprospect of Nabisar 1959
carbonates of the Chiltan Formation are shown ending) on figure 3 is our modification of the original figure by Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) We here show an unconformity at the base of the PaleoceneEocene sequence in the Thar field area truncating the underlying sedimentary rock sequence east-ward to the point where the PaleoceneEocene rocks rest directly on the basement granite
Ahmad and Zaigham (1993) conclude in their report that the thickest coal ia theTar coal field is Jurassic inage based on the physical tracing of geologic contacts on seismic sccuons Publisledpdynological studies ofcuttingssamples however from two water wells from these same coal-bearing sequences in the vicinity of drill hole TP- Iand east of lslamkot clearly indicate that the coal-bearing strataare of late Paleocene to early Eocene age (see Report on Referred Fossils by Frederiksen appendix 6 in SanFilipo and others 1991) Frederiksen has subsequently examined rock samples
collected from drill core from drill holes TP- 1TP-3 TP-4TP-5 and TP-7 and he reports that these samples undoubtedly come from close to the Paleocene-Eoceneboundary and the preponderance of evidence may favor an early Eocene age (Frederiksen written communication 1993) On the basis ofall available evidence it is ouropinionthat the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field arc all latePaleocene to early Eocene in age (This subject is discussed further in the Geologic History section of this report)
The stratigraphic sequence in all of the Thar Desert coal
test holes is essentially the same in each drill hole there is an interval of dune sand ranging from 14 m to 93 m thick followed by an interval of what is thought to be relativelyrecent Indus-valley alluvi- ranging from 11 m to 209 m thick followed by the coal-bearing bedrock interval ranging from zero to 185 m thick Nine of the test holes penetrated granite at or near their total depths (table I and fig 5) Stratigraphic columns for the 38 coal test holes plus the water well TH-6 are in appendix 1 of this report
No stratigraphic name is here given to the coal-bearingrocks of the Thar coal field these strata are labeled bedshyrock on all of the stratigraphic diagrams in this report As stated above these rocks are Paleocene to Eocene in age onthe basis of palynological evidence Additial dics or fossils from marine interbeds in the coal-bearing sequencefrom several test holes in the western part of the coal field are now in progress and it is hoped that those studies will more
define the age of the coal-bearing rocks of the Thar coal field The coal-bearing strata appear to be equivalent to the upper part of the Raikot Group or more likely the lower part of the Laki Formation (fig 4) but available evidence indicates that these coals are probably younger than the coals of the Indus valley coal fields to the west (fields 1-4 of figure 1) Coal-bearing rocks in coal fields of western India have been dated as Eocene and major Eocene-age Indian coal deposits in the Panandhro region south of the Rann ofKutch and the Barmer region due east of the Thar coal field (Gowrisankaran and others 1987) provide evidence that coal occurrences in rocks of Eocene age are widespread
south east and northeast of the Thar coal field area
THAR COAL FIELD
The data on which this report is based were obtained by drilling 38 coal test holes in the Thar Desert In addition information about the Tharcoal field was obtained from geophysical logs and sanple descripions from water well
TH-6 The coal test drilling was conducteu Ly the Geologishycal Survey of Pakistan (GSP) drill crews using GSP drill rigs geological work during the drilling program including core description and coal-core sampling was done princishypally by GSP geologists with some oversight and assistance provided by USGS geologists for the drill holes prefixed TPshyand by John T Boyd Company personnel for holes STP- I through STP-10 The GSP selected the locations drilled and carried out the geologic work for holes STP- 11 through
6
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
K~INDIA 0T
90
a o
250- 0 G
IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
+o
7000
1 + IV INDIA
7030
i
7100
OPadra
I t I
SUniarkot TP20
Z- INDIA
14I
1I3
II64Chac r
Z ~VU
1P
24U -
a
7
00
11D
6
SW i 292 IA
St v 741srv
oL
Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
--
No I I
Coal
srr
c~
Nagar Parkar
rr
o
I
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
-- A INDIA
Gadra
1
2530 I I
EG14Pr25
n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
Ia INDIA
OF
11+15
2500 12
1P lt TPI +n i+ SWP2 e 1
I 6 vpIpd N o
0 P o
bullT 7L oIt
1P4
2430 Rann of Kuich fault zone
- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
MIA_
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
INDIA
-to Gadra
2530
Umarkot T25
TP 2 22 INDIA
I 4I
I i i P 19
Cbachro
Is 1 TP 4
25O -0
7P 13 To K T llone 3
SIP T
S 9 P7 P S
Y 0 ST6
IIlO
TP41 Rann of Kutch faur zone5E
u
oD-- Nagar Parker SIPI13 a
INDIA
Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
- Gadra
2521
UmaTko31 TDo
lip
TP2 2
K INDIA
250
am 2M
Chachro 4z1
D
6244
Midii
bullr
0 N
243 S627
24 - era
Rann ol Kul fauh zone
u
amp
i
-
N agar Parkar
INDIA Rann of Kutch o
Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
STP
T lJTP sit a
INDIA
_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
7000 7030 7100 t - I_____________________________
S- INDIA
VOdeg deg- Gadra j -T I8
Urnarkol I
06
K~INDIA 0T
90
a o
250- 0 G
IIt
I STP lSIP 7 G
STP-6G
S11G
- 11IN3A Rann of Kutch fauh zone11~ ~ Parkar-Nagar
I 10 k I
INDIA Rann of Kutch L J
Figure 5 Structure contour map of the Thar coal field area contoured on the top of the granite basement rock Drill sites used for control for this map are circled Drill holes that actually penetrated the granite basement are designated with aG (This map was generated using the computer-contouring program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software) Contour interval is 100 m
STP-13 independently The drill hole locations and sum- and others (1994) and for TP-5 through TP-3I in 11omas mary dataaboutech drill holeare in table I and lie locations and others (1994) of the drill holes are shown on figure 2 The complete raw data set for the har test holes in the form of drill-site Field Limits geologists core descriptions and strip logs copies of geoshyphysical logs and complete coal-analyses report sheets will An isopach nap of (ie total coal thickness in the Thar be pi blished separately forTP- 1through TP-4 in SanFilipo coal field (fig 6) shows that the field is defined on its eastern
7
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
+o
7000
1 + IV INDIA
7030
i
7100
OPadra
I t I
SUniarkot TP20
Z- INDIA
14I
1I3
II64Chac r
Z ~VU
1P
24U -
a
7
00
11D
6
SW i 292 IA
St v 741srv
oL
Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
--
No I I
Coal
srr
c~
Nagar Parkar
rr
o
I
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
-- A INDIA
Gadra
1
2530 I I
EG14Pr25
n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
Ia INDIA
OF
11+15
2500 12
1P lt TPI +n i+ SWP2 e 1
I 6 vpIpd N o
0 P o
bullT 7L oIt
1P4
2430 Rann of Kuich fault zone
- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
MIA_
INDIA Rann of Kutch
Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
INDIA
-to Gadra
2530
Umarkot T25
TP 2 22 INDIA
I 4I
I i i P 19
Cbachro
Is 1 TP 4
25O -0
7P 13 To K T llone 3
SIP T
S 9 P7 P S
Y 0 ST6
IIlO
TP41 Rann of Kutch faur zone5E
u
oD-- Nagar Parker SIPI13 a
INDIA
Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
- Gadra
2521
UmaTko31 TDo
lip
TP2 2
K INDIA
250
am 2M
Chachro 4z1
D
6244
Midii
bullr
0 N
243 S627
24 - era
Rann ol Kul fauh zone
u
amp
i
-
N agar Parkar
INDIA Rann of Kutch o
Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
STP
T lJTP sit a
INDIA
_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
Table 1 Locations and summary data for 39 Thar Desert drill holes
[Hole locations shown on figure 2 stratigraphic columns of drill holes in appendix 1 measurements in meters]
Stratiraphic contacts (depths) Thickness Total Total Hole No Latitude Longitude
Eleva-tion
Base of dune sand
Base of alluvium
to 1st coal bench
to thickest coal bench
of thickest coal bench
coal thickness
depth of hole
TP-I 24 5620N 70 15561- 78 66 125 144 164 47 208 253 TP-2 24 5742N 70 15213 90 84 133 no coal no coal 00 00 196 G
TP-3 24 4492N 70 22161- 74 58 133 135 151 196 292 210 G
P-4 24 3032N 69 5705E 20 58 179 181 192 31 112 313 TP-5 24 4488N 700919E 63 43 135 155 166 33 146 274 TP-6 24 4431 N 70 34631 73 43 4 no coal no coal 00 00 147 G
lP-7 24 3456N 70 22731 45 69 179 187 223 72 176 246 TP-8 24 5033N 70 27691 90 41 118 158 158 70 172 268 G
r1-9 24 5087N 70 15551 110 82 123 148 212 57 293 308 TP-10 24 3241 N 70 0827F 26 71 167 178 225 92 282 267 TP-11 24 5628N 70 35571 100 21 230 233 236 18 46 249 lP-12 24 5658N 70 223611 96 50 200 201 236 130 267 263
TIP-13 24 5625N 70 1008131 73 60 142 177 202 55 148 301 TP-14 25 0279N 70 41751 110 93 222 244 244 64 77 279 G
TP-15 25 0296N 70 2728E 105 82 212 231 231 63 134 270 TP-18 25 1027N 70 33231 137 66 224 230 230 06 06 288 TI-19 25 0962N 70 20621 105 55 194 223 223 25 42 260 TP-20 25 0961 N 70 0750E 70 63 208 244 258 27 564 311 II-2225 1824N 70 2722E 104 39 165 179 232 27 129 284 TP-23 25 1636N 70 16001 75 23 188 206 206 13 20 246 Tl-24 25 2405N 70 3424E 134 42 155 176 176 04 05 225 TP-25 25 2240N 70 2057E 114 44 175 189 206 10 21 276 TP-28 25 2978N 70 26511E 128 32 175 194 215 34 56 260 TP-30 25 3405N 70 33301 139 15 99 123 131 09 15 163 TP-31 25 34 12N 70 2058E 90 20 168 218 239 36 56 256 STP-1 24 4741N 70 147511 91 78 118 136 14 103 306 237 STP-2 24 4966N 70 2141E 91 65 115 125 163 52 154 223 STP-3 24 4674N 70 1946E 70 65 107 128 153 110 269 215 STP-4 24 4152N 70 1667E 76 81 144 147 180 109 173 234 STP-5 24 4062N 70 2185E 53 62 127 142 169 115 288 231G STP-6 24 3949N 70 2977E 46 14 94 no coal no coal 00 00 112 G
STI-7 24 42GON 70 2601E 92 44 135 145 190 40 241 224 STP-8 24 4552N 70 2925E 88 51 154 154 154 56 118 206G
STP-9 24 4812N 70 2432E 84 53 129 130 177 53 251 225 STP-10 24 4879N 70 3174E 91 62 151 no coal no coal 00 00 175 G
STP-11 24 3791N 70 1541E 45 54 138 143 171 155 287 231 STP-12 24 3365N 70 1587E 42 58 146 147 171 40 146 243 STP-13 24 2231N 69 5559E 30 63 147 nocoal nocoal 00 00 249 T11-6 25 0655N 70 15251F 93 40 212 240 245 46 125 301
GDrill hole penetrated granite near total depth
side by abruptly thinning coal in the north and by the the coal-bearing strata and that coal may be present at the nortieast-trending fault to the south This fault isupthrown STP- 13 drill site at greater depths Such a fault or fault zone on the east side and the coal-bearing strata that may once is tentatively shown on the Tectonic Map of Pakistan comshyhave been present east of the fault are no longer present due piled by A H Kazmi and R A Rana (1982) and is thereon to their erosion The coal-thickness pattern shown by the labeled the Rann of Kutch fault zone Thus the Thar field isopach map does seem to indicate that the coal is generally is probably limited to the south along an east-trending fatult thinning eastward towrLd the fault but it is possible that a zone running between drill holes TP-4 and STP-13 that has lobe of thicker coal may have extended further eastward dropped the coal down to great depths to the south (we have prior to the time of faulting and erosion of the coal tentatively sketched in te Rann of Kutch fault zone on
To the south the total-coal isopach lines do not close and figure 6) the limit of the field in that direction is not presently known To the north and northwest the total coal is thin and Ne Drill hole STP-13 the southernmost coal test hole was field is fairly well defined in those areas by the 15-meter drilled to a total depth of 249 meters and did not penetrate isopach line In the west central part of the field the isopachs any coal beds It is thought that this hole may be located do not close beyond the 12-meter coal-thickness line thus south of a large east-trending fault that has down-dropped the limits of the field in that direction are not known The
8
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00
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Rann of Kutch faull zone
- - -- - -shy
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Coal
srr
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Nagar Parkar
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Figure 6 Isopach map of total coal in the Thar coal field Coal-thickness values at each control point represent the sum of thethicknesses of all coal beds in each drillhole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area forwhich coal resource calculationswere made The dotted line from TP-I0 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generatedusing the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software total coal resources for the Thar coal field were basedon area-determinations for the various coal-thickness intervals shown on this map using the Surfer program) Contour intervalis variable as shown
size of the field is thus roughly 9100 square kilometers present in each drill hole For the most part these thickshyabout 140 km (north-south) and about 65 kin (east-west) nesses represent coal beds actually measured by the drill site geologist in drill core (Drill hole TIH-6 is th Irill holeTotal Coal Thickness that was not cored coal thicknesses in this v ll were determined from geophysical logs) The tables accompany-Coal thickness measurements and methodology ing the strafigraphic columns for each of the 39 drill holes inappendix I give the depths to the top and bolton of each coalThe total coal thickness for the drill holes shown on bed and ihe bed thicknesses For someofthe drill holestherefigure6represents the sum of the thicknesses of the coal beds was core loss in coal beds (denoted by CLC on the table) in
9
most instances the core loss in coal has Ixen determined from the geophysical log for the hole in a few rare cases where there was no geophysical log of the coal-bearing interval of tie drill hole the drill site geologists notation that the lost core was probably coal has been accepted but this has only been done for relatively thin lost-core intervals within thicker coal beds
The most serious question regarding whether lost core was coal or not arose with hole TP-7 There was extensive core loss in this drill hole that the drill site geologist noted as probably coal and theie were no geophysical logs run in the coal-bearing part of this hole because of poor hole conditions The total thickness of the probable-coal inter-vals in TP-7 was 207 in beckuse the totd thickness of recovered coal from TP-7 was only 176 m we thought it prudent to rot include the 207 in of probable coal in the total coal thickness for this drill hole (If all of this lost core iscoaltoalTP7 has o 383 mof oal by ar he hicest coal TP-7 ias a total of 383 m of coal by far tie thickest
A of t ie coal benches from ich sduiples were col-
lected for coal-quality analysis (drill holes with the TP-preFix)are numbered from tile top down The word bench is here used as defined in Wood and others (1983) as a layer of coal containing no partings of non-coal mateial greater than 1cm in thickness As can be seen oil the stratigraphic columns in appendix I coal samples were not collected for analysis from some of tie thinner coal benches in die TPshyholes (usually benches less than 3 in thick) these benches are iabeled NA For the TH-6 hole and the holes with an STP- orefix all of the coal benches penetrated are num-bered from the top down on the stratigraphic columns in appen(ix i
Coal beds arc defined by Wood and others (1983) as intervals of mixed coal and noncoal layers in which the noncoal partings are less thick than overlying or underlying coal benches The coal beds present in tilehllar coal test holes are shown in brackets and are lettered alphabetically from the top down on the stratigraphic sections in appendix 1Wood and others (1983) state that benches of lignite less than 75 cm thick are omitted from calculations [of reserves or resources] if they lieabove or below partings that may deter their mining Because the ininability of these beds is presently unknown intile Thar Desert in this report every measured coal bench regardless of thickness has been included intotal coal thicknesses and consequently these thinner beds are included in the total coal tonnage resources numbers
Coal distribution
Figure 6 the total-coal isopach map shows the distribushytion of the cuals in the Thar field The area of iickest totai ccal is in tile souiern two-thirds of th field area the area bounded by the 18-in isopach line has a sor what sinuous northeasterly trend within this thick-coal area total-coal thickness reaches its maximum value of 306 in at STP-1 There are ten drill holes within this thick-coal area that penetrated more than 24 in of total coal The total coal thins
away from the dtick-coal area to tie west north and cast and to some extent to the south although the total-coal thickness south of TP-10 (total-coal thickness of 282 in) is unknown because of lack of control south of that drill site As disshycussed above the Rann of Kutch fault zone (fig 6) is probably located about 10 km orso south of drill site TP-10 and has probably dropped the coal-bearing rocks down to the south to great depths hence regardless of the coal thickshynesses south of TP-10 the area of potentially minable coal to die south is probably not large in a relative sense
