Geology and Ground Water in the Platte-Republican Rivers … · 2010-12-22 · and part of the drainage basins of the Little Blue and Big Blue Rivers, showing configuration of water

Geology and Ground Water in the Platte-Republican Rivers Watershed and the Little Plue River Basin Above Angus, Nebraska

By C. R. JOHNSON

With a section on

CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE GROUND WATER

By ROBERT BRENNAN

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY P^PER 1489

Prepared as part of a program of the Department of the Interior for development of the Missouri River basin

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1960

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FRED A. SEATON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Thomas B. Nolan, Director

The U.S. Geological Survey Library catalog card for this publication appears after page 142.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price $1.25 (paper cover)

CONTENTS

PageAbstract- -____-_---___-___-_____-_-_-____________--____-__________ 1Introduction._____________________________________________________ 2

Location and extent of the area_________--__--_-___-_-_____-__-_ 2Purpose and scope of the investigation.___-_--_--__-_-_-_________ 2Previous investigations--_________-___-_-_-__---_-______________ 4Personnel and acknowledgments---------------------- ___________ 5Methods used in this investigation_-_-_-___-_-__-_-_-__-__-______ 5Numbering system for wells and test holes-_______________________ 6

Geography _ _____________________________________________________ 6Topography and drainage. _--____-.---__--___-_-_________.__. . _ _ 6Electric-power and irrigation developments _______________________ 9Climate.._--------_-_-_--______--_--_------_-_--_----__--____ 10

Geologic formations and their water-bearing properties.________________ 13Cretaceous system (Upper Cretaceous series)_____-__-----_-_______ 13Tertiary system (Oligocene and Pliocene series) ___________________ 15Quaternary system (Pleistocene and Recent series)_________________ 17

Ground water in the Ogallala formation and Quaternary deposits-------- 20Thickness of the principal zone of saturation.-_________-_-__--____ 20Configuration and position of the water table.____-___-_-_-__-____ 20Direction of movement.--_--_______.-__-______-___-__-_------_- 21Depth to the water table.________-_______-____-____-_____-----^ 22Recharge.____________________________________________________ 22Discharge.___________________________________________________ 24

Natural discharge-_______-_________.___-_____--____----___ 26Discharge from wells_______________ ________________________ 27

Irrigation wells--__________--___--____-_._-___-_-_----- 27Domestic and livestock wells-_ __________________________ 29Public-supply wells.___________________________________ 29Industrial wells_-______________________________________ 30

Significance of water-table fluctuations_____.____-____-__--__-____ 30Potential development of ground-water resources.________-_-_-_-__ 32Chemical quality of the ground water, by Robert Brennan__________ 33

Physical and chemical relationships in the water.-_____-___--__ 33Usability of the water._______-____________-__-_--__-_--_-__ 42

Domestic purposes___________---_-----___-------__---_- 42Irrigation _____________________________________________ 43

Conclusion._______________________________________________________ 44References cited.__________________________________________________ 45Basic data.-----_-_-_-___--_______________-______-___-___-_------- 47Index____________ ______-______________-_-,_-___________-____--_--- 141

IV CONTENTS

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates are in pocket]

PLATE 1. Map of the Platte-Republican Rivers watershed and Little Blue River basin above Angus, Nebr., showing major topographic divisions and location of all wells of Jarge discharge and selected wells of small discharge.

2. Geologic sections from the Platte River to the Republican River.3. Map of the Platte-Republican Rivers watershed and the Little Blue

River basin above Angus, showing configuration of water table, approximate ground-water divides, extent of major aquifers, loca tion of wells and test holes for which logs are available, and loca tion of geologic sections.

4. Map of the northern part of the Platte-Republican Rivers watershed and part of the drainage basins of the Little Blue and Big Blue Rivers, showing configuration of water table and depth to water.

Page FIGURE 1. Map of Nebraska showing location of area described in this

report-._____________________________________________ 32. System for numbering wells and test holes.---------------- 73. Graphs showing annual precipitation and cumulative de

parture from normal precipitation at Hayes Center, Nebr., 1931-52.____________________________________________ 11

4. Graphs showing annual precipitation and cumulative de parture from normal precipitation at Minder, Nebr.,

«1931-52_____________________________________________ 125. Graph showing average monthly evaporation, April-October

1945-51, near Rosemont, Nebr_________________________ 136. Map of Gosper, Phelps, Kearney, and Adams Count'es, show

ing net change in ground-water levels, Octob°r 1948- October 1951- _____________ _______ ______-______-- 25

7. Graph showing rate of installation of upland irrigation wells - 288. Hydrographs showing water-level fluctuations in eight wells_ 319. Location of quality-of-water sampling points___-_---------- 38

10. Relations of cations and anions to total ionic concentration-- 3911. Map of the Platte-Republican Rivers watershed and Little

Blue River basin above Angus, showing zones of hardness of ground water in the Quaternary and Tertiary deposits. 41

TABLES

TABLE 1. Chemical analyses of ground water. ______________________2. Chemical analyses of water in Johnson Reservoir nef r Lexing-

ton, Nebr_-_-_____-----_____---____________----_--__3. Summary of logs of wells and test holes_ _____________--_--4. Logs of wells and test holes.___________-________-----_---5. Record of wells and irrigation practices ____________________

Page 34

37485560

GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE PLATTE- REPUBLICAN RIVERS WATERSHED AND THE LITTLE BLUE RIVER BASIN ABOVE ANGUS, NEBRASKA

By C. R. JOHNSON

ABSTRACT

This report describes an area of about 7,300 square miles in south-central Nebraska. Approximately one-fourth of the area, largely at its east end, con sists of an undissected southeastward-sloping upland plain and is almost wholly irrigable; the remainder is in various stages of dissection and only pTrts of it are suitable for irrigation. Although some of the deeper lying bedrock forma tions are potential sources of water supply, thqy are not likely to be tapped in the near future because abundant supplies are available at shallower depth from semiconsolidated and unconsolidated deposits.

The Ogallala formation of Tertiary (Pliocene) age consists of gravel, sand, silt, and volcanic ash, some layers of which are partly cemented. It was de posited by eastward-flowing streams, which formed a constructional plain above a surface into which the streams had previously eroded broad valleys. In turn, valleys were cut into the surface of the Ogallala before the overlying deposits of gravel, sand, silt, and clay of Quaternary (Pleistocene) age were IP id down, also forming a constructional plain. During Recent time, streams have dis sected the older deposits and have deposited thin alluvium in their valleys; also, several parts of the area have become mantled by wind-deposited sand. Because during Tertiary and Quaternary time the area repeatedly was the site of deposition and erosion, the thickness of all the stratigraphic uni^s differs markedly from place to place. In general, however, the Ogallala formation thins eastward and in the central and eastern parts of the area is overlain by the eastward-thickening deposits of Pleistocene age. The maximum thickness of the Ogallala formation is about 500 feet, and the maximum thickness of the Pleistocene deposits is a little more than 300 feet. Each thins to a featheredge and is completely absent in parts of the area.

The water-bearing part of the combined Tertiary and Pleistocene deposits is considered to be a single zone of saturation because the ground water, as it percolates southeastward beneath the area, moves out of the Tertiary and into the Quaternary deposits without apparent hindrance. The water tint enters the area as underflow from the west is augmented within the area by water that infiltrates from the land surface. The principal sources of irfiltrating water are precipitation, seepage from canals and reservoirs, and applied irriga tion water. Except for the water withdrawn through wells or discharged by natural processes where valleys have been cut into the zone of saturation, ground water leaves the area as underflow into the Platte River valley on the north, the Blue River drainage basin on the east, or the Republican River valley on the south.

Part of the water used for irrigation and watering livestock and all the water used in rural and urban homes, in public buildings, and for industrial purposes is obtained from wells. To date (1952) there is no indication that tl ? supply

2 GROUND WATER, PLATTE-REPUBLICAN WATERSHED, NEBRASKA

of ground water is being depleted faster than it is being replenished; instead, studies indicate that greater quantities can be withdrawn without causing an excessive decline of the water table. An increase of ground-water withdrawals to a sustainable maximum, however, will be possible only if the points of with drawal are scattered fairly uniformly. It is estimated that annual withdrawals per township should not exceed 2,100 acre-feet where infiltrating precipitation is the only source of recharge, or 3,000 acre-feet where other sources of re charge are significant. Although perennial withdrawals of this amount could be sustained indefinitely, they would cause some lowering of the water table and eventually a decrease in the amount of water discharged from the area by natural means.

The ground water is of the calcium bicarbonate type. In much of the area it is hard or very hard, and in places it contains excessive amounts of iron. In all other respects the water is chemically suitable for domestic use. It is suitable for irrigation also.

INTRODUCTION

LOCATION AND EXTENT OF THE AREA

The area described in this report is in the south-central part of Nebraska. It is bounded on the north by the valley of the eastward- flowing South Platte and Platte Rivers and on the south by the valley of the eastward-flowing Republican River. The western part of the area adjoins the drainage basin of Frenchman Creek, which is a tributary of the Republican River, and the eastern part adjoins the drainage basins of the Big Blue River and of tre Little Blue River below Angus. The area includes all or nearly all of Frontier, Gosper, Phelps, and Kearney Counties, and parts of Keith, Perkins, Lincoln, Hayes, Dawson, Hitchcock, Red Willow, Furnas, Harlan, Franklin, Webster, Nuckolls, Clay, Adams, and Hall Counties. (See fig. 1.) The area comprises about 7,300 square miles.

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION

In the area described in this report, part of the water used for irrigation and for the watering of livestock and all the water used for public supply, rural domestic supply, and industrial purposes is obtained from wells. Because the rate of ground-water withdrawal has been increasing greatly in recent years and probably will con tinue to increase in the years to come, an appraisal of the supply of ground water in the area was included in the program of the Depart ment of the Interior for development of the natural resources of the Missouri River basin. The appraisal included determination of the extent, thickness, and water-yielding capacity of the rocks that con tain the water, the source of recharge to these rocks, the direction and rate of movement of the water within them, and the present natural and artificial discharge of water from them. The informa tion collected in the investigation and presented in this report pro vides a basis for guiding ground-water development toward full uti lization of the supply.

INTRODUCTION


PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

The earliest known investigation dealing specifically with the ground-water resources of the area was that made by Nettleton (1892), who briefly described the underflow of ground water and noted the existence of artesian water.

Darton (1898) described in considerable detail the geology and occurrence of ground water in that part of the area extending east ward from Frontier County and north of a line that passes about 2 miles south of Holdrege. At the time Darton made his investiga tion, no irrigation was practiced in that part of the area. His report contains considerable information on the depth to water, depth of wells, and slope of the water table and serves as a basis for com parison of current with the then-existing ground-water conditions.

The area studied by Lugn and Wenzel (1938) included all but the western part of the area described in this report. Their report de scribes the unconsolidated deposits of the area in much more detail than does Barton's and presents a map showing the contour of the water table. They concluded that pump irrigation on a large scale within the area described by this report would cause a serious lower ing of the water table and eventually would cause a decrease in the flow of the Big Blue and Little Blue Rivers and of the tributaries to the Republican River. Their report, however, was prepared before much detailed subsurface information had been gained by test drill ing and before extensive tracts within the area were developed for irrigation.

In 1939, the late R. C. Cady of the U.S. Geological Survey made a study of the geology and occurrence of ground water in the south ern half of Nuckolls, Webster, and Franklin Counties. He collected much information on wells and compiled a map depicting the con tour of the water table, but his findings never were putHshed. Some of his data have been incorporated into this report.

The geology and ground-water conditions in Keith County were reported on by Wenzel and Waite (1941). Some of the data they collected in the part of Keith County south of the South Platte River are reproduced in this report.

A report prepared by Waite, Reed, and Jones (1946) describes the geology and occurrence of ground water in the Republican River valley. It contains some information that pertains to the southern most part of the area described in this report.

The Conservation and Survey Bivision of the University of Ne braska, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, has drilled many test holes through the unconsolidated deposits and a few feet into the bedrock. From the logs of these test holes and from water- level measurements, E. C. Reed of the Conservation and Survey

INTRODUCTION 5

Division has drawn geologic cross sections and maps showing the depth to water, the contour of the water table, and the thickness of saturated sand and gravel in Adams, Clay, Franklin, Nuckolls, Kearney, and Webster Counties. Several of the illustrations in this report are based in large part on the drawings preparec1 by Mr. Reed. The test-hole logs have been reproduced by multilithing and copies may be obtained from the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska.

PERSONNEL AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Most of the fieldwork for this report was done under the supervi sion of H. A. Waite, former district geologist in charge of ground- water studies in Nebraska. J. G. Cronin and D. W. Brown collected field data in 1948 and 1949 and prepared a map showing the depth to water and contour of the water table in Phelps, Kearney, and Adams Counties. In 1949 and 1950, R. S. Brown collected field data and prepared a map showing the configuration of the water table in southern Lincoln, southwestern Dawson, and northern Gosper Counties. The additional fieldwork necessary for the preparation of this report was done in 1952 by the author under the supervision of C. F. Keech, district engineer, who succeeeded Mr. Waite.

P. C. Benedict, regional engineer, supervised the collection and chemical analysis of water samples and the writing of the chemical- quality section of this report. The water samples were collected by W. H. Durum, Robert Brennan, and the late F. G. Schnittker.

The author wishes to express his appreciation to the well drillers who furnished data on wells installed by them, to the county agri cultural agents and employees of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service for supplying information on the locations of newly installed irriga tion wells, to farmers who permitted measurements of water levels to be made in their wells and described in detail their current irriga tion practices, and to municipal officials who gave information on the public water-supply systems.

METHODS USED IN THIS INVESTIGATION

All wells in the area that discharge moderately large to large amounts of water were examined; pertinent data obtained by direct measurement or observation or by interviewing the owner or oper ator of the well were recorded. In those parts of the area where all wells have a small discharge, data were recorded for selected wells only. In all, 696 wells were visited. The information thus collected is included in table 5 and the location of the wells is irhown on plate 1.

The altitude of the point from which the depth to water was measured was established by instrumental leveling or with the aid


of an altimeter. The altitude of the water level in the wells was then determined, and a map showing the contour of the water table was prepared.

Water samples were collected from 54 wells and were analyzed in the laboratory of the Geological Survey at Lincoln, Febr.

Published and unpublished geologic and hydrologic information that had been collected previously in the area was reviewed and much of it was incorporated in this report. Much information on water- supply problems was also obtained by conferring with well drillers, farmers, superintendents of municipal-supply systems, county agents, and soil conservationists.

NUMBERING SYSTEM FOB, WELLS AND TEST HOLES

Wells and test holes referred to in this report have be°n assigned numbers that designate their location within the land subdivisions surveyed by the Bureau of Land Management. The fi~st segment of the number indicates the township and the second the range. The third segment consists of two parts the number of the section of land and lowercase letters that indicate the location of the well within the section. The first lowercase letter indicates the quarter- section and the second the quarter-quarter section; they rre assigned in a counterclockwise direction beginning with "a" in tl ?- northeast quarter. If more than one well within the indicated subdivision of the section is listed, each is distinguished by a digit wlich follows the lowercase letters. The numbering system is illustrated in figure 2.

GEOGRAPHY

TOPOGBAPHY AND DRAINAGE

Although the area described in this report falls largely within that physiographic subdivision of the State generally referred to as the Nebraska loess plain, it is divisible into several distinct subareas. (See pi. 1.) Each subarea is characterized by its own soil type and surface slope, both of which influence the agricultural practices within the subarea.

About one-fourth of the area consists of extensive remnants of an undissected upland plain, which slopes gently to the east and (southeast. These remnants straddle the barely detectable drainage divide between the Platte and Republican Rivers. The largest remnant extends through the northern part of the area from the eastern boundary into the eastern part of Gosper County. This part of the area is almost imperceptibly rolling and is dotted by marshy depres sions as much as several hundred acres in extent. A few of the depressions contain standing water throughout the year, but most become dry during the summer and remain so until early spring.

GEOGRAPHY

T. 10 N.

9

8

7

6

5

T. 1 N.

A\\\

PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN

BASELINE

Well 7-24-2lob

FIGUKK 2. System for numbering wells and test holes.

No drainage courses have developed. The principal smaller remnants are in southwestern Dawson County, southeastern Lincoln County, southern Keith County, and northern Perkins County. Tl <? undissected upland plain in northern Perkins County is part of the Per kins tableland, is somewhat more rolling, and has fewer undrained depressions than the other remnants.

A thick loamy soil is present throughout the undissected upland plain. Because the slopes are so gentle, most of the land is suitable for irrigation.

Tributaries of the Platte and Republican Rivers, eroding headward toward the divide between the two drainages, have dissected the originally much more extensive upland plain. Flat-topped di-


vides between the tributaries characterize the large part of the area shown on plate 1 as "moderately dissected upland plain;" but no remnants of the upland plain remain in the small part shown as "highly dissected areas." Nearly all the moderately dissected up land plain is south of the undissected upland plain and therefore within the area drained by tributaries of the Republican River. An area that is maturely dissected almost throughout lies between the undissected upland plain and the Platte River valley. It is broadest in southeastern Lincoln County, where it connects with the maturely dissected area bordering Medicine Creek, a tributary of the Republi can River. Maturely dissected areas also border Blackwood, Red Willow, and Deer Creeks, all of which are tributaries of the Republi can River.

The flat-topped divides in the moderately dissected upland plain have retained their thick loamy soil, but the steep-sidec1 slopes that border the flat-topped divides generally have a thin clayey to sandy soil, as does all the highly dissected area. Nearly all the irrigable land in the dissected area is on the flat-topped divides.

In the western part of the area, principally in soutl <?rn Lincoln County, is an extensive rolling plain of wind-deposited sand. Be cause the dunes are covered with prairie grass, they no longer mi grate. The sand appears to have been deposited as a mantle on the undissected upland plain and probably was derived principally from outcrops of the Ogallala formation of Pliocene age.

Another area of wind-deposited sand borders the Platte River valley from northeastern Phelps County to southwestern Hall County. Here the sand mantles a highly dissected surface and therefore is at a lower altitude than that of the surface of the undis sected upland plain to the south. The sand probably w^s picked up by winds from sandbars in the Platte River and was dropped where the winds began their rise to the level of the upland plain. This area of dune sand is about 4 miles wide at its widest point.

Neither of these areas of dune sand has a well-developed drainage pattern, and undrained depressions are common. As the surface is rolling and the soil is thin, practically none of the dune-sand area is considered irrigable.

A third area of dune sand lies across the Adams-Kearney County line in Tps. 6 and 7 N. It also is below the surface of the upland plain. The source of the sand is not obvious but may be the Crete and Todd Valley formations of Quaternary (Pleistocene) age, which have been exposed here by headward erosion of tributaries of the Little Blue River.

About 65 percent of the report area is within the drainage basin of the Republican River, about 20 percent is within the Platte River

GEOGRAPHY 9

drainage basin, and about 15 percent is drained by the Little Blue River. Not all the area contributes direct runoff to thes?. rivers, however, because runoff throughout most of the undissectec1 upland plain and in the areas of dune sand is to closed basins. The altitude of the Republican River is about 2,465 feet above sea level at McCook, 2,145 feet at Arapahoe, 1,750 feet at Riverton, and 1,540 feet at Superior. The altitude of the confluence of the South Platte and North Platte Rivers is about 2,755 feet, and the altitude of the Platte is about 2,480 feet at Cozad, 2,060 feet at Gibbon, and 1,835 feet near Grand Island. The Platte, therefore, flows at an elevation about 300 feet higher than does the Republican at points directly south. The gradient of both streams in these reaches is about 6.5 feet per mile. The Republican River is entrenched about 400 feet below the level of the undissected upland plain, whereas the Platte is only about 100 feet below. Throughout this part of its course the Republican has $ perennial flow, because it has cut its valley into bedrock and therefore receives not only surface runoff but also most of the ground water that is discharged from the mantle rock (unconsolidated deposits overlying the bedrock). Within the area the tributaries of the Republican River are several times as long as those of the Platte, and many have a perennial flow in their lower reaches because they are entrenched in water-bearing deposits. The Platte receives relatively little direct runoff from the area and receives sig nificant ground-water discharge only as far east as eastern Dawson County; it undoubtedly received even less ground-water discharge prior to construction of the canals and reservoirs of the North Platte Power and Irrigation District and the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District. Principally because so much of the Platte River water is diverted for irrigation, the bed of the Platte east of Kearney is dry during much of the summer.

About 1,050 square miles of the eastern part of the area if drained by the Little Blue River, which heads near Minden and flows gen erally east-southeastward. Outside the area, the Little Blue flows into the Big Blue River, which, like the Republican, is a tributary of the Kansas River. Within the area, the Little Blue is entrenched 50 to 100 feet below the general level of the upland plain. > Ithough the Little Blue has not cut this part of its valley into bedrock, it has cut into the saturated part of the mantle rock and therefore receives considerable ground-water discharge.

ELECTRIC-POWER AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT'S

Water released from Lake McConaughy (a reservoir created by Kingsley Dam on the North Platte River) is diverted into the Sutherland Canal by a low dam about 2 miles west of Keystone.


The canal conveys water to a siphon that passes beneath the South Platte River at Paxton, from there to the Sutherland Reservoir, and thence to the North Platte regulating reservoir and powerplant south of the town of North Platte. The discharge from the powerplant empties into the South Platte about 3 miles upstream from the con fluence of that stream with the North Platte River. Ju?t below the confluence, river water is diverted into the Tri-County Canal, which conveys the water along the south side of the Platte Jliver to the Jeffrey Reservoir and powerplant south of Brady. Part of the water then is returned to the river and the remainder is conveyed south eastward by a continuation of the Tri-County Canal to sec. 1, T. 8 N., R. 23 W. Here the canal splits, one fork known as the Main Lat eral E-65 supplying water for irrigation of land in eastern Gosper County and western Phelps County and the other fork conveying water to the Johnson Reservoir and powerplants (Nos. 1 and 2) near Lexington. The water that passes through the powerplants can be returned to the river or diverted into the Phelps County Canal, which extends across Phelps County into north-central Kearney County and supplies irrigation water to farmland in the northern parts of both counties. The canal and all land irrigated from it are wholly north of the topographic divide between the Platte and Republican Rivers, and the excess water is returned to the Platte River. The Adams County Canal, which connects with the Phelps County Canal in north-central Kearney County and extends into northwestern Adams County, was intended to convey vâter to irri gable land in western Adams County but is not used becruse it would deliver Platte River water to lands outside the Platte River drainage basin. Such delivery would constitute an infraction cf the ruling of the Nebraska Supreme Court that forbids diversion of water out of the drainage basin in which it originates.

Several irrigation wells have been drilled within the part of the area irrigated by diverted river water, but many more have been drilled outside it. Altogether, at the time the fieldwork for this study was completed (1952) there were 246 wells that supplied water to about 28,000 acres, equivalent to a little more than one-fourth of the number of acres irrigated with surface water.

CLIMATE

The mean annual precipitation in the area ranges from about 19 inches in the extreme west to about 25 inches in the east. In the western part of the area, the least annual precipitation on record is the 9 inches that fell at Paxton in 1934 and the greatest is the 45 inches that fell at Hayes Center in 1915. In the eastern part of the area, the least on record is the 12 inches at Hastings in 1936 and the

GEOGRAPHY 11

most is the 49 inches at Minden in 1879. About 65 percent of the precipitation falls in local thunderstorms during the growing season, May through September. Hail during such storms sometimes causes considerable crop damage. Usually the precipitation is fairly well distributed in May and June and less so in July; it is poorly dis tributed in August and September. Dry spells in late summer often cause extensive damage to crops that are not irrigated. The average annual snowfall is about 30 inches.

The annual precipitation and departure from normal precipitation at Hayes Center and Minden for the period 1931-52 are shown in figures 3 and 4. It is interesting to note that precipitation at Min den during the drought years 1934 through 1938 was less than at Hayes Center, despite the fact that normal precipitation at Minden is greater than at Hayes Center. Because of this, the curê repre-

</) -20 UJ

§-40

-60

N

CUMULATIVE DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL PRECIPITATION

ANNUAL PRECIPITATIONData from U. S. Weather Bureau

FIGURE 3. Graphs showing annual precipitation and cumulative departure from normal precipitation at Hayes Center, Nebr., 1931-52.


-20

0) UJI -40 O~-60

-80

o CM in in

CUMULATIVE DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL PRECIPITATION

ANNUAL PRECIPITATIONData from U. S. Weather Bureau

FIGURE 4. Graphs showing annual precipitation and cumulative departure from normal precipitation at Minden, Nebr., 1931-52.

senting cumulative departure descended faster at Minden than at Hayes Center during the dry thirties. However, the, curve for Minden stayed relatively level during the forties and climbed a little during the early fifties, whereas the curve for Hayes Center declined almost consistently during the entire period.

