geometrical optics - norm.gr · - Refraction through an optic prism - Total reflection - Prisms and the total refraction - Converging lenses - Diverging lenses 4129 Optical ray projector

$Page 1: geometrical optics - norm.gr · - Refraction through an optic prism - Total reflection - Prisms and the total refraction - Converging lenses - Diverging lenses 4129 Optical ray projector$
71SECTION 3 - PHYSICS

geometrical optics

4077 4032

4081

4007

4078

4001

4000

4148

4001 Dioptricprojector:6V-5A Withdoublechamberandcoolingwings.Stand Ø 10 mm.Theitem

issuppliedwithdiaphragms:1slit,4slitsandarrow-shapedslit. Itmustbepoweredbytransformercode5052. Tripodbasenotincluded(code0018)

4007 Dioptricprojector:6V-5A With simple chamber.Stand Ø 10 mm. Theitemissuppliedwithdiaphragmsanditmustbepoweredby

transformercode5052.Tripodbasenotincluded(code0018)

4006 Sparelightbulbforprojectors 6V-5A.Concentratedfilament. Suitableforprojectorscode4001and4007.

5052 Transformerforprojectors Input:230V-output:6V-5A. Theitemcanpowerprojectorscode4001and4007.

4148 LEDProjector This projector’s light source is a white LED.It is supplied with base

andpowerunit

4078 Concavemirror Touseforexperimentsonimagesinconcavemirrorandonlight

reflection.Standincluded. Diameter: 110 mm.

4081 Convexmirror Touseforexperimentsonimagesinconvexmirror. Standincluded. Diameter: 110 mm.

4077 Flatmirror Itshowsthesimmetryofimages Dimensions: 70x120 mm.

4032 Opticprism Theprismismadeofaglasswithahighrefractionindex,inorder

to show the phenomenon of white light’s decomposition. Stand included. Dimensions: 10x10x20 cm.

4000 Rectilinearpropagationoflight Thissimpleapparatusenablesyoutoverify:

-therectilinearpropagationoflight;-theinversionoftheimageinthedarkroom.

72 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS

geometrical optics

7035

4125

4201

4122

4133

4061

4059 - 4017

4060

4147

4127 4030 4030 Mirror-likedihedral Theitemprovesthatthenumbernofimagesisdeterminedbythe

formula:

whereaistheanglecreatedbythemirrors.4127 Extendibleperiscope Theitemstretchesout15cminordertoallowthevisionbeyondan

obstacle.Itismadeofhalf-transparentplasticthatallowsstudentstounderstandthefunctioningprincipleofthisopticalinstrument.

4201 Setof6glasslenses Theitemshowsthepropertiesofdifferenttypesoflenses:bi-con-

vex,plane-convex,meniscus-converging,bi-concave,plane-diver-ging and meniscus-diverging. Lenses diameter:50 mm.

4133 Setof11opticalbodies Thesetcomprehends:2bi-convexlenses,1bi-concavelens,1flat

mirror,1sphericmirror,1parabolicmirror,1equilateralprism60°,1rectangularprism90°-60°-30°,1isoscelesprism45°-45°-90°,1rectangularbody,1half-circularbody.

4122 Verticalprotractor Thisprotractorallowstheuseofthemodulescode4133because

itsheightcanbeadjustedandithastwofixingclips;thusyoucanperformexperimentsongeometricalopticswithadioptricprojectoror laser. Diameter: 200 mm. The conical base shown in the picture isnotincluded.

4147 Magicmirror Thisitemshowsthetridimensionalvirtualimageofanobjectplaced

insideit.

4059 Lens-holder Theitemsupportslensesandcircularmirrors.

4017 Filter-holder Theitemsupportsdiaphragms,filters,slides,etc.4061 Concaveandconvexmirror Focus+/-10 cm. Diameter 5 cm; to be mounted on the lens-holder code 4059

4060 Setof3plexiglasslenses Focus +6, +10, -10 cm. Diameter:5 cm; to be mounted on lens-hol-

dercode4059.

7035 Operatingeyemodelwithprojector Withthismodelitispossibletodoexperimentsonthephysical

functioningoftheeye.Itismadeofsynteticmaterialsandliesonawoodbase.Theeyelensismadeofflexiblematerialderi-vatingfromsiliconeoil:itispossibletocurveitandtochangeitsfocallengthwiththepressureofthewaterinsideasyringe.Sincethedistancecornea-retinaisadjustable,itispossibletoshowthemaindefectsofsightandthewaystocorrectthemthroughtheuseofspecifclenses.Theitemissuppliedwithcor-rectivelenses,objectofvisionandprojectorwithitstransformer.Basedimensions:32x10cm.

7035.1 Operatingeyemodelwithoutprojector Thepreviousitem,withoutprojector

4125 Digitalluxmeter Theitemcanmeasurethelightingwithanaccurancyof±5%.

Display screen: LCD 3 ½.Powersupply:battery12V. Measurefield:from0to50000luxinfourrange. Wavelengthfield:from400to700nm.

n = - 1360a


geometrical optics

4095

4129

4129

4328

40954095

4214

4150

4214 Hartl’sdiskwithlaserraybox Contents:

-The Laser ray box - Reflection’s Law - Reflection in spherical mirrors - Refraction’s Law

-Absoluterefractiveindex -Refraction through a plate- Refraction through an optic prism -Totalreflection-Prismsandthetotalrefraction -Converginglenses- Diverging lenses

4129 Opticalrayprojectorandcolormixer Thisfundamentalitemforthestudyoflightphenomena,iscompo-

sedofarectangularcase(175x90x55mm)containingalampwithverticalfilament(12V-36W)placedintheupperpart.Asystemofcylindricalconverginglensesenablesyoutoobtainconverging,divergingorparallellightbeams

Onthefrontofthecasetherearethreewindowswithhinges,whoseinternalpartaremirror-likeandendowedwithguidesforinsertingdiaphragmsandothercolourfilters.Thewholeequipmentiscontainedinawoodcase.Power-unitincluded.

Contents:- Reflection lawS - Refraction in diverging lenses- Reflection in the mirrors - Refraction in prisms- Refraction lawS - Dispersion of white light-Totalreflection -Filters- Refraction in a plate - Primary and secondary colours- Refraction in converging lenses - Colours’ composition

4095 Geometricalopticskitwithredlaserraybox Thiskitallowsveryeffectivedemonstrationsofgeometricaloptics.

Itcomprehendsametalblackboardwithbacksupport,aseriesof6magneticfilm-packedtableswithassemblyscheme,aseriesof3mirrors,aseriesof10plexiglassopticbodiesandtheredlaserrayboxwithitspower-unit.Sinceallcomponentshaveamagneticbase,itispossibletoperformexperimentsinbothhorizontal(students)andvertical(teacher)way,exploitingthemagneticblackboard.

4215 Geometricalopticskitwithgreenlaserraybox4328 RedLaserRayBox Theopticsourceiscomposedof5parallellasers.Throughasmart

solution,thelightbeamsfromthelaser,whichhavecircularsection,areturnedintolinearsectionrays,i.e.intomono-frequencylightblades;theselightbladesallowtheperformanceofallmaingeo-metricalopticsexperiments.Aswitchenableyoutoselectdifferentcombinations,from1to5rays,inordertochoosethemostsuitableconfigurationfortheexperiment.

4150Greenlaserraybox Thisitemhasthesamemechanicalfeaturesoftheredlaserray

box,butherethelaserlightsaregreen.Itissuppliedwithpower-unit

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Laser ray box with power-unit 1 Setofmagneticopticbodies 1 Opticaldiskwithstand

1 Basement 1 Case 1 Didactic Guide


geometrical optics

41444111 4112

4329

4329

4321

4321 4321

5607 5607 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS KIT WITH LASER RAY BOX

Withthiskitallmaingeometricalopticsexperimentscanbeeasilyandquicklyperformed.Thelaserrayboxisendowedwithaswitchwiththreedifferentlight-beamconfiguration(1-3-5).Thehigh-qualityopticbodiesenableyoutoseeaneattrajectoryofbothreflectedandrefractedlightbeams.Becauseofaverygoodquality/priceratioandofthegreatnumberandqualityofpossibleexperiments,thiskitrepresentstheidealsolutionforgeometricalopticsresearchofsecondaryandhighschoolclasses.

4321 Geometricalopticskit Thisitemenablesyoutoperform,allphenomenaregardingthegeometricalaspectoflightpropagation,onanhorizontalstand.Thecomponentshavebeendesignedtosimplifyandtospeeduptheperformance.

4329 Opticalfibreskit This educational model allows the observation of a wave guide’s beha-viour and the measurement of an optical fibre’s numerical opening as therefractiveindexofthemantlevaries(air,water,alcohol).

Opticalprisms4016 Plexiglassequilateralprism.30x30mm. 4111 Crownglassprism.Facesdimensions:32x32mm. Angle 90º, nD=1,55.4112 Flint glass prism. Faces Dimensions: 32x32 mm. Angle 60º, nD=1,67.

4144 Hollowequilateralprism Theitemallowstheperformanceofexperimentsonrefractometry

withliquids.Sidesdimensionsandheight:40mm

CONTENTS -Light diffusion and the concept of radius- Reflection in a flat mirror-Theopticlever- Reflection in a spheric mirror- Concave mirrors’ aberration- Laws of refraction-Theopticplate

- Refraction in a prism- Measurement of the glass’refractive index throu-

ghthemethodoftheminimaldeviation-Measurementoftherefractiveindexofliquids-Totalreflection-Prismandtotalreflection- Refraction of lenses-Systemoflenses

CONTENTS 1. Reflection in a flat mirror 2. Reflection in a concave mirror 3. Reflection in a convex mirror 4. Refraction law 5.Themeasurementoftherefractiveindexofa

transparentsolid. 6. Themeasurementofthetransparentliquid

refractive.

7. Theprismandthetotalreflection 8. Amici’s prism 9. Converginglenses 10. Diverging lenses11. Twolensessystem 12. Galilei’s telescope 13. Kepler’s telescope

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Laser ray box with power-unit 1 Basement 1 Protractor 1 Whitescreenwithcircularbase 1 Plexiglasshollowprism 1 Little square 1 Standforopticbodies 1 Glass (250ml) 1 Flatmirror 1 Double spheric mirror

1 Semi-cylinder 1 Platewithflatandparallelfaces. 1 Equilateral prism’s section 1 Isosceles prism’s section 1 +6 cm converging lens’ section 1 +10 cm converging lens’ section 1 -10 cm diverging lens’ section 1 Equilateral optic prism 1 Experiment Guide 1 Case

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Basewithprotractorandscreen 1 Laser diode with turnable stand 1 Plexiglassbasin

1 Plexiglasspanelist 1 Plexiglasscurvedsilhouette 1 Experiment Guide

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Laser ray box with power-unit 1 Variablegeometrymirror 1 Opticplate 1 Diverging lens 1Converginglens 1 Semi-circularopticbody

1 Semi-circularbasin 1 Amici’s prism 1 Right isosceles prism 1 Geometrical optics’ chart 1 Didactic guide 1 Case


wave optics

4015

4048

4200

4135 4135

4510

4352

43524352

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 3 ledprojector:red,green,blue

1 Stand1 Power-unit1 Tripodbase1 Whitescreen1 Colourtrianglechart1 Case

4200 ElectricNewton’sdisk Theitemislinkedtoanelectricenginewhichispoweredbyvolta-

ge of 4-6 V DC. It is supplied with 5 disks to show the additive color synthesis.