With the exception ofthe 129 i of iotal coal found atTPshy22 there is a marked thinning of total coal in the northern third of the Thar coal field but die northerly trend of the coal field is continued in this area The width of the coal field is considerably narrowe r in itsnoidiern part
Fres in iach map ote tes hofpresent in eachl drill hole Thle trends and patters shown oaon this map are similar to those shown oil the total-coal isopach
map (fig 6) witi die thickest coal benches exhibiting a
northerly tred Drill hole TP-3 as the thickest coal bench at 196 m Six drill holes contain coal benches more than 10 n tick these drillioles are located on tie same sinuous north-trending thick-coal band seen on figure 6
Coal Bench Correlation
A perusal of the stratigraphic columns in appendix 1 shows that the coal beds penetrated in the Thar Desert coal test holes are not easily correlated field-wide However a correlation diagram onstructed along thesinuous thickcoal trend portrayed ol figure 6 shows that some coal-bench and coal-bed correlations are possible (fig 8) Figure 8 is an 8shydrill-hole correlation diagrun on which tile most probable coal-bench correlations are indicated (tho line of this cross section is shown on figs 2 and 6) (The suggested correlashytions are admittedly conservative but we think tile most redistic given tile relatively wide spacing of tile drill holes) This diagram shows that tie coal benches in the southernshymost 5 drill holes do seem to correlate quite nicely espeshycially the thicker coals in the lowermost coal bed Coalshybench correlations from STP-3 to STP- I and TP-9 are mnuch less certain due to the spreading-out of the coals vertically in the last-mentioned two drill holes It is interesting to note that TP- 12 contains a thick coal bed at its base similar to the bed in the southernmost five holes but there is no apparent connection of these thick beds
Coal Quality
Sample collection and analysis
Coal samples were collected from 22 of the 25 TP-series drill holes foranalyticalanalysis a total of3 15 samples were analyzed Sampled intervals varied from less than 2 m to more than 2 in but most sampled intervals were less than oneshymeter thick and averaged 74 m Coal samples were
10
70100 7030 71 00
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2530 I I
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n Umarkot I I
IP23 [
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- - --- - - -- ) Nagar Parkar
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Figure 7 Isopach map ofthickest coal bench in the Thor coal field Coal-thickness values are the thickness of the thickest coal bench pre-ent in each drill hole The area bounded by the dashed line is the area for which coal resource and reserve calculations were
made The dotted line from TP-10 to TP-12 is the line of the coal correlation diagram on figure 8 (This map was generated using the computer program Surfer manufactured by Golden Software the total coal resources for theThar coal field were based on areashy
dterminations for the various coat-thickness intervals shown fn this map using the Surfer program) Contour interval is variable as shown
collected at the drill site and for the most part the utniost care TP- I (appendix 2) identifies those samples that probably dried
was used to wrap the coa-core samnples in waterproof plastic prior to waterproof bagging
bags as soon as possible after the core was pulled and de- Coal samples from the TP- drill holes were analyzed by
scribed Procedures were as follows is soon as the core was three different laboratories the Geochemical Testing laboshy
pulled and removed from the core barrel the core was washed ratory in the United States the Gcological Survey of Pakishy
and described and lhen double-wrapped in heavy plastic stan laboratory in Karachi Pakistan and the Pakistan Counshy
core-samplebags Ifthecod corewasleftunwrappedforany cil of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research
length of time it was covered with water-soaked cloths The Centre in Karachi Pakistan Table 2 summarizes the seshy
only drill hole from which coal core apparently dried out prior lected coal-andyses results for the rP-series drill holes and -to bagging was T1 1 The summary coal-analysis sheet for identifies the laboratory that perorned the analyses
11
The majority of the coal samples were submitted to the testing laboratories for proximate and ultimate analysis heating value total sulfur and forms of sulfur free swelling index equilibrium moisture apparent specific gravity and Hardgrove grindability index determinations All of these values are not summarized on the tables in this report the values shown herein are total sulfur 0h moisture and heating value on the as-received basis Heating values are also given on the dry dry and ash free and moist mineral-matter free basis Volatile matter is presented on the dry and ah-free basis and apparent specific gravity is also given Copies of the complete testing-laboratory analysis reports for each of the 315 samples will be published separately along with all otherraw daaacquired during theThar Desert test drilling program for TP-1 through TP-4 in SanFilipo and others (1994) and for TP-5 through T-31 in Thomas and others (1994) Heating values are shown as reported by each coal analysis testing laboratory in Btus (British thermal units) Even thoughiall other measurements in this report are metric coal heating values were not converted to kilogr-an-calories on the tables because of the difficulty this would havecreated for the readerwanting to compare values on the tables in this report with the values shown on the original laboratory analysis report sheets Btu heating values can be converted to kilogram-calories by multiplying by 0556
We have created adetailed table fore -1iofthedrillholes from which samples were analyzed iding the above-listed vuues in hree categories by coal sample by coal bench and by coal bed Coal bench and bed numbers on these tables are keyed to the numbered benches and beds shown on the stratigraphic columns shown in appendix 1of this report Composite-sample values for coal benches and beds are all weighted averages Fihe coal-analysis tables are in appendix 2 of this report Table 2 presents the averages (aithmetic and weighted) of the analyses from each of the sampled drill holes
Heating values
The over-all average analytical values for Thlar Desert coals show that the coal is in the lignite B category because weighed-average MMF (moist mineral matter free) heatshying values are 5747 Btu below 6300 Btu the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) threshold value between lignite B and lignite A The highest average MMF heating value on table 2 is for TP-18 which had a value of
6154 Btu this vdue only represents a single coal sample from a coal bench 6-m thick and thus is not thought to be representative The highest MMF heating vlue of 5938 Btu
for a drill hole with more than one sample came from driil hole TP-3 which had 36 salples from coals totaling 2722-in thick (table 2) The lowest MMF heating value of 4777 Btu came fronm TP-30 which only had two samples analyze-d from two thin beds totaling 152-in thick and Plus this average value cannot be considered to be representative
A few thin coal benches from drill holes TP-4 TP-10 TP-12 and TP-22 had MMF heating values a excess of
6300 Btu putting them in the lignite A range on the ASTM scale but these values appear to he anomalous The highest MMF heating value for one of the relatively thick coal benches found in the southern part of the coal field is from bench 9 of TP-10 this 893-m thick bench has an MMF heating value of 6106 Btu Bench 5of TP-3 1958-m thick has an MMF heating wflue of 6043 Btu
As received heating values are probably more important to consider in terms of the amount of heat that will be produced from the coal as it comes out of the ground As received heating values were the only values from the coal analyses results fortheTP-test holes that weresusceptible to contouring figure 9 is an iso-Btu map showing the distribushytion of the weighted-average as-received heating values in the Thar coal field these values are from table 2 The map shows that there is an area of heating values greater than 5250 Btu that again shows the northeasterly trend first noted on the total-coal isopach map (fig 6) Within the 5250-Btu isopleth are two areas with heating values greater than 5500 Btu As figure 9 shows TP-3 has one of the highest asshyreceived heating values at 5549 Btu the thickest bench in TP-3 bench 5 (1958-in thick) has an as-received heating value of 5725
Heating valucs for Thar coals are also given on the included tables in the standard categories of dry and dry and ash free these values are of interest in terms of providing some indication of what the heating value for the Thar coals would be if some of their moisture orash content were to be removed On the dry basis with all of the coals moisture removed the weighted-average for all samples analyzed is 10356 Btu with all of the moisture and ash removed the heating value is 12322 Btu
Moisture
The weighted average for as-received moisture content for Thar coals is 4857 percent (table 2) that is nearly 50 percent of the coals weight is in its contained moisture The distribution of moisture-percentage values for the Thar coals appears to be random with no discernible pattern throughout time field area
Sulfur
The weighted average for as-received sulfur percentage for all anayzcd ilhar Thecoals (table 2) is 157 percent range of sulfur content fur Thar coals is from 57 to 36 percent The end members of this range are drill holes with relai ively thin total coal and few samples In drill holes from which more the 10 coal samples were analyzed sulfur perceitages range from 91 percent in TP-9 to 223 percent in TP-4 Sulfur percentages for the thicker (more than 6-m thick) coal benches in the field range from 8 percent in TPshy3 for the 1958-m thick bench 5 to 16 percent for the 665shym thick bench 8 in TP-8 The other coal bench over 10-m thick the 1267-in thick bench 5 in TP-12 has a sulfur value of89 percent The arithmetic average for sulfur for the six
12
South North
STP-1TP-10 TP-9
STP-11 STP-5 1Tshy
2- TP-12
4 4shy- - -- - shy - - - -3
7- -- -shy 150 - -Y----- -- _- = - 3shy
a0- 7- 9- -S shy - -- shy -
10o 200 _5 j Tt
200200
l 158 km- Jltt 119 kmn i 80 km -- 57 krn - 80 krm- 66 km i it 156 km
Figure 8 Coal-correlatio n diagram line of section is through the thickest total-coal area on the total coal isopech map (fig 6) The line of section is also shown on figures 2 and 7 Datum for this diagram is the base of the thickest coal bed for drill holes TP-10 through STP-3 and for TP-12 datum for STP-1 and TP-9 is a bit more subjective because of the wider vertical distribution of coals in these drill holes
Table 2 Selected coal-analyses values for 315 coal samples from 22 sampled coal test holes Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Coal analyses values shown are weighted averages for all samples analyzed from each coal test hole GT Geochemical Testing GSP Geological Survey of Pakistan PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre NA not available DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter sampled coal thicknesses in meters]
Sampled- Number As received values- Heating values Btu Volatile Apparent Hole coal of Analytical Total As MMM matter specific number thickness samples laboratory sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
TlP-1 1886 24 GT 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13 TP-3 2722 36 GT 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118 TiP-4 2 1049 17 GSP 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 NA TP-5 1317 19 GT 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 119 TP-7 1624 21 PCSIR 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133 TP-8 1689 18 PCSIR 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129 TP-9 2682 37 PCSIR 091 974 4713 5151 9897 11910 5669 57 13 TP-10 2509 33 PCSIR 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138 TP-11 449 5 PCSIR 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128 TP-12 2509 32 PCSIR 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 TP-13 1215 17 PCSIR 147 1003 4937 4816 9558 11841 5270 5931 145 TP-14 475 5 PCSIR 256 854 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13 TP-15 966 15 PCSIR 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 TP-18 06 1 PCSIR 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 6362 2 1 TP-ll 283 3 PCSIR 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138 TP-20 235 3 PCSIR 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136 TP-22 445 11 PCSIR 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 TP-23 235 2 PCSIR 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135 TP-25 21 3 PCSIR 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136 TP-28 449 6 PCSIR 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 TP-30 152 2 PCSIR 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 TP-31 449 5 PCSIR 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
Arithmetic averages 163 871 4792 5178 10114 12076 5574 591 132 Weighted averages 157 883 4857 5333 10356 12322 5747 5872 133
1 Weighted-average values do not include analyses values for some coal samples that dried out prior to sealing in plastic bags
2 Not all samples from this hole have Btu values Btu averages are for 12 of the 17 samples
analyzed coal benches over 6-m thick is 11 percent In a valueof 621 percent As with the sulfurvaiues the thickest general sense it is clear that the thickest coal benches in the coal benches tend to have the lowest percentage of ash Thlar field have lower sulfur values than do the thinner values Ash-percentage values seem to have a random benches Sulfur percentages do not seem to have any geographic distribution throughout the field specific geographic pattern throughout the Thar field
Ash Overburden
The weighted average for as-received ash values for all The overburden in the Thar coal field consists of three the coals in the Thar field is 883 percent The range for kinds of material dune sand alluvium that was probably weighted-averaged ash values isfrom 553 percent in TP- 11 deposited by an ancestral Indus river system and Paleocene to 1713 percent in TP-23 As with th-C sulfur values these to Eocene sedimentary rock The dune-sand thickness extremes are from drill holes with few sample-md thin throughout the field (at ihter-dune drill sites) ranges from 14shycoals Lookingjustat theash values for drill holes with more in to 93-tn thick and averages around 50-in thick alluvium than 10 samples analyzed the range in ash conteat is 699 thicknesses range from 11 -in to 209-in thick and average percent to 1341 percent For the thickest analyzed coal around 100-in thick The Paleocene-Eocene bedrock intershybenches in the field the ash values range from 50 percent for val above the first coal bed is normally quite thin with the the 1267-m thick bench 5 in TP- 12 to 1028 percent for the first coals generally located less than 20 rn beneath the 569-m thick bench 14 in TP-9 The thickest bench in the alluvium-bedrockcontact Inafewdrill holesalluvium rests Thar field bench 5 in TP-3 (1958 in) has an as-received ash directly on the first coal bed
14
7000 70deg30 71deg00
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Rann ofKutch
Figure 9 Isopleth map of as-received heating values for the Thar coal field Heating values are given in Btus (British thermal units) to convert Btu values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556 Map constructed using the Surfer computer program Contour interval Is 250 Btu (as received)
It must be strongly emphasized at this point that in dune thickness overlying tiv alluvium laler probably avershyplanning the coal test drilling program every effortwas made ages more like 80 meters throughout the coal field 50 m of to locate drill holes at the lowest possible elevation in the dune sand below the low points where the test holes were interdune areas Thus the average dune-sand thickness of sited plus an average of 30 in more represented by present 50 in is the average thickness of dune sand beneath an dune topography The total overburden isopach map (fig imaginaryplane connecting the surface elevations of all the 10) does not include the thickness of the dune sand above the drillsites Because the reliefof the sand dunes at the surface imaginary plane referred to above To compilean overburshyin the Thar Desert exceeds 100m inplacestheaveragesand den map including the topography of the dunes between all
15
7000 7030 7100
- -
vot IND IA
l
-
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UmaTko31 TDo
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Figure 10 Total-overburden isopach map for the Thar coal field Interval contoured is from the surface to the top of the first coalbed at each drill hole Map constructed using the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 25 m Shaded areas are underlain by less than 150 m of overburden