The mean temperature in the area is about 50° F. At Holdrege the mean temperature in July is 76° F, but daily highs of more than 100° F are common. In winter the temperature frequently drops to near zero and occasionally as low as 30° F. The average date of the last killing frost is about May 1, and the average growing season

GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS, WATER-BEARING PROPERTIES 13

ranges in length from about 130 days in the western part cf the area to about 166 days in the eastern part.

The average wind velocity is about 9 miles per hour. During storms, velocities as high as 80 miles per hour nave been recorded. The prevailing winds are from the north or northwest in ranter and from the south or southeast in summer.

Evaporation from a free water surface totals about 64 inches from April through October and generally exceeds 10 inches per month in July and August. The average monthly evaporation from a class A evaporation pan at Rosemont is shown in figure 5.

GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AND THEIR WATER-BEARINGPROPERTIES

Because ample supplies of ground water can be obtained from either the unconsolidated deposits of Pleistocene age or the Ogallala formation of Pliocene age, few, if any, attempts have been made to explore all the underlying Cretaceous bedrock formation? to deter mine their capacity to yield water. Wells tap the uppermost rocks of Cretaceous age in southern Frontier County only, but these rocks are believed to be potential sources of water supply throughout the area.

CRETACEOUS SYSTEM (UPPER CRETACEOUS SERIES)

Rocks of Late Cretaceous age underlie the entire report area but do not crop out. The oldest, or bottommost, are a series of sand stones and shales, which, where they are exposed outside the area,

12

10

g o_

APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT.

Data from U. S. Weather Bureau

FIGT.THE 5. Graph showing average monthly evaporation, April-October, 1945-51, near Rosemont, Nebr.

532176 O 60


have been variously named. The Nebraska Geological Survey sub divides these rocks into the Lakota sandstone, Fuson shale, and Omadi sandstone, in ascending order, where they crop ont in north eastern Nebraska (Condra and Reed, 1943). Where these rocks can not be subdivided readily or when they are referred to collectively, the Nebraska Geological Survey refers to them as the Dakota group.

A few of the sandstone layers are massive and crossbedded, but most are thin and interbedded with layers of shale. Hematite con cretions are common in the sandstone layers. Some of the shale is sandy and some is clayey; some is also carbonaceous. T1 e thickness of the Dakota in this area probably ranges from 400 to 500 feet. The top is about 450 feet below the surface in the southeastern corner of the area, about 600 feet below the floor of the Little Blue River, and, according to Wenzel and Waite (1941, p. 34), probably 2,000 feet or more below the surface in Keith County.

Within the report area, the water in the permeable beds of the Dakota is under artesian pressure, but the pressure probably is not great enough to raise the water to the land surface. On the basis of the known quality of the water in the Dakota elsewhere, the water in the Dakota in the report area is believed to be moderately saline and of correspondingly limited usefulness.

Conformably overlying the Dakota is a succession of predomi nantly fine-grained strata known as the Colorado group. The basal formation of the Colorado group is the Graneros shale, which is about 90 feet thick and consists of dark-gray shale interbedded with thin layers of sandy shale and sandstone. Overlying the Graneros is a sequence, 30 feet thick, of alternating beds of gray limestone and gray shale. Next above is the Carlile shale, about 270 feet thick, which consists of bluish-gray shale separated in the lower part by thin chalky layers and in the upper part by beds of fine-grained sandstone.

The Niobrara formation, which is the youngest formation in the Colorado group, is subdivided into two members the lower Fort Hayes limestone member and the upper Smoky Hill chalk member. The Fort Hayes consists of gray to yellowish-gray massive limestone and the Smoky Hill of gray and yellow shaly chalk.

Planation in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time removed the top part of the Niobrara formation in two parts of the area one in eastern and central Frontier County and eastern Lincoln County (along the axis of a broad bedrock uplift krown as the Cambridge arch) and the other east of a sinuous line that trends from west-central Franklin County to southeastern Fall County. In these two places the thickness of the Niobrara obviously is some what less than the full thickness of 500 feet. Many of the test holes

GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS, WATER-BEARING PROPERTIF"* 15

in the eastern part of the area were drilled a short distance into the Niobrara formation. (See pi. 2.)

Probably all the formations in the Colorado group contain beds that would yield sufficient water for domestic and livestock needs. However, except for a few wells in southeastern Frontier County that possibly tap the Niobrara formation, no wells in the area are deep enough to obtain water from these formations. Fumerous springs issue from joints and small faults in the Niobrara where it is exposed in the southeastern part of the area along the valleys of tributaries to the Republican River.

In the parts of the area where planation in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time did not expose the Niobrara formation, the Colo rado group is overlain by the Pierre shale. In Gosper, Phelps, Kearney, and Harlan Counties only the lower part of tl ^ Pierre remains (probably not more than 300 feet), but from a line extend ing from about Bartley to North Platte that is, on the west side of the Cambridge arch the thickness of the Pierre increases pro gressively westward. Its thickness at the western end of the area is not known but may be as much as 2,000 feet. Although the Pierre consists principally of black, gray, and brown shale, it contains scattered thin layers of bentonite, shaly chalk, shaly limestone, and sandstone, and also some well-defined zones of concretions. Several test holes were drilled deep enough to penetrate the uppermost layers of the Pierre shale. (See pi. 2.) Although some layers in the Pierre probably would yield a little water to wells, the formation is not tapped anywhere within the area.

TERTIARY SYSTEM (OLIGOCENE AND PLIOCENE SERIES)

At the beginning of the Oligocene epoch of Tertiary time the land surface in the area was one of low topographic relief. During the Oligocene and again during the Pliocene broad fans of ro?k debris derived from the western mountains encroached on the area. No evidence indicates that deposition during the Oligocene epoch ex tended beyond the middle of the area, but the sediments deposited during the Pliocene buried not only those deposited during the Oligocene in the western part of the area but also the rocks of Cretaceous age in the eastern part of the area.

Two formations of Oligocene age are present in the western part of the area. The older, or lower, is the Chadron formatior and the younger is the Brule clay; together they are referred to as the White River group. The Chadron consists of greenish to buff clay and silt. It probably is about 50 feet thick in western Keith County and thins eastward to a featheredge. The Brule clay consists principally of pink sandy clay, which encloses some channel-fill sandstones in its


lower part and is interbedded with thin layers of volcanic ash and sandstone in its upper part. It is as much as 200 feet thick at the western end of the area and, like the Chadron, thins eastward to a featheredge. So far as is known, no wells in the area tap either formation 'of the White River group.

The Ogallala formation of Pliocene age consists, for the most part, of coarser grained rock debris and extends farther east than do the formations of the White River group. It is composed of sandstone and conglomerate cemented with calcium carbonate or opaline silica, unconsolidated sand and gravel, loesslike silt, and volcanic ash. Because individual beds generally are not very extensive, correla tions from place to place cannot be made on the basis of lithology. However, fossil grass seeds in the formation have proved to be a reliable means of correlation. The Ogallala is progressively finer grained and less permeable in an eastward direction.

Because the Ogallala was deposited on an irregular surface and, after its deposition, was eroded deeply in places, its thickness differs markedly from place to place. (See pi. 2.) Near the eastern end of the area the Ogallala in places is as much as 150 fee4" thick but locally is entirely absent; in the western part of the ares it is pres ent everywhere and is as much as 500 feet thick. The original thick ness of the formation probably was much greater in the west than in the east. Most of the test holes were drilled through the entire thickness of the Ogallala.

In the eastern part of the area the entire thickness of the Ogallala is water bearing, in the central part it is mostly water bearing, and in the western part only the lower part is water bearing. Most of the wells in the western part of the area derive water frcm only the Ogallala, whereas many wells in the central and southeastern parts derive water not only from the Ogallala but also from th°- overlying formations. Few wells, if any, in the northeastern part of the area are deep enough to tap the Ogallala.

The coarser grained, less well cemented beds in the Ogallala are moderately permeable and will transmit fairly large quantities of water to wells. The field coefficient of permeability 1 of the Ogallala was not determined, but the average of all beds in it is believed to be on the basis of determinations made in the Ladder Creek drainage basin in Kansas (Bradley and Johnson, 1957), a little more than 300 gallons per day per square foot. Owing to differences in perme ability and thickness of the formation, the coefficient of transmissibility 2 varies from place to place.

1 The field coefficient of permeability is the rate of flow of water, in gallons per day, through a cross section of 1 square foot, under a hydraulic gradient of 100 percent, at the prevailing temperature of the water.

2 The coefficient of transmissibility is the average field coefficient of pernreability multi plied by the thickness of the water-transmitting material, in feet.


Because the Ogallala is only moderately permeable, wells tapping it must be drilled through a relatively great thickness of crater-bear ing material if large yields are to be obtained. Most of the wells tapping the Ogallala yield water for domestic and stock use only, but the yields of the few irrigation and public-supply wells indicate that a fairly large supply can be obtained if a well is drilled through a sufficient thickness of saturated permeable material, and if the well is constructed properly, developed carefully, and equipped with an adequate pump. Because of these limiting conditions, it is ad visable to do exploratory test drilling before attempting to obtain supplies sufficient for irrigation use from the Ogallala.

QUATERNARY SYSTEM (PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT £ ERIES) .

After the Ogallala was deposited, streams flowing over its surface began to deepen their valleys, especially in the eastern half of the area. Before long, geologically speaking, these streams had eroded broad valleys as much as 250 feet deep into what had once been a nearly smooth surface. Then, when the first of the Pleistocene gla ciers advanced into eastern Nebraska and the stream valleys were blocked by the ice margin, the streams that formerly were deepening their valleys now filled them with the rock fragments they no longer could transport. When the first glacier melted, new valleys were cut; and when the second glacier advanced and blocked them, these valleys also were filled. After the second glacier melted, âlley cut ting and refilling on a smaller scale occurred at least twic°,. Mean while, widespread deposition of wind-transported silt and clay occurred at least two times. These later phases of deposition prob ably were related to advances of glacial ice that did not reach Nebraska. Dune sand and stream alluvium are the most recent, deposits in the area.

Nebraska geologists have subdivided the deposits of Pleistocene age into formations (Condra and Reed, 1950). The thickness, extent, and relation of the formations to each other are known in detail principally because the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, has drilled and carefully logged many test holes in the area. (See pi. 2.)

The oldest deposit of Pleistocene age is the Holdrege formation, which consists principally of sand and gravel and generally is coarsest near its base. Because the Holdrege was laid doyn for the most part in valleys and because much of the upper pr.rt of the deposit was removed by later erosion, its thickness differr consider ably from place to place. The maximum thickness penetrated in test drilling was about 170 feet. It underlies more than half the eastern part of the area.


In some places the Holdrege is overlain by a deposit of dark calcareous silt and clay known as the Fullerton formation. For merly coextensive with the Holdrege, the Fullerton was removed in large part by streams that cut their valleys through it and into the Holdrege. The maximum thickness of the Fullerton penetrated in test drilling was about 40 feet. Together, the Holdrege and Fuller- ton probably represent deposition during the Nebraskr.n stage of glaciation.

The Grand Island formation, like the Holdrege, consists of sand and gravel that is coarsest at the base. However, it is much more continuous and extends farther west than the Holdrege and Fuller- ton formations. Because it too was deposited on an irregular sur face and its upper part was removed by later erosion, its thickness differs considerably from place to place. The maximum thickness penetrated in test drilling was about 170 feet.

Overlying the Grand Island in most places is the Sappa forma tion, a deposit of greenish-gray clay and fine sand containing a layer of volcanic ash that is referred to as the Pearlette ash member. The Sappa has a maximum thickness of about 140 feet but generally is much thinner. Together, the Grand Island and Sappa represent deposition west of the ice margin during the Kansan stage of gla ciation.

Early in the succeeding Illinoian stage of glaciation, streams cut valleys into, and in places through, the Sappa formation. These streams then partly filled their valleys with the sand and gravel known as the Crete formation. The Crete probably consists largely of reworked Grand Island formation and is known to be present only in places in the eastern part of the area. Its maximum thick ness is about 30 feet.

The Loveland formation, a deposit of reddish-browr calcareous silt containing minor amounts of sand and clay, overlie^ the Crete formation or, where the Crete is absent, the Sappa formation. It was deposited during the latter part of the Illinoian stag*? of glacia tion. Because the Loveland is of eolian origin, it was deposited both in the drainageways and on the intervening low divides Its origi nal thickness probably was fairly uniform, but its present thickness ranges from 0 to as much as 200 feet.

Parts of the eastern half of the area are underlain by a deposit of greenish-gray fine sand, the Todd Valley sand, which ranges in thickness from 0 to about 60 feet. This formation rests on the sur face of the Loveland or, where the Loveland was removed by erosion, on one of the older Pleistocene formations.

After the Todd Valley sand was laid down, another layer of windblown silt, the Peorian loess of Pleistocene age, was deposited


as a mantle over the entire area. The Peorian is light bôwn to nearly white and contains nodular calcareous concretions. It has a vertical columnar structure and slumps to form "cat steps" on mod erately steep slopes. Fossil soils within the formation indicate that deposition of the loess was interrupted several times. T" °, loess averages about 40 feet in thickness but in places is as much as 100 feet thick. The Peorian loess, together with the Todd Valley sand, was deposited during the Wisconsin stage of glaciation.

Another layer of loess, the Bignell, overlies the Peorian in some places. It is gray and generally is thin. On the cross sections (pi. 2), it is included with the Peorian loess, from which it prob ably was derived. The Bignell is considered to be of Pleistocene (late Wisconsin) and Recent age.

Dune sand is the surficial deposit in three separate part? of the area. The most extensive is in Lincoln, Hayes, and Perkins Coun ties. Of the other two, the larger is in northern Phelps and Kearney Counties and the smaller is in southeastern Kearney and southwestern Adams Counties. The sand is gray and is fine to medium grained. In the largest of these parts, it probably was de rived principally from the surface of exposed coarse-grained Pleisto cene deposits.

Streams in the area have picked up and redeposited material derived from the Pleistocene formations exposed in their drainage basins. Such alluvium generally is poorly sorted and thin. The alluvium, like the dune sand, is principally of Recent age.

Where sufficiently thick and saturated, the sand and gravel forma tions of Pleistocene age are capable of yielding large quantities of water to wells drilled into them. The average field coefficient of permeability of the formations that yield water to wells is about 850 gallons per day per square foot, or nearly three times as great as that of the Ogallala formation. Nearly all the irrigation wells in the area tap either the Holdrege or the Grand Island formation, or both, and where the Todd Valley sand is within the principal zone of saturation some wells tap that formation also. In some small parts of the area, wells of low yield tap "perched" ground water that is, bodies of ground water that are suspended on impermeable beds between the principal zone of saturation and the lane1 surface within the Crete and Todd Valley formations or possibly within the loess. Where the Fullerton, Sappa, Loveland, and Peorian forma tions are within the zone of saturation, they yield insignificant quan tities of water to wells. Where they are above the zone of sa turation they, along with the Bignell loess, dune sand, and alluvrum, are important factors in the hydrologic regimen in that they either transmit water readily or impede the transmission of water infiltrat ing from the land surface to the zone of saturation.


GROUND WATER IN THE OGALLALA FORMATION AND QUATERNARY DEPOSITS

Except for the bodies of perched ground water, which generally are thin and of small extent, the water in the Ogallala formation and overlying Quaternary deposits constitutes a continuous zone of satura tion underlying almost the entire area and continuous with the zone of saturation in adjoining areas. The lower surface of tl is principal zone of saturation coincides with the top of the Cretaceous bedrock, and the upper surface is known as the water table.

Most of the perched bodies of ground water result from the in ability of the Sappa formation to transmit downward all the water that infiltrates from the land surface; The perched water generally is contained in the Crete formation or the Todd Valley sand, or both, or in the loess. Possibly, also, some perched bodies of ground water are supported by the Fullerton formation. The presence of perched ground-water bodies can be detected where the water level in a well stands markedly higher than the regional water table, o^ when, in a well tapping the principal zone of saturation, water can be heard trickling from a point of entry higher than the static water level. The areal extent of perched ground-water bodies can generally be determined only by detailed investigation.

THICKNESS OF THE PRINCIPAL ZONE OF SATURATION

The thickness of the principal zone of saturation in the eastern and central parts of the area is fairly well known; it ranges from less than 1 foot to as much as 450 feet and averages about 175 feet. The thickness in the western part of the area, wThere almost no test drilling has been done, is less well known but is believed to exceed 50 feet everywhere except in a narrow band bordering the Republican River valley eastward from northeastern Hitchcock County. The thickness of the principal zone of saturation along nortl -south lines crossing the central and eastern parts of the area is shown on plate 2, and the parts of the entire area underlain by more or by less than 50 feet of water-bearing sand and gravel are shown on plate 3.

CONFIGURATION AND POSITION OF THE WATER TABLE

The water table, or top surface of the principal zone of saturation, is a gently undulating plane that slopes southeastward throughout nearly all the area described in this report. The configuration of this surface throughout the area is shown on plate 3 by contour lines drawn at 100-foot intervals, and in the northern part of the area is shown on plate 4 by contour lines drawn at 20-foot intervals. The average gradient of the water table is about 10 feet per mile but ranges from about 6 to more than 100 feet per mile; the gradients

GROUND WATER, OGALLALA FORMATION, QUATERNARY DEPOSITS 21

are steepest close to the Republican River valley. The pronounced water-table ridges in western and south-central Lincoln Connty and in southeastern Dawson and northwestern Gosper Countie? are the result of seepage from the canals and reservoirs of the Platte Valley Public Power and Irrigation District and of the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District. The less prominent but much broader bulge in contour lines in northern Phelps and northern Kearney Counties is due to the infiltration of irrigation vâter ap plied to lands within the Tri-County project of the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District.

In about one-fifth of the area, principally in the northwestern part, the water table stands higher than does the Platte River at points directly north; throughout the entire area it stands higher than does the Republican River at points directly south. In the western part of the area the water table is within the Ogallala formation, but in the central and eastern parts it is within one or another of the Pleistocene formations.

DIRECTION OP MOVEMENT

Ground water percolates in the direction of the greatest downward slope of the water table. As shown by plate 3, the water table slopes northeastward toward the Platte on the north side of th°. dashed line that represents the ground-water divide between the Platte River and the drainage basins to the south. Within the area bounded on the north by the ground-water divide between the Big Blue and Little Blue Rivers and on the south by the ground-water divide between the Little Blue and Republican Rivers, the water table slopes southeastward, eastward, and northeastward toward the Little Blue River. Throughout the remainder (about three-fourth^) of the area, the slope of the water table is southeastward or southward toward the Republican River. Because the topographic am? ground- water divides do not coincide, ground water beneath the upland part of northeastern Gosper County, northern Phelps County, and north western Kearney County (roughly, the area of the Tri-County irriga tion project) moves toward the Republican or the Little Blue River, whereas surface runoff in the same part of the area is toward the Platte.

The average rate of percolation of ground water in the principal zone of saturation is thought to range from about one-half foot to 2 feet per day.

No information on the slope of the perched water tables was ob tained. Presumably the perched water tables slope generally east ward, approximately parallel to the surface of the relatively im permeable layers that support them. The perched water infiltrates

22 GROUND WATER, PL ATTE-REPUBLIC AN WATERSHED, FEBRASKA

to the principal zone of saturation by filtering slowly through the layer that supports it or by spilling over the edge of the supporting layer.

DEPTH TO THE WATER TABLE

Measurements of the depth to water in 587 wells in the area ranged from 2 to 365 feet; in about half the wells the depth tc water was between 50 and 125 feet. The water table is less than 50 feet below the land surface north of the Sutherland Canal in Lincoln County, in the northern part of Kearney and Phelps Counties, rnd beneath valley lands throughout the area. At no place in the r.rea east of R. 13 W. is the depth to water more than 150 feet and nowhere east of R. 18 W. is it more than 200 feet. Northwestward from south- central Phelps County the depth to water exceeds 200 feet in many places on the undissected part of the upland plain; in 3 wells in southwestern Dawson County and in 1 well in central Lincoln County the water level is more than 300 feet below the l?,nd surface. The depth to water in individual wells is shown on plate 4 and in the record of wells and irrigation practices (table 5).

RECHARGE

Because the zone of saturation within the report area is part of a much more extensive body of ground water that is percolating gen erally eastward, ground water enters the report area diagonally across both its southwestern border and the northern border eastward from Buffalo County. If it is assumed that the average coefficient of permeability of the zone of saturation along the southwestern border of the area is 300 gpd (gallons per day) per foot, that the water-table gradient is about 10 feet per mile, and that the zone of saturation is about 400 feet thick, then about 70,000 acre-feet of water enters the area each year by subsurface inflow across the south western border. Similarly, if it is assumed that the average co efficient of permeability along the northern border east of Buffalo County is 1,000 gpd per foot, that the water-table gradient is 7 feet per mile, and that the zone of saturation is 150 feet thick, about 11,000 acre-feet of water enters the area each year by inflow across this segment of the border. Added to the ground-wTater inflow, as it percolates eastward and southeastward through the area, is re charge that infiltrates from the land surface. Precipitation, ponded water, influent streams, unlined irrigation canals and reservoirs, and applied irrigation water are land-surface sources of reel arge to the zone of saturation. Recharge from all sources, including ground- water inflow, is estimated to be nearly 1,200,000 acre-feet per year.

Of the precipitation that enters the soil, most is evaporated or is extracted by vegetation. A small part, however, infiltrates below

GROUND WATER, OGALLALA FORMATION, QUATERNARY DEPORTS 23

the level from which it can be returned to the atmosphere by natural processes and continues to descend, under the influence of gravity, until it reaches either a perched body of ground water or the prin cipal zone of saturation. Both the proportion of precipitation that enters the soil and the proportion of the soil water that infiltrates to the zone of saturation differ widely from time to time and from place to place within the area. For example, a brisk shower is far less effective as a source of recharge than is a prolonged soaking rain, and rapid snowmelt is less effective than slow snowmelt. Furthermore, tilled soil with a cover crop or layer of mulch is more receptive to moisture than hard-packed soil without cover; warm soil is more receptive than frozen soil; moist soil generally is more receptive than dessicated soil; and sandy soil is more receptive than clayey soil. But because soil that is tilled, which includes the soil of most of the area, retains more moisture than a virgin loess soil that has a well-developed columnar structure, it may be that less of the precipitation infiltrates to the zone of saturation now than did before the prairie sod was broken and the columnar structure of the soil disturbed. The fact that water may remain ponded throughout the year in some of the shallow depressions on the undissecte'l upland plain is evidence that the loessial soils, beneath which a hardpan, or layer of caliche, generally is present, transmit only very small amounts of water to depths beyond the reach of plant roots. Throughout much of the dissected part of the area, however, the loessial soil and associated hardpan have been removed, and conse quently there is less to hinder the penetration of prec; pitation. Because dune sand is fairly permeable to infiltrating water and for the most part is not tilled, recharge from precipitation probably is greatest in those parts of the area where the surface deposits are dune sand.

Numerous depressions on the undissected upland plain and in the dune-sand areas collect runoff, thus creating temporary poids from which some of the water infiltrates to the zone of saturation. Where streams in the dissected part of the area are above the water table, they also lose water to the zone of saturation.

It is estimated, on the basis of values determined for certral Box Butte County, Nebr., by Cady and Scherer (1946), and for the southern High Plains by Theis (1937), that recharge from precipita tion averages slightly less than 1 inch per year in most of the un dissected upland, about 1.5 inches in maturely dissected areas, and as much as 2 inches per year in the areas mantled by dune sand. If it is assumed that recharge from precipitation together with recharge from ponds and influent streams averages 1.5 inches per year in the area as a whole, then recharge from these sources is nearly 600,000 acre-feet per year.


Since the power and irrigation projects have been in operation, the water level has risen significantly in wells close to the supply canals and reservoirs and in wells within the area that is irrigated with diverted river water. The maximum rise detected to date is the rise of 104 feet in well 8-22-8cd, which is close to Johnson Reservoir. During the period October 1948 to October 1951, the water table in Gosper, Phelps, Kearney, and Adams Counties rose as shown in figure 6. If it is assumed that the materials that thus Hcome sat urated have a porosity of 20 percent, then the water-table rise during the 3-year period in Kearney and Phelps Counties alone would indicate an increase in ground-water storage of about 175,000 acre- feet, or nearly 60,000 acre-feet per year. Because the water levels in wells outside the area affected by the electric-power am? irrigation developments did not change appreciably during the same period, it is assumed that recharge from irrigation accounts for most of the increase in storage. Annual recharge from the system of canals, reservoirs, and applied irrigation water (including irrigation water pumped from wells) in the area as a whole probably is at out 8 times as much as that in Kearney and Phelps Counties. Seepage losses from the Sutherland Canal and reservoir have been estimated to be about 150,000 acre-feet per year and from the Tri-County Canal and Jeffrey and Johnson Reservoirs to be about 250,000 acre-feet per year (Johnson, 1950, p. 8).