4048 HandNewton’sdisk Ifthecranckhandleisspined,thedisklookslikewhitebecauseof

the light recombination. Disk diameter: 17 cm.

4510 Benham’sdisk Thissimpleandoriginalmachineshowstheeffectsofdifferent

reply times and image persistence times of retina’s photoreceptors. Ifyoulightupthediskandmakeitturn,itispossibletoseeringswhosecolourchangesaccordingtotherotatoryspeedandfrompersontoperson.Theitemissuppliedwithstand,batteryholderandcables,butwithoutbattery.

4135 Transparentcolouredspades Sixdifferentcolours.Superimposingthespadesandexposingthem

toalightsource,itispossibletolearntheconceptofprimaryandsecondary colours. Didactic guide included.

4015 ColoursandvisionKit Itemcomposedof: -1setof3primarycolourfilters; -1setof3secondarycolourfilters; -1chartwithcolourtriangle; -1chartwith4stereoscopicfigures -1pairofstereoscopicspectacles.

4352 Additivecoloursynthesisapparatus Withthisapparatusitispossibletoperformtheadditivecolour

synthesisoftheprimarycolours:red,greenandblue.Theapparatusiscomposedof3ledprojector,whoseintensitycanbechangedwithcontinuity.Inthiswayitispossibletoobtainthewhitecolourandalltheothercoloursofthecolourtriangle

CONTENTS

-Binarycoloursynthesis;example:red+green=yellow-Complementarycolours-Thetrichromaticcoordinates-Colourtriangle-Colourreproduction


wave optics

4110

4126 EMX155

4117

4116 4115

4353

4353

4353

4353 Subtractivecoloursynthesisapparatus Thesubtractivecoloursynthesisisthebaseforcolourprintingand

itexploitsthemethodofthechromaticfiltersinseries.Thiskitenablesyoutoexperimentsothat,subtractingdifferentchromaticcomponentsfromthewhitelight,youcanobtainprimarycoloursortheiradditivesynthesisonawhitescreen.Intheprintingmethod,varnishesandinksplaytheroleofthefilters.

Accordingtotheadditivecoloursynthesis: Red + Green = Yellow R + G = Y Red + Blue= Magenta R + B = M Green + Blue= Cyan G + B = C Red + Green + Blue = White R + G+ B =W Consequently,ifyouplaceawhitelightsourcebefore: - a yellow filter, you subtract the blue color: W - B = G

- a magenta filter, you subtract the green color W - G = M - a cyan filter, you subtract the red colour W - R = C

-Ayellowfilter+amagentafilter+acyanfilter, you subtract blue, green and red colours. W - B - G- R = N.

4126 DidacticSpectroscope Theitemcantesttheemissionandtheabsorptionofspectralradia-

tions.Modelfordirectvision

EMX155 Pocketspectroscope Half-professional model with Amici’s prism and adjustable slit.

Itissuppliedwithcuvette-holderinordertoexamineabsorptionspectrums.Anadjustablemirrorallowstheprojectionofareferen-cial spectrum in the eyepiece’s field.

4116 Disksfornewton’srings Coupleofglassdisks;onehasplane,parallelfaces;theotherhasa

slightly spherical curve.They are superimposed so to produce Newton interferencerings,whicharemonochromaticifyouuselaserlightand become coloured if you use white light.Disk diameter : 55 mm.

4115 Fresnel’sdoubleprism Double prism with very small refractive angle, obtained from a

wholeblockofglass.Insertitinathinlightbeamanditrefractsthebeam’s two halves, superimposing them to generate interference fringes.

4117 Polarymetrictube Theitemismadeofplexiglass,itisclosedatitsendsandithasanupper

openingwhereyoucanpourtheliquidunderexamination.Itispossibletoshow the rotatory power of the solutions’ polarizing plane in function of theirconcentrationbyusingtwopolarizingfilters.

4110 Coupleofpolarizingfilters Screendimensions:100x100mm;stemdiameter:6mm.

Theyaresuppliedwithgraduatedscale.

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Whitelightprojector 1 Projector’s power-unit 3 Filterholders 1 Whitescreen

1 Serieof3secondarycolourfilters 5 Bases 1 Case


wave optics

4209

4028

4335

4212

4354

4207

41054104

4143

4151

42074207 Reddiodelaserdevicewithstand Continuousemissiondevicewithpower-unit.Visibleupto35m;

power:<1mW;wavelength:635nm.Itissuppliedwitharemo-vablelenswhichisabletoturnthecircularsectionoftherayintoalinearone.Jointedstanddiameter:10mm.

Basenotincluded.

4354Reddiodelaserdevicewithmagneticbaseandlens Thiscontinuousemissionlaserdeviceissuppliedwithlenstoobtain

alinearrayoflight.Moreoverbaseandbattery-holderaresup-pliedwithmagnetsinordertobeappliedtoamagneticblackboard.Wavelength:approx.635mm.Power:1mW.

4151 Greendiodelaserdevicewithstand Ithasacontinuousemission;power-unitincluded.Power:3mW;

wavelength:532mm.Itissuppliedwithalenstoobtainalineartrace.Adjustablestanddiameter:10mm.Basenotincluded.

4335 Setof4interferencialfilters Withabandwidthofonly10nmband,theygreatlyincreasethe

precision planck costant’s measurement with code 5227

4104 Diaphragmwith1slit Onframe(50x50mm),tobemountedonfilter-holdercode4017.

Slit’s width:0,1mm.

4105 Diaphragmwith2slits Onframe(50x50mm),tobemountedonfilter-holdercode4017.

Slit’s width:0,1mm.Pass0,1mm. Diffractiongrating Onframe(50x50mm),tobemountedonfilter-holder40174106 80lines/mm 4212 500lines/mm 4213 1000lines/mm

4143 Setof3diffractiongratings

4028 Kirchoff-Bunsen’sspectroscope Theitemismountedonacircular,metalplatform,anditiscom-

posedof:1collectorwithadjustableslit,1collectorwitheyepieceandcrossgrating,1scale-holdercollimatorwithgraduatedscale.

The collimator’s slit is supplied with a small prism which allows you to comparethespectrumoftwodifferentsources.Whilethecollimator,endowedwith28mmachromaticobjective,isfixedtotheplatform,thecollector,whichisendowedwiththesameobjective,canspinonaalidademantainingthecentraldirectionalaxis.Theadjustablescale-holder,collimatorprojectstheimageofthegraduatedscaleinthecollectoreyepiecethroughthereflectionononeoftheprismfaces.Thelatterisanequilateralprismmadeofhighlydispersivematerialanditismountedonacentralrotatingdisk.Itissuppliedwithworkcharts

4209 Spectrum-protractor Thisinstrumenthasverygoodopticandmechanicalfeatureswhich

allow the exact measurement of the optical rays’ deviation angles; thereforeitcandeterminetherefractiveindexofsolidsandliquidsandthewavelengthofmonochromaticsources.

Base: made of fire-varnished cast-iron Ø 17,5 cm and divided in 360°withaprecisionof1°.Ithastwodiametricallyoppositevernierscalewhi-chenableavaluationof1/10°. Telescope:ithasachromaticobjectiveswithan178mmfocallengthanda15xeyepiece.Focusingallowsafineregulation.Collimator:endowedwithachromaticobjectivewith178mmfocallengthandwithasteadyadjustableslitupto6mm.Planeoftheprism:itcanbeadjustedbothverticallyandhorizontallyanditissupliedwith clamps for the fixing of the diffraction grating. Diameter: 80 mm. Equipment: 1 Crown glass equilateral prism 32x32 mm; 1 diffraction gra-ting 500 lines/mm; 1magnifying. Dimensions: 48x33x33h cm. Weight: 12 Kg.


wave optics4326

4035

4325

OBSERVATION OF AN ABSORPTION SPECTRUM

4337 5345

4338 ..... 4350

SPECTRUM lAMPS FOR 4035

4326 Projectorforspectroscope Whentheitemisplacedinfrontofatubewithagraduatedscale,

itilluminatesthescale,thusallowingtheoperatortoreadthewavelengthofthespectrumrows.Thebaseissoldseparately(code0010)

4325 Emisssionandabsorptionspectrumrowskit Theitemiscomposedofaburnerwhereyouneedtoplacecotton

wadsdrenchedinasaturatedsolutionmadeofalcoholandsodiumchloride(included).Ifyouobservetheflamewithaspectroscope,you will recognize the sodium’s emission row at 589nm; but if you switchonaprojectorbehindtheflame(code4007,notincluded),youwillseeacontinousspectrumwithsodiumabsorptionrow.

4035 Containerforspectrumlamps Theitemiscomposedofalamp-holderwithlamp-shade,whose

heightisadjustableinordertoallowaperfectallignementwiththecollimatorofthespectroscope.

Spectrumlamps Tousewithcontainercode4035;theyarethemostconvenient

spectroscopylightsource:

4051 Cadmiumspectrumlamp 4052 Cesiumspectrumlamp 4053 Helium spectrum lamp 4054 Mercuryspectrumlamp 4055 Potassiumspectrumlamp 4056 Sodiumspectrallamp 4057 Neon spectrum lamp. 4058 Zincspectrumlamp.

4337 Power-unitforspectrumtubes Power-unitabletogiveelectrichighvoltage,inordertodownload

allspectrumtubes.Powersupply:220V.

Spectrumtubesforpower-unit43374338 Oxygen 4339 Carbondioxide 4340 Air 4341 Helium 4342 Watersteam 4343 Nitrogen 4344 Neon 4345 Argon 4346 Hydrogen 4347 Bromine 4348 Mercury 4349 Iodine 4350 Krypton

4123 Spectrumtubeskit,withpower-unit Thiskitiscomposedofthepower-unitcode4337andof13

spectrumtubesfromcode4338tocode4350

5345 StandforPlücher’stubes Theitemiscomposedof:abase;avertical,metalstand;acouple

ofinsulatedclampswithstandrodwithring.Clampsaresuitablefor4mmplugs. Plücher’s tubes not included .


wave optics4322

4322 - MEASUREMENT OF ThE EXTENSION OF ThE VISIBlE SPECTRUM

4336

4336: SUN SETTINg

4327

4327 PROjECTION OF AN hOlOgRAM 4327 DIFFRACTIONFROM A gRATINg

4322 Apparatusforthemeasurementofwhitelight’swavelength Thisapparatusdeterminesthewhitelightwavelengththroughthe

diffractiongratingformula.Itispossibletomeasurethewavelen-gthofbothlaserradiationandvisibleradiation.