of the test holes would have been an enormous undertaking This map shows two areas of least (less than 150 m)overburshyfar beyond the scope of this report (If digitized large-scale den The largest and most significant of these thinnershytopography were available throughout the Thar coal field overburden areas is in the same part of the field where the area such a map could be drawn quite easily using a thickest coalsare found in the southern part of the field areacomputer-contouring program) Figure 10 is thus a some- The area to the north where die overburden isless than 150shywhat flawed total-overburden isopach map inthick is confined to asmall region around TP-30 where the
The values on figure 10 represent the interval from the total coal is only 15-m thick The thinnest overburden in theground surface to the top of the first coal bench penetrated southern part of the field where the coals are thickest is 125
16
nat drill site STP-3 Thearea of thickest overburden (more than 225-rn thick) is present along an eawst-trending band in the center of the coal field area
The 150-in overburden isopach line is especially signifi-cant lecause lignite may be classified as coal reserves only where it is shallower than 15f in whereas lignite deeper than 150 in must be classified is resources (Wood and others 1983) This subject will be discussed at greater length below in the Coal Resources section of this report
Structure
The geologic structure throughout the Thar coal field is geologic structurehheseenonfigureI1a Ta coaltuedoishow the eastward-rising regional structural trend there tLis
best seen onfigure 11 a geologic structure map contoured onthe top of the highest coal bed ienet ited in each drill hole
The structure-contour values for all of the drill holes except one are below sea level the exception is TP-30 where the top of the first coal is at 16 in above sea level The majior
structural elements of the Thar field are the structural dome
in the southern part with structural closure of 80 in the structurally low saddle trending souteastward through the center of the field the structural high in the northeast p-q of the field and the uplifted fault block which sharply truncates the coal field in the southeast The throw on this fault appears to be on the order of 150 m to the south decreasing to nearly zero at its northern end There is a regional dip to the west indicated for the field area however if the struc-tural and straigraphic relationships inferred on die geologic cross section of figure 3 are correct there is the possibility at least ofrelatively shalov coal-bearing strata west of tie Thar field
To illustrate the structure of the coal field in another dimension we have constructed a series of eight intersecting structural cross sections across the field The lines of these cross sections are shown on figure 2 the cross sections are figures 3-1 through 3-5 in appendix 3 of this report As shown on figure 2 three of the cross sections are norhi-trending and five are east-trending
Structural cross section A-A (fig 3-1) trends nordi across the western part of the field and portrays tilemore gentle uplift of die structural dome along its western flank Thereisslightthinningofthebedrockandalluvium iitervals over the dome There is little expression of the structural dome at the surface The coal-bearing rocks have been brought closer to the surface over this structure Cross section B-B (fig 3-2) crosses directly over the highest p)int of the structural dome and best shows the configuration of this structure in cross section Bedrock does seem to thin over the dome and the alluvium thins drunatically over the structure As on section A-A the dome seems to have no surface expression The very thick coals in TP-3 have been elevated closer to die surface over the dome Section B-B extends the entire length of the field and thus also shows the structural saddle between TP-12 and TP-25 and a small structural nose at TP-25
The third north-trending cross section C-C (fig 3-3) is east of the northeast-trending fault to die south and crosses
fhe fault between drill holes STP-10 and TP-1We have depicted tileprobable location and configuration of the fault on this cross section As can be seen the granite basement rock and the overlying bedrock have been offset by this fault about 100 in with the coal-bearing rocks apparently eroded off of the upthrown fault block to the soIth The depths to the lop of the granite basement at drill holes TP- II and TPshy18 are derived from the basement structure map (fig 3) in Ahinad and others (1993) North of the fault the bedrock rises steadily toward the surface There seems to be no
expression of the fault at the surface East-trending cross sections D-D (fig 3-1) and E-E
(fig 34) cross the northernmost part of the Thar field and
eastward structural rise is mimicked by a topographic rise ofthe land surface Section F-F (fig 3-4) crosses the north flank of the structural dome on its western end and crosses the fault at its eastern end The estimated location of the fault
is shown and apparently the coal-bearing roctks have been resoved enet the falter av restremoved by erosion east of the fault where alluvium rests directly ony the granite basement rock The throw on the fault in this area is about 40 m The depths to tie top of the granite basement at drill holes TP- 1TP- 12 and TP- 11 are based on data on figure 3 in Ahmad and others (1993) Bedrock does notappeartothinoverthedomeonthiscrosssecionbutthe alluvium layer thins markedly over this structure Again thereis noexpression of the faultorthestructuraldoneatth surface
Cross section G-G (fig 3-5) crosses nearly over the top of the structural dome and then crosses the fault at its eastern end The throw on die fault between STP-9 and STP-10 is shown to beabout 80 m but thedepth to the granite basement rock is not know at drill site STP-10 so this is only an estimate The depths to the top of de granite basement at drill holes STP-3 STP-1 and TP-5 are based on data in Alimad and others (1993) Alluvium dins greatly over the dome whereas bedrock does not appear to din appreciably Again neither the dome nor the fault show much expression at the surface Cross section H-H (fig 3-5) is the southernshymost of the east-trending cross sections and crosses the southernmost flank of the structural dome to the west before crossing the fault between IP-7 and STP-6 The throw on the fault here appears to be about 150 in East of the fault at drill sites STP-6 and TP-6 die coal has apparently been eroded and alluvium rests directly on the granite basement
Coal Resources
For coal resource calculations the field was conservashytively defined as being the area enclosed within a boundar line connecting the outermost coal test hole locations The field area so defined is shown on figures 6 and 7 and it contains 4320 square kilometers (431900 hectares) Only coal resources within thisboundaryare included inthe tables in this report (the exception is for measured and indicated resources for the edge-holes those holes on the periphery of the field boundary for these drill holes measured and indishy
17
7000 70O0 71 00 I I TJ
- INDIA
-- - - Gadra
01TP7t TP0
~ 724
UUmarkot T 2S
t
oo
INIA
2 J 0 -((( 7 I7t r N
C 0~
t Tgt
STP
T lJTP sit a
INDIA
_ Rann of Kutch agte
INDIA Ra0 of Kukd --LJ
Figure 11 Structure map of the Thar coal field Values contoured are depths to top of the stratigraphicallyhighest coal bed adjusted to a sea-level datum Contours were drawn by the Surfer computer-contouring program Contour interval is 10 m
cared resources were included that fell within a 4km ard 12 km arc respectivelyoutside the above-described field bound-ary) There is undoubtedly additional coal to the south and west of the herein tightly-defined field area but additional test drilling in those areas will be required to quantify those resources
ThecoalresourcesfortheTharcoal fieldarehereingiven in the standard US Geological Survey format as set forth in Woodandothers(1983) coalquantitiesarepresentedinthe measured indicated inferred and hypothetical categories and in the thickness ranges recommended (in those few instances where USGS standards were not strictly ad-hered to for calculation or presentation of coal resources the reasons for so doing are clearly stated in the text) For coal resource determinations based on drill hole data resource
areas are defined by the USGS as having radii (centered on the drill hole) of4 km for measured 12 km for indicated and 48 km for inferred resources beyond 48 kin resources are in the hypothetical category Resource numbers are provided in three groupings total coal total coal with less than 150-mn of overburden and thickest coal bench The total-coal resource detenninations for each of de three gioupings were made using a computer contouring program named Surfur by Golden Software Using that program isopach maps were drawn for the three groupings listed above these maps are shown on figures 6 7 and 12 of this report The areas for each thickness-range polygon on the three isopach maps were measured by the Surfer program in square kilometers The coal tonnage was calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers for each coalshy
18
TP-I 029
STP-90 16
9STP-9
S2
NI
T SSTP-3
I
-
036 C
0811
(to)
036 STTP-3
Islamkot
STP-4
STP-5
soTP7
STP-1 1shy039
0
0I I
15 kilometers
~15-7
STP-12 00
Figure 12 Isopach map showing distribution of coal thicknesses for coals shallower than 150 m in the Thar coal field Boundingline is 150-m thickness-of-overburderi line from figure 10 Contours were drawn by Surfer computer-contouring program areas for each coal-thickness range were measured by the Surfpr program for coal-tonnage calculations Contour interval is variable as shown Drill holes STP-4 STP-7 and STP-1 2havevalues of zero because these holes do contain coal benches less than 150-m deepbut those benches are all les than 75-m thic and thus are not included in the coal totals for depths less than 150 m
19
Table 3 Total-coal tonnage or Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic asrurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 3 in 3 to 6 ni
Measured area km2 15 15 25 metric tons 729920 3715958 17013781
Indicated area km2 120 120 201 metric tons
Iofe rred 12208363 31847904 139599979
area km2 204 1()9 2108 metric tons 20196000 326403000 125215200() I lypothetical area km2 228 925 6481 metnc (os 23038316 279315538 3827105640
Totals (tons) 56172600 641282400 5235872400
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 18 to 24 n 24 to 300 gt30 m
Measured area km2 5 45 5 metric tons 13802131 163900308 20305058 Indicated area kmn2 40 362 40 imetric tons 110406067 1308948854 153931536
Inferred area kin25 2655 3704 19 metric tons 7359660000 15000876000 752400000 1lypothetical area km2 4859 2511 99 metric tons 13469957002 7126370038 394419406
Totals (tons) 20953825200 23600095200 13210560M)
thickness range polygon times the average thickness of coal for each area in meters and multiplying by 100 to obtain the volume of the coal in hectare-meters The hectare-meter number was next multiplied by 13200 the numberof metric tons of coal per hectare-meter for coal of the specific gravity of the Thar field (Wood and others 1983) as shown on table 2 the average specific gravity for Thar coal is 133
The coal tonnages for the measured indicated and inferred categories were determined as follows For mea-sured resources the area of a circle with a radius of 4 kilometers was calculated (050 tin2 ) and this area was multiplied by the coal thickness value for that drill hole The coal tonnage for that area was then determined by multiply-ing the area by 100 and then by 13200 as described above The coal tonnage thus determined was then assigned to the thickness-range category based on the thickness value for the test hole Tonnage for the indicated-reserves category was calculated by deternining the area of a circle with a 12 kin radius (452 kin 2) and this number was tnuitiplied by an estimated thickness value This estimated value was deter-mined by observing the thickness values of nearby drill holes and slightly modifying the value for the hole in question based on whether nearby holes had greater lesser orequiva-lent values than the drill hole in question (For exanple a drill hole with a total coal thickness of 20 mnsurrounded by
20
6 to 12 i0 12 to 18 11
1550 20238702 9906648
120402 161893512 805751971
21781717 2587464000 5019300000
72095446 8541945786 9152561381
11311542000 15076710000
Totals
176 338802507
1404 2724588187
1386 32318451000
27758 42814714106
78196555800
drill holes with values of 10 in might be estimated to have a value of 19 m for calculating indicated resources)
The procedure fordetermining inferred resources was to draw an arc around the drill hole on the isopach map with a radius of48 km and then using a polar planimeter determine the areas of each thickness-range polygon within the area bounded by the arc (In those cases where 48-km-radius arcs from nearby test holes intersected areas for coal-thicknessshyrange polygons within the larger area defined by the outer limit of 48-kin arcs from two or more test holes were determined with a polar planimeler In those instances where the 48 km arc intersected the boundary line of the field coal resources were measured only for the area within the field boundary) The coal tonnage for hypothetical resources was detcrnined by subtracting de sum of tonnage for measured indicated and inferred resources from the total coal resources for the field for each of the three
groupings The coal tonnages for the Thar field in the total-coal
grouping is tabulated in table 3 in 8 thickness-range categoshyries Total-coal tonnages are based on the sutn of the thicknesses ofall of the coal benches identified in each of the Thar coal field test holes (see total-coal isopach map figure 6) al coal benches regardless how thin are included in the total-coal-thickness values
Table 4 Coal tonnages for coal with less than 150-m of overburden Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
(eologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0 to 15 m 15 to 30 m 30 to 60 rn gt60 m Totals
Measured area km 2 15 1 metric Ions 0) 4578592 Indicated area km2 12 8 retfriclons 8758174 50425848
Inferred area km 2 394 -022 metric tons 39006000 60(0534tX)(t I lyxtlietical area km 2 58 775 netric tons 10368626 195812060)
Totals (tons) 58132800 851350500
The coal tonnages for coals with total overburden thick-nesses less than 150 in arc shown on table 4 (see fig 12 isopach map of total-coal thicknesses at less than 150-in depth the 150-in of overburden line on figure 12 is from figure 10 of this report) The thickness of coal in each of the 12 drill holes containing coal at adepth less than 150 in was measured down to the 150-in limit in some drill holes acoal bench ranged from above 15( in to below 150 meters but only the coal above the 150 in line in such benches was included In accordance with USGS standards for coal-resourcecalculations (Wood and others 1983) coal benches less than 75-m thick were not included However contour-ing the coal thicknesses less than 150-in deep resulted in some areas on the isopach map of from 0 to 15 in i thickness consequently those areas were measured their coal tonnages were determined and those areas and ton-nates are shown on table 4 (some drill holes within the 150shyin overburden boundary have zero values because they contain coal less than 150-in deep but the coal is in benches less than 75-m thick) Tonnages are shown on table 4 in 4 thickness ianges in the geologic assurance categories pre-
scribed by the USGS The tonnages of coal calculated for the thickest coal benchprsentnna ofoal Ilculae owntkeo 5
bench present in each of the drill holes are shown on tale o These resource numbers provide a more realistic estimate the number of tols of coal in the field that woual the primar-y target of mining 1owever in many of the coal test holes there are several thick coal benches and thus the coal tonnage values for the thickest bench in each hole clearly under-represent the tonnage of potentially minable coal in the Thar field The tonnages of coal in the thickest bench in each drill holt are shown on table 5 in 6 thickness-range columns
ummary of Thar Coal Field Characteristics
The Thar coal field is located in the Thar Desert of southeastern Pakistan in eastern Sindh Provqce The field
2 10749737
I 109488(
55 26277134
201 82804550
8 7961970
481 221608332
2374 141015600()
589 51569100()
5379 25653870(0
141 8744875 I1
51 68445234
2_94 1149113434
2378197800 674704800 3962385900
area is about 9100 square kilometers the field dimensions areabout 140 kin (north-south) andabout 65 km (east-west) The area of the field contained within a boundary drawn connecting the outennost drill holes contains 4319 square kilometers (4319(X) hectares) The dimensions of the field areaso definedareabout 115 kin long (north-south) byabout 40 kin wide (east-west) Total coal tonnage for the field is 78196555800 neuic tons The coal is lignite B in rank with an as-received heating value of 5333 Btu as received sulfur percentage of 157 and as-reccived ash percentage of 883 percentThc dryandash-free heating value for the Thar coals is 12322 Btu As received moisture conient is4857 percent Nine drill holes in the south-cenml part of the field contain more than 24 in of total coad six of these nine drill holes contain coal beds greater than 20 in thick Drill hole TP-3 contains abed of coal 27 in thick containing only three
partings 105 in 9 in and 41 i thick The shallowest coal in the field lies at a depth of 123 in
(TP-30) the deepest coal (depth to 1st col bed) is at 244 i(TP-14) The field contafins 39623859(X) metric tons of otade fls t