It is of interest to note that at least half the recharge resulting from water diverted out of the Platte River by the Centrrl Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District reaches the zone of saturation south of the ground-water divide and consequently moves toward either the Republican or the Little Blue River.

The dam on Medicine Creek in sec. 26, T. 5 N., R. 26 W., was closed for filling of the reservoir on August 10, 1949. The water level in wells close to the reservoir rose about 18 feet between March 2 and December 19, 1950, indicating that seepage from the reservoir was saturating the underlying and adjacent porous materials. The dam, therefore, not only will impound surface water but in time will result also in an increase in stored ground water possibly as much ground water as surface water.

DISCHARGE

Unconfined ground water percolates laterally toward places where it is discharged at the land surface. Although in the report area some of the ground water is pumped from wells, issues from springs, is absorbed by the roots of growing vegetation, evaporates, or sus tains the flow of streams, a far greater part leaves the area by sub surface flow across the northern, eastern, and southern boundaries of the area and is discharged in the valleys of the Platte, Big Blue,

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Little Blue, and Republican Rivers. At the present time, the annual discharge of ground water natural discharge plus pumpage from wells probably is slightly less than the current average annual re charge, because the hydraulic gradient still has not adjusted com pletely to recharge from the electric-power and irrigation develop ments. Annual discharge of ground water from the report area is estimated to be somewhat more than 680,000 acre-feet (the estimated sum of natural recharge) and less than 1,200,000 acre-feet (the esti mated sum of recharge from all sources).

NATURAL, DISCHARGE

The only places in the area where ground water is discharged by natural means are the stretches of the stream valleys that are incised below the water table. In such stretches the water table generally is within the reach of plant roots, and in places it may be so close to the land surface that capillarity is sufficient to raise water to a level from which it can be evaporated directly from the soil. Only a relatively small part of the ground water absorbed by vegetation is incor porated into plant tissues, a much larger part being lost to the at mosphere by evaporation from leaves (a process known as transpira tion). The ground water that escapes discharge by evaporation or transpiration eventually is discharged into a stream. A stream in such a stretch is described as effluent, and the first point at which ground water enters the stream is referred to as the point of effluency. Effluent stretches are characterized by perennial flow, the flow during periods of no surface runoff being maintained by ground water that enters along the stream banks and through the stream bed. The upstream flexures of the water-table contour lines on plates 3 and 4 indicate the principal places where ground water is being discharged by natural processes.

Of the total discharge of the Little Blue River at Angus during the period 1950-52, about 60,000 acre-feet per year is estimated to have been ground water. It is estimated that an additional 30,000 acre-feet was discharged by evaporation and transpiration in the stretch between the point of effluency and Angus.

Several tributaries of the Republican River become eff-ient within the boundary of the report area, but no estimate is made of the ag gregate amount of ground water discharged by these streams. Residents of southern Lincoln County report that in recent years the point at which Medicine Creek begins to flow has moved up stream. This would indicate an increase in ground-water discharge into the stream, probably as the result of recharge from the power and irrigation developments that utilize diverted river water.

Plum Creek is the only tributary of the Platte that becomes effluent within the report area, and the point of effluency has lên moving

GROUND WATER, OGALLALA FORMATION, QUATERNARY DEPOSES 27

progressively upstream since the Tri-County irrigation project has been in operation.

DISCHARGE FROM WELLS

About one-fourth of the water used for irrigation, a large part of the water supplied to livestock, and essentially all the water used in homes, in public buildings, and by industries is obtained from wells. The combined annual discharge of all wells in the area at the present time (1952) is estimated to be a little less than one-twentieth of the total annual recharge.

IRRIGATION WELLS

The greatest use of ground water in the area is that for irrigation. The 246 irrigation wells situated on the uplands are distributed, by counties, as shown below:

Distribution of irrigation wells on the uplands

County

Clay.-.. __ __._Dawson -Franklin _ - _Frontier Furnas - ___ _Gosoer- _ ___

Number oj irrigation

wells.____. __ 76___________ 24____-___--_ 1

o

_ _ 24

-__-_____-- 3

r County

Hall. -Harlan.

TC"p$lT*riPV

Keith---_-----------Phelps____ ----- __-Webster. ____ _____

Number of irrigation

wells........... 1___________ 3_.__ ______ 1___________ 75_______---. 3_____----_- 40___________ 4

As the average pumpage in 1952 from 75 wells for which data were obtained was 115 acre-feet, the total pumpage from all 246 ir rigation wells is estimated to have been about 28,000 rcre-feet. Information given by the pump operators indicates that the wells were pumped an average of 754 hours during the year. Mo^t of the pumping was done during the summer, although some alfalfa was irrigated in the spring and some wheat in the fall. As the average size of the area irrigated from a well was 115 acres (out of an aver age of 143 acres per well that could have been irrigated), approxi mately 1 acre-foot of water was applied to each acre of irrigated cropland.

The irrigation wells range in depth from 35 to 402 feet, and nearly all were drilled to such a depth as to contain about 50 feet of water when not being pumped. In most wells the casing is metal or con crete pipe and is 18 inches in diameter. Screened gravel generally is packed around the casing when the well is being constructed. The pump and powerplant for nearly all the wells is mounted on a concrete platform that surrounds and is flush with the to^ of the casing. Almost without exception the pumps are deep-well turbines of 1 to 5 stages and are driven by internal-combustion ermines or electric motors. Many of the installations, especially those powered

28 GROUND WATER, PLATTE -REPUBLICAN WATERSHED, NEBRASKA

by electric motors, are housed in small wooden or sheet-metal build ings. A few pumps are operated by belts connected to tractors.

The water pumped from irrigation wells is distributed by gravity flow in ditches or through pipes or is forced under pressure through pipes and ejected from sprinklers. Most commonly the water is dis tributed through unlined ditches. Small canvas dammin g devices are used to raise the water in the ditch to a level slightly higher than the field so that the water can be siphoned out of the ditch into the rows through curved plastic tubes. Pasture, wheat, and alfalfa generally are flooded by breaching the wall of the supply ditch; in recent years, however, more and more alfalfa has been irrigated by sprinkling.

Corn is the crop most commonly irrigated, and alfalfa is the second most commonly irrigated. Other crops irrigated in 1952 were wheat, barley, oats, clover, brome grass, sugar beets, sweet clover, grain sorghum, and wheat grass.

The rate of installation of irrigation wells from ] 933 through 1952 is shown graphically in figure 7. Apparently the demand for irrigation wells developed rapidly between 1940 and 1945, but, be cause construction materials were then in short supply, the demand could not be satisfied until after World War II. Improved well- drilling methods, increased pump efficiencies, improved methods of

270

240

210

180

150

120

UJ- 90

60

O 30

^ Annual well installations

^/ Total well installations

Wells of unknown installation date ore not plotted

40

30

20

10

ccUJ

00

o

FIGURE 7. Graph showing rate of installation of upland irrigation wells.


water distribution, and the growing conviction that irrigation in sures high crop yields even in drought years have combined to stimulate the drilling of wells. Many farmers indicate that they intend to install an irrigation well in the relatively near future.

DOMESTIC AND LIVESTOCK WELLS

Most of the rural residents in the area obtain water for the^r live stock and for use in their homes from small-diameter wells that are equipped with force pumps. The majority of the pumps are powered by windmills, but some are driven by small gasoline or electric motors or are hand operated. Most of the wells were drilled to $. depth 10 to 20 feet below the water table. In the eastern part of the area the casing of most wells is 2 or 4 inches in diameter and series also as the pump column, whereas in the western part most wells are cased with 5%- or 6-inch galvanized steel pipe and the pump column is inside the casing. Domestic and livestock wells rarely discharge more than a few gallons per minute, but they are so numerous and are pumped for such long periods that their aggregate discharge probably is as much as 23,000 acre-feet per year.

PUBLIC-SUPPLY WELLS

Twenty-eight towns in the area have one or more public-supply wells. The casing of most of these wells is a steel pipe that is 6 inches or more in diameter, and the water is lifted by turbine pumps powered by electric motors. In some towns the water is pumped directly into the mains or into elevated tanks; in otl °.rs the water is stored in cisterns or reservoirs from which it is pumped into the mains by centrifugal pumps. The combined annual pumpage of all public-supply wells in the area is between 2,500 and 3,000 acre-feet. The number of wells, storage capacity, and annual con sumption of water in all but one of the towns having a public-supply system is given below.

Public-supply systems

Town or city

Alms(,

Axtell. ----.- ..

B laden... .....Blue Hill..........Campbell __ . __Elsie... ... ...... ...Elwood

Fairfleld .... .

Funk __ .----.--.-

Number of

wells

M

12

3211

211

Storage capacity

(thou sands of gallons)

456

339035

160753060

17550701330

Annual consump tion (acre-

feet)

w\66

27280

99

348434

101

73

Town or city

HeartwellHildretb

Smithfield-

Wallace Wilcox

Number of

wells

25

2414111112

Storage capacity

(thou sands of gallons)

50460

355025

20

364064

Annual consump tion (acre-

feet)

40560

456617

67011

21734

143

One of these wells is outside the area.

532176 O


Because both the population of the towns and the per capita water use are increasing, many towns have had to augment their water supply in recent years and in so doing have modernized much of their equipment. Also, several towns that only a few years ago were supplied from privately owned wells and cisterns now have a municipally owned system.

INDUSTRIAL WELLS

Water for industrial use is supplied from the public-supply systems in Holdrege and Minden but elsewhere is generally obtained from wells owned by the industries. Similarly, railroads obtain water either from public-supply systems or from railroad-owned wells. Industrial use of water probably is about 1,000 acre-feet per year.

SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER-TABLE FLUCTUATIONS

Under a natural hydrologic regimen, the amount of ground water discharged from the zone of saturation is governed by the amount of recharge to the zone of saturation. The adjustment of discharge to different rates of recharge necessitates changes in the hydraulic gradient, which in turn cause fluctuations of the water table. The magnitude of such fluctuations depends on the amount and rate of recharge and on the porosity and permeability of the material through which the water table rises and declines.

In the report area, in places that are remote from the influence of seepage of diverted river water and from large withdrawals through wells, the water table fluctuates between fairly narrow lim its, as is indicated in figure 8 by the hydrograph of the water levels in wells 10-32-17cc, 9-29-4cb, and 3-10-34cb. Such a small range in water-table fluctuations in an aquifer that is both lighly porous and highly permeable indicates a stabilized ratio of discharge to recharge. A similar stability probably characterized all the upland area before the power and irrigation systems were constructed.

In and near the part of the report area, where seepage from the system of canals, reservoirs, and irrigated land has increased several times the former natural rate of recharge, a steeper hydraulic gradient is being established. The rising trend of th°- water level in wells 7-21-6bc, 5-18-4abl, and 5-15-3ba, which are in this part of the area, is evidence that discharge still does not balance recharge. Unless ground-water discharge in this vicinity is increased substan tially by pumping from wells, the process of adjustment will continue until the water-bearing materials can transmit the added recharge to points of natural discharge. The steep gradient (60 feet per mile) that exists in the vicinity of some of the reservoirs (see pi. 4) in dicates that material of fairly low transmissibility is becoming saturated by the seepage.


146 147

148

270t~ 271 UJUJ 272U_

Z

- "5 UJ 116

< 117 fe "813 (O

.50Z 151 ** 152

153 & O -J 87

m 8889

Ct UJ

s »36

£ 37

I 1-

Sj 99 O 100

101

75

76 77

_-/ ^^ - \x>~ -- .__

I0-32~l7cc Lincoln County

/^^^ -« ^-\- -- H ^^

9-29~4cb Lincoln County

X ^ N^

yX

/

x-' J

'xX

--

^x.X

xxX

7 -21 ~6 be Gosper County

X"f J \ A, s ,^- -** **

^.^ ^'

5-l8-4abl Phelps County

J

//

-^r"

//

^7j

'

/

//

AdV

~£-

%

XV

A7,S /

5~l5~3ba Keorney County

^ ""->/ -x_ -^ _^^--"

j

^--" "

3-IO-34cb Webster^County

^*- , -~\_ 7-IO-23ab Adams County

. _~ _ _ _ /

X"v* /

^X

,^'

100 101

102 103

104

105 106

107 108

109

110 III 112

113

114

146

147 148

149 150

151

152

153

5-6-26M Clay County

FIGURE 8. Hydrographs showing water-level fluctuations in eight wells.

32 GROUND WATER, PLATTE-REPUBLICAN WATERSHEI, NEBRASKA

Pumping of water for irrigation in Adams, Kearney, and Phelps Counties has caused a slight decline of the water table in some places. This is indicated by the hydrograph of the water level in well 7-10-28ab (fig. 8). A lowering of ground-water levels in an area of artificial discharge does not necessarily indicate ov°,rwithdrawal but instead may indicate the water-table adjustment necessary to create hydraulic gradients sufficient to sustain the discharge of the wells. On the other hand, continuing, persistent decline of water levels in an area of artificial withdrawals, especially after with drawals have been stabilized for a time, should be looked upon as an indication that the maximum capacity of the zone of saturation to yield on a sustained basis may have been exceeded.

POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF GROUND-WATER IESOURCES

Unless artificial withdrawals of ground water are balanced by an increase in natural recharge, which may occur under certain condi tions, or by artificial recharge, such withdrawals necessitate an eventual decrease in natural ground-water discharge. Although the decrease may not be detectable for several years or decades, it will be no less real. Insofar as the artificial withdrawals are used bene ficially, the reduction of natural discharge that can be considered nonbeneficial is not a matter for concern; but when artificial with drawals result in a lessening of beneficial natural or artificial dis charge, the situation is one of "robbing Peter to pay Paul." In planning for the most beneficial development of the total water re sources of a hydrologic unit (for example, the Republican River drainage basin) the effect of consumptive water use in one part of a basin on the availability of water for beneficial use in other parts of the basin should be given due consideration.

In the report area, because seepage from the canals, reservoirs, and irrigation is an important source of artificial recharge to the zone of saturation, a considerable quantity of ground water can be with drawn each year without reducing natural discharge to less than its present rate. However, if withdrawals are to be effective in inter cepting the artificial recharge, they must be made within or downgradient from the area of artificial recharge.

If it is assumed that ground-water outflow from the area could be reduced, without untoward consequences, to a point that it equaled ground-water inflow to the area, a much greater amount of ground water could be withdrawn each year without eventually exhausting the supply. The average annual total recharge (natural in addition to artificial) that occurs by means other than ground-water inflow then would be the factor limiting the amount of ground water that could be withdrawn each year. In the part of the area where precipi tation alone accounts for most of the recharge, the anrual increment is estimated to average about 1 inch of water, or about 1,900 acre-feet


per township per year. If 10 percent of the pumped water vere to return to the zone of saturation, then about 2,100 acre-feet per town ship per year could be pumped. At the average rate of pumping by irrigation wells in 1952, the 2,100 acre-feet would be sufficient for about 18 irrigation wells per township. In and within a fow miles of the Tri-County irrigation project, the added recharge frcrci the applied irrigation water probably would increase the possible annual withdrawal to about 3,000 acre-feet per township, or enough for about 26 irrigation wells per township. A similarly large annual withdrawal of ground water probably would be possible in the town ships bordering the east side of the large sand-dune area in Hayes and Lincoln Counties, because natural recharge within the sand-dune area is greater than elsewhere and withdrawals in that are?, itself are not likely to be great.

Altogether, about 1,200,000 acres of land in the report area is classed as irrigable. The estimated potential annual yield of ground water, based on the rate of recharge within the area, would be sufficient for applying about 1 foot of irrigation water per year to all this land. Unfortunately, however, the irrigable land is con centrated within about one-fourth of the area, whereas the water supply sufficient for irrigation wells underlies a much larger part of the area about four-fifths. It is unlikely, therefore, that much more than about one-tenth of the irrigable land can be irrigated on a sustained basis with water pumped from wells, and then only if the irrigated tracts are distributed rather uniformly throughout the area of irrigable land.

CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE GROUND WATER

By ROBERT BKENNAN

This section of the report defines the chemical characteristics of the ground water and rates the suitability of the water for domestic use and irrigation. It is based principally on the study of th?, anal yses of 44 ground-water samples collected in 1945-49, 10 ground- water samples collected in 1952, and 14 surface-water samples (See tables 1 and 2 and fig. 9.) The samples represent water used for domestic purposes, livestock, public supply, and irrigation.

PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL, RELATIONSHIPS IN THE WATER

All the ground-water samples were collected from wells that tap either the Ogallala formation or the deposits of Quaternary age. The analytical results show that the water from the Ogallala forma tion is similar in mineral concentration to the water from the Quaternary deposits and that water from both is of the calcium bicarbonate type.

TA

BL

E

1. C

hem

ical

an

aly

ses

of

grou

nd w

ater

in

the

Pla

tte-

Rep

ub

lica

n w

ater

shed

and t

he L

ittl

e B

lue

Riv

er b

asi

n a

bove

Angus,

Neb

r.

[To,

Oga

llala

for

mat

ion;

Qd,

Qua

tern

ary

depo

sits

. R

esul

ts in

par

ts p

er m

illio

n ex

cept

as

indi

cate

d]

CO

Wel

lWater-bea

ring formation

£ £

Depth

of

well land

surface

c .2 g 1

"3 'a

Q

ft* °^ Temperature

0 CO 53

-, Total

iron

(Ft

a 0 "as

O

s< 2 Magnesium (

Sodium

(Na)

_^ Potassium

(K

O

0 ffi Bicarbonate (

^ O Carbonate (C

Sulfate

(SO4)Chlorid

e (Cl

)Fluorid

e (F)0

1

6 I

45 '«

Dissolved

soli (residu

e on evaporati

on 180°

C)

Har

dnes

sas

CaC

Ch

Calcium, magnesiu

m

ll

R Percent

sodiu

t a <L*

00

Specific condt (mioromh

os 25°

C)

W

S3

O d * 0 1M

M

"3,

S3

Ada

ms

Cou

nty

6-10-33dd. ------

12-2

7aa.

..--

_.7- 9-8bc

ll-1

2ac

-----

12-24CC-------

8-12

-34b

cL--

-_-

Qd

QdQd

Qd

Qd

Qd

"126"

195

"145

"

130

6-22

-49

6-11-48

6-17-47

6-22-49

8- 1

-49

6-12-48

55

56 56

59 55 57

42

32 29

31

22 35

1.4 .06

.04

.02

.02

.04

98

28 51

42

41 44

15 1.7

9.6

5.3

4.5

6.5

53

15 14

13

17 22

7.2

4.0

10 6.0

6.4

2.4

236

125

171

176

186

207

0 0 9 0 0 0

38 4.0

30 9.0

14 4.0

40 2.7

9.2

5.4

2.0

4.2

0.4 .5 .3

.2

.2 .2

167 3.3

12 8.8

1.5

5.6

0.13

.0

3.1

9 .2

0 .2

0.11

675

166

245

228

208

238

306 77 167

127

121

136

112 0 11 0 0 0

27

28 15

17

22 26

876

277

388

331

332

345

8. 7, 8.

6.

7. 7

Daw

son

Cou

nty

9-22-29dc.... .

23-32da.. ..

.25

-31c

dl--

---

To

ToTo

218

6-23

-49

6-23-49

5- 6-4

9

56 57 58

40 46 57

0.56 .02

.02

134 94 68

21 20 15

18 35 3.4

7.6

8.4

10

258

203

284

15 0

218

182 10

24 24 4.0

0.3 .2 .3

3.0

2.2

9.7

0.17 .20

.30

650

580

342

421

317

231

203

126 0

8 19 3

881

724

478

8 ?,

8 6

7 3

Fra

nklin

Cou

nty

4-1

3-2

4ad

L _

__

15

-5d

c2~

-~ ~

.

To

To

To

150

288

168

6- 9

-48

6-10

-48

6-11

-48

56 56 56

41 29 32

0.04 .10

.06

90 98 91

12 13 12

16 18 20

3.2

6.0

2.4

289

280

302

0 0 0

66 102 62

12 11 10

0.1 .2 .2

1.2

3.0

4.9

0.07 .09

.09

397

458

389

274

298

276

37 68 28

11 11 13

571

628

578

7, 7. 7.

Fro

ntie

r C

ount

y

5-27

-14b

b...

....

7-30

-29b

d-..

._..

8-24

-15d

b2.-

-.-.

ToTo

To

243

237

207

9-24

-52

9-23-52

5- 6

-49

61 58 56

50 11 46

0.82

24.0

5

53 4118 13 16

9.9

9.0 2.

11 10 8

258

167

327

0 0 0

18 22 7.2

4.0

9.0

1.0

0.7 .9 .0

7.5

25 15

0.05 .05

.06

306

247

369

204

156

283

0 19 15

9 10 2

444

371

537

7."

7.(

7 -1


COOOCOt--' oo" oo" t-'

§ 010500 T- i O O

oowoo oi o» co co'

aa^'s

CSO500O5

Cb ci, CO CO

MOOJ coS SSS

05g O

Ml Ml 3

?>O5 O N-H M

sg

S IN CO U5 1C

SJJ

'B'a

oo

rHcici.cocO'iotici.cici.otici.oti

O9OCOCOOOCOOO COOOt~O^ So o t~ co t~ i>- ft ui êomo

<y<y<y<y<y<y<y<y<y <y<y<y<y

CO

CC"4<>0 CO CO -4<CO

t~t~t~t~t~t~r»t~oor»r»oot~r-

i

t- i co TI< m OJ eg in co 10 co co i

>ooi

S QOO M" cceoco

§§|§§§§iii§i g

8

>r-<r4r4 r* 00 "5

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o .

OT(I lOoOiH OOO OOCOOO M) OO' CO t>T t»' O5* in 00' i-H O5* CO* CO* CO' TP

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TAB

LE 1

. C

hem

ical

ana

lyse

s of

gro

und

wat

er i

n th

e P

latt

e-R

epub

lica

n w

ater

shed

and

the

Lit

tle

Blu

e R

iver

bas

in a

bove

An

gu

s, N

ebr.

Con

.[T

o, O

galla

la f

orm

atio

n, Q

d, Q

uate

rnar

y de

posi

ts.

Res

ults

in

part

s pe

r m

illio

n ex

cept

as

indi

cate

d]

Wel

lWater-bea

ring formation

_o"S

J3S>

Depth

of

well land

surface

H Date

of

police

£" °^ Temperature

Silica

(SiOu)

, Total

iron

(F<a O i

"So

2 Magnesium (

Sodium

(Na)

_ Potassium

(K

^ O o n Bicarbonate (

_, O Carbonate

(CO

S5 1 02

Chloride

(Cl)

Fluoride

(F)

Nitrate

(NO3

o

T3 Dissolved

soli (residu

e on evaporati

on 180*0)

Har

dnes

sas

CaC

Os

Calcium, magnesiu

m

Noncar- bonat

e

B a 1 1

9,,

O O

S

Specific

condi (micro

mhos 25°

C)

H

Nuc

kolls

Cou

nty

3-7-6dd... _ ..

..4-

S-30

aa._

....

..To

To

77 200

9-25-52

6- 8

-48

55 5833 48

7.5 .08

83 8415 10

17 163.

03.2

337

294

0 010 22

15 290.2 .4

0.7

2.1

0.04 .05

370

391

267

263

0 2212 12

560

552

7 7

Per

kins

Cou

nty

11-3

6-lc

c.. .

......

To

212

9-23

-52

481.0

5315

6.4

1322

70

1018

0.3

2.6

0.05

290

194

86

423

7 8

Ph

elp

s C

ount

y

5-19

-28d

d...

....

6-18

-33b

d2_.

,.__

19-2

0bc2

_.,_

__7-

17-«ac... .

.....

18-3

5ab.

....

..19

-12b

b-.,

._.

16ba

....

..20

-31c

al..

....

.8-

19-24dc. ......