Contents: -Measurementofthelaserwavelength -Spectrumofvisiblelight -Measurementofradiationsofthevisiblelight

4327 Kitforthestudyofwaveoptics Acoherentlightsource(diodelaserdevice)isexploitedtoshowthe

principlesofthewaveoptics:polarization;interference;diffractionandholografy.Componentsareendowedwithamagneticbase,inordertobeplacedsafelyonamagneticblackboard(included)

CONTENTS - Light’s interference -Interferenceonathinplate - Michelson’s interferometer - Light diffraction -Circularholediffraction -Squaredholediffraction - Diffraction grating - Holography - Light polarization - Light absorption

4336 Lightdiffusionkit Ifyouturnasolutioncontainingasulphursaltintoacid,in10minutes

sulphurcrystalsincreaseprogressively.Whentheirdimensionbecomescomparable to light’s wavelength, light diffusion takes place. According to Rayleigh’s explanation,the blue component is deflected much more effectivelythantheredone,whichgoesonundisturbed.Thusitispos-sibletosimulatethephenomenonwhichcausesthebluecoloroftheskyandthered-wishcoloroftheSunandoftheMoonwhentheyareonthehorizon.Withthepolarizingfilteritisalsopossibletostudythepolarizationofthediffusedlight.Theopticprojector(code4007)hastobeboughtseparately.

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT1Basin 1 Dropper1Polarizingfilter1Sulphitesodiumbottle

1 Diluted sulphuric acid bottle 1 Glass stirrer 1Semi-transparentscreen

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Opticalbench 4 Riders 1 Opticprojector 1 Projectorpower-unit 1 Diode laser device with power-unit 1 Slitforprojector 2 Filterholders

1 Graduated white screen 1 Diffraction grating 3 Colouredfilters 1 Experiment Guide 1 Case


optical benches

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1Opticalbenchwithstand 1 Dioptric projector1Transformer 1 Diaphragm with 1 slit 1 Diaphragm with 4 slits 1 Diaphragm with arrow-shaped slit 2 Lens holders1Setof3lenses 1 Half-transparent slide1Transparentslide 1 Red Filter 1 Green filter1BlueFilter 1 Diaphragm with square hole1Slide1Whitescreenwithgraduatedscale1Semi-cylindricallens1 Isoscelesprism 1 Equilateral prism1Prismholder1Opticalprism2Protractors(verticalandhorizontal)

1 Glass100 ml 1 Double spherical mirror1Flatmirror1Sphericalmirror 1 Half-cylinder1Standwithmetalbase 1 Earth-Moon system 1 Diode laser device 1Adjustableslit 1 Diaphragm with 1 micrometric slit 1 Diaphragm with 2 micrometric slits 1 Diffraction grating 1 Diaphragm with hole Ø 2 mm 1 Diaphragm with hole Ø 0,4 mm 1 Diaphragm with hole Ø 0,2 mm2Slideholders2Polarizingfilters1Polarimetrictube 1 Linear ruler 1 Experiment Guide1Case

4202

4202 - IMAgES ThROUgh lENSES

4080

4202 Smallopticalbench 30possibleexperiments

4080 Waveandgeometricalopticsbench Withthisopticalbench,theteachercanperformagreatnumber ofquantitativeandqualitativeexperimentsonbothgeometrical

andondulatingaspectofopticwaves.Thisbenchisanecessaryeducationalinstrumentinordertomakealessonbecomingarealmomentofunionbetweentheoryandexperimentalreality,andthisbecauseofthequicknessofitsassemblyandtheeaseinperformingtheexperiments.

CONTENTS1. Dioptric projector2. Rectilinear propagation of light3. Eclipses4.Moonphases5. Lighting law6. Diffusion of light7. Reflection of light8. Reflection of light into spherical mirrors9 Refraction of light10. Refractive index and the colours of light11.Totalreflection12. Refraction of light through a prism

13. Dispersion of the white light14. Lenses15.Imagesinflatmirrors16.Imagesinsphericalmirrors17.Conjugatepointsofsphericalmirrors18.Imagesinconverginglenses19.Conjugatepointsofconverginglenses20.Theeyeanditsdefects21.Correctionoftheeyedefects22.Thecompoundmicroscope23.Theslideprojector

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT1 Linear ruler 1 Equilateral prism 1 Red filter 1 Green filter 1Purplefilter1Semi-transparentglass1Slide1Plexiglasshalf-cylinder1 Diaphragm with square hole 1Flatmirror1Smallflatmirror1Isoscelesprism1Opticalbench4 Riders1 Dioptric projector1 Diaphragm with slits

1Transformer;12V,2A1Converginglens+101Converginglens+201 Diverging lens –10 1Concavemirror+101Convexmirror-101Whitescreen1Standforscreen1 Earth-Moon system 1Filterholder1Protractor1Transparentslide1 Glass 100 ml 1 Experiment Guide1 Case

CONTENTS 1. Rectilinear propagation of light and its

boundaries 2. Shadowandsemidarkness 3. SunandMooneclipses 4. Moonphases 5. Irradiation’s law 6. Reflection and refraction - the law 7. Totalreflection-limitangle 8. Reflection in the mirrors 9. Refraction of the prism-dispersion10. Limit angle - minimum deviation11. Refraction into lenses

12. Imagesinthemirrors13. Imagesintolenses14. Focaldistancesandconjugatepoints15. Theeyeanditsdefects16. Opticinstruments17. Diffraction18. The interference according to Young19. Measurementofl20. Diffraction grating21. Transversalityoftheopticwaves22. Polarization23. Solutions’rotatory power

wE SUggEST ThE USE OF ThE gREEN lASER CODE 4151 TOO, TO BE PURChASED SEPARATEly


static electricity52805348

5321

5090 5068

5408

5085

5115

5408

Electrifiablerods5139 Hard rubber rod 5002 Plexiglassrod 5003 PVCrod 5058 Glass rod

5348 Setof5rods Thesetiscomposedof5electrifiablerods:plexiglass,nylon,hard

rubber,glass,hardrubber-brass.Withwoolcloth,silkclothandrodstand.

5280 Electroscope Ifyoubringanelectrifiedbodyneartheplateoftheinstrument,

theleafdivergesbecauseoftheelectrostaticrepulsionwiththerigid stand. With graduated scale. Height: 20 cm.

5321 Setofinstrumentsforelectrostaticexperiments Contents 1.Theelectrification 2.Twoelectriccharges 3.Theelectroscope 4.Theelectricforces 5.Theelectrostaticinduction

5090 Doubleelectricpendulum Ifyoubringanelectrifiedbodyneartheinstrument,itstwoballs

divergebecausetheyadquireanelectricchargeofthesamesign,duetotheelectricinduction.

5068 Volta’sElectrophore Theitemiscomposedofaplexiglassbaseyoucanelectrifyby

rubbingit;onthisbasethereisanaluminumdiskwithinsulatinghandle.Ifyoubringthediskneartheelectrifiedbaseseveraltimes,andeachtimeyouconnectitsupperfacetotheground,itispossi-bletostorebigquantitiesofelectricityonit,tothepointthatyoucanobtainelectricdischargesupto1cmlong.

5085 Wimshurst’selectrostaticmachine The item has two special disks which don’t deform as time passes.

Two Leyda decomposable bottles. Adjustable distributor. Spark: 50-60 mm. Disks diameter: 400 mm.

5115 Wimshurst’selectrostaticmachine, economicalmodel Spark: 30-40 mm. Disks diameter: 250 mm.5408 Hand,electricVandeGraaff’sgenerator Theitemispoweredbyalow-voltageengineorbyhand.Itisable

toproduceapotentialdifferenceupto300.000Vwith10cmlongsparks.Spherediameter:27cm.

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 2 Plexiglassrods 2 PVCrods 1 Double electric pendulum with rods stand

2 Rags 1 Electroscope 1 Didactic Guide 1 Case

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Power-unit3-12V 1 Electric whirl

1 Spherewithstand 1 Electric feather

2 Cables100cm 1 Protectivespectacles


static electricity5084

5046

5073 5091

5404

5087

5092

50995203

5051

5204

5084 ElectricVandeGraaff’sgenerator Theitemispoweredbyanet-voltageelectricengine. Itcanproduceapotentialdifferenceofabout200.000Vwitha

maximumcurrent30mA(meaningitisnotdangerousfortheuser).Sparklength:6cm.

We recommend to link the sphere-distributor’s base to the ground throughthebindingpost.

Itissuplliedwiththesphere-distributor,withanelectricspoonandwith one cable. Diameter of the discharge sphere: 200 mm. Dimensions: 300x220x600 mm.

5404 VandeGraaffgenerator’sequipmentkit Itiscomposedof:universalstand;metalspherewithinsulating

handle; electric whirl; dance of the balls; Faraday’s cage; Faraday’s well;electrostaticengine;articulateddischarger;sparklingpanel;electricpendulum;blowingpoint;electricfeather;twoalligatorclips;twocables.

5051 Setofaccessoriesforelectrostaticmachines Thesetconsistof:danceoftheballs,doubleelectricpendulum,2

cables,paperplume,blowingpoint,electricwhirl,candlewithcandle-holder,2alligatorclipsandstand.

5099 Electricwhirl Theitemcanshowthedispersivepowerofthepointsthankstothe

mechanicaleffect.

5046 BlowingPoint Theitemcanshowthedispersivepowerofthepoints

5203 Irregularconductor Madeofchromebrass,theconductorenablesyoutoexperimenton

thepotentialandthedensityofchargeininsulatedconductorLength: 220 mm. Height: 300 mm.

5204 Pointedconductor Madeofnickel-platedbrass,itenablesyoutoexperimenton

chargedistributionininsulatedconductors. Length: 220 mm. Height: 300 mm.

5092 Articulateddischarger Withinsulatedhandle

5073 Electrostaticbellring Ifyouconnecttheapparatustoanelectrostaticmachine,the

pendulumhitsthetwobellsaternativelybecauseoftheelectricactions Height: 380 mm.

5091 Sphericalconductor Forexperimentsonelectrization(throughcontactandthrough

induction),onthepotentialandchargedensityinconductors Sphere diameter: 100 mm. Height: 370 mm.

