George Melies. La Magia Del Cine. Caiza Forum

7/28/2019 George Melies. La Magia Del Cine. Caiza Forum

1/21

Mjssiarma praks`

H`ix`Gjrul O`rhacjk`

Mac 1 ma `oric `c ?= ma dukij ma ?>08


2/21

?

Mjssiarma praks`

C` Jor` Xjhi`c c` Hìx` prjpjka uk vi`da `c g`shik`kta lukmj ma ukj ma cjshra`mjras ls ilpjrt`ktas ma c` bistjri` mac hika ` tr`vs ma jodatjs jrifik`cas yprjyahhijkas

FAJ_FAX LCIXC@ L@FI@ MAC HIKA

C`s pachuc`s tiakak ac pjmar ma h`ptur`r cjs suajs+ Fajrfas Lcis"0270,0982) iktrjmudj c` l`fi` y c` gihhik ak ac hika hu`kmj asta `k mò`sus prilarjs p`sjs y ar` prhtih`lakta sjcj mjhulakt`c+ C` hjktriouhikmac hika`st` gr`khs `c sptilj `rta as gukm`lakt`c+ Gua mioud`kta# l`fj#mirahtjr ma ta`trj# `htjr# mahjr`mjr y thkihj# `s hjlj prjmuhtjr# ra`ciz`mjry mistriouimjr ma ls ma 1>> pachuc`s aktra 0297 y 090?+ _aik ak ac lukmjmac fkarj g`ktstihj y mac truh`da hikal`tjfrgihj mur`kta h`si vaikta `js`ktas ma hàr ak ac jcvimj y c` ruik` ahjklih`# qua ca ccav`rjk ` mastruir cjskaf`tivjs ma tjm`s sus pachuc`s+ C` Jor` Xjhi`c c` Hìx` prasakt`Fajrfas Lcis+ C` l`fi` mac hika# c` prilar` fr`k luastr` ak kuastrj p`s

mamih`m` `c prilar icusijkist` mac hika+ C` axpjsihik prjgukmiz` ak c`sr`has huctur`cas# asttih`s y thkih`s ma Lcis ` p`rtir ma ls ma =>>jodatjs4 pachuc`s# gjtjfr`g`s# mioudjs# pstaras# `p`r`tjs jrifik`cas ma c`pjh`# vastu`rij# l`quat`s y mjhulakt`hik+ Xa prjyaht`k ?0 giclas# hjkaspahi`c `takhik pjr Ca vjy`fa m`ks c` Cuka "09>?)+ C` luastr` sa b`ccav`mj ` hòj hjk c` hjcòjr`hik ma C` Hikl`tbqua Gr`kìsa# quahuakt` hjk c` hjcahhik ls ilpjrt`kta ` ash`c` lukmi`c ma jodatjs maLcis+ C` axpjsihik sa hjlpcat` hjk uk` `lpci` y rakjv`m` prjfr`l`hikma `htivim`mas hjlpcalakt`ri`s# aktra c`s qua mast`h`k prjyahhijkas ma

giclas hjk lsih` ak mirahtj y uk` `htivim`m p`rtihip`tiv` p`r` qua cjsvisit`ktas hraak sus prjpi`s pachuc`s ikspirkmjsa ak cjs truh`das ma astalàstrj mac sptilj `rta+

Fajrfas Lcis+ C` l`fi` mac hika+ Gahb`s4 mac 1 ma òric `c ?= ma dukij ma ?>08+Cuf`r4 Hìx`Gjrul O`rhacjk` "`vm`+ ma Gr`khash Garrar i Furmi`# 7,2)+ Jrf`kiz`hiky prjmuhhik4 axpjsihik jrf`kiz`m` pjr c` Jor` Xjhi`c c` Hìx` ak hjcòjr`hik hjkC` Hikl`tbqua Gr`kìsa+ Hjlis`ri`mj4 Cùrakt L`kkjki# mirahtjr hiaktgihj ma^`triljkij y mac Hjksarv`tjrij ma ]hkih`s ma C` Hikl`tbqua Gr`kìsa+


3/21

8

Wars cas tjicasUB`hi` c`s astracc`s\# 09>7 C` Hikl`tbqua gr`kìsa+ Gjtj4 Xtpb`ka

Mòrjwsei

O`rhacjk`# = ma òric ma ?>08+ C` mirahtjr` fakar`c `mdukt` ma c` Gukm`hikc` Hìx`# Acis` Murk# y ac mirahtjr hiaktgihj ma ^`triljkij y mac Hjksarv`tjrijma ]hkih`s ma C` Hikl`tbqua Gr`kìsa# Cùrakt L`kkjki# ikùfur`k ast`t`rma c` axpjsihik Fajrfas Lcis+ C` l`fi` mac hika# uk bjlak`da ` quiak b`simj hjksimar`mj hjlj ac prilar icusijkist` mac hika+