Qd

Qd Qd

Qd

QdQd

QdQdQd

190

182

254

"123"

~~13

3~

256

6-12-48

6-16-47

6-16-47

6-23-49

8-15

-49

9-16-49

9-16-49

6-16-47

8- 1

-49

57 55 51 55

55 56

56 51 55

55 34 43 38

36 38

42 44 34

0.05 .04

.04

.02

.03

1.8

3.6 .16

.02

78 82 76 72

94 54

100 82 88

14 13 11 11

13 16

15 14 14

118 7

9.6

22 19

155

24

41'6

6 10 6.0

8.0

9.2

9.6

285

262

248

272

268

219

350

285

238

0 9 9 0 20 0 0 0 0

20 28 16 24 84 46

50 23 119

6.0

5.9

4.7

8.0

6.6

13

11 5.5

19

0.1 .2 .1 .4

. .3 .3

.2 .2 .5

16 10 12 8.8

5.0 .5

1.5

10 7.6

0.07 .09

.07

.30

.17

.20

.20

.15

.15

346

335

301

326

439

318

478

344

452

252

258

235

225

288

201

311

262

277

18 28 17 2 35 21

24 28 82

9 7 6 8 14 16 9 4 15

4Qn

500

467

479

643

519

752

523

657

7 4

8,3

8.3

8.0

8 6

7.9

7 3

7 8

7.6

Web

ster

Cou

nty

2-10-4ac... . ..

3-ll-18ba__-...

4-10-4dcl. ......

Il-18aa2......

Qd

Qd

To Qd

58 212

196

155

5- 5

-49

6-22-49

6- 9-4

86-10-48

60 56 56 55

30 42 53 40

0.12 .20

.06

.05

52 87 105 84

11 11 13 11

8.2

14 14 16

2.4

4.4

4.0

3.6

188

284

319

280

0 0 0 0

6.4

49 30 40

9.0

14 30 17

0.1 .1 .0 .2

19 3.7

9.8

1.8

0.06 .30

.16

.06

252

376

435

354

175

263

315

255

21 30 53 25

9 10 9 12

387

529

622

527

7.2

7 9

7 8

7 4

CO

Ci

TA

BL

E 2

. C

hem

ical

ana

lyse

s of

wat

er i

n J

oh

nso

n R

eser

voir

nea

r L

exin

gto

n,

Neb

r.

[Res

ults

in p

arts

per

mill

ion

exce

pt a

s in

dica

ted]

Date

of collection

1950

Jan.

19..... ..

....

....

.

Sept

. 28-- ..

....

Oct. 31........... ..

....

. .

1951

Jan. 15.

-.-.

..

... .

.. ..

.

July 6..

.. ..

.

Sept

. 27

---.

. ..

. .... -

Dec. 4.. ..

............

.

1952

Fe

b. 29.

....

....

....

....

..

Reservoir storag

e (acre-ft)

43,4

35

42,060

39,585

44,935

47, 9

35

43,6

85

Temperature

(°

F) 35 74

63

57 36 71

65

58

38 35 74 69

Silica

(SiOa) 30

24

22

25

23 24

1 0.01

.0

2 .0

2 .0

2 .0

4

.10

Calcium

(Ca) 73 79

60

53

58 73

| *S5 o> 1 22

26

18

16

16 20

Sodium

(Na)

Potassium (K)

97

95

73 78

79 96

77 64 AQ

Bicarbonate

(HCOa)

238

198

203

191

212

228

217

202

196

214

225

240

209

208

Carbonate

(QOs) OOO

OOOOO

O

OGDOO

O

Sulfate

(SO4) 240

293

174

159

171

237

215

163

177

215

221

239

280

184

Chloride

(Cl) 25

29

22

20

22 25 24

19

21

Fluoride

(F)

0.5 .4

.4

.5

.4 .6

Nitrate

(NO3) 1.1

1.4

2.3

1.1 .8 1.6

n I 0.38

.10

.20

.25

.20

.10

Diss

olve

d so

lids

Residue on

evaporation at

180°

C 620

676

485

470

478

614

Tons per acre-foo

t

0.84

.92

.66

.64

.65

.84

Hardness as

CaCO

s

Calcium, magnesiu

m

273

304

224

196

212

264

254

214

222

247

257

284

294

210

Noncarbonate 78

142 58

26

38 77 76

48

61 72

72 87

123 39

Percent

sodium 44

40

41

46

45 44 38

38

40

-j---- 40

Specific

conductance (micromh

os at 25°

C) 894

923

717

690

722

868

832

709

729

831

857

913

957

763

a 7.8

7.8

8.0

8.3

8.2

8.1

7.6

7.5

7.5

7.9

7.7

8.0

7.9

8.1

00

CO

00

EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

G

roun

d-w

ater

sam

ple

Ken

esaw

g

| Ju

nia

ta_ H

AST

ING

S '

FIG

UR

E 9

. L

ocati

on o

f qual

ity-o

f-w

ater

sam

pli

ng p

oin

ts.


The total concentration of dissolved salts, in equivalents per million (epm), in the ground water is low when compared with that in ground water from most parts of the Great Plains. The toâl con centrations ranged from about 5 to 19 epm. The relation? of the concentrations of the principal ions to the total ionic concentration are shown in figure 10. Also shown are the relations of the con-

Calcium and magnesium\

oLU

2

in"

2Sodium and pot

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 TOTAL CONCENTRATION, IN EQUIVALENTS PER MILLION

Carbonate and bicarbona te

\ ' *f^ ^fs-Zf* !.

6 8 10 12 14TOTAL CONCENTRATION, IN EQUIVALENTS PER MILLION

BFIGURE 10. Relations of cations and anions to total ionic concentration.


centrations of principal ions to each other; however, the concentra tions of ions that undergo similar reactions in water solutions have been added together.

The curves in figure WA indicate that the concentrations of calcium and magnesium increase substantially, whereas those of sodium and potassium increase only slightly as the total concentration increases. The curves in figure WB indicate that the concentrations of car bonate and bicarbonate and of sulfate increase as the total con centration increases. The concentration of calcium and magnesium predominates over that of sodium and potassium, and the concen tration of carbonate and bicarbonate predominates over that of sulfate. The concentration of sulfate is relatively lov* if the total concentration is less than about 12 epm but increases rapidly if the total concentration is more than about 12 epm. For a total con centration of less than about 12 epm, the similarity in slope and position between the line representing calcium and magnesium and the line representing carbonate and bicarbonate indicates that the constituent pairs are present in nearly equivalent concentrations. The unusually low concentration of sulfate in relatior to the total concentration in water from well 6-10-33dd is accompanied by an unusually high concentration of nitrate.

Analyses of ground-water samples that have a total concentration of more than about 14 epm probably reflect the effect of reservoir seepage and the application of surface water during irrigation. Ground water iii certain parts of the report area downgradient from storage reservoirs and canals is similar in chemical composition to water in the reservoirs. For example, concentrations of sulfate are relatively high in water from wells 9-22-29dc and 9-23-32da and in water from Johnson Reservoir. (See tables 1 and 2.) The chemical composition of the water in Johnson Reservoir represents reasonably well the chemical composition of the water in all the storage reser voirs and in the distribution canals.

The hardness of the ground water differs from place to place in the area. Water having a hardness of less than 150 ppm underlies northeastern Kearney County and northwestern Adams County. One analysis indicates that the water underlying south-c-entral Keith County also has a hardness of less than 150 ppm. Wrter having a hardness of 151 to 250 ppm underlies most of the southwestern half of the area. Water having a hardness of more than 250 ppm under lies a relatively narrow strip that extends from southern Dawson County to northeastern Nuckolls County and southwestern Clay County. (See fig. 11.)

Because most of the hardness of the water is caused by calcium and magnesium, the relation of hardness to total concentration of

EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

10 l_10

Res

trvt

rir

Fio

na ll

.-M

ap

of t

he P

latt

e-R

epub

lica

n R

iver

s w

ater

shed

and

Lit

tle

Blu

e R

iver

ba

sin

abov

e A

ngus

, N

ebr.

, sh

owin

g zo

nes

of h

ardn

ess

ofgr

ound

wat

er i

n th

e Q

uate

rnar

y an

d T

erti

ary

dep

osit

s.

B ja o

o tr1 E tr1


dissolved salts is similar to the relation of calcium and magnesium to total concentration (fig. 10A). Generally, the hariness of the water in the report area is almost directly proportional to the min eralization of the water. The water that is the most mineralized and hardest underlies much of, or is downgradient from, the undissected upland surface; the higher mineralization may be caused by recharge that becomes more mineralized while infiltrating thick deposits of loess before reaching the water table, or it may be cr.used by the infiltration of the relatively highly mineralized surface water used for power development and irrigation.

USABILITY OF THE WATER

DOMESTIC PURPOSES

The United States Public Health Service (1946) has suggested or prescribed maximum concentrations of various mineral constituents in drinking water supplied for use on interstate carriers. Some of these limits are given below so that comparisons can b^ made with the results of analyses of ground water in table 1.

Suggested maximum Constituent concentration (ppm)

Iron and manganese together. ________________________ 0. 3Magnesium. ______-_--___-___-___-_______-_-.-_-_--- 125Sulf ate ______________________________. . - -____--_-___ 250Chloride.....___...._.______________.______.___.____ 250Fluoride_.--_-.-__________-_-_-_-_--__.__-_____-_- 1. 5Total solids.___.____._...-_-___-_-_-____-____._-.___ b 500

Mandatory.b 1,000 ppm permitted if water of better quality is not available.

The concentrations of iron exceeded the limits in 14 of 52 samples. Iron in high concentrations is objectionable because it imparts an unpleasant taste to the water and stains fabrics, utensils, and fix tures. The concentrations of magnesium, sulfate, chloride, and fluoride in all the ground-water samples were well within the limits. In only 4 of 52 samples did the concentration of dissolved solids exceed 500 ppm, and in none was it more than 700 pp*n.

Hardness is caused almost entirely by calcium and mr.gnesium and generally is expressed as calcium carbonate (CaCOs). Hard water is objectionable in washing processes because, in combination with soap, it produces an insoluble curd and because it necessitates,the use of large quantities of soap to produce a lather. Hard water is objectionable also because it forms scale in boilers, water heaters, radiators, and pipes; the scale results in a loss in teat transfer, failure of boilers, and loss of flow. Some calcium bicarbonate in water is beneficial, however, because it makes the water less corrosive, and where its concentration is within certain limits or is controlled

GROUND WATER, OGALLALA FORMATION, QUATERNARY DEPOSES 43

it can form a protective coating in pipes and other equipment. No specific limits for hardness of water have been established, but the following are generally recognized:

Hardness (ppm) Rating Usability

Less than 60____ Soft. _____________ Suitable for many uses without fur ther softening.

61-120_________ Moderately hard___ Usable except in some industrial ap plications. Softening profitable for laundries.

121-200_ _______ Hard-____________ Softening required by laundries andsome other industries.

More than 200__ Very hard-________ Requires softening for most purposes.

According to the above criteria, the ground water in th<?. report area is hard or very hard.

IRRIGATION

Water used for irrigation should meet the following requirements: The concentration of dissolved salts should be low; the percent sodium (the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of sodium to the prin cipal cations calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium all con centrations expressed in equivalents per million) should be low; toxic elements, such as boron, should not exceed certain limits; and the concentration of bicarbonate should not be greatly in excess of the concentrations of calcium and magnesium. Evaluation of the analyses in table 1 indicates that the water in the report arep is very suitable for irrigation.

High concentrations of dissolved salts in irrigation water can lead to the buildup of high levels of salinity in the soil, especially if drainage is poor. Water having a specific conductance of b,ss than 750 micromhos is considered to have a low or medium salinity hazard (U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954). Because most of tH water in the report area has a specific conductance of less than 750 mi cromhos, a buildup of high levels of salinity in the soil is not likely.

Calcium and magnesium ions fixed on soil particles aid in main taining a good condition of permeability and tilth in the soil. Sodium ions, if present in disproportionately high concentrations in the soil solution, can replace the calcium and magnesium on the soil particles and can cause a dispersion of the fine soil particles; the dispersion can, in turn, cause a deterioration of the soil permeability and tilth. The percent sodium of the water can be used as an index of the sodium (alkali) hazard. According to a diagram by Wilcox (1948), the sodium hazard involved in the use of water is small when the percent sodium is less than about 50. The maximum percent sodium calculated for water in the area was 28.

44 GROUND WATER, PL ATTE-REPUBLIC AN WATERSHED, NEBRASKA

Boron is toxic to plants when present in excess of certain limits, but, according to Scofield (1936), even boron-sensitive crops can tolerate up to 0.33 ppm of boron in irrigation water. The boron concentrations in the ground water from the report area were less than 0.33 ppm.

Bicarbonate concentrations greatly in excess of calcium and mag nesium concentrations in irrigation water may resoh in residual sodium carbonate in the soil and cause soil to attain a high pH and to become gray or black, owing to the solution of organic matter. Such a soil condition is known as "black alkali." Although the con centrations of bicarbonate exceed the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in about one third of the samples, they do so by only a small amount. The maximum excess in the samples was 0.65 epm. Wilcox, Blair, and Bower (1954) concluded that when the concen tration of bicarbonate exceeds the concentration of calcium and magnesium by less than 1.25 epm, the water probably will not cause black-alkali conditions.

CONCLUSION

Nearly all the irrigable land in the area described by this report is underlain by an aquifer that is sufficiently thick and permeable and is close enough to the land surface for irrigation from wells to be feasible. However, because recharge to the aquifer is limited, so too is the amount of water that can be withdrawn without causing a progressive water-table decline. The total natural recharge within the report area is estimated at 600,000 acre-feet per year. To this must be added recharge from irrigation canals and reservoirs and irrigated land about 500,000 acre-feet per year, and inf ow of ground water into the area, estimated at 80,000 acre-feet per year. No definite evidence indicates that present pumping exceeds, or is close to exceeding, the capacity of the water-bearing material to yield on a sustained basis.

Within the area of irrigable land as a whole, the number of ir rigation wells or other large-discharge wells could be quadrupled before withdrawals ^would equal recharge. However, unless the wells were distributed fairly uniformly throughout the irrigable area, the water-table decline would be excessive in the local areas of concentrated withdrawals. It is estimated that natural recharge will be exceeded and the water table will decline progressively if annual withdrawals are greater than about 3,000 acre-feet per town ship within or close to the Tri-County irrigation project or about 2,100 acre-feet per township at a distance from the project.

Outside the area of irrigable land, except where the saturated sand and gravel is too thin to sustain large yields, at le^st 1,900 acre- feet per township could be withdrawn each year without exceeding

CONCLUSION 45

natural recharge. However, as the pumping of water from wells is a means of intercepting ground water that eventually would be discharged naturally at some other place, the base flow of streams drawing ground water from the area would be decreased. If with drawals by pumping were increased so that they equaled all recharge, both natural and artificial, occurring within the area, the natural discharge of ground water from the area would decrease to fvn amount equal to ground-water flow into the area, or about 80,OOC acre-feet per year.

Chemically, the ground water is suitable for irrigation. The water is suitable for uomestic use and probably for most industrial uses, except that it is hard or very hard and, in places, has a high iron content.

REFERENCES CITED

Bjorklund, L. J., and Brown, K. F., 1957, Geology and ground-wator resourcesof the lower South Platte Kiver valley between Hardin, Colo., and Paxton,Nebr.: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1378.

Bradley, Edward, and Johnson, C. R., 1957, Ground-water resources of theLadder Creek area in Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 126.

Cady, R. C,, and Scherer, O. J., 1946, Geology and ground-water resources ofBox Butte County, Nebr.: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 969.

Condra, G. E., and Reed, E. C., 1943, The geological section of Nebraska:Nebraska Geol. Survey Bull. 14.

1950, Correlation of the Pleistocene deposits of Nebraska: NebraskaGeol. Survey Bull. 15A.

Darton, N. H., 1898, Underground waters of a portion of southeaster Nebraska:U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 12.

Johnson, G. E., 1950, The stabilization of soil by the silt injection method forpreventing the settlement of hydraulic structures and the preventing of theleakage from canals: Paper presented at meeting of Nebraska IrrigationAssociation, Dec. 7-8, Hastings, Nebr. (mimeo.).

Lugn, A. L., and Wenzel, L. K., 1938, Geology and ground-water resources ofsouth-central Nebraska, with special reference to the Platte Piver valleybetween Chapman and Gothenburg: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper779.

Nettleton, E. S., 1892, Artesian and underflow investigation: U.S Cong., 1stsess., Senate Doc. 41, pt. 2, p. 19-34.

Scofield, C. S., 1936, The salinity of irrigation water: Smithsoniar Inst. Ann.Rept, 1935, p. 286.

Theis, C. F., 1937, Amount of ground-water recharge in the southern HighPlains: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., 18th Ann. Mtg. and Regional Mtg.,pt. 2, p. 564-568.

U.S. Public Health Service, 1946, Drinking-water standards: U.S. Frolic HealthService Repts., v. 61, no. 11, p. 371-384.

U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954, Diagnosis and improvement of saline andalkali soil: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Agriculture Handb. 60.

Waite, H. A., Reed, E. C., and Jones, D. S., Jr., 1946, Ground water in theRepublican River basin in Nebraska: Nebraska Water Res. Survey Water- Supply Paper 1, pts. 1-4.

532176 O -60 -4


Wenzel, L. K., and Waite, H. A., 1941, Ground water in Keith County, Nebr.: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 848.

Wilcox, L. V., 1948, The quality of water for irrigation use: U.S. Dept. Agri culture Tech. Bull. 962.

Wilcox, L. V., Blair, G. Y., and Bower, C. A., 1954, Effect of bicarbonate on suitability of water for irrigation: Soil Sci., v. 77, no. 4, p. 259-266.

BASIC DATA

As part of the State-Federal program of ground-water studies in Nebraska, 223 test holes have been drilled in the area de-scribed in this report. The materials brought to the surface were examined closely and descriptive logs were prepared. Because tl °, logs of these test holes have already been published, they are not reproduced in this report. Similarly, the logs of 41 wells and test hcês drilled in the area by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the U.S. Corps of Engineers, and commercial drillers have been published elsewhere and so are not included in this report. Table 3 gives the depth, the geologic formation in which drilling ended, the name of the driller, and the publication containing the log for each of the above- mentioned wells and test holes.

The logs of 11 commercially drilled wells and test holes, not previously published, are given in table 4.

Table 5 contains data pertaining to all the wells of large, discharge in the area and to selected wells of small discharge. Information on irrigation practices is also included.

The locations of all wells and test holes for which logs ar^ available are shown on plate 3, and the locations of all wells listed in table 5 are shown on plate 1.

47


Table 3. Summary of logs of wells and test holes

Driller: BR, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation; CE, U. S. Army Corps of Eigineers; UN, Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska in cooperation with the U. S, Geological Survey.

Publication: BB, Bjorklund, L. J., and Brown, R. F. (1957); LW, Lugn, A. L., and Wenzel, L. K. (1938); Ml, Multilithed logs (obtainable from Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska); N, Nettleton, E. S. (1892); Tr, This report; WRJ, Waite,

*

Well or test hole

Depth (feet)

\ /*

Geologic unit in which drilling ended

Driller

Publication

contain ing log

Adams County

5-11- laa. .............24aa.. ............

12- 6bb... ...........6- 9- Idd.. ............

10- 6bb..............ll-24ad.. ............12- 6bb.. ............

19bb.. ............7- 9-24dd.. ............

10-18cc. .............11- laa..............

8-10-18cc.. ............11- 5d......... ......12-19bh. ...... ......

27aa.. ............

430320270350400300330360300310267270163230340

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do....... ...................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do...... ....................

..........(?) .........................

..........(?)..........................Niobrara....... ....................

UNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUN

UNUN

MlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlLWMl

-Ml

Clay County

5-

6-

8- 6bb.. ............19bb. .............

8-19bc...... ........

330115430

..........do..........................Carlile. ............................

UNUNUN

MlMlMl

Dawson County

9-24-13dd.. ............25- 4cc... ...........

29aa... ...........31.................

10-25- 5dd. .............27bb...... ........

589630630220200570

Ogallala... ............ .. ... ................do....................................(?).........................

UNUNUN

UNUN

MlMlMlLWMlMl

Franklin County

1-16- 2ac.. ............6ad...... ........

2-13- 3bd. .............18aa..... .........24ad.... ..........

14- 2bc.... ..........7cc. .............

16bc..............23aa..............

15- laa..............Ibc.. ............

9717518915995

282190172121310261

Nl ob r* sr* 3. ( ? )..;..... ...do... ......................

..........do.........................

..........do.........................

..........do.........................

..........do.........................

.........Jdo...... ...................

..........do........................

..........(?).........................

UNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUN

WRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJMlWRJWRJMlTr

BASIC DATA

Table 3. Summary of logs of wells and test holes Continued

49

Well or test hole

Depth (feet)


Driller

Publication

containing log

Franklin County Continued

2-15-24bb.. ...........28bb... ..........

16-16cc.............19ba. ............31ba... ..........35dd.............

3-13-13dd... ..........15-24aa.. ...........

4-13-24a...... ........14- 6bb... ..........15-13dd....... ......

36dd...... .......

86154163120133150250330151350270270

...........do........................

...........do.........................

...........do.........................

........... do........ .......... .......

...........do.........................

....... ....(?)L... .....................

...........do.........................

....... ....do.......... ...............

UNUNUNUNUNBRUNUN

UNUNUN

WRJWRJWRJMlWRJWRJMlMlLWMlMlMl

Frontier County

5-25- 9bb.............29aa.............

26-24cd.. ...........24dcl... ........24dc2.... .......24dc3...........24dc4. ..........25ab.. ...........25bal..... ......25ba2.... .......25bb.. ...........

6-24-12aa... ..........25- 5dd.. ...........

7-24- lad.............25- 9bb.. ...........

28bb.. ...........8-24- Iba.. ...........

25- 6dd.... .........7aa.. ...........

20dc...... .......

110210

458788

1001009070

100115370320250600300310610210630530

...........do.........................

...........do.........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........(?).......................

...........do........................

...........do........................

UNUNBRBRBRBRBRBRBRBRBRUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUN

MlMlWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMl

Furnas County

4-21- 4ab.. ...........21dd.. ...........24dd... ..........

22-15aa.. ...........24aa... ..........

23- 2ad....... ......7aa... ..........

24- 2bc.... .........

4cc2. ..........20bc.. ...........

25- 4bb... ..........7bb.. ...........9dc.. ...........

18bb....... ......

260130185230

80230

71220

697749

24069

20089

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........do........................

...........(?).......................

...........(?).......................

UNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUN

WRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJ



Well or test hole

Depth (feet)


Driller

Publication contain ing log

Gosper County

5-21-25aa.. ..........22-12ad.. ..........

25dd. ...........33ba..... .......

23- 7bb............24-25aa.. ..........

36dd... .........6-21- 7bb.... .......

19cc. ...........22ad...... ......

23-19cc.. ..........7-21- 6bb............

14bb............18cc.. ..........26bc.. ..........

22- 7...............23-30bb.. ..........

8-21-llcc.. ..........16dd.. ..........19bb.. ..........21cc... .........22aa............34ad...... ......

22- 7ac.. ..........

23-18cc. ...........

123310270230260180200450340470290530186600232335470

3860

70085

178208263

485.7

..........(?).........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........(?).........................

..........(?).........................

..........(?).........................

..........(?).........................

..........(?).........................

..........(?).........................

..........(?).........................Ogallala.... ..................................(?)...................................(?)...................................(?).........................

Niobrara...... ....................

urUNurUKUNUKUKUNUNUNUN

UNWm. Wes*

UNE. T. Wallace

UNUNUN

Well Co. UN

NMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlNMlNLWMlNLWMlLWNNN

Ml

Hall County

9-ll-24da.... .........36da.............

300280 ..........do..........................

UNUN

MlMl

Harlan County

1-17- 2bb.. ...........2-17- laa... ........

Sad.............21cc...... .......

18- 8aa.. ...........9dd... ..........

16cc.. ...........19- Icb.............

24ba.. ...........3-17- laa.............

9cc. ............24aa.. ...........

18- 9bb.. ......... .29aa... ..........

19- 7cc.. ...........4-17- laa........... .

18c... ...........24aa.. ..........

18- 4ba.. ........

141300260160200180200200

39360280250290260190360265340437

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................Pierre(?>. .........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................Pierre..... ...................................(?).........................

Niobrara...........................

CFUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUN

UNUN

WRJMlWRJWRJMlWRJMlWRJWRJMlWRJMlWRJMlWRJMlLWMlMl

BASIC DATA 51


Well or test hole

Depth (feet)


Driller

Publi cation

contain ing log

Harlan County Continued

4-18-17ad.. .............33bb........ .......

20- Ida...............25aa... ............

370 270 320 319

..........do...........................

..........do...........................

..........do...........................

UN UN UN UN

Ml Ml Ml WRJ

Hayes County

5-32-25cc...............25cd.. .............

6-33- 9ab.. .............

139 140

355

..........(?)...........................

..........(?)...........................

..........(?)...........................

UN Ellithorpe and

Putman. Arthur W.