coalat adepth of less than 150 i All of the drill holes inthe
field were located in interdune areas at the lowest elevation possible because the surface relief of the sand dunes of theThar Desert is as much as I(X) in the Thar coals between drill holes will probably be covered onaverage byan additional tens of meters of dune sand
A structural dome in the south-central part of the Thar coal field has elevated the thickest coals in the field closer to the surface A north-easterly trending fault fonns the botundshyary of the Thar field in the southeast part ofthe fieldarea Cast
of this fault the coal-bearing rocks were uplifted as much as 150 in and probably eroded prior to depositiot of th( overlying alluvium The Rann of Kutch fault zone probabfy represents the maximum southern extent of ininable coal in the field area Thar coals thin greatly northward eastward and westward in the northern half of the field area to the south relatively thick coals may be present west of the presently-drilled area On the basis of paleontological information the Thar coals are Paleocene to Eocene in age and are probably early Eocene
21
Table 5 Coal tonnages for thickest coal bench present in each drill hole Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan
Geologic assurance Coal thickness ranges category 0to 151m 15 to 3 m
Measured area km 2 30 20 metric tons 2786969 6436571
Indicated area km 2 241 161 metric tons 26539920 52018243
Inferred area km2 1376 237 metric ton- 136224000 729696000
IHypothetic I area krn2 2445 70835
metric tons 239557111 2073295686
Totals (tons) 405108000 2861446500
Geologic assurance Coal thickness range category gt18 m Totals
Measured area km 2 5 175 metric tons 13005854 132580087 Indicated area kIn2 40 140 metric tons 98197704 1056819614
Inferred area kin2 120 1538 metric tons 297792000 12933069600 Hypothetical area km 2 00 2626780
metric tons 00 17714482157
Totals (tons) 408622500 31836578400
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COAL FIELDS OF SOUTH ASIA
Warwick and Javed (1990) summarized (he quality and chafacteristics of Pakistan coal and showed that the coals of northernandwestern Paksitan havethe highestrank (bitumi-nous) and the highest calorific value (10000 to 13000 Btu) ThecoalsofSindhProvince on the other hand wereshown to be lower in rank (lignite to subbituminous) with as-received Btu values ranging from 6500 to nearly 7000 Btu The coals of northern Pakistan generally contained higher sulfur and ash values than the coals of Sindh but all had sulfur values generally in excess of 3 percent Ash percent-ages averaged in the mid-teens to the mid-twenties for all of the Pakistani coals Most of fhe coals of the other fields of Pakistaniare relatively thin and lens-shaped seldom reaching thicknesses in excess of a few meters Total estimated resources for all of the coal fields of Pakistan prior to the Thai discovery were 9 billion tons (Kazni 1990)
Clearly the low-sulfur low-ash very thick coals of the Thar coal field are nothing like the coals in the other fields of Pakistan Coals with more resemblance to the Thar coals
3 to 6 m 6 to 12m 12 to 18 m
65 45 10 38486712 52952407 18911574
523 362 80 308393870 428354309 143315568
5021 4-61691 2900277600 5617920000 3251160000
87253 743145826
5267416018 8867672484 1266540858
8514574200 14966899200 4679928000
are present inthe nearby west-central coal fields of India The Panandhro lignite field 160 kin southwest of die southshywest comer of the Thar field is the third largest lignite field in India with reserves of 95-100 million metric tons Coals in this deposit are contained in as many as five beds ranging in thickness from 10 cm to 105 mnand are lower Eocene in age (Misra BK 1992) The field is small covering an area of 83 square kilometers Panandhro coals have moisture values of 35 percent and heating values of 6800 Btu (presumed to beas-received but not specified) ash percentshyage is around 8 percent (Gowrisankaran and others 1987)
In the Barmer basin of India 85 km northeast of the northeastern comer of the Thar field Eocene-age lignite beds as thick as 5 tn are present but on average coal-bed thicknesses for these lens-shaped coals are on the order of I to 2 in (Mukherjee and others 1992) Moisture ranges from 41 to 50 percent ash content is around 12 percent and heating values average 4500 Btu (Gowrisankaran and otlshyers 1987) Reserves for the field are around 90 million metric tons
In summary the Thai coal field has more similarities to the coal fields of west-central India than to the coal fields of Pakistan But when all of the characteristics of the Thar field
22
such as thickness and continuity ofbeds low ash low sulfur andtotalresourcesareconsideredtheredoesnotappeartobe a direct counterpart to the Thar coal deposit anywhere in SouthAsia It is hoped that more work on the Tharcoal field will allow for the construction of more comprehensive models ofcoal deposition for this apparently unique deposit
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
General
Figure 3 tie regional geologic cross section from the Nabisar well through the northern part of the Thar coal field shows the present relationships of the sedimentary cover to the predominantly granite basement rocks This figure indicates that a regional high existed in the Thar coal field area troughout die time that tile 40(X) in of sedimentary rocks present at the Nabisar I hole were being deposited to the west (The oldest rocks penetrated in tile Nabisar I hole were Triassic in age but Permian-age rocks are probably present below the total depth of this drill hole) During Late Cretaceous time the entire area of figure 3 was uplifted and erosion of uppermost Cretaceous rocks took place die Thar oal field area was most certainly uplifted higher than tie
area to tie west resulting in die beveling by erosion of the older Paleozoic rocks so that the basement granites in tile eastern parts of the Thar coal field were exposed
Following thiserosion cycle theareaagain subsided and PaleoceneandEoceneagerocksweredepositedontopofthe Cretaceous unconformity to the west Because most ifnotall of the Paleocenie is missing in the Thar field area this area probably did not subside enough to begin accumulating sediments until late Paleocene to early Eocene time During this time conditions became right for coal deposition and tile Thar coals (and the lower Eocene coals of western India) began to form Toward the end of the Eocene die collision of the Indian sub-continent with tile Asian ioainland which began around the beginning of the Eocene began to buckle the rocks in what is now northern Pakistan and India result-ing in a flood of coarse elastic rocks being carried south across tile area west of the area here discussed diese are the post-Eocene Siwalik rocks of figure 4 During this post-Eocene episode of deposition the Thar coal field area appar-ently remained tectonically stable not being elevatedenough to cause erosion of the thin layer of Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing rocks and not subsiding enough to be covered by any appreciable thickness of Siwalik rocks Finally during relatively recent times the area was traversed by the ances-Iral Indus river systeni resulting in deposition ofthe alluvium layer present throughout the Thar coal field The structural dome in the southern pai of time Thar coal field must have been forming about this time because the alluvium thins over this structure The fault in die southeast part of the field also probably formed at the same time resulting in the coals east of the fault probably being uplifted and removed by erosion (Another less favored hypothesis is that the fault was active
during the time of coal deposition and the coals were not deposited on the upward-moving fault block) The last chapter of the story occurred when the dunes of the Thar Desert began to form about 20000 years ago (Margane 1991)
Coal-Deposition Model Available data is insufficient to establish adefinitive
coal-deposition moael for tie Thar Desert coals Much closer-spaced test drilling will be required to provide deshytailed data on the geometry and continuity of tie coal beds However the very low ash and sulfur content of the Thar coals would tend to indicate that the coals formed in raised peat bogs rather than in low-lying swamp environments Several of die test holes along the western edge of the field area contained marine-fossil-bearing strata interfingering with non-mnarinecoal-bearingstrata Thisrelationshipclearly indicates that at the time the Tharcoals were forming the sea was to the west and the shoreline was transgressing and regressing across what is now the western edge of the Thar coal field area The position of the very thick Thar coals east of the shoreline of the sea suggests that the coals may have formed shoreward of a stabilized and vertically upbuilding shoreline similar to the San Juan Basin (New Mexico and Colorado USA) coal deposition model (Fassett and Hinds 1973 Fassett 1986) The north-tinding sinuous trend of the thickest Thar coal beds lends credence to acoal-deposishytional model characterized by a backshore environment of deposition with peat bogs forming relatively near to a sinuous coastline to the west It will be interesting to learn whether further drilling in the area will support this hypothesis
REFERENCES CITED
Ahmad Anwaruddin and Zaighamn NA 1993 Seismoshystratigraphy and basement configuration in relation to coal bearing horizons in die Thlruparker Desert Sindh Povince Pakistan Record No 100 of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 26 p
Fassett JE 1986 The non-trnsferability ofa Cretaceous coal model in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado in Lyons PC and Rice CL eds Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coalshyforming basins in the United States Geological Society of America Special Paper 210 p 155-171
FassettJE and HindsJS 1971 Geologyand fuel resources ofthie Fruitland Forniation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 676 76 p
Gowrisankaran S Sethi PP Hariharan R and Agrawal KP Lignite deposits of India - their occurrences depositional features andcharacteristicsim Singh RM ed Proceedings Seminar on coal resources of India p 481-553
23
Kazini AH Welcome and keynote address in Kami AH and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 1-5
Kazini AH and Rana RA 1982 Tectonic Map of Pakistan scale 12000000 Geological Survey of Pakistan
Landis ER aid Weaver JN Global Coal Occurrence in Law BE and Rice DD 1993 eds Hydrocarbons from coal American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38 p 1-12
Margane A 1991 Paleocl imate and groundwater recharge during the past 30000 years in Cholistan Pakistan vol 11 B Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority 31 p
Misra BK 1992 Spectral fluorescence analysis of some liptinite macerals from Panandhro lignite (Kutch) Gujarat India International Journal of Coal Geology 21 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 145-163
Mukherjee AK Alan MM Mazumndar SK Haque R and Gowrisankaran S 1992 Physicc-chemical propertiesand petrographic characteristics of tie Kapurdi lignite deposit Barmer Basin Rajasthan India Intemational Journal of Coal Geology 20 Elsevier Science Publishers BV p 31-44
Ploethner D 1992 Groundwater investigations in desert areas of Pakistan Chapter 3 vol II Results of hydrological investigations in the Tharparker project area Technical Cooperation Project No 84206663 prepared by the German Federal Insitute for Geoscience and Naturad Resources for the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority p 84-135
SanFilipo JR Chandio AH Khan SA Klhn RA and Shah AA 1994 Results of exploratory dilling from January 1992 to July 1992 Coal Resource Exploration and Assessment Program (COALREAP) Thar Desert Lakhra South Indus Plain and adjacent areas Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-108
SanFilipo JR Wnuk C Fariduddin M Ahmrad M Khan SA Raliman M Chandio AH and Khan RA 1992 Potential for the occurrence of thick lignite deposits in the Thar Desert and adjacent Lower Indus Plarn Sindh Province Pakistan US Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-576 135 p lalso released as US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-91 1
Thomas RE Shah AA FassettJE KhanSA Wfirwick PD Tagar MAWardlaw BR Memon AR Lashari GS Khan MD Khan ZM Chandio AH Anwar M Mehtab R Nizainani MA and Mujeeb A 1994 Data from drilling activities in the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan October 1992 through
January 1994) US Geological Survey Project Report (IR)PK-1 10
Warwick PDand JavedS 1990Quality andclaracterof Pakistan coal in Kaztni A H and Siddiqui RA eds The coal resources of Pakistan Geological Survey of Pakistan publication p 127-135
Wood GH Kehn TA Carter MD and Culbertson WC 1983 Coal resource classification system of the U S Geological Survey US Geological Survey Circular 891 65 p
24
APPENDIX 1
Stratigraphic columns showing geologic data obtained from 39 Thar Desert drill holes Sindh ProvincePakistan coal samples from the 25 holes prefixed TP- were analyzed and coal bench and coal bednumbers shown on the TP- stratigraphic columns In this appendix are keyed to the coal analyses tablesin appendix 2of this report coal samples were collected from the STP-drill holes but analyses results fromthose holes were not available at the time of publication of this report drill hole TH-6 was awater well and no coal samples were collected from it for analysis
25
TP-1 Coal beds and benche drill hole TP-1 TP-20J 78 (Elev) (NAnot analyzed CLC oe lost coaq 0 90 (Eev
Coal beriches Bench Top Bottom Coal
nunb thickness
NA 1441 1443 0 NA 1457 14578 008
Dune 1 14638 1478 142
Sand CLC 1478 14798 018 2 1487 15022 152 3 16211 16383 1 72
CLC 16383 16413 03 50 3 16413 16802 389 50shy
4 16917 17387 47 5 17739 18047 308
NA 18105 18169 064 66 NA 18635 1869 055
6 19047 193 253
Total 2081
Coal beds Bed ToP Bottom Coal 84 number thickness
Alluvium A 14638 1478 29410 _ - -B 16211 18047 13S9
Total 1663 100shy
- Alluvium
__125
Bedrock
2-NJ
150
4- B
5 shy
185 200- -shy
196 TD
250shy253 TD
Figure 1-1 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- I and TP-2 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side ofcolumn numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
26
TP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-3 TP-4 0 74 (Elev) [NArot analyzed CLC core lost coal]0 20 (Ele
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness
Dune NA 13487 13507 02 Dun Sard CLC 13602 13625 023
NA 13625 13636 0 11 1 13706 1374 034 NA 14354 14383 029 2 14596 14678 082
50- 3 14719 14774 055 50-CLC 14774 14782 008
58 3 14782 15012 23 58 4 15117 1548 363 5 1557 17528 1958
NA 19725 19835 11
Total 2923
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
Alluvium nunbe thicknoss
100- A 14596 17528 2696 100-
Alluvium
133
2 3
150 J150
2 200 200
China Clay 204 3 4210 TD
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-4
[NA not analyzed CLC cor3 lost coalq 6-
Coal benches 7-Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness
1 18091 18193 102
2 19205 195 16 3 11 250-NA 19805 1982 0 15 3 20068 201 12 044 6shy4 20345 203 75 03 9shy
5 20573 20608 035 6 22378 22466 088 7 22901 230 73 1 72 10
NA 24825 24847 022 8 256 14 25734 12 9 26143 2621 067 10 27205 27305 1 NA 27445 27458 013
___________________ 300-33T 313 TDTotal 1119
Figure 1-2 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-3 and TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers ad letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
27
178
TP-5 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-5 TP-6 063 (Elev) (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 073(Elev)
50
1O00-
Dune Sand
42
Benchnumber nnettrks
NA 1 2 3
4 CLC
5 6 NA 7
8 9 10 11 NA
Bad numnbe
Coal benches Top Botlom
1471 15484
15818 15923 1624 16435 1663 16955
1704 17095 173 17415 17545 17772 17809 17909 19378 19383 19764 19799 20336 20374 20994 21079 21164 21201 26079 26194 261 94 26205
Total
Coal beds TOP Bottom
Coalthtckness
013 105 195 325
055 115 227 1 005 035
038 085 037 115 011
1461
Coal00 Coal thickness
Dn Dune Sand
50
AAlluvium
100- -
_
43
A 8
1624 173
17095 17772
575 342
Total 917
150
1139
China Clay Granite
1 147 TD
1shy2shy3
4shy
5 --6-B
A
200
9 10
250shy
274 TD
Figure 1-3 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-5 and TP-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables inappendix 2
28
0 TP-7
45 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drIil hole TP-7
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coali 0 TP-8
- 190 (Elev)
50
Dune
Sand
69
Bench
number
2
CLC3 4 NA NA
NA 5 NA 6
Bed number A
Coal benches Top Botom Coal
thickness 18698 1874 042 18909 13983 074
19093 19416 323 194 16 19483 067 19483 19568 085 20299 20551 252 21435 214 55 02 21505 2153 025
221 15 221 35 02 22327 2305 7123 2305 23052 002 23535 2366 125
Total 1 7 58 Coal beds
Top Bottom Coal thickness
18909 19568 549
50
Dune
40
1001 100-
Alluvium118
150shy150-
Bedrock
1shy
2-3-23---
200-
4-
5-
-
179
JAA Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-8
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 1588 15903 0231 15903 16568 665
2shy
200
5shy5
6 --
A
6-
246 TD
2
3 4 NA 5 6
Bed number
A
17828 183 13
19698 19795 19891 201 8 202 17 20229 208 7 20938 22272 22357
Total Coal beds
Top Bottom
19698 2018
485
097 289 012 068 085 1724
Coal thickness 482
250-