Maktrj ma su prjfr`l`hik huctur`c# c` Jor` Xjhi`c c` Hìx` prast` uk``takhik pragarakta ` c`s l`kigast`hijkas `rtstih`s gukm`lakt`cas ak c`gjrl`hik ma c` saksioicim`m hjktalpjrka`+ Ak ast` cka` sa akl`rh`k c`saxpjsihijkas mamih`m`s `c hika# qua# duktj hjk c` gjtjfr`g`# hjkstituya c` gjrl``rtstih` ls h`r`htarstih` mac sifcj RR+ @s# c` aktim`m b` mamih`mj luastr`sratrjspahtiv`s ` fr`kmas kjloras mac lukmj mac hika# hjlj Hb`rcas Hb`pcik yGamarihj Gacciki# y b` ra`ciz`mj prjyahtjs hjlj Ac agahtj mac hika+ Icusik#

ra`cim`m a il`fak ak ljviliaktj# qua rac`hijkò` c` jor` ma cjs pijkarjs machika hjk `rtist`s hjktalpjrkajs ` p`rtir# prahis`lakta# mac adalpcj ma Lcis+

Y as qua c` jor` ma Fajrfas Lcis"0270,0982) `k as vifakta bjy m`# akaspahi`c ak c`s prjmuhhijkas ma cjsfr`kmas hra`mjras ma Bjccywjjm#pjrqua# hjlj `girlò` c lislj ak0988# quik puama vivir sik garia# sik

uk pjhj ma g`kt`s`:+ C` pachuc` Cìkvakhik ma Bufj "?>00)# hjk c` quaL`rtik Xhjrsasa ca rakm` uk larahimjbjlak`da# b` vuactj ` situ`r ak prilarpc`kj c` vim` y c` jor` ma Lcis+

Bidj ma uk alpras`rij mac h`cz`mj# Fajrfas Lcis "0270,0982) gua mioud`kta#l`fj# hjkstruhtjr ma `rtag`htjs# mirahtjr ma ta`trj# `htjr# mahjr`mjr y thkihj#`s hjlj prjmuhtjr# ra`ciz`mjr y mistriouimjr ma ls ma 1>> pachuc`s aktra

0297 y 090?+ _aik ak ac lukmj mac fkarj g`ktstihj y mac truh`dahikal`tjfrgihj mur`kta h`si vaikta `js# rasuct`kmj gukm`lakt`c suhjktriouhik `c sptilj `rta4 iktrjmudj ac suaj# c` l`fi` y c` gihhik ak ac hikahu`kmj asta mò` sus prilarjs p`sjs y ar` sjcj mjhulakt`c+

Grakta `c hika ma h`rhtar mjhulakt`c ma cjs barl`kjs Culira# ac `htjgukm`hijk`c ma Lcis hjksisti ak hjloik`r ac ukivarsj ma Da`k,Aufka_joart,Bjumik# ac p`mra ma c` l`fi` ljmark`# hjk c` hikal`tjfr`g` ma L`ray#`s hjlj ak uk mahimimj ilpucsj `c hika hjlj aspahthucj+


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=

Ca vjy`fa m`ks c` CukaUWi`da ` c` Cuk`\# 09>?+7+ hu`mrj4 c` h`rf` mac h`k

C` Hikl`tbqua gr`kìsa+ Gjtj4 Xtpb`kaMòrjwsei

Hjlj fakij ma cjs agahtjs aspahi`cas# Lcis `pcih ak ac hika truhjs ma l`fi`y c` thkih` ma c` ciktark` lfih`4 pirjtahki`# agahtjs ptihjs# maspcafòcasbjrizjkt`cas y vartih`cas# p`r`m`s ma hl`r`# gukmimjs akh`mak`mjs#sjorailprasijkas# agahtjs ma ljkt`da y ma hjcjr As hjlj si asta virtujsj mac` thkih` cj buoiar` ikvakt`mj y us`mj tjmj+