Haggard.

WRJTr

Tr

Hitchcock County

3-31- 4ba...... ........4-31- 6cb...... ........

18ab... ..........19ad.. ............19dd.... ..........29aa...... ........29abl.... ........29ab2.. ..........29ba..... ........29bb....... ......29dd.. ...........

85139135

99169181120135121155102

..........(?)..........................

..........(?)..........................

..........(?)..........................

..........do...........................

..........do...........................

..........do...........................

..........do...........................

.........x?)........... ................

UNUNUNUNBRBRBRBRBRBRUN

WRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJ

Kearney County

5-13-24aa.. ...........36dd..... ........

14- 6bb.............19bb...... .......

16- 6bb.............I9bb.. ...........

6-14- 7ca..... ........15- laa...... .......

13dd.. ...........16-20cc. ............

31a... ...........7-13-13dd.. ...........

14-18cc...... .......8-13-36dd.. ...........

14-Slcc.. ...........

240240340330280oen

265370310190

280450310350280

Ogallala...... .................................do...........................

..........do.................... ......

..........do...........................

..........do...........................

..........do...........................

..........do...........................

..........do...........................Ogallala.............................

..........(?)..........................Ogallala.......... ..... .......................do...........................Pierre... ............................Pierre or Niobrara. .............

UNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUN

foundry.

UNUNUNUN

MlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlTr

LWMlMlMlMl

Keith County

12-36- 5bb... ..........18dd.. ...........

39- 2dd....... ......

450480400

Brule..... ...........................Ogallala......................................do..........................

UNUNUN

BBBBBB



Well or test hole

Depth (feet)


Driller

Publication contain ing log

Keith County Continued

12-39- 5da.. ..........

40- Bad............8dd.. ..........

41- 2bc.. ..........

2bd............3db............

13-37-29ab..... .......

38-18ab... .........30ba............33ca.. ..........

36aa...... ......

326

235390151

149166398

254390426

113

Ogallala................ ............

Brule(?) ...........................

Brule(?) ...........................

Ogallala(P). ..... ..................

Ogallala... .........................

Brule(?) ...........................

Ogallala............................

Putman.UNUN

Arthur W.Haggard.

....do............

....do...........

Putman. UNUN

Putman. UN

Tr

WWBBBB

BBBBTr

BBBBTr

WW

Nuckolls County

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-19bb. ...........8- Idd..... .......

6cc..... .......8-10bb............

13cb..... .......19bb............29cc.. ..........

8- 6bb...... ......19bb.. ..........

7-llaa..... .......30cd.. ..........35aa.. ..........

8-18cc............35dd.. ..........

100488060709052

180120110135160170150

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do.. .......................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

UNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUN

UNUN

John Alfs

WRJWRJMlWRJWRJMlWRJMlMlMlTrMlMlTr

Phelps County

5-17-17aa............18- 3bb... .........

22bb...... ......19-19bb... .........20- Ibb..... .......

6c. ............18cc............31cb... .........31cc............

6-17-13dd.. ..........18-15cc... .........

33bd.. ..........

19-23c... ..........20- 6ad.. ..........

6c.. ...........14dd.. ..........18bc.. ..........

7- 17-24aa.. ..........

210340400440475159125

94260340360187

770560250520226360

Ogallala.............................

..........do...........................

..........(?)..........................

..........(?)..........................

..........(?)..........................Pierre (?).............. ......................do.....................................do...........................Ogallala.............................

Pierre(?) ........................Ogallala(?) ......... ...............

!..........(?)..........................

UNUNUNUN

UNUNUN

Well Co.

UN

UN

UN

LWMlMlMlMlNNNMlMlMlTr

LWMlNMlNMl

BASIC DATA


53

Well or test hole

Depth (feet)


Driller

Publication

contain ing log

Phelps County Continued

7-17-36dd.. .......18- 3bb.. .......

9ba... ......16dd.. .......33dd.. .......

19- 6da.. .......20-14ad.. .......

27bb.. .......35dd.. .......

8-18-2ldd... ......19-28da.. .......20-35aa.........

340330108260310420490500480290244.3420

..........do..........................

..........(?).........................

..........do..........................Pierre(?)..... .....................Ogallala......... ...................Pierre(?).. ............ ............

Ogallala(?) ............. ..........


MlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMlMl

Red Willow County

3-28- 5da... ......8bb... ......

29-28bc.. .......30-12dd.. .......

4-26- Idd.........6bc.........

12aa.. .......24dd... ......30ab.. .......36bb. ........

27-26ba.........26da.. .......

28-23dd.........3ldd.. .......32aa.. .......36cd.........

29- 6bd.. .......22ba.........25cc... ......25dc.. .......

30-13dc.. .......

696943

20055

22565

160366999599978

28074

119899959

320

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................Ogallala(?) ... ..............................do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

UNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUN

WRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJ

Webster County

1-10- labl.. ......Iab2........Idc.. .......

2- 5-14ca.. .......9- laa.. .......

20ca.. .......21bb.. .......24cc.........24db.. .......26cc.........36dd.. .......

10-15ba.. .......16bb.. .......26bb... ......

11- lab.........

4060266850

123357670

1279097

105195260

..........(?)..........................

..........do..........................

Carlile(?) ........ .................

Carlile(?) ........ ...........................do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

UNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUNUN

WRJWRJWRJWRJMlWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJMlWRJWRJWRJMl


Table 3. Summary of logs of wells and test holes- Continued

Well or test hole

Depth (feet)


Driller

Publication Containing log

Webster County Continued

2- 11-llaa.......13dc.......20ba.......

12- lad.......Sad.......

22ba. ......26bc. ......

3-10-27ab.......28ab.......29aa.......

ll-24aa.......4- 9- laa.......

10- 3c........4db.......

11- laa.......24aa.......36dd.......

12-18cc.......31cc.......

19514030

210181135

16105

70100170200196218

200150145180200

Niobrara..........do...................................do.........................

..........do.........................

..........do.........................

..........do.........................

..........(?)-........ ................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................

..........do..........................


ern Co.UNUNUNUNUN

WRJMlWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJWRJMlMlLWTr

MlMlMlMlMl

BASIC DATA

Table 4. Logs of wells and test holes

55

Type of material Thickness (feet)

Depth (feet)

2-15-lbc

[Driller's log of irrigation well in Franklin County; drilled in 1947 by John Alfs of Shickley, Nebr., for John C. Blank. Depth to water, 174ft]

Topsoil.................. .................................. .............................Clay.....................................................................................Sand......... ......... ....................................... .......... ................Clay......................................................................................

Sand......................................................................................Clay......................................................................................

Sand, fine.............................. ................................................Clay.....................................................................................

Clay......................................................................................

Clay......................................................................................Sand and gravel.......................................................................

2281619271618123592

369

108

14

230466592108126138173182184220229239247261

5-32-25cd

[Driller's log of test hole in Hayes County; drilled in 1947 by Ellithorpe and Futman, Ogallala, Nebr. Depth to water, 41.8ft]

Topsoil and light clay..............................................................

Clay, soft.............................................................................

Gravel, coarse.................................................... ..................

Sand, medium to coarse............ ..............................................

Sand and gravel.............. ............ ...........................................

Sand, fine to medium, with some clay.................... ....................

105

114

2625575537

1510

3755

10152630565863687580858895

110120123130135140

6-33-9ab

[Driller's log of test hole in Hayes County; drilled in 1951 by Arthur W. Haggard of Ogallala, Nebr., for Tyre Nelson. Depth to water, 228ft]

Soil......................................................................................Soil......................................................................................Clay....................................................................................Clay, white, clastic................................................................Clay, brown, hard.......................................................... .... ...

12

Q 1^

235207

2310

13

98100135155162185195


Table 4. Logs of wells and test holes Continued


Depth (feet)

6-33-9ab Continued

Gravel, fine to coarse...........................................Limestone, brown, with thin partings of gravel.........Sandstone, gray...................................................Gravel, fine to medium.........................................Sand, gray..........................................................Limestone, hard..................................................Limestone, brown; thin streaks of gravel.................Limestone, white.................................................Clay with streaks of gravel....... .............................Gravel, coarse, clean..........................................Limestone, brown................................................Limestone, white and brown, with thin sandy streaks.

20101211

54

1717

182035

215225237248253257274275282300320355

6-16-20cc

[Driller's log of irrigation well in Kearney County; drilled in 1949 by Kearney Foundry of Kearney, Nebr., for Leo F. Fishell. Depth to water, 89ft]

Topsoil..........Clay.............Sand.............Clay..............Sand..............Clay..............Clay and sand. Gravel, clean.

124

73

27173576

12532356279

114190

12-39-5da

[Driller's log of irrigation well in Keith County; drilled in 1950 by Ellithorpe and Putman of Ogallala, Nebr., for Krajewske Bros. Depth to water, 240 ft]

Topsoil.............................................Clay, tan..........................................Clay with layers of magnesia................Clay, buff............................ .............Sandstone with some free gravel...........Magnesia..........................................Clay, sandy, with layers of magnesia....Gravel with some clay.........................Gravel..............................................Clay.................................................Clay, sandy, with some gravel.............Gravel, cemented...............................Clay with cemented gravel...................Gravel.............................................Clay with cemented gravel...................Gravel.............................................Clay with gravel. Hard layer at 167 ft.,. Gravel, some clay..............................Clay, calcareous, with some gravel......Clay with layers of limestone...............Gravel..............................................Clay with layers of magnesia................Gravel..............................................Clay, sandy.......................................Gravel............................. ................Clay with streaks of gravel..................

6333

153

10102010201040343

101010107

2623

195

69

1215303343537383103113153156160163173183193203210236238241260265

BASIC DATA


57

Type of materialThicknes'

(feet)Depth (feet)

12-39-5da Continued

Clay....................................Clay with streaks of magnesia. Gravel.................................Clay with streaks of magnesia. Magnesia with layers of clay... Clay, sandy......... .. ..............

715

A

151010

272287291306316326

13-37-29ab

[Driller's log of test hole in Keith County; drilled in 1948 by Ellithorpe and Putman of Ogallala, Nebr., for R. Nelson. Depth to water, 217ft]

Topsoil...........................................................................Sand, coarse, and gravel...................................................Clay, brown................................. ..................................Sandstone....... ................................................................Sandstone, medium hard....................................................Clay, brown and white.......................................................Gravel, fine to coarse, and brown clay................................Clay, brown....................................................................Sand, coarse in streaks....................................................Clay, brown....................................................................Sand, coarse, and gravel...................................................Clay, brown and white, with layers of limestone....................Gravel, coarse, with brown clay and medium hard limestone... Clay, brown, with medium hard white limestone....................Clay, brown and white, hard..............................................Gravel, coarse, and white clay...........................................Gravel, coarse to fine, with trace of clay.............................Clay, brown with gravel streaks.........................................Clay, brown....................................................................Limestone with hard clay layers.........................................Sand, fine, and some gravel and clay...................................Clay, brown, with some gravel..........................................Sand, coarse, and coarse gravel.........................................Clay, white, with sandstone, limestone, and streaks of gravel. Limestone, very hard.......................................................Clay, white, and hard limestone.........................................Sand, fine, and fine gravel.................................................Clay, white, some limestone.............................................Limestone, some white clay...............................................Limestone, very hard.......................................................Limestone, some white clay, gravel, and sand......................Clay, white, some gravel..................................................Limestone and white clay, medium hard...............................Limestone, hard..............................................................

7101111

A.

2017

5121714

97

128596

2015

45

4134

21213

415

242

1031

71728394363808597

114128137144156164169178184204219223228269303305317330334349351355357367398

13-39-33ca

[Driller's log of test hole in Keith County; drilled in 1948 by Ellithorpe and Putman of Ogallala, Nebr., for H. S. Shelburne. Depth to water, 209 ft]

Topsoil........Gravel.........Clay...........Limestone....Gravel.........Clay, hard..., Clay, yellow.

314

152014

6

394358789298

58 GROUND WATER, PLATTE-REPUBLICAN WATERSHEF, NEBRASKA

Table 4. Logs of we//s and test holes Continued


Depth (feet)

13-39-33ca Continued

Gyp rock...................................Sand, fine.................... .............Rock and clay.............................Gravel......................................Clay, hard..... ...........................Rock........................................Clay, soft.................................Gravel......................................Magnesia.................................Rock, hard................................Clay..................... ...................Limestone, soft.........................Limestone, hard........................Clay.........................................Gravel......................................Clay, brown, and sand................Limestone.................................Clay, brown..............................Limestone, hard........................Clay.........................................Limestone.................................Clay.........................................Sand and gravel..........................Clay.........................................Sand, coarse.............................Magnesia..................................Sand, cemented..........................Sand, medium............................Clay.........................................Magnesia....... ...........................Sand and gravel..........................Clay.........................................Sand, medium............................Clay.........................................Gravel, medium.........................Clay.........................................Limestone, soft.........................Clay, white...............................Clay, brown..............................Sandstone, soft..........................Clay, white...............................Sand, fine.................................Clay, brown..............................Sand, fine.................................Clay, sandy, white.....................Clay, brown..............................Sand, coarse, and medium gravel. Limestone and clay.....................Clay, brown, sandy....................Sand and gravel..........................Sand, fine to coarse...................Sand, medium to coarse..............Sand, coarse, and fine gravel.......Gravel, medium.........................Clay.........................................Limestone.................................Clay........................................Sand, coarse.............................Clay........................................

45

1036213

1233334

1211

19291

1412

321526157

1012

5952

1212

31518221655236

11.5

5.531

102107117120126128129132144147150153156160172183184193195204205219231234236237242244250251256263273285290299304306318330333334339340348350352353359364369371374380391391.5397400401

BASIC DATA


59


Depth (feet)

13-39-33ca Continued

Limestone........................................................................... 0.5 401.5Clay................................................................................... 1.5 403Sand, fine........................................................................... 2 405Clay................................................................................. 11 416Clay, magnesia.................................................................... 6 422Clay, hard, brown (Brule?).................................................... 4 426

4-7-30cd

[Driller's log of test hole in Nuckolls County; drilled by John Alfs of Shickley, Nebr., for Frank Karmazin. Depth to water, 75 ft]

Clay................................................................................... 100 100Rock, white...................................................................... 34 134Rock, hard.......................................................................... 1 135

4-8-35dd

[Driller's log of test hole in Nuckolls County; drilled by John Alfs of Shickley, Nebr., for Eugene F. McCarthy. Depth to water, 60 ft]

Clay and silt........................................................................ 149 149Rock, hard.......................................................................... 1 150

6-18-33bd

[Driller's log of public-supply well in Phelps County; drilled in 1947 by Cole-Carlson Well Co. of Loomis, Nebr., for city of Holdrege. Depth to water, 138ft]

Topsoil and clay................................................................... 30 30Sand with clay layers........................................................... 124 154Sand and gravel................................................................... 33 187

4-10-4db

[Driller's log of test hole in Webster County; drilled in 1934 by Layne-Western Co. of Omaha, Nebr., for village of Blue Hill. Depth to water, 106. 5 ft]

Topsoil, black.................................................................... 4 4Clay................................................................................. 42 46Clay with a little fine silty sand............................................. ' 68 114Clay and magnesia rock....................................................... 1 115Clay and fine silty sand........................................................ 16 131Sand, fine, with some clay................................................... 4 135Rock, magnesia.................................................................. .5 135.5Sand with clay balls and small boulders....... ........................... 20.5 156Clay................................................................................. 35 191Clay with some gravel and rock............................................. 2 193Shale................................................................................ 25 218

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd i

rrig

atio

n pr

acti

ces

Wel

l n

um

ber

: S

ee t

ext

for

desc

rip

tio

n o

f w

ell-

num

ber

ing s

yst

em

. D

epth

of

wel

l:

Mea

sure

d d

epth

s are

giv

en i

n fe

et a

nd t

enth

s be

low

lan

dsu

rfac

e; r

eport

ed d

epth

s are

giv

en i

n f

eet

only

. T

ype

of c

asin

g:

C,

concr

ete;

M

, m

etal

; T

, ti

le;

W,

woo

d.

Type

of p

um

p:

C,

centr

ifugal

; C

y,

cyli

nder

; J,

je

t;

N,

none

; T

, tu

rbin

e.

Type

of p

ow

er:

D,

die

sel

fuel

; E

, ele

ctr

icit

y;

G,

gas

oli

ne;

H,

hand

; N

, none;

Ng,

natu

ral

gas

; P

, pro

pan

e or

bu

tan

e g

as;

T, tr

acto

r fu

el;

W,

win

d.

Geo

logic

sourc

e: Q

p,

Ple

isto

cene d

eposi

ts;

To,

O

gal

lala

fo

rmat

ion.

Type

of m

ate

rial:

C

, cl

ay;

G,

gra

vel

; S,

sa

nd

. M

easu

rin

g p

oin

t:

Ep,

lo

wer

edge

of d

isch

arg

e p

ipe;

H

b,

hole

in

pum

p b

ase;

He,

ho

le i

n c

asin

g;

Ls,

la

nd

surf

ace;

Tc,

to

p of

cas

ing;

Tp,

top o

f p

latf

orm

.

Dep

th t

o w

ater

: M

easu

red

dep

ths

are

giv

en i

n f

eet

and

hundre

dth

s;re

port

ed d

epth

s are

giv

en i

n f

eet

only

. U

se o

f w

ater

: D

, dom

esti

c;

I,

irri

gati

on;

N,

none

; O

, ob

serv

atio

n o

fw

ate

r-le

vel

fluct

uat

ions;

P

, publi

c su

pply

; R

, ra

ilro

ad;

S,

stock

. M

etho

d of

dis

trib

uti

ng

wat

er:

D,

dit

ch;

G,

gra

vit

y;

P,

gat

ed p

ipe;

S,

spri

nkle

r.P

rincip

al'cro

ps

irri

gate

d:

A,

alfa

lfa;

C

, co

rn;

G,

gra

ss o

r past

ure

. O

ther

cro

ps

irri

gate

d:

A,

alfa

lfa;

B

, su

gar

bee

ts;

By,

bar

ley

; C

, co

rn;

Cl,

cl

over

; G

, gra

ss o

r past

ure

; G

s,

gra

in s

org

hum

; M

, m

elo

ns;

O,

oat

s; P

, p

ota

toes

; S

, so

ybea

ns;

W

, w

hea

t.

Wel

lO

wn

er o

r use

rY

ear

dri

lled

*"7» <U V 'v C

f-4 o "5. Q

W) c r

H

Ul ni O '~

fc

0.8 «.§ <u "-

"B ni H Q

' casing o V P. H

In" V o C T

H K <u 0

Ul Cf-

4 o _£ bo C 0) J

a

S a 'o 0) a H

'aT O) o c ci. , 0) i diame

t c B 3 "o U

Ul 11 a Ul "S IH S If-\

' power o a H

'o O i '"

'

IH

rrtO

,2

IH

'OV

'

OJ

*J

5

te"8

"oIn o O

Aquif

er

0) c sourc bo o "o 0) 0

"rt : materi 0 K EH

Adam

s C

ounty

5-

9-

9d

c.. .

.....

20bc........

20rh

....

....

23bb

. .....

30d

.........

10-

Ibb

....

....

2aa........

lOcb

....

....

25db.......

Art

. P

ost.

.................. ................................. .

...

Car

l W

hit

e om

b....... .

..........................................

J.

F.

Sim

s.......................................................

Lest

er

Woods...................................................

Mrs

. N

etti

e K

ort

.......... ...................................

Alf

red F

r ohm

................ ..

............................

....

.

1946

1,94

819

4819

5219

4819

43

1947

1948

1948

142

178

190

174

174

16

4.0

178

209

172

18 18 18 18 24 18 18 18

M M M M M M M M M

Of? 48

T T T T T T T T T

>

R a

3 2

T T4

57

3 54

QP

QP

QP

QP

QP

QP QP

QP

QP

S,G

Sf~*

Sf~*

Sf~*

Sf~\

Sf~*

S,G

Sf-\

S.G

S- 09- O 9iIZ£S

O CO.a?

INS tOo o coo cr acr o o

ffi ffi cr cr

O1 h" CD

> o

CO CO^ ^ oo oo

co co co1^ ifr. !*»

co co -j

co ooo oo o

-400 01 O Oo o o

1

Description

Height above or be low (-) land sur face (feet)

Altitude above mean sea level (feet)

Depth below measur ing point (feet)

Date of measurement

Measuring point

enSt-t> o3S- n n5T »

Drawdown (feet)

Reported yield (gallons per minute)

Use of water

Use per year (hours)

Pumpage per year (acre- feet)

Method of distributing water

Average number of acres irrigated yearly

Consumptive use of water per acre (acre -feet)

Principal

Other

Crops irrigated

Available irrigable acres

19oisva

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd ir

riga

tion

pra

ctic

es C

ontin

ued

We

llO

wn

er

or

use

rY

ear

drille

d

'*£ "

"

& (4 rH Q

bo

'w a> u "8 V a x

H

"w"

V u ^. creen 01 8

.g 'So S

a a s u a ^

u J3 U«

FH .mete

r

CO rH a B & _P "o U

01

V bo

a 01 "8 VH V 1 s

f-, V a

8 V a fr

0 ^ -

^1

01U

Fi

^

C8o

3fB

o

h 2.

« a

f-.

4)

11

8 "

8

to o U

Aquifer

V u 01 u 3. o

"o a

"rt F

H h 4) rt *8 8. fr

to

Adam

s C

ounty

Conti

nued

5-1

0-2

8bd.. ..

....

30bd........

11

- la

c........

2b

b..

......

20cb........

21ab..

....

..25ac........

12-

6d

c..

....

..

25

bc..

....

..

6-

9-

4cb

.. ..

....

6c. .

.......

25b

b..

....

..30

bc.

. ......

10-

3dd.......

Sac..

....

..9db..

....

..1

3b

b..

....

..

Mr.

K

rabel.

..... .

.............................................

C.

A.

Sla

ter.

........................................

.........

L.

Gra

nd

sta

ff..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

...

John H

. S

tein

.................................................

Fre

d E

llerm

eie

r...... ..............................

....

....

1946

1947

1940

1949

1932

1946

1951

1912

(?)

1943

1940

1943

1950

1951

1943

1952

1948

208

175

170

151

160

184

180 90

.019

7

145

150

165

149

163

193

175

18 18 18 18 18 10 18 18 5i

18 18 14 18 18 18 18

M c M M M M M M M M M M M M M

48 40 48 65

T T T T T T T T N T T T T T T T T T

8 6 6 8

2 3 5 3

P T N P T T P G

1 09

4 24

3 C

O

270

Qp

Qp

QP

Qp

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1

Description

Height above or be low (-) land surface (feet)



Date of measurement

V

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Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal

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(ft

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a

Depth of well (feet)

Diameter of casing (inches)

Type of casing

Length of screen (inches)

Type of pump

Column diameter (inches)

Number of stages

Type of power

Cost of fuel per acre- foot of water (dollars)

Geologic source j?c_

Ty- '3 of material

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11Otinued

2.

Description

Height above or below (-) land surface (feet)



Date of measurement

Measuring point

55 S-o

ft 5"

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water





Consumptive use of water per acre (acre-feet)

Principal

Other<D enQ.


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Type of casing


Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power


Geologic source

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3: 1 I'

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99

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd ir

riga

tion

pra

ctic

es C

ontin

ued

Wel

l

Mea

suri

ng p

oint

Description

Height

above or

below

(-)

land surfac

e (fee

t)

c Altitude

above mea

sea level

(feet

Sta

tic

wat

er l

evel

i s* Depth

below meast

ing

point

(feet

Date

of measurem

Drawdown

(feet)

w g 3 Reported

yield

(ga

per

minute)

Use

of

water

| t* a 0) t* ID O. <o in

u CIS ^~ ' a 0)

£H

fl)

t)

00 a s

Method

of

distribu water

rt 7"

*->

n!

Average

number o

irrigated ye

fl) ^ a)

tZ T

1

Consumptive use (

per

acre (acre-

Cro

ps

irri

gat

ed

Principal

s* fl) x: 6

0) h 0) Available irrigabl

Adam

s C

ou

nty

Co

nti

nu

ed

7- 9- 8b

c-..

..27cc.....

32ba

....

.10-

9ddl...

9dd2

....

9dd3

....

lOcb....,

15bb.....

16ac

....

.16

cc..

...

16dc.....

23ab

....

24aa

:...

.26

da..

..,

29cc

....

,33

ac..

..J

11-

3aa....,

3cb....,

Hb

Hb

Hb

HbHbHb

Tc

Hb

HbHb

Hb

HbHb

0.0 .0 1.0 .5 .0

3.0

1.0

1.5

1.0 .5 .5 .5 .0

1,891.31

1,91

2.71

1,948.95

1,95

7.55

1, 928 00

1,914.98

1,93

2.79

1,92

7.75

2,007.68

2,020.04

110

107.27

113.60

100

102.57

100

112.70

107.