5087 Coulomb’ssphere For experiments on electrostatic induction (Faraday’s well, for

example) Itissupliedwithelectricspoon. Sphere diameter: 100 mm. Height: 370 mm.


static electricity

5072

5070 5071

5140

8502

50885351

5089

5324

5070 Cylindricalconductor Forexperimentsonelectrization(throughcontactandinduction),

onthepotentialandchargedensityofconductors. Cylinder length: 220 mm.Height: 320 mm.

5071 Coupleofcylindricalconductors Beingakindofdivisibleconductor,thisapparatusallowsthe

verificationoftheelectricpolesduringthephenomenonoftheelectrostaticinduction

5072 Cavendish’shemispheresandsphericalconductor Theitemcanverifythattheelectricchargeinmetalconductorsis

distributedontheirsurface.Ifyouputthesphereincontactwiththehemispheres,thespheredischargescompletely.Spherediame-ter 100 mm. Height: 370 mmM

5140 Faraday’scage Theitemissuppliedwithdoubleelectricpendulum,thusallowing

theperformanceofexperimentsontheelectrostaticscreen.Diameter: 120 mm.Height : 260 cm.

5089 Coupleofconductorswithelectroscope Theyhavethesamefunctionofthepreviouscoupleofconductors

code5071,withtheadvantageofbeingconnectedtotwoleafelectroscopes.

5351 Deviceforshowingthefluxlinesoftheelectricfield

Theitemiscomposedofatraymadeoftransparentmaterial,tobeplacedonanoverheadprojector,andofelectrodestobefixedalongtherimofthetray.Thelatterisfilledwithcastoroil;semo-linaseedsfloatontheoilsurface.Ifyouconnecttwoelectrodestothepolesofthehigh-voltagegenerator(code5324)ortoanelectrostaticmachine,thebehaviourofthefluxlinesoftheelectricfieldbecomesvisible.Theitemissuppliedwith250mlofcastoroilandabottleofsemolina

5088 Leyda’sbottle Cylindricalcondenserforexperimentsontheelectricalcapacity.Itis

suppliedwithinsulatedhandletoextracttheinnerframeworkwhenthe condenser is charged. Glass height: 130 mm. Diameter: 60 mm.

5324 Generator5kVDC Thisgeneratorisanecessaryinstrumenttoperformquantitative

experimentsonelectrostaticsandtofeedvacuumtubes.Itsuseisn’t dangerous for the operator because, even in case of a short circuit,themaximumcurrentreachsonly2mAbecauseofagreatoutputresistance.itissuppliedwithtwohighlyinsulatedsecuritycables.

Theoutputvoltageisadjustablewithcontinuityupto5kVcc. Built-indigitalvoltmeterwith3digits Fixoutput6,3Vca/3A. Dimensions: 285x220x140 mm.

8502 Setof10capacitors Composedof: 1ceramiccapacitor2,2 mF; 1ceramiccapacitor4,7 mF; 1ceramiccaacitor10 mF; 1electrolyticcapacitor470 mF; 2electrolyticcapacitors1.000 mF; 2electrolyticcapacitors2.200 mF;

1electrolyticcapacitor4.700 mF; 1electrolyticcapacitor10.000 mF.

Tobeusedwithbasescode5056,soldseparately(seepage83),inordertoconstitutebatteriesinseriesandinparallel.Maximumvoltage:25V.

84 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS84

5093

5381

5703

5703 SUCTION OF ThE SMOkE

5703 PRECIPITATION OF ThE SMOkE

5093 Epino’scapacitor Itisacapacitorwhichallowsyoutoprovethattheelectriccapacity

dependsonthedistancefromtheframeworkandonthedielectricmaterial

Itcanbeusedtoshowthefluxlinesofauniformelectricfieldtoo.

5703 Electrostaticsmokeprecipitator Thesmokesandpowderscomingoutofthechimneysofthosemills

wheretoxicsubstancesareused,contributegreatlytoairpollution. Withthisapparatusyoucanshowhowtoobtaintheirelimination.

Usingarubbertube,alighted-upsigaretteisputincommunicationwiththeinsideoftheflask

Ifyousuckouttheairusingthepump,theflaskfillsupwithsmoke.Theinternalelectrode,whichispointed,andtheexternalplatemustbeconnectedtoanelectrostaticmachine(wesuggestthecode5085).

Switchingonthemachine,youwillnoticethat,atfirst,thesmokespinsaroundandthenitdisappears.

Ifyourepeatthisoperationseveraltimes,thewallsbecomeblack.Cleaningtheflaskwithabitofwhitespirit,thetarcontainedinthecigarette’s smoke melts down, allowing the teacher to show the damagecausedtotheairways.Istructionguideincluded.

5381 Electrostaticengine Linking the terminals to an electrostatic machine, the sphere made

ofinsulatingmaterial,startstospinquickly.Instructionguideinclu-ded.

static electricity

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Flaskwithstopper 1Metaldisk 1 Pointedelectrodes 1 Rubber tube 1 Transparenttube 1 Suctionpump 2 Cables 1 Mohr’s pincers 1 whitespiritbottle

85SECTION 3 - PHYSICS 8585

5045

5209

5714

5380 5380

5380

NEW

static electricity5714 Electrostaticcell Anhermeticallysealedacryliccase,containingpolystyrenetiny

balls.Whentheupperpartisrubbedforalongtimewithacloth,theelectrostaticchargegeneratedmakestheballsmoving,demonstratingtheactionamongcharges.Dimensions: 180x180x40mm.

5045 Electrometer Theitemisabletomeasureelectrostaticpotentialsupto5kV.The

metalstandhasaholeforthegrounding.Itissuppliedwithdiskcondenser, Faraday’s well and electric spoon

5209 Electrometer-Coulombmeter Withthisverysensibleinstrumentitispossible: -tomeasuretheelectricpotentialofaconductororofacondenser -tomeasuretheelectricchargeofaconductororofacondenser -tomeasuretheintensityofveryweakelectriccurrents It is supplied with knob, condenser, Faraday’s well and electric

spoon

5380 Coulombmeter Thissimpleinstrumentscanmeasure,withagoodapproximation,

thevalueoftheelectricchargeofabody,andthesignofit

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Glass rod 1 PVCrod 1 Faraday’s well 4 Batteries


electrical conduction

5147 5164

5063 - 5271 - 5075 - 5062 - 5192

5012 - 5191 - 5076

5010

5160 5325

5357

5406 5406 Elementarycircuitskit Thiskitenableswhohasjustbegunthestudyoftheelectrical

physics,todoexperimentsonthesimplestelectriccircuits

5147 Knifeswitch Max.voltage:12V.Max.current:5A.

5164 Lamp-holderwith6Vlamp

5271 LampE106V/5W Suitableforlamp-holdercode5164.

Connectivecables Diameter: 3 mm. Max. current: 8A. Max. voltage: 24V. Piston pins

withtransversalhole.5012 Length: 30 cm. 5013 Length: 60 cm. 5082 Length: 100 cm.

5191 10cableswithalligatorclips Length 50 cm. Max. current: 5 A.

5076 Nickel-chromewire Length 100 cm. It has terminal piston pins to experiment on the

Ohm’s laws

Safetycables Diameter: 4 mm. Max. current: 8A. Max. voltage: 1000V. Metal

partwithprotectiveretractablesheathinordertoavoidaccidentalcontacts. Piston pin with axial hole. Complying with CEI standard 1010-1.

5160 Length: 25 cm. 5161 Length: 50 cm. 5162 Length: 100 cm.

5325 Rackforcables 24positions,itcanbefixedtothewall.

5010 LampE126V-2W Tobeusedwithlamp-holdercode5009.

5063 Connectionjournalboxforcables

5075 Rodwithinsulator Height: 10 cm. Foot diameter: 6 mm.

5062 Alligatorclip Withdoublesocketforcables

5192 Alligatorclip Withinsulation,withbutton.

5357 Batteriesconnectionkit Thiskitallowstheelectricalconnectionto1torchbattery.

You can also connect two batteries in series and two batteries in parallel.

CONTENTS 1. Lamp with switch 2. Lamps in series

3. Lamps in parallel

SUPLIEDEQUIPMENT 2 Lamps with lamp holder 2 Switches

1 Batteryholder 6 Cables


electrical conduction5009 - 5008 - 5136

5132 - 5137 - 5056

5101

5176

5098

8503

5156

8504

5157

5009 LampholderE12onbase Tobeusedwithlampscode5010. Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.

5008 Switchonbase Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.

5136 Deflectoronbase Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.

5132 Rehostat22ohmonbase Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.

5137 Inverteronbase Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.

5056 Resistor-holderandcondenser-holderbase Dimensions: 100x50x25 mm.

5156 Setof6nickel-chromeconductors Theconductorsaremountedonaplasticbase(125x75mm)and

protectedbyaplexiglassplate. 1 Resistor 18Ω with Ni-Cr wire; 2 Resistors 18Ω with Ni-Cr wire; 1 Resistor 5Ω with Ni-Cr wire; 2 Resistors 13Ω with Ni-Cr wire. Forexperimentsonthepropertiesofresistorsinseriesandinpa-

rallel.Max.current:1A.

5157 Setof8nickel-chromeconductors Theconductorsaremountedonplasticbase(200x150mm)and

protected by a plexiglass plate. Ni-Cr wire. 5resistors10Ω inseries; 1 Resistor 20Ω; 1 Resistor 30Ω;Ω 1 Resistor 100Ω; Ω Max.current:1A.

8503 Setof4metalwire,10m,Ø0,3mm Components: Nickel 0,88 Ohm/m Costantan 6,98Ohm/m Nickel-Chrome 15,14 Ohm/m Kantal 18,00 Ohm/m

5176 Seriesof10resistors Ohmvalues:10-12-15-18-22-56-68-100-120-150.

Power:5W.Tobeusedwithbasescode5056(soldseparately)inordertoproducebatteriesinseriesandinparallel

8504 Ohmlaws’plank Tobeusedwiththesetofwirescode8503(seeabove)inorderto

experimentonOhm laws. Dimensions: 500x60 mm. It is supllied withshort-circuitbridge.

5098 Seriesofconductors For the verification of Ohm’s laws. Composed of: 1 nickel-chrome wire, Ø 1,5 mm; 2 nickel-chrome wires, Ø 0,75 mm; 1 copper wire, Ø 1,5 mm; 1bridge. Dimensions: 1000 x 100 mm.

5101 Slide-wirebridge Withgraduatedscaleandcursor. Wirelength100cm.



5094

5270

5403

5400

5146

5218 5233

5130

5144 5389 5133

5130 Setforexperimentsontheelectriccircuits Tobeusedwithanelectric,low-voltagepowerunit,whichcanbe

adjustedfrom0to12V.Suppliedwithexperimentguide. Structuremadeofvarnishedmetal Paneldimensions:57x33mm. Contents 1.Theelectriccircuit 2.Theinsertionoftheswitch 3.Currentmeasurementwiththeammeter4.VoltagemeasurementwiththeVoltmeter 5. Verification of Ohm’s first law 6. Charges in series 7. Charges in parallel 8. Electrical nets

5400 Wheatstone’sbridge Withthehelpofthegalvanometercode5158,thissmallWheastone

bridgeenablesyoutomeasurearesistanceinasimpleandquickway.Itissuppliedwiththreecomparisonresistorswith1%tole-rance,whicharemountedonthreesmallbridgesandwiththreeunknown-valueresistorsforthetrials.Basedimensions:130x130mm.Max.voltage:2V.