China Clay - 255
268 TD
Figure 1-4 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-7 and TP-8 That Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
29
0- TP-97 110 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-9 [NAnot analyzed CLCcoro lost coal2
0 TP-10 26 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench TOP Bottom Coal
nuner thickness
1 14844 15064 22
2 1526 15374 1 14
CLC 15374 15395 021
NA 15645 15665 02 une 3 CLC
15897 16002
16002 16077
105 075 San
50 3 4
161 07 163 1
161 57 16382
05 072 50shy
5 16736 17006 27
6 17086 17151 065 7 171 81 17356 1 75 8 18269 18347 078
184 74 18868 394
CLC 18868 18899 031 71 10 195 13 19583 07 11 201 5 2051 36
NA 20524 20574 05 NA 20635 20645 01
12 20765 20805 04
100- Alluvium 13 2086 20905 045 100 14 211 8 21749 569 CLC 22364 22404 04
15 22409 22464 055
Total 2929
Coal beds vAlluvium 123 Bed Top Bottom Cc l
number thickness
A 14844 15374 334
a 15897 16382 302 C 16736 17356 51
0 18269 18868 472
150 A E 2015 21749 1014 150
2- Total 2632
3-4
B Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-10
56-67-1
C INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
8D numberNA 17833 17848 thickness 015 1
NA 17895 1792 025 2
10 1 18902 19022 12 3
200
11 12 14-
-
12 E
NA
3 4 5
19335 19492 19797 20102 2034
1935 19624 19877 20257 205
015 132 08
1 55 16
200 4
J
5
6 NA 21175 211 83 008 CLC 21505 21549 044
15 6 21549 21702 153 CLC 21702 21765 063 9
7A 21939 219 71 032 7B 21981 22081 1 10shy
8 22126 22325 199 2shy
250-
9
CLC 9
22525
22738 22768
22738
22768 23448
213
03 68
13- 250
NA 23465 23487 022
10 23683 23943 26
CLC 23943 24003 06 267 TD 11 24138 241 83 045
NA 2427 24292 022
CLC 242 92 243 02 0 1
12 24302 24442 14
13 24946 24986 04 Total 28 23
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
300- number thickness
A 20102 205 315 302 B 21549 24442 20 73
Total 23 88
Figure -5Stradgraphic columns of drill hole TP-9 and TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations
are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
numbers and letters are keyed to cold-analyses tables in appendix 2
30
0-TP-11 100 (Elev)
Dune
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-11 INAnotanalyzedCLC coelost coal) [NA n a CLC c
Coal benches
TP-12 96 (Elev)
Sand Bench TOP Bottom Coal
21 number thickness 1 233 18 233 78 06 2 23631 23809 1 78 3 23834 23923 089
5 241 63 24293 13 Sand Alluvium Total 4 57
Coal beds 50 Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 50- 50 A 23631 23923 292
7Alluvium
100shy
1Coal150 - ----shy beds and benches drill hole TP-12 [NA not analyzed CLCcorelostcoal) 150-
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 201 20106 006 NA 201 55 201 6 005 NA 201 85 201 9 005 NA 20115 2022 1 05 1 21421 21458 037 NA 221 4 221 47 007
2003 2 22262 2258
22454 2312
192 54 200- 200
4 23259 23349 09 5 2355 24248 698 CLC 24248 242 77 029 Bedrock
5 24277 24846 569 1 6 25015 25095 08
230 7 8
25331 25611
25433 2572
102 109
2-
A -9 25769 25861 092 3 4 - TotalCoalbeds 2666
5A 250 249 TD Bed Top Bottom Coal
numberA 222 62 250 95
thickness 21 98
250 6
B 25611 25861 201 7Y
Total 2399 263 TD
Figure 1-6 Straigraphic columns of drill hole TP- II and TP- 12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnnumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
31
TP-13 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-13 Elev I73 core lost coal] 110 (Elev)[NAnot analyzed CLC
Coal benches Bench Top Botlom Coal number thicknoss 1 17681 17746 065
2 17766 17801 035 NA 17801 17846 045
Sand 2 17846 17884 038
CLC 19035 1911 075 3 19786 201 3 344
4 201 75 20275 1 Sand Fo- CLC 202 75 20294 0 19
4 20294 20729 435 50 NA 20965 20 7 005
60 NA 21262 21267 005
CLC 224 75 225 25
5 22525 2259 065 6 227 7 228 18 048
CLC 228 18 2283 012 NA 23555 2361 055 77 7 244 4 24525 085
Total 1481
Coal beds 100- A Bed
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 100-A 176 8 i 17824 1 83
B 19786 20729 898 Total 1081
142
150shy 1j Alluviumr
IA 2_
200 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-14
5 INA not analyzed CLC core lost ooal 222
6-f Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 7 CLC 24392 24488 096
1 244 88 24872 384 1 250- CLC 2503 25189 159 250
2 25189 2528 091 f CLC 2543 254 7 04 2
Total 77
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal 270 number thickness
A 24392 254 7 77 Granite- 279 TD
300 301 TD
Figure 1-7 Stratigmphic columns of drill hole TP- 13 and TP- 14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
TP-15 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-15 TP-18 0 105 (Elov) INAnot analy-zd CLC core lost coal) 0-7137 (Elev)
Co benches Bench Top Bottom Coal numbf thickness 1 23082 23362 28 CLC 233 62 233 7 0 08 1 233 7 235 15 145 Dune CLC 235 15 23546 031 Sand
Dune 1 23546 23601 055 CLC 23601 23694 093 1 23694 23709 0 15
50- 2 23833 23906 073 50 CLC 23906 240 094 2 240 24065 065 3 25726 25866 14 4 25941 2f 71 03 66 5 25993 261 06 1 13 CLC 261 06 2625 144 5 2625 263 05
82 Total 1336
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal numbef thickness
100 A 23082 24065 859 100--
B 25726 263 4 77
Alluvium Alluvium
150- 150
200- 200shy
203
212
Bedrock
1-t 1shy
2shy
250 250-3-B
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-18 270 TD INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal]
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 23012 23072 06 288 TD
Figure 1-8 Stratigraphic columns ofdrill hole TP-16 and TP- 18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters ar on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
33
TP-19 Coal beds and benches d6l hole TP-19 TP-20 0 105 (Elev) 0- 70 (Elev)
0I NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal
Coal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 223 18 22448 13 CLC 22448 22563 115
Sand NA 22563 22566 005 2 2258 22703 123 Sand 3 23388 23418 03 NA 24326 24344 018
Total 421 50 50
55
62
100- 100shy
Alluvium
Alluvium
150- 150shy
194
200 - 200-
Bedrock - 207
1-Bdrc
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-20 [NA not analyzed CLC core lost ooaq
Coal benches 250 - Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 250shy
260 TD NA 24405 24445 04 1-CLC
NA 25759 25794
25794 25944
035 15 2 )A
1 25944 26024 08 NA 2619 26205 025 2 26303 26458 155
NA 26458 26463 005
NA 26806 26855 049 NA 28583 28608 025
Total 564
Coal beds 300 Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 2618 26463 185 311 TD
Figure 1-9 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP- 19 and TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
34
TP-22 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 TP-23 0104 (Elev) [NAnotanalyzed CLCcore lost coal] 0 75 (Elev)
Bench number
Sand NA 1 NA NA
39 2
CLC NA
50- 3 4
NA
5
NA
NA NA
NA 6 CLC
6
NA
100- 7
Bed number
A
B
150
165
200 shy
5-
6-
7-
250shy
284 TD
Coal benches Top Bottom Coal
thrckness Sand
11891 17896 005 17896 17061 065 23
17961 17966 005 17986 18041 055
18041 18081 04
18081 181 14 033 1831 1832 01 1832 18525 205 50shy20561 20656 095
20656 20661 005
20825 21025 2 21025 21035 01
211 3 211 55 025 2122 21245 025
21641 21646 005 23155 2328 1 25 2328 23398 1 18
23398 23428 03
243 13 244 48 I 35 24448 24543 095
Total 1286 100-
Coal beds Alluvium Top Bottom Coal
thiclkness 17891 18525 4 18 20561 21155 335
Total 753
150
15shy
188
Bedrock 200-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-23 1-
INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nunbar thiclu 4ss
1 20551 20651 I CLC 20651 20681 03 2shy2 23454 23519 065
Total 195 246 TD
Figure 1-10 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdr-ll hole TP-22 and TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
35
0 TP-24
Dune
Sand
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-24 134 (Elev)
INAnotanalyzed CLC core lostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness NA 17587 17622 035 NA 19894 19909 015
Total 05
0 TP-25
Dun Sand
114 (Elev)
50-
42
50shy
44
Alluvium
z Alluvium
100- ~100 -
150-155
150
Bedrock
175
2[
225 TD Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-25
INA notanalyzed CLCcore lost coall
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness NA 18903 18928 025 1 20022 20062 04 2 20638 20738 1
NA 22085 22093 008 NA 236 15 23625 0 1 3 23625 23655 03
Total 213
3shy
250shy
276 TD
Figure l-11 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-24 and TP-25 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
36
0 TP-28 Coal beds and benches drill holq TP-28
128 (Elev) INAnot analyzedCLC coro lost coal]
0-TP-30
139 (Elev)
Coal benches Dune Bench Top Bottom Coal 15 Sand nurrte thcknoss
1 19394 19454 06 NA 20589 20599 01
32 NA 21282 2133 048 2 2133 21372 042
3 21499 21834 335 4 21934 21979 045 NA 221 29 221 34 005
50 NA 24163 241 8 0 17 50 Alluvium Total 5 62
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
- number thlckness
A 2133 21979 422
100-Alluvium
100- 99
2
150 150-
Bedrock
175
200- 200shy
2-3-1M 11111111A 4
250 250-
0 D 260 TD
- - - -
Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-30
INA not analyzed CLC corelostcoal]
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal number thickness 1 12328 12393 065 2 13124 132 11 087
Total 1 52
250 -1 77
163 TD
Figure 1-12 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-28 and TP-30 Tlar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hoiz locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of columnshynumbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
37
TP-31 Coal beds and benches drill hole TP-31 TH-6 0 90 (Elev) 0- 93 (Elev)
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] SanedCoal benches
Bench Top Bottom Coal
20 number thrckness Dune 1 21762 21812 05 2 2391 241 97 287 CLC 241 97 24272 075 3 24332 24456 12 NA 25327 25353 026
40Total 56
Coal beds 50Bed Top Bottom Coal 50
nunbf Itickness A 2391 24456 486
100- 100-ZAlluvium
lluvium
150- 150
168
B6ed-rock
200- 200shy
212 1-
Coal beds and benches drill hole TH-6 d INA not analyzed CLCcore lost coal]
3- 1 Coal benches ________ 1
1
2- )A
250 -Bench number
Top Bottom Coal thickness
2-250 -
A
256 TD 1 2
2404 244
241 2492
06 46
3Y4
3 2497 252 1 24 4 258 2584 04
5 2609 261 6 07 6shy6 2693 271 8 25 7 2975 2988 13
Total 125
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness 7-A 244 6 252 1 7 301 TD
Figure 1-13 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole TP-31 and TH-6 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column numbers and letters are keyed to coal-analyses tables in appendix 2
38
STP-1 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-1 STP-2 0 bull 91 (Elevl (NA not analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0- 91 (Elov)
Coal benches Bench number 1 2
Top
1356 1389
Bottom
135 73 14002
Coal thickness 013 1 12
Dute 3 14165 14255 09 Dune Sand 4
5 14365 16977
15392 17007
1027 03
Sand
50
78
CLC 5 6
7
8 CLC 8
9 10 11
17007 17037 17234
174 71
19433 196 78 19738
19929 20098 20964
17037 17158 17358
181 77
19678 197 38 19762
19992 20262 212 18 Total
03 121 124
06 245 06 024
063 1 64 254 3063
50shy
65
100-Alluvium
Bed number A B
Top
14165 16977
Coal beds Bottom
15392 18177
Coal thickness 1117 951
100
AlluviumE
C 19433 20262 556
117 Total 262415
Bedrock1shy2
3- 2 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-2
[NA not analyzed CLO core lost ooal 3shy
4A150-J A Bench ToP
Coal benchesBottom Coal 1 50 -
number 1 12547 12582
thickness 035
5
-7-lB
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
12712 13732
14467 16312 17823 18136
12821 13777
14596 16836 18113 18336
1 09 045
129 524 29 2
5
678 910 A
200 C
8 9 10 11
18356 18423 18497 1992
18403 18469 18567 19969
047 046 07 049
11shy
200shy10 11-
Bed ToP
Total
Coal beds Bottom
15 44
Coal
number
A 17823 18567 thickness 653 223 TD
237 TD
Figure 1 i4 Sraigraphic colum ns of drill hole STP- Iand STP-2 Thar Desert Sindh rovince Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
39
STP-3 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-3 STP-4 0-77 70 (Elev)
INAnot analyzed (LC core lost coal] 0 7 Ee~76 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal nurber thickness 1 12785 12879 094 2 12907 12964 057 3 13899 13988 089
Sand 4 5
14122 14147
14127 14207
005 06 Sand
6 14429 14572 143 7 14964 15152 188
50 8 15193 15231 038 50 9 15238 15256 018 10 15268 16372 1104 11 16427 16985 5511 12 17043 17183 14
13 17326 17347 021 14 17389 1743 041
15 17955 18054 129 Total 2685 F 81
Alluvium Coal beds
Bed Top Bottom Coal
1U0-numberA 14964 171 83
thickness2046 100shy
107
Alluvium Bedrock
2 M
3shy
150 6Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-4
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 2150 ~ 4
10 Coal benches
11 AJ Bench
number Top Bottom Coal
thickness 12- 1 1465 14708 058
1314- 2 14864 1491 046 4
15 shy i r6A 3 4
15424 17227
1544
17236
04
009
671
8-CLC 17236 173 064
4 173 17455 1 55
200-5 6
17598 17699
17655 17792
057 093 200
7 17826 17849 023
8 17956 19044 1088 9 19782 19881 099
215 TD Total 1732
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness
A 17699 19044 1204 234 TD
Figure 1-15 Stratigraphic colum ns ofdrill hole STP-3 and STP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
40
0-STP-5
7 7 = 53 (Elev) Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-5
INAnot analyzed CLC cor lost coal]b h 0 STP-6
- 46 (Elev)
Coal benches -Dune Sand
Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thckness 1 1Dune 14204 14638 434
Sand CLC 2
14638 14922
14673 14 964
035 042
3 1575 15881 131 4 15891 16003 112 5 16562 16696 134 6 16749 16782 033
50 7 168 11 168 52 041 50 520 8 16923 17426 503 Alluvium
CLC 17426 17452 026 8 17452 17949 497 CLC 17949 180 12 063 8 18012 18072 06 9 1859 191bull2 529 CLC 1912 19129 009 9 19129 19318 189
Alluvium 10 19393 19433 04
Tolal 28 78 Coal beds 94
100- Bed Top Bottom Coal 1O0shynumberA 14204 14964 thickness
511 a110 9 1575 16003 243 Granite112 TD
C 16562 19433 2124 Total 28 78
127
Bedrcdk
150 200
3-nie 131 TD
Figure 1-16 Stratigraphiccolumns of drill hole STP-5 and STP-6 Thar Desert Sindhi Province Pakistan(drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on1 left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
41
STP-7 0- 92 (Elev)
Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-7 NA not analyzed CLC core 0
STP-8 88(Eev)
Coal benches Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness Dune 1 14478 14529 051 Dune
2 151 75 15217 042 Sand 3 15324 15374 05 4 15992 15995 003 00
5 160 16058 058 CLC5
16058 16065
16065 1622
007 155
50 6 16467 16609 142 51 CLC 16609 1669 081 6 1669 168 11 7 1683 17117 287 8 17129 1748 351
CLC 1751 17587 077 9 17587 179 313 10 17948 17982 034 11 17996 18039 043 CLC 18039 18098 059 12 19073 19473 4
13 19613 19708 095
100- CLC 19708 19733 025 100 Alluvium z 14 19786 19811 025
Total 2408
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thickness A 1669 18039 1274
B 19073 19811 545 Total 1819
145
150 150 23 1
54
4A4 23 -
61 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-8 B2rock 7 A INAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal 4
1011 Coal benches 2 Bench TOP Bottom 1oal 56 7 _ B
132 numbert 13 14200
1 JB 1CLC
15415986
15986 15996
548 01 200
2 16173 16275 102 0 3 3 16283 1631 027 China 206 TD CLC 1631 1634 03 Clay 3 16428 16521 093
4 1746 17466 006
224 TD 5 6
18542 18692
18663 18711
121 019
7 18732 18911 179 8 19042 19085 043
Total 1178
Coal beds Bed Top Bottom Coal number thckness A 15438 16521 81 B 18542 19085 362
Total 11 72
Figure 1-17 Stratigraphic columns of dril Ihole STP-7and STP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
42
STP-9 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-9 STP-10 0 84 (Elev ) [NA not analyzed CLC core lost 0 91 (Eev)
Coal benches Bench ToP Bottom Coal
nurrber thickness
1 CLC
12948 13021
13021 13055
073 034 Dune
Sand 1 13055 13087 032 Sand
2 13604 13639 035
3 13805 13879 074
4 13909 141 07 198
50-5 CLC
14198 142 14
142 14 14301
016 087 50shy
53 5 14301 14403 102 6 14443 14598 155
7 148 76 14989 113 62
8 15552 1556 008 9 15738 15987 249
CLC 15987 16043 056
9 16043 16083 04 10 16087 161 11 024
-Alu 11 17484 17571 087
12 17654 17756 102 CL 17756 17871 115
100- 12 CL
178 71 181 64
181 64 181 76
293 0 12
100-Alluvium
12 18176 18185 009
13 181 99 18234 035
14 18252 18312 06
15 18481 18495 014
16 18526 18801 275
17 18887 18937 05
1 18 18975 19014 039 2 19 19044 191 19 075
20 19345 19365 02 5A 21 20201 20224 023
Total 2505
7 Coalbeds 8
910-Bed number
ToP Bottom Coal thiclness
A 13805 14598 632
12 1 C
17484 18481
18185 19119
618 453 Granite- 175 TD
131415 B Total 1703
17 18-19
_
20
200shy21shy
225 TD
Figure 1-18 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP-9 and STP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole
locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
43
0 STP-11 Coal beds and benches drill hole STP-11 STP-12
45 (Elev) [NAnot analyzed CLC core lost coal] 0 42 (Elev)
Coal benches Bench Top Rnttom Coal number thickness 1 14294 14462 168
Dune 2 14557 14677 12 Dune Sand 3 14835 1494 105 Sand
4 15791 15866 075 5 16034 161 13 079 6 171 1 1866 155
50 7 8
19005 20J 3
1974 20365
735 035 50
54 Total 2867
Coal beds 56
Bed Top Bottom Coal number thickness A 14294 14677 288
B 171 1 1974 2285 Total 2573
Alluvium Alvium
100- 100shy
1 ~ 1381 8-A Coal beds and benches ddll hole STP-12 146
INA not analyzed CLC core lost coaq 150 4
Coal benches 5 5 Bench Top Bottom Coal
number thickness 6 1 14655 14695 04 7 2 14755 14825 07
6- 3 14931 lso 069
B5 4 15202
15675 15282 159 36
08 2 61
9shy
6 16615 1675 135 - 7 16925 16995 07
2 8
8 9 10
1705 18217 20698
17445 18257 209 13
395 04 2 15