15

113.70

100.96

103.

8011

5.00

86.06

05.0

0

105.72

112.19

Oct.

7,

1944

July

30,

1948

June

25

, 1948

Oct.

7, 1952

Oct.

22,

1948

Oct.

7, 19

52. .

..do.. ..

........ ..

....do..............

Oct.

22,

1948

Aug.

3, 1934

Aug.

10

, 1948

Nov.

24,

1947

Oct.

7,

1952

-\ug.

10,

1948

Aug.

13

, 19

48No

v.

17,

1947

9 15 12

1,000

1,400

1,000

1,000

375

375

700

300

400

1,00

0

900

P I I P P P I I I I I I I I I I I

720

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Type of casing


Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power


Geologic source >

s-Type of material **

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n g

nty Continued

^ n

Description




Date of measurement

Measuring point

V £- o'

£ n ire"

JD.

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal

OtherCrops

irrigated


69vxva oisvs

Ol1

-a en to i toiniBcro c_nnocr ocrcrcrcr oacrcra

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2-

i

cin (B

(T 1a


Diameter of well (inches)

Type of casing


Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power


Geologic source >

Type of material 4

Table 5. Record of wells and irrigation practices Continued

<afjHSua»LVAiOZ

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anty Continued

(D

Description




Date of measurement

§easuring

oo_3_'

So'

s-P n

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal

Other"*' o

n tn Q.


Uviva oisva

Tab

le 5

. R

eco

rd

of w

ells

and

irr

igat

ion

pra

cti

ces

Con

tinu

edto

Wel

lO

wne

r or

use

rY

ear

dri

lled

^f-

0) "o £

"S.

0) Q

bo C IB cd o

3J!

JH

0

S cd r-t Q

' casing o 0) o. H

"ST 0) o £ 0)

0) o W "o £ M

C 0) J

a 3 a. 8 0) a H

0) o c , i diametei c j3 "o U

IB 0) bo CO Tn o (H 0) B 5

F power o 0) o. H

"o °^

1 W

L

*"*

O

-3rt

' '

(H

T3

0>

<^'

^

(U 5^ o U

Aq

uif

er

LC source bo

o "o 0) O

r

jnaterial o 0) a H

Cla

y C

ou

nty

Co

nti

nu

ed

5- 7-20dc......

21ca.....

22db

....

.28bb.....

29ad

....

.

8- Ib

b...

..2a

a...

..3bb.....

6db.

....

6- 8-

7b

d...

..7d

a...

..

16cb.....

17bb.....

29ba

....

.30ab.....

32bb

....

.

Albe

rt J

. Skalka.... ...

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

.....

H. an

d W. Fi

tzke

.. ..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

.......

W. W. Kissinger.....................................

..

Esth

er B

ienhoff.......................................

..

1948

1949

1946

1950

1948

1936

1948

1951

1952

1949

1942

1951

1948

1947

1949

175

180

180

185

168 23.0

165

158

178

180

169

170

170

18 18 18 18 18

118 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

50 48

T T T T T N T T T T T T T T T T T T

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

2 ? 2 ? 7 2 1 3 2

P P P E T E P E P P P P T T G

3.06

4.12

2.56

2.50

4.07

4.07

2.07

3.66

3.66

QpQp QP QP QP QP QP QP QP QP QP QP QP QP QP QP QP

S, G

S, G

S, G

S,G

S, G

S, G

S, G

S, G

S, G

S, G

S, G

S,G

S,G

S, G

S, G

S, G

S, G

50

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ts a

nd i

rrig

atio

n pra

cti

ces

Con

tinu

ed

Wel

l

Mea

suri

ng p

oin

t

Description

5-

7-2

0d

c...

. 21ca

....

22

db

....

28bb....

29ad...

32ac

....

8

- Ib

b....,

2aa

....

3bb....

6db....

6-

8-

7bd....

7da.

...

See

....

16cb

....

17bK

...

29

ba.

...

30ab

....

32bb....

Hb

Hb

Hb

Hb

Hb

Tc

Hb

Tc

Hb

Hb

Tc

Hb

Hb

Hb

Hb

Tc

Height

above or

below

(-)

land surfac

e (fee

t)

0.5

.0

.5

.5

1.0

3.3 .0

.5

.5 .0

.0

.5

.0

.0 .0 .0

Altitude above mean

sea

level

(feet)

Sta

tic

wate

r le

vel

!H 3

W a ff

v

vS

.Jj

£ " "

JO

'Q

4) 'o

o a

S

MS-

sQ

Date

of

measurement

Drawdown

(feet)

Reported

yield (gallons

per

minute)

!H

V "5 8 0) w p

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tinu

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1949

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t.

7,

1949

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60.64

14.49

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14

18.64

38.90

19 15.84

9.20

2.24

147.85

21.02

192.

78

Sept.

11, 1952

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29,

1934

Sept

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1952

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230

850

572

650

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330

500

800

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1,250

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Cost of fuel per acre- footof water (dollars)

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Tab

le 5

. R

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wel

ls a

nd i

rrig

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1908

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1900

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Height above or be low {-) land surface (feet)______



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Tab

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wel

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nd ir

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tion

pra

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tinu

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324

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24

7.98

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7,

19

49

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t.

20,

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1947

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1935

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25,

1947

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1935

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27

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49

200

650

300

300

600

150

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Depth below measui ing point (feet)

Date of measurement

Drawdown (feet)

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Height above or low (-) land s face (feet)

Altitude above i sea level (fee

Depth below me ing point (fee

Date of measur

Drawdown (feet

Reported yield per minute

be- jr-

nean *)

asur- t)

sment

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W

p o 5:£ HT 4S"

n>

gallons

Use of water






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a

£

Owner or user

o. £- (D i 1 m

8.5



Type of casing

Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

Cost of fuel per acre-foot of water (dollars

Geologic source *§

*-!

Type of material

Table 5. Record of

wells and irrigation practices Continued

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Description

Height above or be low (-) land sJir- face (feet)

Altitude above sea level (fee

mean ')

Depth below measur - ing point (feet)

Date of measu

Drawdown (fee

Reported yield per minute

Use of water

Use per year |

Pumpage per 3 feet)

Method of dist water

Average numb irrigated ye

Consumptive i per acre (ai

Principal

Other

Available irri?

tement

)

Measuring point

w »H"

O

Si

P

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(gallons

hours)

ear (acre-

ributing

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se of water re-feet)

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able acres

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Kearney

County Continued

(D

Owner or user

a

t p



Type of casing

Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

Cost of fuel per acre-footof water (dollars)

Geologic source "c

Type of material

H

01

1

1o

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n.

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Tab

le 5

. R

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d of

wel

ls a

nd

irri

gati

on p

racti

ces

Con

tinu

ed

Wel

l

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suri

ng p

oint

scription

Q

i %

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3

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M

u>"S

ri "3

S 1

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tic

wat

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ra ^^

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§ £ 02 a u> S s u> Q

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(fee

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rney

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un

ty C

on

tin

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6-1

3-1

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c37cc

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9.47

June

10,

1948

Aug

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23

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17,

1947

Mar

. 30

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15

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1947

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9,

195

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1947

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t.

9, 1

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2

800

500

600

300

650

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Kearney County Continued

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Owner or user

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Type of casing

Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

Cost of fuel per acre-footof water (dollars

Geologic source

Type of material

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Kearney County Co

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Height above or be- p low (-) land sur- c face (feet) g-

TO

OAltitude above mean g'

sea level (feet) ""

Depth below measur ing point (feet) j»

h»-

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Date of measurement S*<

Drawdown (feet)


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Kearney County Continu

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Owner or user

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Type of casing

Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

Cost of fuel per acre-foot

£ Geologic source n_

Type of material

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Kearney Cour

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Description




Date of measurement

1 Measuring point

Static water level

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal

Other

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Kearney County Continued

1

Description

Height above low (-) land face (feet)

Altitude above sea level (fe

Depth below IE ing point (fe

Date of measu

Drawdown (fe

per minut

Use of water

feet) '

Method of dist water

Average numb irrigated yi

Consumptive i per acre (a>

Principal

Other

Available irrl

r be- mr-

mean t)

easur- t)

rement

t)

)

1 Measuring point

Static water level

hours)

ributing

r of acres arly

e of water re -feet)

M.

3 o 3£. "a 5" M a

able acres

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co co n en

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co co co co £t en to >£ O I-- tO CO

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Type of casing


Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

Cost of fuel per acre -foot of water (dollars)

Geologic source

Type of material

2.

aNnono801

Tab

le 5

, R

eco

rd

of w

ells

and

irri

gati

on p

racti

ces

Con

tinue

d

Wel

l

Mea

suri

ng p

oint

scription % Q

i .

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Kea

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County

Conti

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7-16-

2db.

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0.0

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3.0 .5 .3 3.8

2,179.70

2,16

9.04

2,20

8.80

2,183.43

2,08

5.68

17.59

20.79

10.6

021.80

21.70

27.61

16.97

18.05

60 41.8

868.35

49.1

060 57

.48

Oct.

19, 19

48.....do.............

Aug. 22,

1952

Aug.

7, 1

947

Oct.

20,

1948

Aug.

7, 1

947

Oct.

23,

1948

Oct.

19, 1948

Aug.

22,

1952

Aug.

9, 19

48De

c.

30,

1947

Sept.

20,

1948

Aug.

22, 19

52Ju

ne

18, 19

48

18

1,20

0

660

1,200

540

1,000

I N I I N N I, S

I I

D, S I N I S

1,080

1,200

360

131

119 66

S S D

145

150 80

' 0.9 .8 .8

A A CCl, S

145

400 80

W > GO

> I

O I

Kei

th C

ount

y

12-35- 1

3aa......

39-

5da......

13-37-

29a

b...

...

^Q_ 'llô

Tc Hb

1.5

1.0

3,219.41

163.

73240

217

209.03

Oct.

12, 19

50July

22,

1952

....

.do.

....

....

....

.....do.............

20 20

500

900

500

D, S I I I

2,38

01,440

218

238

S-

S S

70 300 80

3.1 .8

G A A

AC.

W.O.

GB,

C,W

300

200

O

CO

I O CO1 1 1

to co co co co to to to to to -4 * to H- o -q 03 CD Co 03

1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

O * CD to co * i-* o co -q 03 to to o -qi->iîncn CTO o cr IB cr A IB O. o o IB Q, cr IB o o IB a. IBO Per O.OHPO OOIBIBCT Q. IB cr IB IB

co O O < M » ?" » H J" O î_, <D £; ' P "

o1 3 | » P a. W p g 2 H fg1^3" TO £. o < 3 2J ^ *i M* » 3' 2. 2* COIB1"^ n 3| 'MO " 3J?2 O2 2 O CO (B Jj. ij. O ffl

30'(B 3"! M"0 D »& 3CT (B^ JO 2 3^

ffj! £ g ° f 3 |:w *! " p 2. i JT p O c-»-

v irt> 1

: : ®° : : : : : : : : ' : '

l-> H^h-" tO (OtOH* tO»-'tOtO>(^to -qtoooinin o 03 co co -q »->ooo>->o co co -q J> to en CD CD -q 03 03 co it- en co o

t I to to ai o "m en o o o o "o "o e» o

co int^ coin coOi£k>în tînt^^t^ t^^cnmco

^g ^!? gO'g^g !^gg!g^! ^! ^ g <Sf g &lp4 A& H^^K^H^ K*^H*H*p3* ^K^^^H^

o o go 2H2^n oôon o^nno

HH HH HH^HH HHHHH HHHHH oo oo ooooo ooooo o_oôoo

Lincoln County

t!

Owner or user

a

STEi a ^



Type of casing

Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

of water (dollars)

Geologic source £ J?

nType of material


'aaiasnaxvAY NvonendaH-axxvu: 'naxvAY amono 011

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd i

rrig

atio

n p

racti

ces

Con

tinue

d

Wel

l

Mea

suri

ng p

oin

t

Description



Si

o ** <0

(U O

"

3

d H

(U

S

w<

Sta

tic

wat

er l

evel

i CO

x-.

v %

S4>

S

i 5-1 n a

£ g1

a -H

OJ Q

(U 8 Date

of measure!

Drawdown

(feet)

m "3.

Reported yield

(g p

er minute)

Use

of

water

12 Use per

year

(ho

;* o t-, Pumpage per

yea fee

t)

M .5

"S Method

of

distrib

water

M S u "S

>>

Average

number irrigat

ed yea

r!

;* "rt ~

^>

-w

<w

VO

V

Consumptive use

per

acre (acre-

Cro

ps

irri

gate

d

Principal

Other

M tn

U (U Available irrigab]

Lin

coln

Cou

nty

9-2

6-

5da.

.....

29-

4cb

....

..1

0-2

6-

lea..

....

7ad

....

..

lObb......

27-

2da.

.....

31-

16cc

......

32-

17

cc..

....

34-

3d

c...

...

lOaa

....

..ll

dd......

14bc.

.....

18ad

......

22bb......

11-2

7-

Sfc

a....

..

20

ba.

....

Hb

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tp

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

0.5

1.7

4.0 .1 .0 1.2 .7 .3 .3 1.0

1.3

1.0

1.0

1.0

2.0

2.9 .2

3,00

3.31

2,67

8.42

2,81

7.32

2,73

8.09

2,92

5.28

3,01

4.22

2,9

15.9

53,

123.

53

3,08

0.58

3,08

4.33

3,05

9.54

3,22

1.44

2,77

1.87

2,78

5.73

2,79

1.28

206.

6627

3,68

75.2

619

3.55

127.

6626

0.06

208.

6219

.48

147.

51

35.3

240

.63

22.7

875 16

0.10

10

0.1

049

.18

121.

7793.0

7

July

29

, 19

52S

ept.

6,

19

34A

ug.

9,

1949

Aug

. 10

, 19

49

Aug

. 9,

19

49A

ug.

10,

1949

Sep

t.

2,

1949

Aug

. 31

, 19

49D

ec.

8,

1936

Sep

t.

1,

1949

.....d

o.............

.....d

o.............

July

24

, 19

52S

ept.

1,

19

49

July

24

, 19

52A

ug.

10,

1949

Aug

. 12

, 19

49A

ug.

4,

1949

700

D,

SN N N S S

D,

SD

, S

N N N S N P N N N

D,

SD

, S

(->oo w oo to to i-* o oo

MW tOtOtOt-* tOtOtOl-* tOl-1 I-1 !- >^tO OS i*. O it» CO COCOOl-*)^ O OO CO M 02 >^tOoo ocrcrcrcr o9>o.crcr crncrtoto crto oo. o.crocrcr cro.d'D'd' croowo. oo

trj- a 3 M g

L. Chamberlain Estate...........................

-do..............................................-.....!

CO CO t t I . CO CO

wCOa « 5

"

n

r roi

Q

1 §3eo o

Nunemacher........................................

..do.. ...................................................

CO

»>

Ynruh................................................. Congland.............................................

CO CO 0 l- CO -J

X W 2

F. Harnan ..........................................

CO

s-o

OOO 3 Cft -3 GO GO O5tÔ5tO-3 ( O >^ *4 Oi -4 O l-> O tO O I-* CO >t» M O O Ol O5 Ol O Ol COCO

OO OOOOO O 01 O O OOOO OO

>^ >J^ tOÔIt^t^ O1O1O1O1O1 Ol >^ Ol b^ Ol CJ1CJ1

SS SSSSg SSSSS 22SSS SS

** W-M *»*?* -MW «*

33 33233 32333 23^33 23

HH HHHHH HHHHH HH H OO OOOOO OOOOO OO O

Lincoln (

bounty Continuec

1

Owner or user

a &«



Type of casing

Length of screen (inches;

Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

of water (dollars

Geologic source

Type of material

)

1 ro


QNHOHO

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d o

f w

ells

and

irri

gatio

n pr

acti

ces

Co

nti

nu

ed

Wel

l

Mea

suri

ng p

oint

Description

o w

h.

C -

o «

"£

n

(y

fcUD

?

O

ni SC

" 0)(U

.?>

Altitude abov

sea level

(J

Sta

tic

wat

er l

evel

i 3

M

__n)

^

0)

0)d

a)

Depth below i

ing

point

(:

0) s to

ni

0) S 5 0) 8

~ Hi Drawdown

(fe

to § 'a 3 ^

'aT

Reported

yiel

per

minut

3 0) to

o ^-* Use per

year

0) ni 0) tî

(U <

w U

) ni

O

.

"3 V Method

of

dis water

to h a CM J; t

_o

iS

Average num

irrigated ye

0) n) .

?

"SCM

0)

O

«"

0)

0)

3

0

Consumptive

per

acre (a

Cro

ps

Principal

Other

to £ n) 0) XI i?« QJD

Available irr:

Lin

coln

County

Conti

nued

11-28-

2ac.

....

..14

bc..

....

.

16ad

....

...

30- OQO

9bc.

....

..13

cc20bb.......

31-

4ba.......

llbb.......

20da

....

...

28ad

....

...

28cb

....

...

32-

8bb.......

14bb

....

..j

2nbc

....

..24bb......J

26cd

....

...

32cd.......

Tc Tc Tc Hb Tc Tc Tp

Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc To Tc Tc Tc Tc

1.2

-.3

1.0 .5 1.0 .4 .5 .7 .0 .5 .6 1.6 .0 1.4 .5 .0 .7

2,841.42

2,82

8,35

2,88

6.07

3,052.36

3,052.03

2,99

1.35

3,04

4.54

3,066.79

3,09

1.00

o OAC OK

3,05

0.49

3,07

8.80

3,14

5.24

3,093.32

3,11

7.22

3,070.26

3,08

4.00

3,139.29

3.12

3.34

123.

3314

4.35

164.

60931 3d

.

197.

3217

6.44

181.

04

147.

5918

9.32

123.

341 on en

119.57

164.

7413

9.90

135.80

124.

3413

2.65

155.

8016

2.50

Aug.

5, 1

949

Aug.

11, 1949

Aug.

5, 1

949

Aurt

9S.

1QAQ

Aug.

26,

1949

Aug.

25, 19

49Aug. 26,

1949

Aug. 30,

1949

Aug.

29, 19

49Aug.

30,

1949

Ana

31

1Q4.Q

.....do.............

....

.do.

....

....

....

Aug.

29, 1949

Autf.

31,

1949

Aug.

29, 1949

.....do.............

Aug. 31, 1949

Aug.

29,

1949

N N

D, S N

D, S

D, S N S

D, S D N S

D, S S N S S

D, S N

....

*...

00

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d ol

wel

ls a

nd i

rrig

atio

n pr

acti

ces

Con

tinu

ed

Wel

lO

wne

r o

r use

rY

ear

dri

lled

~ a> a> « £ *o .g D. a

bo .s ra ol o o a,

-

ca>

^,

d ol a

casing

*s o Q) O. £

"of

U c (-< of screei .g bio C 3

a o Ol a

"w" u c r. diamet

e c 3 ^ O U

M bo

"5 s a> c G

power

<" o QJ pl

^

O 1 --~

0)

M

U

01Ol

pj

0.^

«"

*O

C

4-I

4-»

^

M O U

Aquif

er

c source 5) o o O

materia] o Q) cx H1

Lin

coln

County

Conti

nued

11-3

2-

34

da.

....

..33

- 3dd.......

19ac

.......

32dd.......

34-

2b

c.......

8d

d..

....

.1

2b

a...

....

18

bc.

....

..

22ba.

......

30bc

. ......

33db.......

36

cc..

....

.12-2

8-

25cb

.......

26da.

......

28bc.

......

31db.......

29-

6b

d..

....

.lO

dd

....

...

12

cd..

....

.26da.

......

Tp

See

ker

A.

L.

Ste

ck..

....

....

....

................................

W.

Wit

tig

.. ..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

H.

Vo

nder

fech

t...

....

.. ..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

..

1947

1901

(?)

1895

(?)

1919

1945

198.

016

5.0

161.

0

135.

016

3.0

165.

021

9.0

174.

0

148.

010

9.0

130

131.

012

8.0

100

138.

514

5.5

248.

040

0 91.0

161.

0

oi

3 4 U 3 4 4 3 Â 4 4 5* U 4 U 4 4 4 4

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

Cy Cy Cy Cy Cy N Cy Cy Cy Cv Cy Cy Cy Cy Cy N Cy Cy Cy Cv

w w w w w N w w w w w w w w w N w w w w

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd ir

riga

tion

pra

cti

ces

Con

tinue

d

Wel

l

Mea

suri

ng p

oint

Description

i $ i*

g §

|||

JS T

T cu

w> &

o

cd 0) ^.

rt

*"*

 r 55

0)

O

jQ

Q,

Q

.u a a ra

cd 0) g

jj

"5 Drawdown

(fe

01 § 1 73 "«r

Reported

yiel

per

minut

Use

of

water

01 * Use per

year

, % S-, ^ Pumpage per [

feet)

60 C "3 jQ c Method

of

dis water

01 % <2ti

n

<U

Average

numl irrigat

ed y

cd £

T cu

<U

<U01

%

Consumptive

per

acre (a

Cro

ps

irri

gate

d

Principal

<u O

01 S-, V JO cd 60 [Available irri

Lin

coln

Co

un

ty C

on

tin

ued

11-3

2-

34

da.

....

.33

- 3dd...,,.

19

ac..

....

32

dd

....

..34

- 2

bc.

....

.8dd......

12ba.

.....

18

bc.

....

.

22

ba.

....

.3

0b

c...

...

33

db

....

..36cc

......

12

-28

- 25cb

......

26da.

.....

28bc.

.....

31

db

....

..29

- 6bd......

lOdd......

12cd

......

26da.

.....

Tc

Hb

Tc

Tc

Hb

Tc

Hb

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Hb

Hb

Tc

Tc

rp Hb

Tc

1.3 .0 .0 .9 1.0 .0 .0 1.5

1.0 .5 .0 .0 1.0 .5 .7 .2 1.0 .5 .3 .0

3,12

1.19

3,15

8.44

3,17

7.25

3,14

9.76

3,18

4.99

3,22

2.25

3,18

6.16

3,22

1.80

3,18

3.54

3,16

5.51

3,15

6.16

3,13

7.58

2,79

4.84

2,80

0.60

2,82

3.76

2,87

8.12

3,00

1.56

3,11

6.62

2,79

9.95

2,83

8.77

166.

2015

5.25

144.

45

128.

3814

1.27

163.

5214

5.14

155.

07

137.

3397

.88

101.

1498

.28

77.4

066

.14

86.8

513

3.58

220.

4736

5.02

58.3

375

.74

Aug

. 29

, 19

49S

ept.

1,

194

9O

ct.

16,

1950

Sep

t.

1,

1949

Oct

. 16

, 19

50O

ct.

9,

1950

Oct

. 16

, 19

50O

ct.

6, 1

950

Oct

. 16

, 19

50O

ct.

11,

1950

Oct

. 10

, 19

50..

...d

o.............

Aug

. 9,

194

9A

ug.

10,

1949

Sep

t.

2, 1

943

....

.do

.............

Aug

. 24

, 19

49S

ept.

20

, 19

49A

ug.

11,

1949

Aug

. 24

, 19

49

S S S S N S S S S S S S ND

,S S N S N D D

g CO 5 o 6 Cn

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd ir

riga

tion

pra

cti

ces

Con

tinu

ed

Wel

lO

wne

r or

use

rY

ear

dri

lled

,_» 'S 0) 01 *o "5.

be H 10 0) o ^

<<-i

10

O

01

JB

ca*

*i

oj iH Q

casing o (D o. H

"to1

V U c c 01 SH

U

10

CM

O 1 01 "J

a

a "o <u a EH

"to"

V o c t. 01 diamet c 3 "o U

10 01 B!

*S 01 a 3 z,

power

CM

O 01 H

"o O 1 10

01

fnfn

^0

1

« ?

0)

"^

O,

SH

^

0)

ll *o "

S

10 o U

Aquif

er

01 c sourc 'o "o 01 O

01 materi CM

O 01 a En1

Lin

coln

County

Conti

nued

12

-29

- 34cd

.......

30-

2

bd

....

...

4bb.......

13

bc.

....

..

15db.......

16

bc.

....

..2

2cd

....

...

25

ba.

....

..3

4ab

....

...

31-1

6cc.......

30

da.

....

..34aa

.......

<?9

_ 9oo

4dd.......

25ab

.......

35cd

.......

L.

Wh

ite..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

...

....

.do

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

.............

1925

1912

(?)

1880

1915

1940

1949

156.

021

8.0

191.

0

250

223.

026

5

230.