5270 Resistances’box Withfivedecadeboxes.Percentualmistake0,1%.Plasticcase.

Measurementrange:from0to9999,9Ohmwith1Ohmstep.

5403 LinearWheatstone‘sbridge Costantanslide-wirebridgewithgraduatedrulerandslidingindex.It

has been designed to be used as a Wheatstone bridge. Length: 1 m.

Lineararmouredrehostats160W Theyaremadeofmechanicallysolid,non-inflammablematerials.

Thecanewhichsupportsthewindingismadeofspecialrefractorymaterialfeaturingahighmechanicalandheatresistance,thewin-dingismadeofoxidized,cookedconstantan.

Dimensions: 270x92x163h mm. Peso 4,8 Kg. RESISTANCE(Ω)MAX.CURRENT(A)5094 1 13 5095 10 4 5096 100 1,25 5097 1000 0,22

Lineardidacticrehostats Forvoltagesupto24V. RESISTANCE(Ω)MAX.CURRENT(A)5218 10 2 5219 50 1,5 5220 200 1

5233 Graetz’sbridge Theitemismountedonbase(100x100mm).Itcanstrightenup

twohalf-waves,visualizingtheconductionstateofthediodethrou-gh the use of LEDs.

5146 Silicadiodeonbase Theitemismountedonavarnishedaluminiumbase(100x50x25

mm).Itcanstrightenupahalf-wave

5144 NTCThermistoronbase Theitemismountedonavarnishedaluminumbase(100x50x25

mm).Itsresistancevarieswithanegativetemperature

5389 PTCThermistoronbase Theitemvariesitsresistancewithapositivetemperature 5133 Photoresistoronbase Theitemismountedonavarnishedaluminiumbase(100x50x25

mm).Itvariesitsresistanceinfunctionofthelightreceived.

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Panelwithtwoinstruments 10 Bridgeswithshort-circuit 2 Bridgeswithswitch 2 Bridgeswithlamp

5 Bridgeswithresistor 4 Cables30cm 2 Cables60cm 1 Experiment Guide



SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Batteryholder 1 Assemblytable 6 flexiblecables 10 Bridges 4 linearconductors 1 “T” shaped conductor 2 “L” shaped conductor 4 Insulators 2 lampholderwithlamps 2 Deflectors 2 Resistors

1 Fuse-holder 10 Fuses 4 Universalconnector 1 Rehostat 1 Powerrelay 1 Spoolofkantalwire 1 Spool of Nickel-chrome wire 1 Voltmeter 1 Ammeter 1 Didactic Guide 1 Case

5332

lIghTINg OF 2 lAMPS CONTROllED By A DEFlECTOR

5333

5712 57125712 Boardfortheproductionofsimpleelectriccitrcuits Thisapparatusenablesyoutocreateconnectionsinseriesandin

parallelbetweendifferentelectricaldipoles,suchaslightbulbs,resistors,condensers,leds,etc.simplythroughtheuseofspringconnectors.Itcomprehendsasmallspacetostorealldifferentcomponentsandabattery-holdertoinserttwoAAtypebatteries.

5332 Modularsetforthestudyoftheelectricalcircuits Thismodularsetenablestheperformanceofmanyexperimentson

electricalconduction,reducingtoaminimumtheuseofconnectingcables.Inthisway,besidessimplifyingtheoperativeproductionofcircuits,theirschemearehighlighted.

Assemblytabledimensions:45x33cm.15possibleexperiments

Contents 1. Lamp with a sole control 2.Theprotectivefuse 3. Lamps in series with a sole control 4. Lamps in parallel with a sole control 5. Lamps in parallel with deflector 6. Lamps with double control by means of deflector 7. Lamp with double control with power relay 8.Useofthevoltmeter 9.Useoftheammeter 10. Ohm’s first law 11. Ohm’s second law 12.Therehostat 13.Thepotentiometer 14.Circuitsinseries 15.Circuitsinparallel

5333 Lectern-likestandforassemblytable

Forabetterviewofthecircuitsassembledonthetable.Theabovedescribedmodularsetisnotsupplied;itmustbeboughtseparately.


electrical conductionSUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Batteryholder 1 Assemblytable 6 Flexiblecables 16 Bridges 5 Linear conductors 2 “T”shaped conductors 1 “L”shaped conductor 6 Universalconnectors 2 Testers 1 Deflector 1 Lamp-holder

1 Crossconductor 1 Light bulb 1 Inductor 5 Condensers 5 Resistors 1 Potentiometer 4 Silicadiodes 1 Photoresistor 1 NTC 1 Transistor 1 Didactic Guide 1 Case

gRAETz’S BRIDgE

5334

5718

NOTICE : FOR ThE AlTERNATINg CURRENT EXPERIMENTS , ThE USE OF ThE FUNCTIONS gENERATOR CODE 5718 IS NECESSARy , TO BE PURChASED SEPARATEly

5334 Modularsetforthestudyofthebasicelectronics Thismodularsetallowstheperformanceofseveralexperimentson

electronicprinciples:fromreactivecomponentstosemiconductors.Themainadvantageliesintheminimumuseoftheconnectingcables.Inthisway,besidessimplifyingtheoperativeproductionofcircuits,theirschemearehighlighted.

Assemblytabledimensions:45x33cm. 18Possibleexperiments Contents 1. Direct-current condenser 2.Voltageandeffectivecurrent 3.Alternating-currentcondenser 4.Thecapacitivereactance 5.Theinductivereactance 6. The RCL circuit-the impendance 7.Thelow-passingfilter 8.Thehigh-passingfilter 9.Conductivityofmetalsandofsemiconductors 10. The p-n junction , the diode and the LED 11.Thehalf-waverectifier 12.Thedoublehalf-waverectifier 13.Thefilteredrectifier 14.Thetransistor 15.Thetransistorasswitch 16.Thetransistorasamplifier

5718Low-frequencysignalsgenerator Thisitemisaprecisionsignalsgenerator,whosepowerisamplified.

Itcangeneratesinewaves,squaredwaves,triangularwaves.Thegenerator’s frequency varies from 0,1 Hz to 99,99KHz. Themaximumoutputpoweris4,5W.

It has a LED display with indication of frequency and of the output width-level.Becauseofitsfeatures,theapparatusisparticularlysuitableforeducationandforscientificresearch.

Technicalfeatures- Output: 4 ohm and 600 ohm. - Amplifier stage’s auxiliary input- Frequency range: 0,1Hz - 99,99KHz with precision 0,01%.-Waveshapes:sine,rectangularandtriangular.-Outputpower:4,5Wonthewholerangeoffrequencies.-Outputwidth:17Vpeak-peak(outputat600ohm);8,8Vpeak-peak(output4ohm)- Output attenuator 1x / 0,1X / 0,01X (on the 600ohm output)

5333

5333 Lecter-likestandforassemblytable Forabetterviewofthecircuitsassembledonthetable.Itisnot

suppliedwiththeabovedescribedmodularset;itmustbeboughtseparately.



52515102

5167

5113

5415

5287

5124

5124 Volta’scolumnbattery Itismadeofcopperandzincparts,separatedbyfeltdiskssoaked

inanacidsolution.Itissuppliedwithabottleofacidsolution.

5167 Volta’scupsbattery Itiscomposedof4voltmetersinseries.Itissuppliedwithcopper

and zinc electrodes, acid solution, cables and a LED assembled on a panel.

5287 Humanbattery Placingyourhandontwoofthefourmetalplates(zinc,lead,alu-

miniumandcopper),youwillcreateapotentialdifferencebetweentheplatesbecauseoftheelectricalconductionpropertiesofthehumanbody.Thispotentialdifferencecanbemeasuredthroughtheuseofamillimetricvoltmeter(notincluded)

Tryingallpossiblecombinationsbetweenmetals,itispossibletoguesstheexistenceoftheelectrochemicalseries

Platesdimensions:15x23cm. Boarddimensions:23x65cm.5113 Apparatusfortheelectricalconductivityofliquids Itconsistsof4lightbulbsinparallel.Theelectrolyticliquidsare

pouredinto4glassbeakers,wheretheelectrodesaredipped.Withthissimpleapparatusitispossibletorecognizetheelectrolyticsolutionsandtostudytheconductivityvariationinfunctionoftheconcentration

5415 Electrolyticcell Components: 1Beaker 1Sulphuricacid10%bottle 1 Iron Electrode 1 Electrode-holder stand 2 Zinc Electrodes 2 Copper Electrodes 2 Lead Electrodes 2 Cables

2 Carbon Electrodes 1Coppersulfatesolutionbottle CONTENTS - Electrical conductivity of liquids - The Volta’s battery - Electrical storage battery - The electroplating.

Replacementsforelectrolyticcell5415.1 Electrode replacements kit for code 5415. 5043.1 Coupleofbrasselectrodes. 5043.2 Coupleofleadelectrodes. 5043.3 Coupleofcopperandzincelectrodes

Hofmann’svoltmeter For verifying Faraday’s law. With graduated tubes and their metal stands. Height: 70 cm5102 Withcarbonelectrodes. 5103 Withplatinumelectrodes.

ReplacementsforHofmann’svoltmeter5102.1 Glass part only. 5165 Carbonelectrodes(couple). 5166 Platinumelectrodes(couple). 5251 Demonstrativevoltmeter Non-graduated tubes, closed with latex small tubes and Mohr’s

pincers.Suppliedwithstandandcarbonelectrodes.Glass part heigth: 35 cm.


magnetism

51415225

5296 5358

5359

51745105

5238 - 5024 - 5169 - 5170

5183

5182

8517

8516

5173

5279 - 5281 - 5206 STEELMAGNETS5279 Linearrectangularmagnet Dimensions: 170x20x10 mm.5281 “U”shapedmagnet Dimensions: 55x10x14 mm.5286 “U”shapedmagnet Dimensions: 75x16x40 mm.5173 “U”shapedmagnet Dimensions: 200x75x45 mm.5206 Horseshoes-likemagnet NI-COALLOyMAGNETS Madeofcobaltandnickelalloy,thismagnetsareabletocreate

magneticfieldsmuchmoreintensethanthosecreatedbysteelmagnets.Moreover,theirmagnetizationlastsfordecades.