200 10shy
11 21763 21843 08
Total 1455
Coalbeds 11 Bed Top Bottom Coal
number thclness
231 TD A 14655 14825 11 B 166 15 17445 6
Total 71 243 TD
Figure 1-19 Stratigraphic columns of drill hole STP- I I and STP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
44
STP13 0 30 (Elev)
Dune Sand
50
63
Beach Send
100shy
109
AlluviumE
147150-
200-Berc
249 TD
Figure 1-20 Stratigraphic ctilurnns of drill hole STP-13 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (drill hole locations are shown on figure 2) Coal bench numbers are shown on left side of column coal bed letters are on right side of column
45
APPENDIX 2
Coal-analyses tables for 22 coal test holes from the Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan coal bench and coal bed numbers In these tables are keyed to the stratigraphic columns for these drill holes depicted in appendix 1of this report
47
Table 2-1 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 24 coal samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-sample analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 11 14638 14757 119 119 126 923 4762 5404 10317 5887 6560 14 12 14757 1478 023 023 079 546 5165 5315 10993 5580 5992 NA 21 1487 14954 084 084 063 521 5012 5495 11017 5768 6137 NA 22 14954 14964 01 01 484 99 4886 4996 9769 5169 6195 NA 23 14964 15022 058 058 127 1221 4862 4580 8913 5161 6007 139 71 16211 16383 172 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 10041 10510 NA 31 16413 16434 021 021 057 833 2784 9050 12541 9879 10232 NA 32 16434 16497 063 063 136 643 419 6791 11688 7167 7636 123 33 16497 1663 133 133 031 436 4492 6567 11923 6863 7132 126 34 1663 16659 029 029 128 615 4544 6105 11189 6422 6881 NA 35 16659 16743 084 084 044 484 4009 7222 12054 7578 7856 121 36 16743 16802 059 059 166 661 4456 6127 11052 6445 6957 136 41 16917 16947 03 03 232 922 3853 6863 11165 7388 8074 121 42 16947 16986 039 039 193 891 456 5668 10419 6093 6778 137 43 16986 17023 037 037 057 647 4904 5542 10876 5908 6349 16 44 17023 17062 039 039 391 3093 3675 3475 5494 4770 6799 NA 45 17062 17135 073 073 31 822 4697 5546 10459 5808 6563 133 46 17135 17199 064 064 125 554 4612 6114 11348 6390 6815 121 47 17199 17288 089 089 152 561 4355 6653 11786 6939 7387 125 48 17288 17387 099 099 052 972 4672 5435 10201 6024 6647 124 51 17739 17855 116 116 461 938 4837 5151 9976 5325 6294 137 5A2 17855 17891 036 036 012 27 5113 5792 11852 5956 6130 NA 52 17891 18047 156 156 142 562 4945 5729 11333 5974 6446 13 61 19047 193 253 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 5741 6201 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 168 808 4824 5404 10485 12350 5759 5509 13
Thesp samples apparently dried out because of delays in wrapping them in plastic bags thus reducing their total moisture content as a consequence analyses values for these samples are skewed values for these analyses were not used for determination of weighted averages
Coal-bench analyses CVlues are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 14638 1478 142 118 862 4827 5390 10426 12502 5837 5623 117 2 (3) 1487 15022 152 115 819 4946 5113 10132 12057 5497 538 NA 7 (1) 16211 16383 172 212 1959 1313 8140 9370 12099 10041 551 NA 3 (6) 16413 16802 389 08 549 4245 6778 11760 12996 7133 5888 NA 4 (8) 16917 17387 47 173 954 4482 5732 10440 12495 6193 5872 NA 5 (3) 17739 18047 308 247 669 4924 5519 10883 12516 5727 552 NA 6 (1) 19047 193 253 072 651 4987 5396 10763 12370 5741 5366 128
Total 1886 Weighted averages 15 723 4931 5389 10638 12389 5709 5466 NA
These benches contain samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for these benches cannot be considered to be representative values for these benches containing skewed analyses were not used to determine weighted averages
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coaL-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (12) 14638 15022 294 117 84 4889 5247 10274 12272 5661 5497 NA B (73-5)16211 18047 1339 168 9 4108 6296 10788 595 6853 57 NAI-2
Total 1633
This coat bed contains samples with skewed analyses values due to drying out of samples prior to bagging thus
the values shown for this bed cannot be considered to be representative
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
48
Table 2-2 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-3 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 36 coat samples by Geochemical Testing Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coat-samiple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Voiatle Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number 1
Top 13706
Bottom 1374
ness 034
sulfur 11
Ash 604
Moisture 5532
received 4667
Dry 10446
DAF 12078
free 4902
(DAF-) 531
gravity NA
2A 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 2B 14719 14774 055 451 1288 4566 4997 9196 12052 5387 5616 137 2C 14782 14864 082 209 63 469 6266 11801 13389 6531 6308 109 2D 14864 14886 022 179 607 5057 5435 10995 12534 5661 5552 NA 2E 14886 14936 05 111 532 4998 5676 11347 12697 5925 5797 NA 2F 14936 15012 076 375 1111 4711 5039 9528 12060 5387 5936 138 2G 15117 15174 057 161 741 4956 5334 10575 12397 5415 5437 114 2H 15174 15235 061 295 1302 464 4856 9059 11966 5387 5564 132 21 15235 15328 093 047 1225 454 5252 9620 12401 6531 5995 113 2J 15328 15392 064 319 2087 406 4574 7700 11871 5661 5884 14 2K 15392 15422 03 155 1475 4481 5027 9109 12432 5925 5914 NA 2K2 15422 1548 058 143 3033 3698 3781 6000 11567 5387 6602 169 2L 1557 15672 102 147 1707 4578 4463 8231 12013 6513 5468 127 2M 15672 15697 025 041 807 4704 5746 10849 12800 6257 5967 NA 2N 15697 15764 067 077 508 4967 5840 11604 12905 6111 5949 097 20 15764 15824 06 075 47 4976 5869 11682 12886 6117 5822 095 2P 15824 15894 07 186 942 4612 5556 10311 12497 6013 5964 11 2Q 15894 16002 108 077 512 4873 5826 11364 12625 6099 5547 102 2R 16002 16152 15 105 451 4871 5908 11518 12628 6118 5613 11 2S 16152 16242 09 235 615 4717 6111 11567 13090 6332 6213 106 2T 16242 16307 065 063 379 496 5814 11535 12474 6008 5497 104 2U 16307 1643 123 037 308 4898 6091 11938 12705 6268 5599 102 2V 1643 16475 045 079 399 4753 6450 12293 13305 6669 6311 1 2W 16475 16552 077 066 362 5043 5803 11706 12629 5982 556 113 2X 16552 16611 059 04 313 5024 6105 12-9 13092 6284 5789 NA 2Y 16611 16766 155 047 347 4891 6282 12 5 13191 6485 5891 094 2Z1 16766 16821 055 051 326 4862 6633 12910 13785 6829 641 NA 2Z2 16821 16921 1 101 519 4947 5698 11276 12567 5948 5701 114 2AA 16921 1699 069 041 388 5063 5640 11424 12399 5852 5369 114 2AB 1699 17073 083 067 602 4738 5974 11353 12821 6329 575 119 2AC 17073 17138 065 025 2573 409 3691 6245 11062 5084 6276 151 2AD 17138 17226 088 036 503 5131 5227 10735 11972 5497 505 14 2AE 17226 17293 067 068 489 4921 5920 11655 12896 6190 6054 NA 2AF 17293 17383 09 053 42 4989 5873 11719 12791 6106 5799 11 2AG 17383 17528 145 038 535 5133 5314 10918 12265 5607 5324 132
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM r-ter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 13706 1374 034 11 604 5532 4667 10446 12078 4902 531 NA 2 (1) 14596 14678 082 153 921 497 4998 9936 12164 5415 5417 125 3 (5) 14719 15012 285 28 866 4754 5526 10550 12589 5832 5927 127 4 (6) 15117 154F 363 179 1623 4398 4825 8717 12103 5666 5906 132 5 (23) 1557 17528 1958 08 621 4946 5725 11209 12644 6043 5724 114
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
This bench contains core loss in coal CoaL-bed analyses
(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) grvity A (2-5) 14596 17528 2688 117 792 4853 5560 10764 12550 5951 5761 118
Total 2722 Weighted averages 117 789 4794 5549 10760 12544 5938 5755 118
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
49
Table 2-3 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-4 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 17 coal samples 14 by Geological Survey of Pakistan Karachi laboratory and 3 by Geochemical Testing
Laboratory a Division of Energy Center Inc Somerset Pennsylvania USA DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral
matter NA not available depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hoLe Locations are shown on figure 2) shown on figure 2)
Coat-MLe analyses Samled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample number Top Bottom
thick-ness
Total sulfur Ash Moisture
As rcccived Dry DAF
MMM free
matter (DAF-)
specific gravity
1A 18091 18125 034 245 1322 4823 NA NA NA NA 5951 NA
1B 18125 1816 035 34 3282 3931 2730 4498 9797 3854 6622 NA
IC 1816 18193 033 011 2593 4106 2689 4562 8146 3724 6856 NA
2A 19205 19302 097 592 1415 4335 5545 9788 13048 5967 5738 NA
28 19302 19358 056 01 1295 4491 4840 8786 11486 5618 6011 NA
2C 19358 19431 073 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA
2D 19451 19516 065 985 1818 4008 5742 9583 13757 6119 6144 NA
3 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA
4 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA
6 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA
7A 22901 22971 07 184 766 4837 NA NA NA NA 5738 NA
7B 22971 23018 047 024 441 4806 6269 12071 13192 6561 5947 NA
7C 23018 23073 055 274 776 4876 NA NA NA NA 5465 NA 8 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146 9 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4934 8952 12037 5612 5904 146
Coal samples analyzed by GeochemicaL Testing all other samples analyzed by Geological Survey of Pakistan Coat-bench anaLyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific
number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (3) 18091 18193 102 202 2406 4285 2710 4529 8996 3791 6474 NA
2A (3) 19205 19431 226 291 1197 4527 5287 9421 12476 5839 5766 NA
28 (1) 19451 19526 065 108 833 4811 NA NA NA NA 5617 NA 3 (1) 20068 20112 044 141 1368 4604 4324 8013 10734 4946 6258 NA 4 (1) 20345 20375 03 263 882 489 NA NA NA NA 5808 NA
5 (1) 20573 20608 035 279 676 5279 4696 9948 11609 4834 6463 NA 6 (1) 22378 22466 088 014 395 4813 6525 12579 13617 6804 6379 NA 7 (3) 22901 23073 172 169 68 4841 6269 12071 13192 6561 5708 NA
8 (1) 25614 25734 12 039 1867 4181 4855 8344 12285 6041 6003 146
9 (1) 26143 2621 067 023 1818 4486 4101 7438 11096 5081 5413 135
10 (1) 27205 27305 1 227 1646 4545 4356 7986 11436 5083 5286 154 Total 1049
Weighted averages 223 1341 4545 4861 8896 11882 5566 5904 146
Heating values for these benches are weighted averages of the available Btu determinations Btu values for some samples from these benches were not available
CoaL-bed analyses CValues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific
Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity
A (2A-2B)19205 19516 311 418 125 4128 4967 8674 11778 5425 5474 NA Heating values for this bcd are weighted averages of the available Btu determinatiois Btu values for some samples from this bed were not available
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
50
Table 2-4 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-5 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 19 coat samples by GeochemicaL Testing Laboratory a Divisior of Energy Center Inc SomersetPennsylvania USA OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
Sample number 1
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 15818 15923
Coal thick-ness 105
As received values- Total
sulfur Ash Moisture 052 648 5085
Heating values -
As received Dry
5282 10747
Btu
DAF 12379
MMM free 5634
VolatiLe matter (DAF-) 5494
Apparent specific gravity
117 2A 2B
1624 16315
16315 16405
075 09
104 165
663 821
5106 4963
5374 5434
10981 10788
12703 12888
5697 5814
5712 5679
104 117
2C 16405 16435 03 024 179 4604 4361 8081 12093 5382 5812 125 3A 1663 1669 06 446 25 4134 3900 6649 11588 4873 578 15 38 1669 1677 08 075 659 5271 5010 10594 12308 5330 5272 097 3C 1677 1687 1 09 628 4966 5744 11410 13036 6081 5927 114 3D 1687 16955 085 046 886 4856 5598 10883 13149 6148 6152 097 4 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5A 5B
17545 17605
17605 17703
06 098
026 027
1886 949
458 4767
4110 5373
7583 10268
11626 12542
5136 5962
5818 5827
139 118
17703 17772 069 041 2648 4135 3491 5953 10851 4845 6265 162 6 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11A 26079 26139 06 094 428 5184 5611 11651 12788 5802 5227 098 118 26139 26194 055 039 1044 4911 4980 9787 12313 5577 5239 107
Total Weighted averages 1317 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Conrosite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnulmber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 15818 15923 105 052 648 5085 5282 10747 12379 5634 5494 117 2 (3) 1624 16435 195 12 909 4963 5246 10446 12695 5703 5712 113 3 (4) 1663 16955 325 141 1049 4859 5185 10192 12619 5691 5797 112 4 (1) 1704 17095 055 107 933 4783 5619 10771 13166 6149 606 098 5 (3) 17545 17772 227 031 1713 4525 4467 8247 11786 5404 5958 137 6 (1) 17809 17909 1 1 784 4874 5501 10732 12671 5920 5687 118 7 (1) 19764 19799 035 022 391 5087 5664 11529 12527 5895 5337 099 8 (1) 20336 20374 038 521 1333 4452 5248 9458 12449 5638 5439 111 9 (1) 20994 21079 085 171 713 4834 5676 10987 12746 5996 5554 123 10 (1) 21164 21201 037 144 678 5068 5463 11078 12842 5768 5566 095 11 (2) 26079 26194 115 068 723 5053 5309 10760 12561 5695 5233 102
Total 1317 Weighted Averages 111 1016 4848 5185 10144 12496 5701 5697 116
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Composite interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specificNum er Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A(234) 1624 17095 575 13 99 4887 5247 10334 12697 5739 5794 111
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
51
Table 2-5 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-7 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 21 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi NA not ovaiLable DAF dry ash ree MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coat-sampte anatyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2A 18909 18959 05 387 2033 4583 3825 7061 11302 4530 5662 156 2B 18959 18983 024 049 1202 5418 3866 8437 11436 4401 5515 126 3A 19093 19178 085 249 679 4895 5653 11075 12773 5879 6097 134 3B 19178 19271 093 241 759 4471 6106 11044 12802 6428 6089 121 3C 19271 1932 049 433 3476 3916 2861 4702 10969 4078 5902 228 3D 1932 19416 096 225 599 5751 4532 10666 12415 466 5719 162 3E 19483 19568 085 224 2608 3284 4758 7084 11581 6359 6252 145 4A 20299 20369 j7 259 893 4756 5612 10702 12900 5974 6356 128 4B 20369 20439 07 182 522 5151 5504 11351 12720 5676 6051 129 4C 20439 20551 112 152 503 5715 46Q2 10951 12409 4839 5689 11 5A 22327 22384 057 232 3488 3561 3090 4799 10473 4676 6642 171 5B 22384 22441 057 192 3265 3684 3324 5262 10893 4906 6585 166 5C 22441 22541 1 079 338 5108 5790 11837 12716 5942 5858 118 5D 22541 22641 1 052 284 5132 5845 12008 12750 5985 5754 113 5E 22641 22746 105 082 369 5225 5642 11816 12806 5806 5933 117 5F 22746 22846 1 075 317 5216 5620 11748 12581 5756 576 118 5G 22846 22946 1 074 376 5152 7051 14543 15765 7280 5817 12 5H 22946 2305 104 328 688 5054 5412 10943 12712 5561 5791 11 6A 23535 23614 079 062 275 5099 5996 12236 12964 6126 634 NA 6B 23614 2366 046 056 1202 4435 5459 9809 12512 6219 6428 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averaras for samptes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Composite interval Coat As recei4ed values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 18698 1874 042 413 1828 4634 4028 7507 11385 4631 5843 162 2 (2) 18909 18983 074 266 1743 4855 3862 7505 11350 4512 6132 146 3 (5) 19093 19568 408 262 1355 4564 5037 9265 12340 5651 5638 151 4 (3) 20299 20551 252 19 617 5294 5169 10985 12643 5376 5638 12 5 (8) 22327 2305 723 131 823 4899 5520 10821 12904 5939 595 124 6 (2) 23535 2366 125 06 595 4858 5827 11331 12814 6173 5866 NA
Total 1624 Weighted averages 181 1012 4863 5210 10375 12535 5647 5982 133
This bench contains core loss in coat Coal-bed anatyses
(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds] Composite interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific Number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (23) 18909 19568 482 263 1469 4608 4797 9088 12094 5431 5954 15
Note--To convert Btu (British t rmal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
52
Table 2-6 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-8 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 18 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number _Tp Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 15C03 160U3 1 207 605 501 5583 11187 12730 5792 5961 122 1B 16003 16063 06 128 374 5357 4742 10214 11108 4840 565 122 IC 16063 16163 1 038 453 4L2 5643 10893 11937 5901 5419 126 1D 16163 16263 1 231 578 5106 5561 11363 12885 5731 607 128 1E 16263 16363 1 318 634 4819 6144 11860 13513 6306 6615 124 IF 16363 16463 1 069 62 4888 5749 11247 12801 6101 6276 132 1G 16463 16568 105 122 1465 4627 4472 8323 11441 5199 5717 136 2A 17828 17928 1 096 605 4865 5854 11399 12922 6177 6293 122 2B 17928 18028 1 067 325 5163 5774 11938 12798 5926 616 123 2C 18028 18135 107 053 326 5443 4926 10809 11641 5063 5575 122 2D 18135 18235 1 145 1011 498 4030 8028 10053 4403 7869 127 2E 18235 18313 078 044 554 4886 5325 10412 11677 5626 5479 126 3 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4A 19891 19995 104 112 528 4835 6032 11679 13008 6296 6221 124 4B 19995 20095 1 129 398 5168 5606 11600 12642 5748 5791 11A 4C 20095 2018 085 099 512 5149 5406 11143 12459 5637 5768 126 5 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samptes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (7) 15903 16568 665 16 7 4919 5447 10739 12413 5743 5975 128 2 (5) 17828 18313 485 082 561 5081 5172 10526 11822 5425 6301 124 3 (1) 19698 19795 097 042 893 4702 5527 10434 12551 6079 5427 13 4 (3) 19891 2018 289 114 478 5043 5700 11494 12720 5912 5939 137 5 (1) 2087 20938 068 088 1792 4555 4292 7883 11750 5236 5905 145 6 (1) 22272 22357 085 16 2341 4522 3598 6569 11472 4654 559 137