0

169.

023

1.0

188.

518

3.0

209.

0

153.

019

0.0

146.

020

7.0

160

5i

5* 4 5i

4 3 4 4 2i

5i

5i

5i

4 4 4 si 54 ?i


N Cy Cy Cy Cy Cv Cy Cy Cy Cy Cy N Cy N Cv

Cy Cy Cy Cy

NW

,G W N W W W W W W W N W N W W W W W

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

03 03 1

O3 CO O3 Ol Ol O3 O Ol O P O P Oo. cr P P P

H H H H H

O3 I-* 00 O l^

O3 O3 O3 O3 O3

to cn w 01 co

Ol O O CO 00

CO Ol O 03 01-q O w O) i-« -J to en 01 CO

£££ a a'S-'w <rao o " *

03 CO

CO CO CO

CO CO CO

03 03 03 to Ml-1 O COII II

O3O3h-> WWW!-*!-* l-« O3 ^ bj i^ O G3 i^ Ol bj O3 Ol O3^bOiÔ.PPO.O P <r o cr a. <r <r cr o a. P P P o cr P a. o cr OCTO.O.

HHHHH HHMHH H H K HI

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t-*OOt-»O O<DOOO CD O CD CO

£h.-»3-3O^ Ul -^3 O CD CD -^3 -^3 -^3 CO

C71COCOC71O O Ol CD CO CO CD O O) CO Ul tO t-* -^3 to h^,OOOH-*O tO O Ul Ul

CO Ol ^ CD LO I 4^ £0 Ol t>O -J C71 CD CDto co t-* en c; i4^. ^3 ^3 i4^. CT) O5 O5 bo -^3O » I CO CD OitOOiCOO CD CO CO CO Ol CO CO N) CD CO CO CO CD C71 Uli^-COO

^ CTQ ^ CTQ CTQ ^ CTQ OQ CTQ CTQ OQQQCK1QQ

o o " " o *CO COCO tOtObObO tOtOtOh-* H-* O CD iÔli^CTl i^tOCTlH-*

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CO COCO COCOCOCO COCOCOCO

O 3 G d O

; ; ; ; ; ; : : : : ; : : ;

...'.: . . . . : -:."..

goo

n County C

ontinue(

1

Descriptiong

Height above or be- gj low (-) land sur- eface (feet) g'

0

sea level (feet) ""

Depth below measuring point (feet) -

S->-t

Date of measurement S"

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water



water



Principal g- 3 n £ i TO n

(t m O.


ZTTVJLVQ oisva

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d o

f w

ells

and

irri

gatio

n p

racti

ces

Con

tinue

d

Wel

lO

wne

r o

r u

ser

Yea

r d

rill

ed

^^ <u £ <u Cl-

l

O ^ 0, s

be c 01 as o ^

ct-i

OlO

<u

aJ ' £

ti CD 5

casing

"8 <u o. H

"m <u 1 of screen ( £ fcUO c

o, g o. Ct-

l o <u ft»^»

01 <u J3 U diameter | 1 J^ o U

01

<U be CO

01 "3 <u jQ H |

power s <u o.

o o 5 5 ni -3 ^ -a

<u *-

CD

**

O

*o

^^ (0 o U

Aquif

er

c source be ^ o <u O

material

"o <u o.

Lin

coln

County

Conti

nued

12

-34

- 2dd.......

4da.

......

lOdd.......

14ad

.......

17ca

22ab

.......

25ba.

......

32bd.......

13

-30

- 25

bb. .

....

.31

- 7

cd..

....

.

14

bb

....

...

16

aa..

....

.IS

dd.......

26

bb

....

...

28

dd

....

...

29

bd

....

...

35bb.......

32-

Gab

.......

J. H

. E

cker.

............................................

AW

T

Plf

Alr

it

A

Raj

n\F

Gi

....

.do

....

....

....

. ...

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

.

Dis

tric

t.

.....d

o....................................................

.....d

o....................................................

....

.ô

................. .

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

.......d

o..................................... .

..........

.....

....

.do

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

J

Plc

ittc

Va.

llcv

Publi

c PO

WG

r &

Irr

iffc

itio

riD

istr

ict.

..

...d

o..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

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...

1938

1938

1938

1938

186

217.

019

1.0

151.

019

3.0

158.

016

9.0

191.

056

.854 32

.035

.066

.010

7.0

151.

0

133.

017

1.0

29.0

4 5i

3 3 c;i

3 3 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2


Cv

Cv N N Cy

Cy

Cy

Cy

Cy N N N N N N Cv N N

W W N N W W W W W N N N N N N W N N

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

00

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd ir

riga

tion

pra

cti

ces

Con

tinue

d

Wel

l

Mea

suri

ng p

oint

o H 0.

rH

tn

O to Q

i 

o *

""5

4)

5

Sta

tic

wat

er l

evel

,1, 3

W rt j?

8 J

H £

bo

Q..S

&

C 4) 8 W rt 4) 8 *s 4) 2

"53 «** awdow

n

Q

to c o 3 <2S

»

||

o Of

b rs rt "o 1

"aT 3 O fi tn rt 4) 4)

0, 4)

S U £! a 4) 5* I s

bo S "3 IQ

h

o 1

to b U a "o -

^h

rt

4)

4)

J3

>i

S -a

4> bo

bo

-£

^

fc -W

x-»

S <u « ° i

4)

b

It

nsumpt: per

ac

o U

Cro

ps

irri

gate

d

rH

£

4) 1

W ^, u a! ,2 "rt bo r

H b

rH ailabl

e

4|

Lin

coln

Co

un

ty C

on

tin

ued

12-3

4-

2d

d..

....

4d

a...

...

lOd

d..

....

14ad

......

17ca

22

ab..

....

25

ba.

....

.3

2b

d..

....

13-3

0-

25bb......

31-

7cd

....

..

14bb......

16aa

......

18dd......

26bb......

28

dd

....

..

29

bd

....

..3

5b

b..

....

32-

6ab

....

..

Hb

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

rp Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

2.0 .5 3n

1.0 .0 .0 .0 2.0 .4 .0 .5 .5 .5 .3 .0 2.2 .5 .5

3,17

3.42

3,19

8.38

3,18

4.09

3,17

3.77

3,19

2.49

3,18

9.00

3,18

5.28

3,22

9.92

2,91

4.29

2,84

6.79

2,87

5.01

2,93

3.40

2,97

4.35

3,00

7.86

3,02

4.82

3,01

6.06

2.94

0.58

130.

8716

2.71

1 *\

9 4^

145.

2814

7.71

151.

3615

4.44

172.

4848

.21

35.0

0

7.18

23.0

064

.45

101.

3663

.27

109.

0511

7.27

25.5

5

Oct

. 13

, 19

50O

ct.

19,

1950

Oct

. 11

, 19

50O

ct.

13,

1950

Oct

. 11

, 19

50

Oct

. 12

, 19

50..

...d

o.............

Oct

. 10

, 19

50N

ov.

28,

1936

July

20

, 19

50

.....d

o..

....

....

...

....

.do

....

....

....

.O

ct.

30,

1950

Oct

. 11

, 19

50O

ct.

31,

1950

....

.do

....

....

....

.O

ct.

1,

1950

July

20

, 19

50

S S N S S S S S S o o o o o o S o o

to n o

CO.*

1t-> CO OO CO tO t-> OO CJl IO O -3P o p a cr a p cr o. a. P o

Vtd'gPH H.^.^td»> > g^wS r U g (D P 3- (fl IDo t;- 3 < <nS ^ a S. Pm 8" f « p *

1^ 10 t-- -J CJl OO -J -J -J OO IO tO

o o "o o "o o

CJl CJl *> CJl CJl CJl

sssss s

o n ^ o 2 ^

o o o o o o

CO CO

1 ^ O h-> CO OO to to>^ >-> it^ en it* to it* cr a" o. cr cr P a a" p o. O. P p P

A » ^ H ^ *ti

atte Valley Public Power & Irrigation

District.

. S. Huebner.......................................... . Rodge rs .............................................. . England.............................................. . iral school............................................ . .......................................................... ] T. Frels.. ........................................... .

JO * * CJl h-> CJl tOio o o >- o * en

"o o o o

^Jl l|^ l|^ l^ i|^ i|^ tO

'^ ^ ^ fe? ^ ^ ^

2; n o o on ^

o o o o o o o

to to10 0B cr

<T cr

i~5~~M p

K$ g£ |?ro4

oo co

0

v^. CJl

§ §

?*

»

3 O

OO

COto

1

O CO -IP cr cr P cr cr

ti

atte Valley Public Power & Irrigation ]

District.

..do..................................................... ] ..do..................................................... ]

co co coOO OO CO 00 00 00

OO CO COoo en en 'o o "o

to to to

ss s

H H H o o o

IDepth of well (feet)


Type of casing


Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

"ost of fuel per acre-foot of water (dollars)

Geologic source

Type of material

QNHOHO

t-> co co wH-> oo m to opi o pi a crPI cr p. a P

HHHHH HHHH

Ul O Ul O O

H H H H H

H-" to Ul Ul h->en co ba i-* co

ba co ba co co w w co to w coco I "i- "o "co "o "o "o

to o a\ *> *> co coo m o oo -j -jo

co co co "co

.M ,5s3 "CD ô

O O O nan

co co com 01 mo o o

O O

CO COUl Ulo o

Ô OO OOO ^ £,( > OO OOO C,

CO COUl Ulo o

Ul Ul 0 0

Ul Ul Ul 000

Ul Ulo o

0 0

n>

Description




Date of measurement

easuring point

E

water level

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal

OtherCrops irrigated


vxva oisvs

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd ir

riga

tion

pra

cti

ces

Con

tinue

d

Wel

lO

wne

r or

use

rY

ear

dri

lled

_ 0> 

*3 £ a

<u Q

M a 01 a o ^

t»

10o

<oV

c

^3 si

rt Q

f

casing

0 0) ft H

0) U -H c _»

ft

h-,

0)

0) t|

5 2

*o

*"_,_,

°

10 o U

Aquif

er

0) .c sourc _g 0 O

"rt ' materi o 0) a E-

Lin

coln

County

Conti

nued

1 ^_

^4

«.

1 ' la

a

20bb.......

22

da.

....

..

25

cd..

....

.28cc

.......

30

ad..

....

.

G.

Wyl

ie. .

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

.......

....

.do

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

.....

58.0

65 102.

098

.058

.0

269.

013

6.0

103.

0

5-

5i 51 54 54 4 4 4

M M M M M M M M

Cy

Cy N Cy N Cv

N

H W N W N W W N

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

to

to fe)

Nuc

koll

s C

ount

y

3-

7-

6dd.......

4-

7-2

6aa..

....

.8-3

0aal.

....

30aa

2.....

30

aa3

....

.

30aa

4.....

W.

N.

Sta

tz....... .

......................................

.....d

o.....................................................

.....d

o.....................................................

.....d

o.....................................................

....

.do..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

.......

1916

1928

1333

1932

1952

1934

77.0

72.0

200

100

100

200

112

8 Si

12 3 8 12 7

M M M AI M M M

Cy

Cy T Cv T Cv

W W E E E E W

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

Tab

le 5

. R

eco

rd

of w

ells

and

irr

igat

ion

pra

ctic

es C

ontin

ued

Wel

l

Mea

suri

ng p

oint

Description

Sn

3o

w>

S sr-

£

~ £

CD <U _

a? (1)

<»

Altitude abov sea leve

l (i

Sta

tic

wat

er l

evel

w _

0)

0)

0

"Si 1

-r

t > *H 2

? d>

cu

O

.S

0) C

M M

CD

O.

| £

r-( 3 J2 c Metho

d of

dis w

ater

e o

CD O ^

. »H

"

CD

J)

g

Average

numb irrigat

ed y

M .22

O

i0,

0)

s h

Consumptive

per

acre (a

Cro

ps

irri

gate

d

Principal

0

W

0) 0

CD 0) A ft [Available irri

Lin

coln

Co

un

ty C

on

tin

ued

1 ^-^,1

-

1 R

QQ

16

cd..

....

20

bb

....

..2

2d

a...

...

9?Q

Q

25

cd..

....

28cc

......

30ad

......

Tp

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

-0.5 1.0 .0 1.5

1.5 .0 .2 .0

3,04

0.50

3,06

3.48

3,08

0.50

3,08

3.33

3,05

6.65

3,24

8.04

3,14

7.92

3,11

5.96

24.2

033

.98

42.2

043

.67

21.6

3

214.

2710

6.66

73.1

4

July

20

, 19

50O

ct.

20,

1950

July

21

, 19

50O

ct.

19,

1950

Oct

. 25

, 19

50

Oct

. 19

, 19

50..

...d

o.............

Oct

. 18

, 19

50

PD

, S N S N S S N

Nuck

oll

s C

ount

y

3-

7-

6dd......

4-

7-2

6aa..

....

8-3

6aal.

...

30aa

2....

30si

si3

....

30aa

4....

30ac

......

Tc

Tc

Tc

0.0 .9 1.0

58.4

354

.18

80 80 74.5

8

80

Sep

t.

25,

1952

Dec

. 6,

193

5O

ct.

31,

1952

....

.do

.............

June

8,

194

8

Oct

. 31

, 19

52

25 6 9 20 9

N N P P P P P

to 00

p p p p p a o- D- o- o- o- or en ^ co to i

.. Western Public Se .. City of Holdrege.. .. .....do................ .. .....do................ .. .....do................

! * co I '. -a

oo oo co co -a en co o to co

00 O 00 00 00

K KKKK

en i

oo -a i i

co co to to -aCT P O. n CTcr o o n cr

P P P

a * « 3 3

0 H H H 21 H

CO CO CO

co co en

tO I-* t-> i-i!- 00 00 tOo en en o

0

oo i-. t-. en oo oo en

nngg

^ H H H

[2j 22 H WWW IZloq O^CTQ

§ 4?§s§§ s§£4?4?en en co en en enO O O O O O

en co CQ en :O O O O

I-* O COi i i co co co co co

en en en en en i i ill

!- 1 1 tO tO

O O O O P Pp p. p- p p p-

1 51Dl

n o£

.. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail .. Village of Elsie.........................

3 8. n p

CO 00 ^ CO

COen

to t-' co to to to i-* co i-* co en en o -a oo en en oo o o

co to oo co oo

KKKKK

O O 1-9 O O ,.3

: oo

^ W H H ^ d

to to

H H H H H H o o o o o o

: o OW

O



Type of casing


Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power


Geologic source

Type of material

3.'

o

vxsvnaajs: 'jsrvonandaH-axj-vid '

4^ 4^ >£» CO CO CO CO tO -Jpj p p o. cr p a. oa1 a1 tr cr crooo

CO CO COco o co4* w -J

> in O *-<c .2 o £ Ô *

to co -j 01

co co co com >^ 4^ >^to co co -i

4* to too o o ;o o o

O O O O P3o a. cr P P

Description




Date of measurement

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal

Other


SEToisva

On

NS t-» i O CD CD

1 1 1 COCOCOtOtO ,S3 (0 !- M> >- 00 NS (0 !- 1 i^cotocoM as M> co co cn uiuiootot^ 01 o en ** o o cr o. o 2. o o o o. 00.0.0.0" o p p p cr o cr o. P >» o. o o o o cr o. p o cr P cr cr

1 3 .=-> o *i td g 13* H|

o ^ 2- s s 2 n> ,_, " o H

* fj llfl MM. rr S 3

1? Sstl i : s : M. ?r ; . j, . 01 n

i m ; : : i ! Si

.« 2S S .« o 2OF s ? ^ |oS2. 0 ,& ^ 3 ffi

"* "> B w £.> .^ S w a i-t- w JL HM H*p- : S 2 3 § : : B « g- : : ? n

':: : : -

i oi oo i *. o *. * ui> so*'-!-' moo M>co-4tc cnoitooi^ cocnocnco COCA-J>**UiOOUi-JOO O O

^^î^to >!* it* en it* cji ^^t^Njco to cnooM|H- N|~ N|^

§§§§§ ggggg §§§§§ §§§§

â^ô 5«?^^^ ^HHÔ OHHO

221^^51 3^333 ^ HS!!Z! ^ ^W

£>£)£)£)£) £>£>£)£>£> £>£>£)£)£> £)£)&£) T3T3>a>aT3 O'OT3T3T3 7373-07373 7373>a>a

!:::: ::::: :OO:: iooo

Phelps County Continued

3n>P

Owner or user

l^1 p po.



Type of casing

Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

Cost of fuel per acre -footof water (dollars)

> Geologic source -g

M'

n>

Type of material

HD

o t,

* ? 1

S

j 5

§

3 1 1

1» o n

Jo3 : n0

'aaHSHaj,vA\ Nvonandan-ai-i-viJ 'HaiVA\ QNJIOHO

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd i

rrig

atio

n p

racti

ces

Con

tinu

ed

Wel

l

Mea

suri

ng

poin

t

Description

IV

i

h

3

0

M0)

«

o

nl

C?

J3 '



Depth

below i

ing

point

(f

ID to nt a *O

IV 8

"5 Drawdown

(fe

ra c 'cd T3

(VIV

3

H

g

a. a

"£

IV

"rt (4-1 O

IV

ra ^ O f-i CO

0) IV ft IV to 13

u nt Pumpage per feet

)

bo rH z Method

of

dis wate

r

to S-,

CJ ««

>>

^

nl

1J

fl)

Average numt irriga

ted j

"rt

£ cv o

V

to £j

Consumptive

per

acre (a

Cro

ps

irri

gate

d

Principal

Other

to IV

S-, o> £> & Available

irri

Ph

elp

s C

ounty

Conti

nued

5-1

8-

4ab

6.....

6ab

.......

15cb.......

19

- 4

bc.......

22da.......

28dd.......

35db.......

20-

5cc

. ......

16dc

. ......

18cc

. ......

19cc

. ......

21cd.......

26da.......

27

ca..

....

.29dd.......

32bb.......

32cc.......

34cb..

....

.

Hb

Hb

Tc

Tc

Tc

Hb

Tc

Tc

Hb

Tp

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Hb

Tc

Tc

1.0

1.5

1.7

2.0

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.2

2.6

1.2

2.0

1.7

1.5 .8 2.4 1.0 .1

2,3

37.9

52,3

16.0

02,3

14.0

7

2,4

16.0

02,3

80.3

1

2,3

59.6

72,4

04.9

1

2,2

71.7

62,3

68.8

72,4

00.5

82,2

52.6

32,3

09.9

7

2,2

85.7

12,3

06.1

22,3

15.0

82,3

03.2

52,2

15.7

9

146

160.

57147.8

416

0.75

21

0.2

5205.3

617

Q199.8

414

6.35

41.1

512

4.50

169.

5538.2

21

09

.20

77.0

798.7

010

4.10

106.

5734.6

6

June

16,

1947

July

24

, 19

47O

ct.

7,

1949

Jun

e 1,

19

48

Jan

. 21

, 19

48Ju

ly

24,

1947

June

12,

1948

July

24

, 19

47Ju

ly

22,

1948

....

.do

....

....

....

..Ju

ly

26,

1948

.....d

o..

....

....

...

.....d

o..

....

....

...

June

7,

1948

Julv

22

, 19

48Ju

ly

24,

1948

.....d

o..............

July

26

, 19

48Ju

ne

7,

1948

1215

050

0 60 550

N I ID

, S

N 0 P I S

D,

SD

, S

S N ND

, S N N

to

M

Tab

le 5

. R

ecord

of

wel

ls a

nd ir

riga

tion

prac

tice

s C

on

tin

ued

Wel

lO

wne

r o

r u

ser

Yea

r d

rill

ed

C" <£ 1<

4-l

O £

0.

<D Q

C?

H m d

o ^

"3

j E-1

M 0) X! U C of screen .a M

C (U J

O. a *o j E-1

0) X! U

C ^d.

diameter s "o CJ

a> So

a m s 0) JO 3 &

power

0 8. E-1

o 5 S?

o ^

"3 *

"S <«

M 0 CJ

Aquif

er

c source 'o "o 0) O

material

"5 0.

^1 E-i

Ph

elp

s C

ounty

Conti

nued

6-1

7-

15ad

.......

24ad

.......

28ba.

......

SOcc

c .....

36

aa..

....

.

36db.......

18

-12

bc.

......

13

da.

....

..28cc

.......

28dc.

......

Sla

b.......

33aa

.......

33

bd

l...

..

33bd?.

....

19-

2aa

.......

7cc

1 9or>

18ba.

......

20bcl.

....

A.

H.

Shel

ton... .

....

....

....

.. ..

........................

H.

Well

s..................................................

H.

Warp

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

..

C.

Burg

eso

n......................................

....

...

.....d

o.....................................................

Cen

tral

Neb

rask

a P

ubli

c P

ow

er &

Ir

rigat

ion D

istr

ict.

Vil

lage

of L

oom

is.....................................

1946

19

50

1938

19

51

1948

1941

19

39

1944

19

48

1943

1951

19

47

1947

1900

19

51

1907

170.

0

160

183.

0

165

141.

0 16

8 20

0 19

5

208

182.

0 18

7 18

2 15

1.0

181

200

254

18 8 18 14

18 18 18

12 8 1 4 5*

18

M M M M

M M M

M

M

M M M

M

T

T

T

T T T T T T T

T T T T N Cy T N T

Ng E

Ng T D Ng

Ng P E

E N W

D N

E

0.65

8.15

1.60

Qp

Qp

QP

QP

Qp

QP

QP

Qp

QP

QP

Qp

Qp

Qp

QP

QP

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp

S,G

S

,G

S,G

S

.G

S,G

S,G

S

,G

S, G

S

,G

S.G

S,G

S,

G

S,G

S

.G

S,G

S,G

CO

01- 09- O 9iIZ£S

o oo cotr tr P o p o

CO CO CO COCO CO CO CO I-*pj o" O" P PP a a P tr

CO CO I l-i COCO CO CO CO OSo. o a tr o. o o P o tr

CO CO CO CO H»a> o co >f* enp o tr P pP o P a. CL

H M M o tr o

M M tr o

en en to en o

co co coo co * *« co co

o? » C pc-i >

S-

CO CO CO CO* . il^ en tf'00 CO [S3 CO

Co CO CO CO CO^ en *> *> tf»-oo to co -a -J

CO CO CO*- en *>co co co

-4 CO COen co oo en o

en * os

>: >

I

Description




Date of measurement

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal

Other


6STvxva oisva

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd i

rrig

atio

n pra

cti

ces

Con

tinu

ed

Wel

lO

wne

r o

r use

rY

ear

dri

lled

_ 0) c2J is "o .g "S. Q

bo c ID a

O ^

CM

IDO

fl)

^ fi

« c

0)

51

nj Q

casing

, , o n, E-1

"ra"

1 - '

<u 0) t, o to CM £ c J

a,

S a CM O a E-1

'to*

x: o 7"" <u diamet c S _3 "o U

m bo

to CM O J^ _g g a

power

CM O n, E-1

o 2 g S

y

_(S o

0) 2

-

'o! 5

5 rt ?

*° "

oto O U

Aquif

er

a) : sourci rl M "o <u a

Is 0) rt S 0 <u a. H

Phel

ps

County

Conti

nued

6-1

9-2

0bc2

.....

21dc.

......

23da.

......

27

bb

....

...

20-

Sab

.......

lOaa

,

28ad

.......

7-17-

Qai-

llcb

....

...

30bb.......

34

bb

....

...

Q C

nn

18-

3cc.

....

..

27ab

. ...

...

35ab

.......

19-

2bd.......

W

O

Just

E.

H.

Sil

ver

Est

ate

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

...

TV/F

t*

TT

lo^rv

^

Irri

gat

ion D

istr

ict.

R

. J.

Get

ty....... .

..............................

....

....

Irri

gat

ion D

istr

ict.

1949

1952

1949

1898

1941

1938

1900

1047

1948

1946

1948

1949

244

165.

520

0

252

202.

3

212.

0

60 100.

084

.8

921

?7 84

.7

114.