Linearmagnetswithcircularsection5238 Dimensions: 60x6 mm circular, single. 5024 Dimensions: 100x10 mm circular, single. 5169 Dimensions: 150x12 mm circular, single. 5170 Dimensions: 150x12 mm circular, couple. U-shapedmagnetswithstand Dimensions in mm5077 A=19; B=14; C=8; D=19; stand Ø 6 mm. 5141 A=29; B=22; C=11; D=29; stand Ø 6 mm.

U-shapedmagnetswithoutstand5382 80x52,7x21mm. 5383 130x80,5x30mm. 5182 Diskmagnet Made of SINTEROX/F. alloy Diameter: 18 mm. Thickness: 5 mm.5183 Ringmagnet Made of SINTEROX/D alloy External diameter: 51 mm. Internaldiameter:24mm. Thickness:9mm.

NEODyMIUMMAGNETS Made of Neodymium- Iron-Boron alloy, this magnets produce an

exeptionallyintensemagneticfield(about1Tesla).8516 Diskmagnet Diameter 25mm, height 10 mm.8517 Ringmagnet External diameter: 25mm. Internal diameter:10mm Height: 10 mm.MAGNETICNEEDLES5105 Magneticneedle Itismountedonarod120mmandbase. Needle length: 75 mm.5174 Magneticneedlewithprotractor Itismountedonarod(100mm)andbase. Needle length: 60 mm.5296 Setof10magneticneedles Needle length 30 mm; the neddles allows you to draw the flux lines

ofamagneticfield5358Setof10magneticin-boxneedles Diameter: 20 mm height: 8 mm.5359 Setof12compasses Diameter: 25 mm height: 6 mm.5225 Coupleofmagneticneedles Theitemcanshowtheinteractionbetweenmagneticpoles Needle length: 140 mm. Height: 120 mm.


magnetism

5322

5293

5541

5259

54205405+5024

5027

51255250+5169

52025414

5250 Rotantingstandformagnets Itconsistsofastandrotatingonapoint,sotohighlighttheactions

betweenmagneticpoles.

5125 Magneticforcesapparatus Thisitemallowsyoutovisualizetheremoteactionofmagnetic

forces.Withtworingmagnets5259 Magneticforcesapparatus Thisitemallowsyoutovisualizetheremoteactionofmagnetic

forces.Withtwobarmagnets

6154Ironfilingsbottle,25ml 5027 Apparatusforvisualizingthemagneticspectrum Components: 1 “U”shaped magnet 1 Circular base 1Plexiglassplate 1Ironfilingsbottle

5293 Magnetoscope Part1 Itiscomposedofatransparentcube(80x80x80mm)containinga

siliconoilsolutionwithironfilingsinsuspensionintoit.Insertingthesuppliedlinearmagnetinthecentralhole,thewire-likeironparticleslineuptothespaceflux-linesofthefieldgeneratedbythelinearmagnet.

Part2 Itisbasedonthesameprincipleofthepreviousapparatus;it

enablesabidimensionalrepresentationofthefluxlinesbothofalinear and”U” shaped magnets, both supplied as apparatus’equip-ment. Dimensions 120x60 mm.

5414 Magnetismkit Theitemcanshow,inanelementaryway,thepropertiesofma-

gnets.Itcanalsodiscoverwhichsubstancesarenotsubjecttothemagneticforce.

5202 Magneticprobe Itconsistsofasmallmagnetincardanicsuspension,whichenables

youtooutlinethebehaviourofthefluxlinesofamagneticfield

5405 Magnetoscope 98smallironbars,protectedbyacase,arefreetopositionatran-

dom.Undertheactionofanexternalmagneticfield(forexample,insertingthemagnetmodelintheextendiblesolenoidcode5178)thebarslineuplikethemagneticmomentsoftheferromagneticbodies’ molecule . With magnets code 5024 or code 5286, it can be used to visualize the force lines of a magnetic field. Dimensions 75x150mm.

5420 Magnetoscopewithneedles Thisitemislikecode5405,butwith117magneticneedleswhich

canorientthemselves.

5541 ”Playandlearn”kit You can learn the properties of magnetic bodies enjoying yourself.

Itiscomposedof: 1 magnetic spade 1 Horseshoes magnet 10magneticballs 50 magneticclips 24 coloured magnetic tokens 1 Didactic guide

1magnetsstand

5322 Setofaccessoriesforexperimentsonmagnetism Possibleexperiments 1.Themagnet 2.Twomagneticpoles 3.Thecompass 4.Magneticforces 5.Magneticinduction 6.Themagneticspectrum

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 2 Magneticneedles 2 Linear alloy-made magnets1“U”-shaped steel magnet with stand 1 Plexiglassplate 1 Rotating stand

1 Ironfilingsbottle 1 Compass 1 Experiment guide 1 Case


magnetism

51355231

5118 5307

18/E 5171

5369

5370

PAIRINg OF MORE ThAN ONE CANNON 5369

5411 5411 Uni-mag Withthissetofmagnetsandballsyoucanbuildobjectsandgeome-

tricalfiguresnhichareusefulltostimulatethecreativityofthestudents5231 Precisioncompass Diameter: 100 mm. With wind rose.

5135 Bigdidacticcompass Thankstoitsdimensionsitcanbeseenfromfaraway Diameter: 200 mm.18/E Simplecompass Diameter: 45 mm.

5171 Walkcompass Ithasaligningsightandmagnifyingglass.Casemadeofshock-

proof,synteticmaterial.Suspendeddialwithphosphoricindications.Dial diameter: 55 mm.

5118 Inclinationanddeclinationneedle Itisusefulltostudythepropertiesofthemagneticfieldinevery

partoftheworld.Withlatitudeindicator Dimensions: 170x170x220h mm.

5307 Magnetometer Itcanmeasure,withgreatprecision,theintensityofamagnetic

field in a determined point, knowing the value of the component Htof Earth’s magnetic field. Diameter: 100 mm.

5369 Onestagemagneticcannon Themagneticfieldofapermanentmagnetdecreasesquicklyas

thedistanceincreases.Thesphereinthecharger,islocatedinthefieldofapowerfullneodymiummagnet;thereforeitisattractedby a force which increases quickly as the sphere’s distance from themagnetdecreases.Oncedelivered,itspotentialenergyturnsinto kinetic energy. During the collision against the magnet, the collisionwavepassesthroughthemagnetandthefirstsphereonitsleft,reachingthesecondorthethirdsphere(thebullet).Thelatter,beingfaraway,isweaklyattractedbythemagnet,andtherefore,gainsagreaterspeedthantheoneofthecollidingsphere.

Fromtheenergeticpointofview,theworkdoneforresettingthesystemforthefollowingtest,producestheenergyreleasedduringeverycollision.Cannonlength:40cm.

5370 Threestagemagneticcannon With3magnetsand10spheres Tracklength:100cm.


elettromagnetism

8510

53565356

5185 - 6154

5110 - 5109 - 5122

5026 - 5078

5106 - 5107

5127

5108

5368

5127 Currentgenerator Theitemcanbeusedwheneveralow-voltage,high-intensitydirect

currentisrequired.Thereforeitissuitableforthepoweringofma-gnetic spectrum apparatus, Oersted’s apparatus, Ampère’s bench, etc.,convenientlysubstitutingbatteries.

Thecurrentgeneratedcanbeadjustedwithcontinuityfrom0to30A,anditsintensityisindicatedontheanalogicalammeterlocatedontheinstrumentpanel.Thusitispossibletoperformquantitativeexperimentstoo.Itissuppliedwithconnectingcables.Absolutelynodangerfortheuser.

Magneticspectrumapparatus Theyaremadeofanaluminiumwireresistanttocurrentsfrom

5-10A.Spreadingthestringyironfilingsontheplateoftheappa-ratus,itispossibletovisualizethefluxlinesofthemagneticfield.Dimensions: 30x15x12 cm.

5106 Rectilinear conductor 5107 Circularcoil 5108 Solenoid

5368 3magneticspectrumapparatuskit Itconsistsofarectilinearconductor,acircularconductorandasole-

noid. Dimensions: 180 x 120 mm.

5356 Apparatusforvisualizingthefieldofanelectromagnet

Itconsistsofaplasticmaterialplateandofanelectromagnet(composedofaninductorandametalnucleus)whichmustbeplacedundertheplate.Theitemissuppliedwithabottleofironfilingsandanallenscrewtoassembletheelectromagnet.Maximumvoltage:6V.

5026 400coilsreel,1A

5078 1600coilsreel,1A

5185 2Ohmresistance Whenevertheuseofcurrentofhighintensityisnecessary,we

suggest the use of the power-unit code 5127. If you don’t have it, it is possible to use an average low-voltage Dc source, for example acellorabattery,providedthatyouinsertaresistanceinserieswhichisabletolessenthecurrentintensity.Theresistancecode5185isrequiredforthispurpose

6154 Ironfilingsbottle25ml

8510 Inductor Features in 1 kHz alternating current: L=0,22 H, R= 56 Ohm between two extreme poles; L= 58 mH, R= 24 Ohm between an extremity and the intermediate

pole Featuresindirectcurrent: R= 0,6 Ohm between two extreme poles , R= 0,3 Ohm between an

extremityandtheintermediatepole.5110 LinearOerstedapparatus Theitemcanshowthemagneticeffectofelectriccurrentflowingin

alinearconductor.Withmagneticneedle.

5109 CircularOerstedapparatus Theitemcanshowthemagneticeffectoftheelectriccurrent

flowinginacircularconductor.Withmagneticneedle

5122 Oerstedapparatuswithtwoneedle Theitemcanshowthemagneticeffectoftheelectriccurrent

flowinginacircularconductorthroughtheuseof2magneticneed-les.


electromagnetism

5177

5274

5184

5252

5184

5186

5178

5178

5416 5416

5274 Horseshoe-shapedelectromagnet Withanchorandstand. Voltage: 6 - 12 V DC or AC. Height: 30 cm.

5186 Electricalalarmmodel Itcanshowthefunctioningprincipleofanelectricalalarm. Paneldimensions:20x22cm.Voltage:4-6Vcc.

5178 Extendablesolenoid Thisitemallowsthestudyofthemagneticfieldgeneratedbya

solenoid,becauseitispossibletovarythecoilnumberperlengthunit.Oncethemagneticneedlehasbeenpositionedtowardtheear-thlyfieldandthesolenoidhasbeenpositionedinaperpendiculardirection, the tangent of the needle’s deviation angle is propor-tionaltotheintensityofthemagneticfieldand,therefore,totheintensityoftheelectriccurrentandtothenumberofcoilperlengthunit.

Tobeusedwithgeneratorcode5127ortobefeededthrougha battery in series with resistance code 5185. Dimensions: 63x15x20hcm.

5252 Teslameter It has two Hall effect probes: one is axial, the other one is tangent.

Itmeasurestheintensityofthestaticmagneticfieldin5intervals:1,5mT,5mT,15mT,50mTand150mT.Ithasananalogicinstru-mentwithcentralzerotomeasurethemagneticpolaritytoo.