Total 1689 Weighted averages 12 76 494 5276 10465 12230 5625 6009 129
Coal-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Ged thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity A (34) 19698 2018 386 096 583 4957 5657 11228 12677 5954 581 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
53
Table 2-7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
(Analyses of 37 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saple analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received DAFDry free (DAF-) gravity1A 14844 14904 06 097 665 5133 5013 10302 11931 5318 5351 142 18 14904 14969 133 4544 10587065 1008 5776 12987 6355 6332 139 IC 14969 15024 055 108 353 5248 5835 12277 13262 5973 658 17 1D 15024 15064 04 19 856 4478 6178 11188 13240 6627 6512 137 2A 1526 15312 052 5 2008 4174 4561 7829 11944 5318 6116 157 28 15312 15374 062 039 641 5068 5414 10977 12617 5783 60Y2 136 3A 15897 16002 105 104 504 526 5342 11270 12610 5560 5935 134 38 16107 16157 05 033 772 4928 5253 10355 12215 5701 5702 139 4 1631 16362 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5A 16736 16826 09 021 3022 3892 3336 5461 10808 4928 6394 1845B 16826 16916 09 074 1716 4452 4303 7757 11232 5211 594S 1635C 16916 17006 09 032 1691 3108 6186 8975 11893 7532 6155 124 6 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 1457A 17181 17221 04 331 2289 235 6259 8182 11675 7902 5985 133 78 17221 17291 039 3599 1038607 733 6648 11729 7181 5337 1217C 17291 17356 065 108 1279 3514 6191 9546 11890 7071 5679 119 8 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9A 18474 18544 07 058 613 5108 5505 11254 12866 5844 5884 117 9B 18544 18614 07 022 34 5144 5644 11623 12498 5840 5787 115 9C 18614 18684 07 096 47 5324 5155 11024 12257 5350 5566 12 90 18684 18741 057 026 226 537 5251 11343 11926 5362 5464 116 9E 18741 18798 057 02 222 5406 5210 11340 11915 5321 532 119 9F 18798 18868 07 036 213 545 5216 11465 12028 5310 5364 112 10 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 5794 141 11A 2015 2024 09 12 414 5175 5470 11337 12400 5624 5465 115 11B 2024 2033 09 034 234 4978 5791 11531 12094 5912 5404 115 11C 2033 2042 09 1 386 5576 5002 11308 12389 5138 5193 122 110 2042 2051 09 079 372 5451 4904 10781 11740 5(46 5064 114 12 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14A 2118 21244 064 037 73 4953 5888 11666 12332 6035 5602 114 148 21244 21344 1 086 349 5226 5190 10871 11727 5323 5344 117 14C 21344 21444 1 105 795 4943 5079 10044 11916 5464 554 12114D 21444 21549 105 055 1454 4647 4470 8349 11462 5251 5761 126 14E 21549 21649 1 08 2699 3925 3491 5747 10340 4841 6328 135 14F 21649 21749 1 052 307 5208 5294 11048 11804 5433 5413 119 15 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted average 091 979 4698 5163 9897 11910 5688 57 13
Reported air dried moisture loss for this sample of 1798 appeared to be anomalously Low consequently this value was changed to 2798
Coat-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (4) 14844 15064 22 127 723 4869 5656 11041 12814 6026 6159 136 2 (2) 1526 15374 114 249 1265 4665 5025 9541 12310 5571 6092 146 3 (2) 15897 16157 155 081 59 5154 5313 10975 12483 5606 586 136 4 (1) 1631 16382 072 03 655 5186 4809 9991 11563 5150 5146 141 5 (3) 16736 17006 042 3817 4608 739727 2381 11311 5891 6164 157 6 (1) 17086 17151 065 055 1416 3858 5347 8705 11314 6257 5624 145 7 (3) 17181 17356 175 132 1291 329 6386 9570 11776 7305 5612 123 8 (1) 18269 18347 078 069 1646 3523 5520 8523 11425 6640 563 154 9 (6) 18474 18868 394 044 356 5294 5337 11342 12270 5515 5576 116 10 (1) 19513 19583 07 329 2319 4316 3666 6450 10894 4561 579 141 11 (4) 2015 2051 36 083 351 529 5292 11239 12156 5430 5282 11712 (1) 20765 20805 04 262 1688 4734 4194 7964 11722 4883 5612 132 13 (1) 2086 20905 045 144 1124 4612 5189 9630 12167 5771 5762 127 14 (6) 2118 21749 569 071 1028 4812 4836 9480 11549 5349 5669 123 15 (1) 22409 22464 055 051 465 4907 5477 10754 11835 5722 5344 119
Total 2682 Weighted averages 091 978 4699 5162 9897 11910 5687 57 13
Interval includes core loss in coat only thickness of analyzed coat samples is shown
54
Table 7 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-9 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
Coat-bed analyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed inparentheses are coaL -bench numbers included in beds]
SapLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu VoLatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sutfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (12) 14844 15374 334 169 908 4797 5441 10529 12642 5871 6136 14 B (34) 15897 16382 227 065 611 5163 5153 10663 12191 5461 5633 137 C (5-7) 16736 17356 51 075 1758 364 5312 8310 11471 6421 5906 144 D (89) 18269 18868 472 049 569 5002 5367 10876 12131 5701 5585 123 E (11-14) 2015 21749 1014 086 818 4969 4988 10051 11799 5378 5534 121
Total 2557 Weighted averages 086 953 4705 5197 9973 11940 5717 5705 13
IInterval includes core Loss in coaL 7MMM-free Btu (and other values) for this bed are probably too high because of tow (incorrect) moisture value for sampLe 7A
3This coaL bed contains 2 thin unanatyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
55
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 33 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2)
Coal-saipLe analyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 18902 18962 06 071 2286 3866 4683 7635 12170 6140 6669 197 18 18962 19022 06 032 30 3857 3144 5118 10002 4615 6488 157 2A 19492 19562 07 348 455 4724 4798 9092 9951 476 5779 14 2B 19562 19624 062 213 1218 4915 4336 8527 11212 4805 5667 143 3 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4A 20102 20182 08 292 771 4728 5661 10739 12579 5912 613 14 4B 20182 20257 075 277 851 4921 5153 10147 12189 5431 5704 138 5A 2034 2042 08 117 685 4513 6272 11430 13060 6664 6594 127 5B 2042 205 08 118 502 4904 6024 11821 13112 6264 5797 146 6A 21549 21632 083 162 738 4603 5852 10843 12560 6211 6677 136 6B 21632 21702 07 04 533 4872 5390 10512 11731 5685 5932 132 7A 21939 21971 032 04 797 4764 5296 10114 11930 5759 5857 137 7B 21981 22081 1 236 2706 3866 3742 6100 10915 5029 6484 187 7C 22126 22159 033 1 802 4553 5816 10678 12521 6275 6383 146 8A 22159 22245 086 096 711 4894 5663 11090 12883 6047 6193 132 8B 22245 22325 08 045 399 499 5585 11148 12112 5797 5867 132 9A 22525 22596 071 404 979 4337 6062 10704 12942 6394 6293 167 9B 22596 22667 071 081 478 4749 6112 11640 12806 6372 6171 127 9C 22667 22738 071 181 573 4798 5909 11359 12766 6138 6192 13 1OA 22768 22868 1 053 363 5063 5661 11467 12377 5847 6066 128 10B 22868 22968 1 102 513 4976 5641 11228 12505 5882 5905 131 10C 22968 23073 105 15 672 4863 5656 11009 12667 5965 6217 133 11A 23073 23173 1 081 401 4911 5831 11458 12437 6025 593 134 11B 23173 23273 1 104 467 4771 6187 11832 12993 6422 6399 123 11C 23273 23378 105 121 1448 4588 5523 10206 13936 6424 6278 132 12 23378 23448 07 044 311 5165 5446 11262 12036 5599 5544 132 13A 23683 23783 1 029 277 4905 6178 12124 12821 6343 6407 123 136 23783 23883 1 128 486 4873 6043 11787 13021 6264 6274 124 13C 23883 23943 06 02b 294 5103 5647 11533 12269 5809 579 129 14 24138 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 15A 24302 24372 07 022 281 5084 5842 11882 12602 6006 6058 125 156 24372 24442 07 025 872 4784 5245 10055 12073 5767 5907 138 16 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are ntxnbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number T3 Bottom ness sulfur Arh Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (2) 18902 19022 12 051 2643 3862 3914 6377 11086 5377 6579 177 2 (2) 19492 19624 132 285 813 4813 4581 8827 10543 4785 5726 141 3 (1) 19797 19877 08 495 2061 43 4049 7103 11126 4724 5824 152 4 (2) 20102 20257 155 285 81 4822 5415 10452 12390 5679 5924 139 5 (2) 2034 205 16 117 593 4708 6148 11625 13086 6464 6196 137 6 (2) 21549 21702 153 106 644 4726 5641 10692 12180 5970 6336 134 7 (2) 21939 22081 132 188 2444 5222 5573 9743 14291 6774 7928 211 8 (3) 22126 22325 199 076 467 4121 4692 9274 10437 4944 5035 11 9 (10) 22525 23448 893 126 63 4828 5790 11206 12768 6106 6108 133 10 (3) 23683 23943 26 067 361 4938 6003 11858 12770 6189 6213 125 11 (1) 2418 24183 045 027 1033 4539 5567 10194 12572 6240 6249 136 12 (2) 24302 24442 14 023 576 4934 5543 10969 12338 5887 5982 132 13 (1) 24946 24986 04 322 175 4456 4243 7654 11186 4926 5675 114
Total 2509 Weighted averages 14 868 4721 5453 10417 12322 5869 612 138
2Contains 01-meter-thick unanatyzed carbonaceous mudstone parting Contains core loss in coal
56
Table 2-8 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-10 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Continued)
CoaL-bed analyses [Values are weighced averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
SampLed interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As tIMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry -A free (DAF-) gravity A (45) 20102 205 315 2 7 4764 5787 11U4 12744 6078 6062 138 B (6-12)21549 24442 1822 105 713 4788 5648 10896 12537 6014 6151 135
Total 2137 Weighted averages 119 711 4784 5669 10918 12567 6024 6138 135
This bed contains 2 lost coat core intervals and 2 thin unanalyzed coat benches
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
57
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-1 1 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM most mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLL-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanple analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMH matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity 1 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 23631 23683 052 058 565 5443 4763 10453 11933 5025 5781 11 3 23683 23809 126 06 547 4861 5765 11217 12554 6073 6197 132 4 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 5 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
Coat-bench analyses (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numebers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5767 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 3488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coal-bed analyses [VaLues are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free DAF-) gravity A (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
58
Table 2-10 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-12 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 32 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses imeters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sanpLe anaLyses Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity1 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2A 22262 22352 09 223 315 4115 3717 6316 6673 3686 6423 187 2B 22352 22454 102 084 589 4871 4841 9439 10663 5099 6188 145 3A 2258 22665 085 393 1047 4707 5907 11161 i3913 6286 6051 16 3B 22665 22753 088 115 57 4742 3227 6136 6882 3355 6167 142 4A 22753 22833 08 119 494 5043 3630 11358 12616 5844 611 142 4B 22833 22913 08 164 566 4846 5911 11469 12884 6149 6287 143 4C 22913 22993 08 211 69 4625 6434 11972 13734 6754 6652 14 40 22993 23058 065 117 592 4354 7135 12638 14118 7508 7347 119 5A 23058 2312 062 031 987 4455 5689 10259 12481 6339 6325 147 5B 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 6A 2355 2361 06 181 622 4912 5453 10717 12211 5688 5688 147 68 2361 23667 057 324 796 4841 5300 10273 12146 5514 549 157 7A 23667 23747 08 069 349 5057 5764 11660 12547 5931 5836 136 78 23747 23827 08 059 45 4907 5670 11132 12211 5908 5806 137 7C 23827 23907 08 095 532 5044 5473 11044 12373 5725 582 137 7D 23907 23972 065 142 1874 4408 4283 7660 11519 5229 6114 196 8A 23972 24062 09 068 422 499 5749 11474 12528 5964 5844 143 88 24062 24152 09 109 562 5074 5297 10752 12136 5546 5651 145 8C 24152 24248 096 058 33 5022 5839 11730 12564 6005 6158 134 9A 24277 24357 08 076 376 4862 6072 11817 12749 6262 6197 136 98 24357 24437 08 062 37 5124 5528 11339 12271 5706 5668 138 9C 24437 24517 08 025 25 4862 6457 12568 13211 6614 6585 122 90 24517 24582 065 121 516 4914 5978 11755 13082 6224 6291 139 1OA 24582 24672 09 045 323 50 5984 11969 12795 6161 6011 141 10B 24672 24762 09 04 266 4936 6241 12324 13008 6391 6319 131 l0C 24762 24846 084 075 432 4931 5933 11704 12793 6156 6094 133 11 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 12 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 13A 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 13B 25769 25801 032 182 783 4958 4989 9895 11713 5292 5565 144 14 25801 25861 06 507 3094 3701 3049 4841 9513 4030 6154 197
Total 2509 Weighted averages 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145
Coat-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages forsiaTtes from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat _ - ceived values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- taL As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness i-ufur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1 (1) 21421 21458 037 285 1279 4427 5134 9213 11957 5688 5755 144 2 (2) 22262 22454 192 149 46 4517 4314 7975 8793 4437 6298 165 3 (7) 2258 2312 54 171 702 47 5631 10611 12257 5945 639 142 4 (1) 23259 23349 09 036 954 4446 5903 10628 12833 6547 6482 142 5 (16) 2355 24846 1267 089 5 4942 5720 11327 12530 5960 5983 141 6 (1) 25015 25095 08 034 541 5111 5291 10823 12169 5591 5654 128 7 (1) 25331 25433 102 118 1499 4911 4282 8413 11925 5000 5334 154 8 (1) 25611 2572 109 175 1036 5037 4682 9434 11922 5118 5561 154 9 (2) 25769 25861 092 394 229 4138 3724 6599 10278 4469 5949 179
Total 2509 127 699 4811 5400 10470 12043 5715 6053 145 Weighted averages
This bed contains core toss in coal
Coat-bed analyses [Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]
Samoled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bed thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF -free (DAF-) gravity A (2-6) 22262 25095 2169 111 567 483 5565 10805 12131 5J832 6121 143 B (89) 25611 25861 201 275 161 4626 424345 813657 1116996 4821 5739 165
Total 237 Weighted Averages 124 656 4812 5453 10578 12049 5746 6089 145
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 3 includes samples 3A-5A bench 4 includes sample 58 bench 5 includes samples 6A-1OC bench 6 includes sample 11 bench 7 includes sample 12 bench 8 includes sample 13A and bench 9 includes samples 13B and 14 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
59
Table 2-9 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP- 11 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters dritl-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampLe analyses
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench
SampLe number 1 2 3 4 5
Sampled interval
Top Bottom 23318 23378 23631 23683 23683 23809 23834 23923 24163 24293
Coat thick-ness 06 052 126 089 13
As received values- Total sulfur Ash Moisture
114 63 5054 058 565 5443 06 547 4861 044 839 4984 042 327 5152
Heating values - Btu As
received Dry DAF 5496 11112 12734 4763 10453 11933 5765 11217 12554 5152 10271 12333 5488 11318 12137
MMM free 5797 5025 6073 5626 5654
Volatile matter (DAF-) 6278 5781 6197 6265 5628
Apparent specific gravity
13 11 132 141 123
Total 457 weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007 128
CoaL-bench analyses in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 23318 23378 06 114 63 5054 5496 11112 12734 5797 6278 13 2 (2) 23631 23809 178 059 553 5031 5472 10994 12373 5-67 6076 126 3 (1) 23834 23923 089 044 839 4984 5152 10271 12333 5626 6265 141 4 (1) 24163 24293 13 042 327 5152 5488 11318 12137 5654 5628 123
Total 457 128 Weighted averages 057 553 5059 5416 10958 12339 5710 6007
Coat-bed anatyses[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coat-bench numbers included in beds]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBed thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 23631 23923 267 054 648 5015 5365 10753 12359 5720 6139 131
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multipLy by 556
60
Table 2-12 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-14 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Centre Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drilL-hole locations are shown on figure 21
Coal-sampte analyses Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity 1A 24488 2458 092 228 1234 4399 5468 9763 12520 6252 6367 134 1B 2458 24647 067 044 328 5244 5228 10994 11807 5390 5634 133 IC 24647 24757 11 054 365 5011 5688 11401 12302 5867 5871 126 10 24757 24872 115 04 564 5107 4928 10071 11384 5192 539 108 2 25189 2528 091 956 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Total 475 Weighted averages 256 o54 4736 5253 10072 11906 5752 5816 13
Coal-bench analyses [Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of sampLes in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specific number Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity A (5) 24488 2528 091 792 1816 3902 4941 8103 11539 6083 5863 15
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
61