012

311

411

6.2

4 4 18 2 4 4 18 24 2 2 4 4 24 4

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

T N T Cy T N Cy Cy T T J Cy

Cv N T T N

E N D W P N H W T T E W w N P N

2.21

6.40

Qp

Qp

Qp

QP

Qp(

?)Q

p

Qp

QP

QP

QP

QP

QP

On

Qp

QP QP

QP QP

s S,G

S, G

S,G

S, G

S, G

S,G

CO o

CO 1

co to o: to cn -3 P cr P P p a cr cr

o o cr

^4* cn O

co co toO5 00 00 CJ tO 4*

00 Oh- O CO O

O5 O5 -J O5 4* 00 CO 4*

4* tO h-

<<< (TO <<< (TO

to i i cn i-- to cn

CO CO CO CO

oo to oo -3

00 00o o o o

! wi i

-J 1

00 -3 1 1

co co co co i-> toCO CJ * 'OOH-'COCOo p cr OCTOPP o P cr o cr cr o a

M* *9»9»i H- co to * to

rfi co co cn o o to 4*

to to to to to to coco to co to to to to h-i to * cn cn o co cn cn oo -3 cj cn -jl_i CO !- -3 O5 00 Oco o cn to -J co o

oo cn cj cncntococo o cj cn oo j oo 05 jto CO (&. i i-i-jî-i CO C35 O O ~J 00 t^ 00

CHCHCH >[>;>£-,£-,ccc E?cc^^0H- H" ' P >h >h *" t ' v^v^ vÔP^flpv^v^

co i- H- to o 4* co to cn -j -j co

imcOCO COCOCOCOCO

000000 00 J d 00 00

p M p _, _, p ^ CQ CQ CQ ^

O5

CO >- O CO

1 1 I-* tO tO tO tO O 00 -3 CO h-> OP P cr a a cr p cr cr P o o

o cr o cr

CO h- h- tO

to to toi^ co coO5 O5 -Jitx co -3cn to -j

co H-1 to 4>. cn co i-- cj cn o co -joo cn i i cn

g |> g J> g g <<< Op <<< Op <<< v<

~] i-> cn to cn to

tn CO CO CO CO f**

00 tO 00 tO 00 CO

i-> co

00 00cn o oo00 0

: o : : :

: o : o :

i bl M

T>

1mnp

i0F.c n>a

n>

Description

Height above or be- $ low (-) land surface (feet) 2.

ffq

sea level (feet) H-

Depth below measuring point (feet)

Po

S- (S1

Date of measurement 5*

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal ^. -3 %

Other l^

a


viva oisva:

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd i

rrig

atio

n pra

cti

ces

Con

tinu

ed

Wel

lO

wne

r or

use

rY

ear

dri

lled

_ "S 0)C

M 0) "3 ^ 0) Q

I

to n) o o|

"S i.

C re S

casing

CM o 0) a E-

"ra" u y C of screen (: .g tuo c J

1 aC

M o 0) a H

"to"

0) o c diameter ( § M r^ u

[a 0) bo

js *S 0) 1

power o 0) a

0 c2 i "^

o JS "S 0)

*-

»

.

(U

o "S

In o U

Aquif

er

c source a o Q 0) O

material

"8 £

Ph

elp

s C

ounty

Conti

nued

7-1

9-

12bb.......

12cc

.......

163,0

16ba.

......

17db.......

23ad

.......

26dd.......

28

ba.

....

..20

- 4bb.......

8d

a.......

18

cd..

....

.2

4ad

....

...

25ad

.......

28bb.......

28dc

. ...

...

29ba.

......

31

cal.

....

Irri

gat

ion

Dis

tric

t.

F.

Co

le..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

...

...d

o..

.. ..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

...

Irri

gat

ion D

istr

ict.

....

.do

....

....

....

....

.. ..

............................ ..

...

... .

.do

.. ..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

. ................

W.

F.

Malm

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

.....

Vil

lage

of

Bert

rand...................................

1939

1948

1948

1951

1934

1903

91.0

138.

013

314

9 82.0

56.0

185

127.

5

193.

3

202

185

194.

017

3.1

178.

025

6

91

1 18 oi

1 124 4 4 -*

1

3|

16 4 3 3 2 10

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

Cy N T Cy T N N T Cy Cy N Cy T Cv N Cv N T

8

W N W D N N P W W N W T W N H N E

3.26

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp

QP

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp

Qp Qrt?

S, G

S, G

S, G

S,G

CO to

CO tO tO -S3 tO tO !- t co oo oo cn tl* oo o cr D. J to to o ID CD o y o. D. ft

*~3 *"3 'T 35 ffi *~1 O O O O O1 O

^ ^ jO t-i

ft^ rf* ^ 00 O Oi

to to ô to to to

CD 01 -o i-1 co -acn i-1 ~o oo !- -a01 cn >-' 01 co 01 Oi ^ Jn CO 01 O5

tto i-1O CD

1 1!- tOtO tO 1 !- !- 1 l-iôoôocn co j en en toto

ooocro oo" o* o

1

CD Ol to Cn O OO 00 O

to to to to toto to torfÔl^ CO COCO CO CO-joco ti*. co-a cn !- coi-JCft oo H--OO cn ooÎCDOl tO 0001 1 tj O CO CD I-' rf^-a to to

tl* CO -J -O CO Ol Ol^ ft^ t » 00 4^ O CO

l^t CO oO O t * CD CO 00 3 O 00 00

c-i c-i cn *2 c-i c-i n c a> o c P3 ff t3 " 3 3 _ (D ^ r* "* (D ** 3I tO t-O I to CD CD CO Jl tO O

-JOOI->H-*t^ CftCD-JCO Ol^ O 1 * Cft tO ^ t * tO ^ tO CO*J

Ol CO CO H- tO O1CO tO Oto »- to cn -j uico o -a

p£.£,no oo^^ cro

!- H--tO l I-- tO to l co K-* to t * Cft oooocnoi ^Cft

CD CD CO O CD CO

J 00 ^ 3 00 00

p M pco co

CDCOCOCDCD COCDCOCD CDCD

ooooooto-a -acoco-a -aco

: : : : : I : : : : > : : : : : :

Phelps County Cont

H"3a> a

1

Description

Height above or be- j", low (-) land sur- ^ face (feet) 5'

73Altitude above mean 2.

sea level (feet) H-

Depth below measuring point (feet) i?

CD.

Date of measurement ftn

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal %2. >-s

OQ OOther g- "S

o.


SSToisva

CO -3 1 1

CO CO O1 1 1

CO CO CO CO CO COM N> N> N> N> N> CO CO tO CO CO COen en en en rfi coco co 4^ co t->O4^co i-> i->i->i-> &n or w cr no. 00.0 OO.CTO. o. o o o

g^ O M SO J8 O O M £T. ^ CO «>

? ? § S- a g. f : § 8- § u: : : : : \ \ yZ?Z \ \ o 3 ?: i i i 1 : : « S-: f : : : : »S- 3 ::::: ::£?»:: ::::£?» §

: : : : : : : o* : : : : : : o- :

COCOCOCOCO CO CO COCOCO CO COCO CTicn^CJi^ 4^ rfk ^4^4^ rfk M4^ OOOOCO CO " I-'COCO CO CO -J

i-'OCOi->i-> i->cn O O CD co -q co 4^00 UiOCOOiM ÎO> O OcocnCO en t-ÔOOOOO O4^ en r t\3 en en co O

CO CO 4^cn 4^CO 004^4^ * en CD ON|-

322322 lss s sss

OHHTJO 22 2Wtd Htd^2 2 2;W

£)£)£>£>£) <O<O <O £) <O &£)£)£) <O £>£>®

in in in in in ' '. ' in in in in' ' ' ' in ooooo |oo oo|| |o-

52. 51

oo

«< Continu

«>Q.

2-

frt> 1O1

O) rt>1

O.



Type of casing


Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

Cost of fuel per acre -footof water (dollars)

Geologic source >g

Type of material

fT

. Record of w

£. 5*

3!* *.

n' a05

no p.

a> a.

Nvonand3H-aj«ivid 'QNHOHO

COOla P

9

Ol Ol Ol >*> o cr p cr or o o o

& & cr o

co to co coo a o a

H fO CO

to to to co *- co o a o o o o

H ffi ffi o 5" or

i i(- !- tOCO CO O

1 1 1co to oo oo to oo co ooOttOTQ, Q, OOOoorcra a aop

ffi ""3 ""3 ""3 ^ Wor o o o o or

K- K- >- >- 0

O

01 O

0

)

Ol O Ol ^

to toco co

H* O-a co

SOI Ol Ol 00 CO 00

to *- ^ *~*CO 01 O -J

ffQ «<« ffQ «<

!-» to >- H* I Ol H* 00

CO CO CO CO Ol ^ Ol l£-to -J to co

00 O

to toco co01 Olto ^-J tO-j en

01 Olco coco to00 00

tO H*Ol 00

CO CO

00 CO

oo

CO O CO

to to toco to co en co oOl 00 CO

en co o to co >->

en to to en en 01t- CO 00en to t^

P & $

oo en

CO CO

en oo

oo

o~ ~

en o o o oo en

to to to to to tooo to co to 01 01CO 01 O >£ >->>-> *. -J CO CO CO CO

to co oo to -a oOl Ol 00 >- O to

to to tot^coto-j i-* tOH-t^tOCOOi^ >-> CO CD *-

CO to t^ CO to COto to o co o to

c p S c o S**?} 8 ^.<gto co 01 o co en

CO CO CO CO CO CO

to oo oo -a -j -j

O CO O CO

O en o o

""""""OO O 2l-l>d

S : i a

I 1 t

: : : o

O : : : : : :

301

CO

O

£

Continu

(Da

I

Description

Height above or be low {-) land sur face (feet)



Date of measurement

3easurin

cm §5'

CO

c water level


Use of water



irrigated yearly

per acre (acre -fee

Principal

Other

t)

a


281vj,va oisvs

Tab

le 5

. R

ecor

d of

wel

ls a

nd ir

riga

tion

prac

tice

s C

on

tin

ued

Wel

lO

wne

r o

r use

rY

ear

dri

lled

_ V pth

of

well I Q

M C u ameter

of cs

(inches)

a

e H M (d u(4

-1 O S. &

i/r V u V V b u ta "o £

M e J

3 a V a E?

V u (LI lumn

diamet o U

w 0) "w 1 £

V o a(4

-1 O (LI a £

1 V <5>

^

U)V

-W

5*5

W o O

Aquif

er

V ologic sourc (LI

O

cd De of

materi

£

Phel

ps

County

Conti

nued

8-1

9-

36

bb

....

...

20

-18

dd

....

...

23dc

. ......

26dc.

......

28bc.

......

Cen

tral

Neb

rask

a P

ub

lic

Pow

er &

Irri

gat

ion D

istr

ict.

J.

Hig

h E

state

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

..C

entr

al N

ebra

ska

Pu

bli

c P

ow

er &

Irri

gat

ion D

istr

ict.

.....d

o.....................................................

E.

J. H

anso

n..

. ...

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

......

1948

1906

41.0

140 99

.8

90.4

153

1 4 4 4 4

M M M M M

N Cy N N Cy

N W N N W

QP(?

)QP

(?)

QP(?

)QP

(?)

S,G

S, G

....

..

00

Web

ster

Cou

nty

1 _ Q

t*r*r>

6ab.

....

..6c

d...

....

6db.......

2- 9-

24bc

....

...

24dc.......

31bc

....

...

10-

4ac

14bb

....

...

25cb

....

...

H. Re

ed..

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

W. G

iger

.. ..

......... ....................................

....

.do.

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

....

. ...

........

V. Kehl.. .............................................

....

1947

1936

1949

1950

1906

1936

48 63.0

92 89 58 140.0

76

18 365i

18 18*l 4

36

M W M M M M M W

T C N T C T T r-Tf

(~"v T

T T N G G T E H G

QP

S,G

S,G

S, G

S, G

S, G

S, G G G

CO I-1 I 1

O CO <O 1 1 1

CO »-> Hi tO CO

o cr f» cr Q, cr&o, f»o cr cr o o o o cr p. cr o

a o

in

i

g5

co t-» ~] in

01 O O * Ol LJ

en c_i g co

a> ~] in en

CD CO CO CD Ol CO >d Ol (0 CO CO 10

,_,

o o o

,_,

§0

**?i-> i-"

a> * i i O9 CO CO I-1

CO 01 O CO CO O

en > en

Oi rfa> CO

/I3

0)

CO CO CD CO Ol rfa> Ol Ol tO O9 CO CO

:O)

CO Ol Oo o o

: : : ^ : : :

: : : : : ^ : : :

<T>cr01

0 o3

O91

tO I-1 O CO 1 1

CO CO CO "-1 CO CO O5 CO O3 O5cr Q* ^ & cr o o op- cr

cr o o -a A

CO CD O5 O O

to co ^to co to

Ja. CO CO CO O to t-* O O5 i£>

CO CO CO CO CO

tO O5 <! O CO

O (& -J CO CO-j in co co ~]

^ § S C* Q"P ejj tj 3 ^ CD ^ ^ tD

w to *-* w H-* o ai oo o oo

CD CO CO CO CO

CO CO CO CO -3

i

I

o00n °

f

Description

Height above or be low (-)land surface (feet)_____



Date of measurement

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal

OthertS o


Z8Tvj-va oisva

Q3 00 "3 OS PI p) pi Q.

to i ; ;

.. A. O. Buschow.. .. Eldon Da vis..... .. Village of Blade .. .....do.............

CO CO CO

O 10 00

01 -3Ol 00

00 CD

Ji. O3 CO 1 1 1

h- O I-1 O O1 III 1

h- * C£ Ck9 U C£ tO

O'D.Q.Q.O' OQ.orotX

; to i-> ; : : : :

5*5 <| JH |S W p G

P a a 5? t? .w ^ P PO O (W 3 ....

cj <* 5> > s3 O O3- 2,§ PS » 8" S w: 1 5 3- 3- (B f : ? sr n> (» M P I I Q) I-1' >-* ~ » : : & tx a

: S : : 5 j :

COCOCOCOCO COCOCO CO

1 t * *-* t * tO "J "J CO CO t * WWOOi^CO COO-IOStO CD Ol CD o: CD

Ul *. O

CO CO CO CO tO Ol O CO CO !*>.

SS SS""S SSSH°

>-3 ^ i-3 H ^^ ^ ^

: : co co: : O O

Vj <<;

* 9'tiMbdbd^ ^; (j^2O

£> 1-3 H H £> : : : : :

en co co co : co co : cooooo -oo-o

Webster County Continued

A

Owner or user

a



Type of casing

Type of pump


Number of stages

Type of power

Cost of fuel per acre-footof water (dollars)

Geologic source ftK (V

Type of material

iJo"en

io

15*

1

I

sIito

P3"

CL

'aunsaaiVAi Kvoiiandaa-aiivid 'aaiVAi amoao

*. co to 1 1 1

l- O I-1 0 0 1 III 1

(- »- ' H-> CO CO CO CO tO

PJ PJ a. o o cr n n p cropop

S

CO CJl

C-lc3

o

CO

O3

to0 0

o

O3

toO3

"

n

01to

t-'

o0o

1n

o

g 33c?3c5

o en o en en o

O3O3O9CO COtOtOCOtO tOOOO CJl CJl O3 CO -3

O3 CO O CO O Ol O3 O3 O9 O O3 I-*

O w O «» d w o <S o » » « r a a - n. r p «

J J 5

CO -q tO O> CO O>

CO CO CO CO CO COen en co en *^ en to to *. to co to

O I CO "o O O CJl CJl -3 O O O O O O CJl O O O

h- P __ __ w

o : : : : : : : : :

o : : : : : : : : :

Description




Date of measurement

Drawdown (feet)


Use of water






Principal

Other.


681vxva oisva

INDEX

Acknowledgments_ 5Adams County Canal-..--.._-----_.__- 10Alluvium_...______.______.- 19 Anions, relation to total ionic concentration. _ 39 Artesian water, Dakota group ------------- 14Basicdata- -. - - 47-139Big Blue River 9Bignell loess..--__.__- _-._.__...__ 19 Boron, in water for irrigation.-----------_._ 44Bruleclay - - 15-16Calcium bicarbonate, in water for domestic

use.--.--. -.. _ ._ 42-43 Calcium, in water for irrigation __ ___ 43,44 Cambridge arch__..._..____._ . 14 Carltleshale- 14, pi. 2Cations, relation to total ionic concentration.. 39 Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation

District---. - 9,21,24Chadron formation..__ _. .._ 15,16 Chemical analyses, ground water. _. _.. _ 34-36

water in Johnson Reservoir____ __ 37 Chemical quality, ground water 33-44Climate-- - 10-13Closed basins _ 6-7,8,9,23Coefficient of transmissibility __ ... 16 Colorado group_ _ _ 14-15Conclusion..--_. .._.__.---._____ 44-45 Cretaceous rocks, Upper Cretaceous series.--- 13-15 Crete formation, character and thickness.. 18, pi. 2

perched water in.. . ..._....... 19,20source of dune sand -- _.___ 8

Crops irrigated._...._____.__ _ 28Dakota group.._._______..._____ 13-14Developments, electric power and irrigation.. 9-10Discharge, ground-water.._ .. -.. 24-30,32-33

from wells.. 27-30,32-33natural-.---.----..--.-..--_ 26-27,32

Dissolved so lids in water...- _._. __ 39Divides, ground-water._---------_._.... 21,24

topographic..... 7-8,10,21 Domestic wells._.______. ______. 29 Dune sand-__. _____..______... 8,19,33 Effluency, point of, on streams....___._. 26-27 Evaporation. . _.._....__.__ 13,24,26 Extent of area... _..__.___._...._. 2 Fluctuations of water table__. __. ____. 30,32 Fort Hayes limestone member, Niobrara for

mation..____.___.__._ 14 Fullerton formation, character and thick

ness -------------- ----. 18, pi. 2perched water supported by__.. ___. 20

Fuson shale............__._...._..__ 13-14Geography 6-13Geologic formations...____-...._...__ 13-19Glaciation.. ............ 17-19Grand Island formation, character and thick

ness.__.__._____ ... 18, pi. 2source of irrigation water...__-..-..... 19

Graneros shale...... . .... 14Ground water, chemical quality.... 33-44

configuration of water table ... ------ 20-21depth below land surface.-.---.---- - 22discharge 24,26-30effect of withdrawals on natural discharge. 44-45 increase la storage...-.---.--... - 24 movement_ _------- ... ------ 21-22potential development . ...... - 32-33recharge-_ 22-24suitability for domestic use ---------- 42-43,45suitability for industrial use...... 45suitability for irrigation.... 43-44,45thickness of saturated zone. 20

Hardness of water 40-42,42-43,45Holdrege formation, character and thickness..17-18,

pi. 2 source of irrigation water. -------------- 19

lUinoian stage of glaciation.. _.----------- 18Industrial wells... ... . 30Investigations, methods..-.-- ------ 5,6

previous.- ------------- 4-5Iron, in water for domestic use .. 42,45Irrigable lands- -_._ 7,8,10,33 Irrigation practices--.------- ----- -- 28,60-139Irrigation wells 27-29Jeffrey Reservoir---------- --.--------- 10,24Johnson Reservoir, chemical analês of

water samples--------- - 37Johnson Reservoir and power plants...... 10,24Kansan stage of glaciation ...... 18Lake McConaughy ... .... .. 9Lakota sandstone... .. ... ... 13-14 Little Blue River, altitude, flow character

istics, and drainage area.... - 9amount of ground water in total discharge. 26

Livestock wells..- - - 29 Logs of wells and test holes, previously pub

lished, summary of._.. ...... 48-54previously unpublished . 55-59

Loveland formation, character an<J thick ness ---- 18, pi. 2

Magnesium, in water for irrigation ----- 43,44Main lateral E-65 10Medicine Creek 26Medicine Creek Dam.------------------ .. 24Methods of investigation... . 5-6 Movement of ground water, direction..... 21-22,24Nebraska University Conservation and Sur

vey Div., test-hole drill'ng and logging..---------..--.- 4-5,17, pi. 2

Nebraska loess plain.. ... ------ 6Nebraskan stage of glaciation-..... 18Niobrara formation...-------------- 14-15,pi. 2North Platte Power and Irrigation dis Met 9 Numbering system, wells and test holes-- - 6,7

141

142 INDEX

Ogallala formation, character and thick ness._____________. 16, pi. 2

chemical quality of water-___.-... 33-44,45 coefficient of permeability.--__-.__.- 16 source of dune sand. _. ______.. 8 water-bearing characteristics__... 16-17,20-30

Oligoeene deposition.___.______.__ 15-16 Omadi sandstone_____.________.. 14 Pearlette ash member of Sappa formation.... 18Peorian loess, thickness and character - 18-19, pi. 2 Perched ground water___.. ___ 19,20,21-22,23 Perkins tableland...___...._____... 7Permeability, field coefficient of, definition.. 16

Ogallala formation......_..__..... 16Pleistocene deposits..__.____.. 19

Personnel...__._____.._______ 5 Phelps County Canal......-------__----- 10Pierreshale ..--.--.------.-.----.-.... 15, pi. 2Platte River, altitude, flow characteristics,

and drainage area ..._-__.- 7-9 Platte Valley Public Power and Irrigation

District..-.. - . ...- 21 Pleistocene deposits. (See Quaternary de

posits) Pliocene deposition........................ 15,16-17Plum Creek.-..-.-.-.-- .-..---..........- 26-27Power and irrigation projects, recharge from.. 24Precipitation, annual amount...____.__ 10-12

source of recharge..__...._......_.. 22-23Previous investigations._-...._..___.. 4-5Public-supply wells.-.______.__.___ 29-30 Pumping of ground water, effect on stream-

flow- . ......... 45Quality of ground water, chemical...____ 33-44 Quaternary deposits, chemical quality of

water .. - 33-44,45coefficient of permeability.------------_ 19thickness of saturated zone.._ .. .. 20 water-bearing characteristics. - __.. 20-30 water-yielding capacity______...__ 19

Recent deposits.--... .-...- ...---...-.-. 19 Recharge, ground-water.___. __ 22-24,32-33,44 References. ..______.-_____-__ 45-46 Republican River, altitude, flow characteris

tics and drainage area....__..-- 7-9Residual sodium carbonate, in water for irriga

tion..__.-_ . --- 44 Sand-dune areas, location...._.__._..... 8

rate of recharge...___...._._..__ 23

Sappa formation, character and thickness.. 18, pi. 2 support for perched ground water ..._ 20

Smoky Hill chalk member, Niobrara forma tion..... .. -.. . 14

Sodium, in wacer for irrigation 43,44 Soil ---- - 7,23,43,44Sutherland Canal..--------------------- 9-10,24Sutherland Reservoir__ . . ... 10,24 Temperature_________.______... 12-13 Tertiary rocks, Oligoeene a^d Pliocene

series.... 15-17, pi. 2Todd Valley sand, character an! thickness.. 18

perched water in...___. --.. .... 19,20source of dune sand... .-. 8 source of irrigation water.. 19

Topography and drainage__ 6-9, pi. 1 Transpiration.-..--.-.. - ... 26 Tri-County Canal______ _-__-__ 10,24 Tri-County irrigation project------------- 21,44U.S. Public Health Service, water-quality

standards.....---_--.._--------- 42Upland plain, distribution of irrigation wells.. 27

highly dissected .......- ... 8,23, pi. 1moderately dissected _ 7-8, pi. 1 undirected_....____ .......6-7,23, pl.l

Usability of water, for domestic purposes. - 42-43,45 for irrigation . 43-44,45

Water table, configuration and position. .. 20-21,pis. 3, 4

definition . - -- 20depth to-... 22,60-139, pi. 4significance of fluctuations.. _.__._ 30-32

Wells, discharge from . .. .... 27-30domestic and livestock.. . 29 industrial. 30irrigation, construction details . -. -. 27-28

crops irrigated ..... - . 28distribution on upland... ... 27 effect of pumping on water table..... - 32geologic source of water. -- 19 rate of installation-------------- 28-29safe number and distribr tion . -... 44 types of pumps.____ . .... 27-28

Wells, large-discharge, location of ----- pi. 1Wells, public-supply----.------------------- 29-30White River group-------.. -------------- 15-16Wind. - . ------ 13Wisconsin stage of glaciation... ... 19 Zone of saturation, thickness.------- 20, pis. 2, 3

The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows:

Johnson, Carlton Robert, 1926-Geology and ground water in the Platte-Republican Risers

watershed and the Little Blue River basin above Angus, Nebraska. With a section on Chemical quality of the ground water, by Robert Brennan. Washington, U.S. Govt, Print. Off., I960.

iv, 142 p. maps, diagrs., tables. 24 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Water-supply paper 1489)

Part of illustrative matter in pocket. -Prepared as part of a program of the Department of the Interior for

development of the Missouri River basin.Bibliography: p. 45-46.

(Continued on next c^rd)

Johnson, Carlton Robert, 1926- Geology and ground water in the Platte-Republican Rivers watershed and the Little Blue River basin above Angus, Nebraska. 1960. (Card 2)1. Water, Underground Nebraska. 2. Water-supply Nebraska.

3. Water Analysis. I. Brennan, Robert, 1923- II. Title: Platte- Republican Rivers watershed, Nebraska. III. Title: Little Blue F'ver basin, Nebraska. (Series)

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : I960 O -53Z176