5184 Electromagneticactionskit Withthisapparatusitispossibletoexperimentoncurrents-magnets

andcurrents-currentsinteractions. Components: 1Frame 2Cables60cm 1 Rectangular reel 1 “U”conductor 1 Linear magnet 1 Magnetic needle 1 “U”shaped magnet

5177 ApparatusfortheverificationofAmpère’slaw

Itconsistsoftwometaltrackswhereacylindricalaluminiumbarcanrollwhilepositionedinordertobeimmersedinthefieldofapermanentmagnet.Allowingthecurrenttoflowinthealuminiumbarthroughtheuseofgeneratorcode5127orofabatteryinseriestotheresistancecode5185,thebarissolicitedbyaforcewhose direction is determined through the rule of “the left hand” , Trackslength:aprox50cm.

5416 Apparatusforthemagneticactionsamongcurrents Withthisapparatusitispossibletohighlightthatanactractiveforce

operatesbetweenconcordantelectriccurrents,whilearepulsiveforceoperatesbetweendiscordantelectriccurrents

NEW


electromagnetism

5179

5179

5336

5288

53085121

5179 Electromagneticscale Oneofthetwoarmsofthescaleendswitharectangularalluminum

coilwhosebasemeasures4cm,immersedinthefieldofapowerfullpermanentmagnet.Theotherarmhastwoslidingmasses,whichallowtheitemtoobtaintheequilibriumatrest.

Allowingthecurrenttoflowthroughtheuseofapparatuscode5127,orthroughtheuseofabatteryinserieswithresistancecode5185aforceFappearsbetweenthemagneticfieldBandtheelectriccurrentI,whosevalueisgivenbyAmperelaw:

F = B • l • i • sen a wherelisthelengthoftheconductoranda istheanglecreated

betweentheconductorandthemagneticfield.Soitispossibletoverifythattheintensityofthatforcereachesitsmaximumwhena=900° and it is void when a=00°.

Usingtheapparatuscode5127,thevalueIoftheelectriccurrentcanbereaddirectlyonthebuilt-inammeterand,therefore,itispossibleto deduce the permanent magnet’s induction value B.

Theexperimentcanberepeatedreplacingthepermanentmagnetwiththesolenoid,whosedatasheetsareincludedinthisitem.Inthiswayitispossibletoverifytheratiowhichgivesthevalueofthema-gneticfieldinsideasolenoid.

Scalesensibility:10mg. Dimensions: 45x17x22 cm. Components: 1Scale 1Permanentmagnet 1Solenoid 1 Weight box :200 g with gram’s fractions

5288 Apparatusfortheelectrodynamicactions Thisapparatusconsistsofasolenoidcontainingalinearconductor

positionedperpendicularlytothefluxlines.Beingpossibletobalancetheelectrodynamicinteractionforceitispossibletoperformquanti-tativeexperimentstoo.

Dimensions: 200x90x90 mm. Internaldiameter:38mm.

5336 Cotton’sscale Theinstrumenthasbeendesignedtodemonstrateandtomeasure

theinteractionbetweenamagneticfieldandanelectriccurrent.Analuminiumconductorisimmersedinapowerfullmagneticfield.Whenthecurrentflowsintotheconductor,thelatterissubjecttoaforcewhichcanbemeasured.

Powersupply:12V,5Amax.

5121 Apparatusfortheinteractionbetweenmagnetsandcurrents

Ifyouallowthecurrenttoflowinthereel,itispossibletohighlighttheforceworkingbetweenthemagnetandthereel.Withdeflector.

5308 Tangents’compass Classicinstrumentforthemeasurementoftheintensityofthema-

gneticfieldgeneratedbyasolenoid.Ifyouknowthecoilsnumber,youcandeducetheintensityofthecirculatingcurrent.Threereelswith2,50and500coils,anddiameter185mm.


electromagnetic induction5128

5119

5803

5207

52855120

5273

5393

5128 Faraday’sexperimentskit Withthiskititispossibletoperformthefundamentalexperiments

onelectromagneticinduction.Components:

5119 Doublereelforinducedcurrents Thisitemenablesyoutoperformthemostimportantexperiments

ofFaradayonelectromagneticinduction.Theclosureortheopeningoftheprimarysolenoid,itsmovementorthatofitsironnucleus,produceinducedcurrentsinthesecondarysolenoid;thesecurrentscanbehighlightedwiththegalvanometercode5047.

Primarynumberofcoils:200. Secondarynumberofcoils:500x2. Workvoltage:6-10V. Dimensions: Ø85x230h mm.

5273 Doublereelforinducedcurrents Thisitemislikethepreviousone,butsmaller. Primarynumberofcoils:200. Secondarynumberofcoils:500. Workvoltage:6-10V. Dimensions: 65x65 mm.

5120 Waltenhofen’spendulum Ifyouallowtwoaluminiumsectors,onewholeandtheothercutted,

tooscillatewiththeexcitedmagnet,youcanseethattheoscillationslowsdownmorequicklyinthefirstinstance,becauseofthepara-siticcurrents.

5285 ApparatusfortheverificationofLenz’slaw This simple apparatus allows the verification of Lenz law in a simple

way.Ifyouinsertalinearmagnetintothenon-interruptedring,theringisrejected,whileitisattractedduringtheextractionofthe magnet; this fact proves that the induced currents’ direction is alwaysoppositetotheoneofwhathasgeneratedthem.Thesamething doesn’t happen with the interrupted ring.

5207 Ruhmkorff’sreel For80mmlongsparks;powersupply:6-12Vcc.Itissuppliedwith

automaticswitch.

5803 Alternator-enginemodel Thisitemcanprovethepossibletransformationsofenergy:from

electricenergyintomechanicalone;frommechanicalintoelectricandfromelectricintoluminousenergy.Workvoltage:4-9Vcc.Dimensions: 230 x 150 mm.

5393Coupleofhand-functioningdynamos Theyarecontainedintoatransparentcase,inordertoletyousee

howelectromagneticinductioncanbeexploitedtoproduceelectricenergy. Moreover it is possible to verify dynamo’s principle of reversibility.

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1Battery

1Switch 1 Galvanometer

1 Linear magnet

1 Double reel 2Cables60cm 3Cables30cm

2Alligatorclips


electromagnetic induction

5114

5327

57135419

1342

CONTENTS1.Theelectromagneticinduction2. Verification of Neumann’s law3. Verification of Lenz’s law4.Transformationofthealternatingvoltages

5.Transformationofthealternatingcurrents6.Theauto-transformer7. Thomson’s ring8.Theinductionhoven

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Tripodbase 1 “U”shaped nucleus made of laminated

iron 1 Closurejoke 1 Supportrod

1 Reel with 1600 coils 1 Reel with 400 coils 1 Reel 50 coils 1 Aluminiumring 1 Meltingpotwithhandle 1 Experiment guide

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Metalrod 1 Tableclamp 2 Clamps 1 Rod with hook 1 Dynamometer 1 Aluminiumtube50cm

1 Tube’s guide 1 Coupleofneodymiummagnetswith

stand 1 Rope 4 Weights10g

5419 Alternator-enginemodel Turnthecrankandthemagnetspinsinsidethereel,producinginit

an electric current which lights up the LEDs. Dimensions: 205x125x25mm.

5713Apparatusfortheverificationoftheelectromagneticinduction’slaws

If you keep the magnet at a stand, the LEDs remain turned off. Whenthemagnetisbroughtnearormovedaway, the LEDs turn on, showingthatthereelishousinganinducedcurrent.Leaving the magnet in the reel, you can see the magnet oscillates because of the interaction between the magnet’s magnetic field and the induced current’s magnetic field, following Lenz law. Dimensions: 120x95x105mm.

5114 Assemblabletransformer Itconsistsofanucleusmadeoflaminatedferromagneticmaterial

which can be disassembled in two parts (one is “U” shaped, the other linear)inordertosubstitutethereels.Max.appliedvoltage:6Vca.

1342Apparatusfortheverificationoftheelectromagneticinduction’slawandoftheprincipleofaction-reaction

Insidethealuminiumtube,amagnetfallswithuniformmotionandthe motion’s speed depends on the magnet’s weight.Theexplanationisthefollowing:duringthefallofthemagnet,thealuminumtubeislinkedtogetherwithavariablemagneticfluxandthereforeithousesinduced currents whose directions, according to Lenz’s law, are opposite to what has generated them, i.e. the magnet’s motion, in this case. The consequenceisthatthelatter,inthebeginningphase,fallswithuniformlyaccelerated motion because it’s moved by a vertical force whose intensity isequaltothedifferencebetweenitsweightPandtheelectromagneticforceF.Thisforce,isproportionalandopposedtothespeedoffall,i.e.itisaviscousforce:F=-kv.Themomentthemagnetreachesthespedv0sothatP-kv0=0,itsmotionbecomesuniformwithspeedv0.Thankstotheprincipleofactionandreaction,themagnetreactsonthetubewithanequalandoppositeforceand,therefore,duringthefallwithuniformmotionofthemagnet,thedynamometermeasuresaforcewithanintensityequaltothesumoftheweightsofthetubeandofthemagnet.

5327 Uniformmotiontrolley Alongtheinclinedplanemadeofplasticlaminate,themotionofthe

trolleyisuniformlyaccelerated;alongthealuminiuminclinedplane,themotionisuniformbecauseoftheelectromagneticbrakepreviou-slydescribed.

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT1Aluminiumplank600x80mm1Plasticlaminateplank600x80mm1Woodenblock100x50x25mm

1 Low-friction trolley supplied with two powerfullneodymiummagnets

4Weights20g


electromagnetic waves5263

5263

MEASUREMENT OF ThE REFRACTIVE INDEX

lAw OF REFlECTION

53675354

5263 Complexforthestudyofelectromagneticwaves

10possibleexperiments Many of the experiments dealing with electromagnetic waves’

diffractionandinterference,aredifficulttoperformatthevisiblelightwavelength.Iftheseexperimentsareperformedinthemi-crowaves’portion of spectrum,the range of the performable experi-mentsbecomeswideenoughforaneasycomprehensionfromthestudents.Thesemiconductorssourcesofmicrowavesareconvenientandeasytouse,andthiscomplexallowsthestudyoftheeffectsofdiffraction,interferenceandpolarizationatawavelengthof3cm.Withthisitemitispossibletoperformmanyofthetraditionalop-ticalphysicsexperiments,appreciatingtheanalogywiththetheoryoflightwaves.

Contents 1. Refraction 2. Reflection 3. Diffraction 4.Interference 5.Stationarywaves 6.Polarizzation 7.Absorptionandtherefractiveindex

5354 Electromagneticfieldmeter Withthisinstrument,thefieldgeneratedbyhighormediumvol-

tagelines,bytransformers,byindustrialdevicesorbyhouseholdappliances, can be measured in Gauss or Tesla measure units.