Table 2-13 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-15 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 15 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval Coal-sample analysesAs received values-Sample Coat Heating values -thick- Total Btu Volatile Apparent
T0P Bottom ness sulfur As matter specificnumber MMM
Ash Moisture received1A 23082 23182 1 461 1295 405 Dry OAF free (DAF-) gravity4 5734 9637 123171B 23182 23282 1 6214 6286 126107 493 4504 63191C 11497 1263123282 23362 08 167 6578 6358 132604 4606ID 5466 10135 11414 57032337 2347 578 1211 123 467 4954 5281 10465 115321E 2347 23515 045 5458 5563 135038 293 4751 5724IF 10906 1155023546 23601 05 064 5879 5636 124458 5257 5469 11532 12765IG 23694 23709 5699 6503 127015 253 1147 5114 4145 8483 110842A 23833 23906 073 4515 563 146065 412B 463 5964 11106 12026240 24065 065 042 6183 5975 131759 452 5355 97723A 11343 579525726 25778 052 414 5812 1391035 43573B 25778 25801 023
5308 9406 11520 5599 5624 135447 3519 3165 29893C 4372 901425801 25866 065 124 4290 6429 177528 46173D 25941 5733 10651 11810 597125971 03 5799 129225 1655 3502 5284 8132 109123E 25993 26106 113 6204 5833 143138 673 4656 55693F 2625 10421 11921263 05 5883 6001074 133558 4863 5210Total 10142 11379 5481 5438966 129 Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBench thick- Total - Btu Volatile Apparent nunber To Bottom ness sulfur Ash
As MMM matter specificMoisture received Dry OAF1 (7) 23082 23709 495 free (DAF-) gravity185 665 4644 5639 10551 120192 (2) 23833 24065 138 5913 6018 129054 575 4578 5677 10478 117043 (3) 25726 25866 14 6000 5898 135285 1208 4282 51244 (1) 25941 9157 11243 5557 583825971 03 139225 1655 35025 (2) 25993 263 163 5284 8132 10912 6204 5833135 143796 453 5-432 9993 11624 5828 5829 134
Total 966Weighted averages 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132 lBench contains a lost-coal-core interval(s)
Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btuthick- Total Volatile Apparent number Top Bottom
As MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (12) 23082 24065 633 156 646 OAF free (OAF-) gravity463 5647 10535 11950B (3-5) 25726 263 5932 5992333 198 969 134426 5302 9641 11464 5714 5833 136
TotalWeighted averages 966 171 757 456 5528 10227 11782 5857 5937 132
Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly Labled by bench bench 3 includessamples 3A-C bench 4 is 3D and bench 5 includes 3EF to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating valuesto kilogram-calories multiply by 556
62
Table 2-14 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-18 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan Karachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLt-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysisSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-j)_ gravity1 23012 23072 06 08 846 4472 5659 10236 12084 6154 63b2 21
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-15 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-19 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1A 22318 22448 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 1418 2258 22703 123 078 673 5154 5432 11209 13017 5789 6293 1362 23388 23418 03 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141
Total 283 Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Coat-bench analyses-[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBen(h thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Too Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (2)7 22318 22703 13 209 778 5114 5682 11628 13831 6013 5461 14
2(1) 23388 23418 0 102 951 5073 4562 9261 11476 4997 6931 141 Total 283
Weighted averages 141 751 5127 5454 11195 13228 5808 5978 138
Bench contains core Loss in coat and unanaLyzed coal sample intervals
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-16 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-20 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sample analysesSampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (OAF-) gravity1 25944 26024 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492A 26303 26403 1 137 723 5107 5127 10476 12294 5442 6086 1328 26403 26458 055 096 616 5052 5397 10907 12459 5698 5855 127
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 25944 26124 08 1372215 4684 4777 8987 12113 5407 6018 1492 (2) 263031 26458 155 123 685 5087 5222 10629 12352 5533 6004 129
Total 235 Weighted averages 154 919 495 5071 10070 12271 5490 6009 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal urit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
63
Table 2-17 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-22 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 11 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locationsare shown on figure_2j
Coa- le analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuSample Volatile Apparentthick- Total nurne Top Bottom ness sulfur
As 14MM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry DAF1A 17896 fre (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58561B 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 46942A 4971 9369 11798 5356 614 1311832 1839 07 176 667 2B
4951 5234 10367 11944 5488 5969 1321839 1844 438 901 535805 4498 9691 12025 4617 59812C 1844 18525 085 083 473 138526 4936 10413 11569 5133 59743 20561 20656 095 124153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 6332 56534A 20825 20925 1 118 133484 525 5068 10668 11878 5249 57354B 20925 21025 1261 189 508 5419 4661 10175 11444 47795A 23155 2328 5838 126125 119 543 5166 5055 10457 11780 5270 56165B 23398 12523428 03 083 594 5452 4542 9988 11489 4786 5466 24448 24543 095 039 573 13452 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
Total 445Weighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13 Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numnber Top Bottom ness sulfur As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry OAF1 (1) 17896 free (DAF-) gravity17961 065 254 963 4718 5024 9511 11633 5382 58562 (1) 18041 18081 04 312 1351093 4694 4971 9369 11798 5356 6143 (3) 1832 18525 205 202 644 1315179 4931 10221 11808 51284 (1) 20561 20656 5974 13095 153 1077 38 5725 9234 11175 63325 (2) 20825 21025 2 5653 133153 496 5335 4864 10421 11661 5014 57866 (2) 23155 23428 155 126112 553 5222 4956 10367 11724 5176 55867 (1) 24448 24543 095 127039 573 52 4656 9701 11018 4931 5326 14
T 966TotalWeighted averages 16 678 5014 4986 10033 11586 5252 5751 13
Bench contains a lost-coal-core interval
[Values Coal-bed analysesare weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating valuesBed - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture receivedA (12) 17896 18081 Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity105 276 1013 4709 5004 9457 11696 5372 5964B (45) 20561 21025 295 153 133683 484 5141 10039 11505 5439 5744 128
Total 966Weighted averages 185 77 4806 5105 9886 11555 5421 5802 13 Note Coal samples collected for analyses from this hole were not all correctly labeled by bench bench 2 issample 1B bench 3 contains samples 2A-C bench 4 is sample 3 bench 5 contains samples 4A and 4B bench 6contains samples 5A and 5B and bench 7 is sample 6 to convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values tokilogram-calories multiply by 556
64
Table 2-18 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-23 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sanyle analysesSampled intermaL CoaL As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Coal-bench analyses[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]
Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentBench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20551 20651 1 211 1944 4377 4080 7257 11092 4958 6242 137 2 (1) 23454 23519 065 284 1357 4447 4928 8875 11746 5507 5959 131
Total 235 Weighted averages 24 1713 4405 4414 7894 11349 5174 6131 135
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-19 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-25 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan
[Analyses of 3 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi OAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-sawple analysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Sample thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumbTer Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry D free (DAF-) gravity1 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 1Y 310 4977 5582 137 2 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 j046 6142 6587 13 3 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 09 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
[Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench)Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparent
Bench thick- Total As MMM matter specificnumber Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 20022 20062 04 187 703 4383 4744 9687 11310 4977 5582 137 2 (1) 20638 20738 1 159 597 4354 5879 11520 13046 6142 6587 13 3 (1) 23625 23655 03 249 507 4664 4631 10143 11409 4699 5785 154
Total 17 Weighted averages 181 606 4416 5392 10846 12349 5613 6209 136
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
65
Table 2-20 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-28 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 6 coat samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters driLl-hoLe locations are shown on figure 2]
Sampled interval CoaL As Coat-s L 3ysesreceived vaLues- Heating values - BtuSample thick- TotaL VoLatiLe ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture receiv-4 Dry1 19394 19454 DAF free (DAF-) gravity06 474 1087 4692 44 21 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 137457 505 5156 10417 11476 5386 55953A 21499 21609 12411 264 505
3B 517 5039 10432 11651 511121609 21719 5729 12311 021 313 3C
5805 4698 11198 12100 484621719 21834 5898 127115 152 5614 505 5182 10468 11805 5387 576821934 21979 045 13012 806 4835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638Some values shown for this coat 5123 5767 127sample were affected by changing the air-drying moisture Loss from 3397 to 4397due to a presumed typographical error on the coat analysis sheet Coal-bench analyses[Values are wpighted averages for samples from each bench inparentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received vaLues- Heating valuesBench - Btu VolatiLe Apparentthick- Total
number Top Bottom ness As MMM mdtter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 (1) 19394 19454 06 free (DAF-) ravity474 1087 062 (1) 1 8294 10431 4584 55912133 21372 042 045 457 207505 5156 10417 114763 (3) 21499 21834 5386 5595 124335 223 461 5337 4976 10696 118514 (1) 21934 21979 045 012 806 5119 5798 0364835 5148 9969 11813 5629 593 12
Total 449Weighted averages 218 571 5185 4936 10305 11638 5123 5767 127 Coal-bed analyses(Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coal As received values- Heating values -Btu Volatile ApparentPed thick- Totalnumber AsTop Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received DryA (2-4) 2133 21979 DAF free (DAF-) gravity422 182 498 5255 5012 10590 11810 5200 5792 126
Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
Table 2-21 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-30 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan (Analyses of 2 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole locations are shown on figure 2]
CoaL-sampleSampled interval CoaL analysesAs received values- Heating values - BtuSample thick- Volatile ApparentTotal number Top Bottom ness
As MMM matter specificsulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF1 12328 12393 065 131 free (DAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 9665 11373 48932 13124 13211 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135 TotalWeighted averages 152
152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Coal-bench analyses(Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench inprenthesesarenumbersof samples in each bench]Sampled interval CoaL As received values- Bench thick- Total
eating values- Btu Volatile ApparentAsnumber Top Bottom MMM matter specificness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry1 (1) 12328 12393 065 131 DAF free (OAF-) gravity717 4601 4615 96652 (1) 13124 13211 11373 4893 5859 139087 168 66 4777 4483 9745 11376 4690 5632 135
Total 235Weighted averages 152 684 4702 4539 9711 11375 4777 5729 137 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
66
Table 2-22 Selected coal-analyses values from drill hole TP-31 Thar Desert Sindh Province Pakistan [Analyses of 5 coal samples by the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Resetarch Fuel Research CentreKarachi DAF dry ash free MMM moist mineral matter depths and thicknesses in meters drill-hole Locations are shown on figure 2]
Coal-saypt an-tysesSampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - Btu Volatile ApparentSample thick- Total number Top Bottom ness sulfur
As MMM matter specificAsh Moisture received Dry1 21762 21812 05
DAF free (DAF-) gravity272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562A 2391 2401 1 265 796 4705 5334 10073 11856 5602 562 1292B 2401 2411 1 10 59 1825 4629 3627 6752 10228 3597 59022C 2411 24197 087 123 52 186
524 5265 11059 12417 5473 56333 13424332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213 Total 449
Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168 (Values are weighted averages for samples from each bench in parentheses are numbers of samples in each bench]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Heating values - BtuBench Volatile Apparentthick- Total
numtbr Top Bottom ness sulfur Ash As MMM matter specific
Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravity1 (1) 21762 21812 05 272 1435 4479 4620 8367 11305 5213 5701 1562 (3) 2391 24197 287 499 1071 484 4718 9215 11459 4864 5722 153(1) 24332 24456 124 073 505 4817 5383 10386 11508 5632 5508 213Total 449Weighted averages 36 958 4795 4886 9438 11455 5109 5662 168
[Values are weighted averages of samples from each bed in parentheses are coal-bench numbers included in beds]Sampled interval Coat As received values- Bed Heating values - Btu Volatile Apparentthick- Total Asnumber MMM matter specificTop Bottom ness sulfur Ash Moisture received Dry DAF free (DAF-) gravityA (23) 2391 24456 411 37 9 4833 4919 9568 11474 5096 5658 169 Note--To convert Btu (British thermal unit) heating values to kilogram-calories multiply by 556
67
APPENDIX 3
Structural cross sections A-A through H-H across the Thar coal field Sindh Province Pakistan The eight cross sections are on five figures figures 3-1 through 3-5 The datum is sea level for all cross sections
69
USAID FOR PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN PROJECT DOCUMFMtATION LISTING
PROJECT NAME FampD PROJECT NUMBER 391-0478
OTHER SPECIA L REPORTS AND STUB ES
D]ocument Type Date AuthorSubmitted by Comments
Geology and Cal Resources of the Thar =oal Field Sindh Province
1994 US Geological Survey
Comparative Study of Combustion Product Emission of Pakistani Coal Briquettes and Traditional Pakistani Domestic Fuels
Oct 1992 Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc
0
South
A
TP
TP-5
Dune sand
TP-13
North
A
TP-20
50
100
150
200
Sea Level
Alluvium
Top of bedrock
----shy
~Coal-bearing
interval
250shy
300meters 231_____I231 km 211 km- 251 km
0T
East
D
P-3
West DF
TP-30
50
100
150-
--Sea Level
AJ~mur
250
30O_
meters -128 km --- 138 km--
Figure 3-1 Structural cross sections A-A and D-D lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologiccontacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of thesedrill holes in appendix 1
70
South North
B B
TP-25 TP-3 ---_TP31
0- TP7SP5 Dune sand
50 so -
100shy- Alluvium
150shy
200 shy Coal-bearing -i ~ interval i
2501
3001 1~i13 kmn -- gt(-80 kmf (89 km( 129 km- f(------ 243 km 237 km 2 meters 1 17k I
Figure 3-2 Structural cross section B-B line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shownmay be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
South North
C C
0T-I TPIr TP-18 TP-24 TP-30
Dunesand50 T
100
Alluvium
200 aranite= L
e l 3 - - -shy
ahlg250]
- C aring interval 300
m 57meters
- - _- - - -
[-- 96 km i-jlt 153 km 262 km 2 m lt1 m 262m256 km186k
Figure 3-3 Structural cross section C-C line of cross section is shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphic columns of these drill holes in appendix 1
West East
E EF
TP-18
TP-20
0 -[unesand
50- Sea Levelshy
100 - Alluvium
150
200
300
meters 1- -220 km gt 212 km
250
West East F FP
TP-12 TP-11 TP-2
Sea level
Alluvium
meter - S 200 --- _
Coal-boaring interval lt -
9 _ m ~41 Granite250 17 m -7 7 7 - bull bull Granite is - -1bull 11 _
182 meters -nie below TD
300- of TP-I -
meters +lt-9g2kmn t 114 )km -r222 km 163 km --
Figure 3-4 Structural cross sections E-E and F-F lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
73
West East G G
STP-1 STP-9 STP-10
Dune Sand
50
Sea levl
100 Alluvium100shy
150- G adegeo I I -shy
200--
7Mi Granite
2501 0 a~m I - ranite - -
300 meters
4-105 km -1--80 km-4- 86 km----r--125 km--
West East H H
TP-6 STP-12 TP-7 STP-6
TP4 TP-1-
Sea level
Dune sand
10 sGranite wash
ot a Coal-be an ntvoal s lshy0- 9 3km4-3 m4--i1 r-4- bull--1k-+E---1 km-
drllhole siinappenixa1
74 M meters
I 193 km 4 130 km ol- 117 km P4 150 km I 121 km----
F igure 3-5 Structuralcross sections G-Gand H-H lines of cross sections are shown on figure 2 Elevations depths to geologic contacts and coal beds and total depths of the drill holes shown may be found on the large-scale stratigraphiccolumns of these drill holes in appendix 1
74