Range: 200 milligauss or 20 microtesla Sensibility:0,1milligaussor0,01microtesla Bandbroadness: from30to300hz Precision:± 4%atnetfrequency Powersupply:9Vbattery Dimensions: 131x70x25 mm

5367 Plasmasphere Glass sphere Ø 20 cm, containing a rarefacted gases mixture.

Thecentralelectrodehasanalternatingvoltageof10.000volt;forthisreasonitcreateselectricdischargeswhichspreadtowardtheoutside.Ifyoumoveyourfingerclosetothesurface,thedischargesconcentrateinproximityofyourfingerbecauseoftheconductivityofthehumanbody.Sothespherecanbeusedtodistiguishconduc-tingobjectsfrominsulatingobjects

Itcanbeusedtoprovetheexistenceandthenatureofelectromagneticwaves,too.Infact,aneontubemovedclosetothesphere,lightsupbecauseoftheenergycarriedbytheelectroma-gneticwaves.Ifyouinterposeapapersheet,thephenomenongoeson,becausethewavescanpassthroughit.Butifyouinterposeasheetofconductingmetal,suchasaluminium,thewavesarescree-nedandthephenomenonstops.

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 Transmitter 1 Receiver 1 Supportingbenchwith4measuringrods 1 Standwithprotractor 1 Polarizingscreen 1 Grating

1 Diaphragn with one single slit 2 Reflector for Michelson’s interferometer 1 Prism 1 Didactic Guide

TRANSmiTTER’SFEATURES

Frequency: 10,5 GHzOutput:8mWWidthmodulation:1Vac,from 30 Hz to 30 kHzBananaplugformodulation

RECEiVER’SFEATURES Frequency: 10,5 GHzAnalogicinstrumentformeasuringtheoutput

signalBananaplugformodulation


atomic physics

5222

5304

5223

5224

NOTICEAll tubes described on this page can be powered by Ruhmkorff’s reel (code 5207)

orby5kVdcgenerator(code5324).

POSSIBLEEXPERIMENTS

1. Nature of the cathode rays2. Electric and magnetic deflection 3. Evaluation of the ratio e/m with a percentual mistake less than 5%

5717

NEW

5304 wITh POwER-UNITS

5304 Apparatusforthemeasurementofthee/mratio. The main part cosists of a hot cathode Thomson’s tube, whose

filamentmustbefeededwithavoltageof6,3Vacandwhoseanodemustbefeededwithavoltageof1500-5000Vdc.Thebeamofelectronsproducedisdeflectedbyanelectricfieldproducedbyageneratorofmediumvoltageandbyanmagneticfieldcreatedbytwo Helmholtz reels.The measure of the electron specific charge can bedeterminedwithapercentmistakeof5%.

Forthepowersupplyoftheapparatus,itisnecessarytopurchasethefollowing(orsimilar)generators:

5292 Mediumvoltagepower-unit0-250Vdcwithoutput0-30Vdc(seepage16).

5324 High voltage generator 0 - 5KV Vdc with output 6,3 Vac (seepage16).

5222 Cathoderaytubeforthemagneticdeflection Inthistubeawhitefluorescentscreen,opportunelyinclined,allows

youtovisualizethedeflectionofabeamofelectronsproducedbyamagnet. We suggest the use of the “U” shaped magnet code 5173

5223 Cathoderaytubewithwhirl Thistubeenablesyoutoshowthemechanicaleffectsofthecathode

rays.Infactasmallfluorescentwhirlwhichcanrotatewithlittlefrictionstartsspinningthemomentthecathoderaybeamhitsit

5224 Maltacrosstube Withthistubeitispossibletoprovethatthecathoderaysspreadin

astrightline.AMaltacross-likemetalscreencanbeplacedsotointerceptthecathoderaybeam,producingashadowzoneonthescreenwhichsatisfiesthelawsofrectilinearpropagation.

5717 Alpha-particlesscatteringmodel Simplemodelfordimonstratingthediffusionofthealphaparticles

according to the experiment performed by Rutherford.Itconsistofalaunchingrampandanaluminumshapedoutline.Suppliedwithdidacticguide.


5409

5410

5410

atomic physics

5196

NEW

5715

5409 ApparatusforthemeasurementofPlanck’sconstant Theitemhas5narrow-bandfilters.

Digital instruments.Powerunit:230Vac.Dimensions: 500x150x240 mm.

Withthisapparatus,thedeterminationofthefundamentalconstantof quantum physics, h, is obtained using Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectriceffect.Whenanelectromagneticradiationincisesoncertainmetal surfaces, such as the photoelectric cell’s cathode of the apparatus, some electrons are emitted. They are endowed with a kinetic energy K and, therefore, they are able to reach the cell’s anode and to produce a fleeble current. According to Einstein equation, the value of this kinetic energyis:

K = h f - Le where h is Planck’s constant, f is the frequency of the incident light and

Leistheextractionworkthat,asthenameindicates,representstheminimalenergyappliedtotheelectroninordertoextractitfromthemetal. Now if we apply a voltage with opportune sign to the cell, the voltagecreatesanelectricfieldthatslowsdowntheelectrons.Whenthecurrentrunningintothecircuitisclosetozero,itmeansthattheelectronsthatreachtheanodeareonlythosewithmaximumkineticenergy,barelyenoughtopassthepotentialbarrier,

K = e Vai Inthiscondition,thevoltageappliedatthecellstopsalmostallelectrons,

andthisiswhyitiscalledinterdictingpotentialVai.Inotherwords,thekineticenergyobtainedfromtheelectronsthroughthephotoelectriceffect,isperfectlybalancedbytheenergyoftheappliedelectricfield.Inthislimitcase,theequivalencebetweenthetwopreviousexpressionsisvalid:

h f - Le=eVai Therefore

Thusitisenoughtohavesomevoltagevaluesincorrespondenceofdiffe-rentopticfilters(fivefiltersinthisapparatus)toobtainthestraightlinepicturedbeside,whoseinclinationrepresentsh/e.

Withdidacticguide.

5410 KitforthemeasurementofPlanck’sconstant The measurement of Planck’s constant can be obtained also

exploiting the quantum properties of the LED diodes. If a LED diodeisdirectlypolarized,itstartsemittinglightthemomentthepotentialenergyeVs,producedbytheelectrons,isenoughtomakethempassfromtheconductionbandtothevalenceband(Energy gap). As consequence of this energy gap , every electron emitsonephotonofenergy

hf=eVs

If you know the potential Vs in correspondence of which the LED startsemittingaweaklight,itispossibletogobacktothevalueof h .3 LED are supplied, red green and blue, in order to verify thatthehighertheenergygapis,themoreintensetheemittedlightfrequencybecomes.

5715 Apparatusforthestudyofthephotonenergy The item has 7 Leds with different wavelength, from 430 to 950

mm.Theoutputscanmeasurethethresholdvoltage,thusobtai-ningthefeatureV/Iforeachled.FromtheresultsitispossibletodeducethevalueofPlanckconstanth.Withdidacticguide.

NEW

h= eVai+Lef


atomic physics5392

5392 - PERFORMANCE OF ThE EXPERIMENT

5392 Kitforthemeasurementofthewavelengthofa LEDlight.

The light emitted by a LED, is not monochromatic; it covers a small frequencyband.If you want to measure Planck’s constant with a LED , it is neces-sary to know this band’s medium frequency, which is easy to mea-surewiththiskitthatexploitsthediffractiongrating.

WARNING In the order, please specify the colour of LED required.

5716 Atommodel Thismodelhelpsstudentstounderstandtheatom,sinceitallowsthem

tobuilddifferentatoms,usingcolouredmarblesrepresentingprotons,neutronsandelectrons.Thehollowsonthetableareplacedsotocorrespondtotheenergeticlayersoftheorbitss,p,d. So,itispossibletounderstandthechemicalbonds,theisotopes,theemissionspectrumsandotheratom-relatedconcepts.

Dimensions: 475x475 mm. Didactic guide included.

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT

1 Linear ruler 1 LED projector with power unit 1 Lens +10 with lens holder 1 Filterholder 1 Diffraction grating 500l/mm 1 Tripodbase 3 Bases 1 Whitescreen 1 Case 1 Didactic guide

5716

CARBON ATOM

NEW

104 SECTION 3 - PHYSICS104

atomic physics

104

5413

NEW

Since when, in 1948, the american physics H. Brattain, J.Bardeen and W. Shockleyhavediscoveredthetransistoreffect,theelectronictechnologyhasundergoneanamazingevolution.

Everyday the technological world is more dominated by the semicon-ductorsandtheenergeticfutureofmankindistightlylinkedtothem.Butthefunctioningofthosedeviceswhichexploitthesemiconductors,isbasedontheprinciplesofquantumphysics,whosefundamentalnotionsarenormallyincludedintheeducationalcurriculumofhighschools.

Thiscomplexhasbeendesignedtomakeeasierforstudentstocom-prehendconceptswhicharenotthatintuitive.

Itconsistsofaseriesofexplainingchartstobeappliedonamagneticblackboardandofmagnetictokensrepresentingions,electronsandgaps.

Theinteractivefeatureofthecomplex,allowstheteachertosimulatesomeprocessesofinteractionbetweenphotonsandthematter,showingthepassagesfromasituationtothefollowingone.

Contents 1. Atom’s energetic levels 2.Thecrystallatticeinmetals 3.Theenergybands 4.Insulators,conductorsandsemiconductors 5.ThethermistorPTC 6. The thermistor NTC 7. Doping of a semiconductor 8.Thep-njunction 9.Thephotoresitor 10.Thejuctiondiode 11. The LED 12. Measurement of Planck’s constant 13. LED reversibility 14.Thephotovoltaiccell

5413 - P-N jUNCTION

5413 - P - DOPED SIlICA

5413 - N-DOPED SIlICA

SUPPLIEDEQUIPMENT 1 PTCthermistoronbase 1 NTC thermistor on base 1 Photoresistoronbase 1 Silicadiodeonbase 1 Red LED on base 1 Green LED on base 2 Digital multimeters 1 Red Filter

1 Green Filter 1 BlueFilter 1 Photovoltaicpanel 1 Resistor holder base 2 Resistors 1 Casefortheequipment 1 Caseforthecharts Didactic charts

NOTICEItisnecessarytousealow-voltageregulatedpower

supplyinordertoperformtheexperiments.Wesuggesttheinstrumentcode5360.

5413 Complexforthestudyofsolidstate’sphysics

Documents

geometrical optics - norm.gr · - Refraction through an optic prism - Total reflection - Prisms and the total refraction - Converging lenses - Diverging lenses 4129 Optical ray projector