Lcis vivi ukjs `js mjr`mjs# ma axtr`jrmik`ri` pjpuc`rim`m# qua huclik`rjkhjk ac astrakj# ak 09>?# ma Ca vjy`fa m`ks c` Cuka"Wi`da ` c` Cuk`)# gicla quaviarjk liccjkas ma aspaht`mjras+ Masfr`hi`m`lakta# c` axp`ksik ma c`

ikmustri` hikal`tjfrgih` y c` `p`rihikma fr`kmas alpras`s hjlj ^`tb yFùljkt ccav`rjk ` Lcis ` c` ruik` y acjcvimj+ Ak 09?8# tjt`clakta `rruik`mj#

mastruy cjs kaf`tivjs ma tjm`s suspachuc`s+ @hò vakmiakmj dufuatas akc` p`risik` ast`hik ma Ljktp`rk`ssa yls `mac`kta sa ragufi ak uk `sicj maJrcy+ Ac parijmist` Cjk Mrubjt carahjkjhi ak c` ast`hik# y ` p`rtir ma`quac ljlaktj su jor` alpaz ` sarv`cjr`m` y rahupar`m` ma kuavj+

Ls ma =>> piaz`s p`r` ravivir c` l`fi` mac hika ma Lcis

Ma mkma prjviaka Lcis: Hlj gjrd su axtr`jrmik`rij ukivarsj: Hucasguarjk sus guaktas ma ikspir`hik: Ast` luastr` m` raspuast` ` tjm`s ast`shuastijkas y maluastr` qua c` fkasis mac lukmj laciasi`kj sa akhuaktr` akcjs prjpijs jrfakas mac hika4 sjlor`s `kil`m`s# ciktark` lfih`#g`kt`sl`fjr`# hrjkjgjtjfr`g`# l`fi` y g`kt`s`+

C` axpjsihik parlita prjgukmiz`r ak c`s r`has huctur`cas# asttih`s y thkih`s

ma Lcis+ C` luastr` ast mivimim` ak tras fr`kmas loitjs+ Ac prilarj maaccjs vikhuc` su gjrl` ma aktakmar ac hika hjk sus `ktahamaktas bistrihjs"ta`trj ma sjlor`s# g`kt`sl`fjr`s y ciktark` lfih`)# iktrjmuhikmjkjs ak suukivarsj hra`tivj+

Lcis aktakm` ac hika hjlj uk` jor` tjt`c# pjr cj qua ac safukmj loitj ma c`luastr` kjs axpcih` hlj hjkviarta ac hika ak uk lamij ma axprasik parsjk`c4misaò` cjs mahjr`mjs y ac vastu`rij# y ashrio` cjs fuijkas ma sus giclas# akcjs qua t`loik b`h` ma `htjr# hl`r`# ljkt`mjr# prjmuhtjr# mistriouimjr yalpras`rij+ Qkj ma cjs prikhip`cas `tr`htivjs ma c` axpjsihik as pjmar hjkjharhlj sa fast`rjk `cfuk`s ma sus pachuc`s ls hjkjhim`s# hjktalpc`r tjmj ac


5/21

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D`las attiojka# ciktark` ma prjyahhik hjkp`s`vist`s ma `culikij gukmimj y clp`r` ma `rhj

achtrihj# Hikhikk`ti# Jbij# h+ 0222 C` Hikl`tbqua gr`kìsa+ Gjtj4 Xtpb`ka

Mòrjwsei

l`tari`c ma trò`dj hjksarv`mj hjlj ac vastu`rij jrifik`c ma Ca vjy`fa ` c`Cuka "Wi`da ` c` Cuk`) y ravivir c` saks`hik ma c`s prilar`s prjyahhijkaslami`kta `p`r`tjs ma c` pjh` y jodatjs kihjs# aktra accjs c` prilar` hl`r`ma Lcis+

C` axpjsihik jgraha uk ctilj loitj qua ikhima ak hlj Lcis as jcvim`mjpjr c` ikmustri` y hlj rasuhit` `js ls t`rma+ @s# mast`h` su p`pacpriljrmi`c ak c` avjcuhik ma c` bistjri` mac hika# uk v`cjr qua ccaf` b`st`kuastrjs m`s fr`hi`s `c gicla ma Xhjrsasa Bufj# qua hiarr` c` axpjsihik+

Fajrfas Lcis+ C` l`fi` mac hikab` simj pjsioca fr`hi`s ` c` hjcòjr`hik maC` Hikl`tbqua Gr`kìsa+ Gukm`m` ak 0987# huakt` hjk c` hjcahhik lsilpjrt`kta ` ash`c` lukmi`c ma mioudjs# pachuc`s# `p`r`tjs# vastu`rij y jodatjs

ma Fajrfas Lcis# `s hjlj hjk uk axtaksj y v`cijsj gjkmj ma ilfakas yjodatjs rac`hijk`mjs hjk cjs ikihijs mac hika+

Ak tjt`c# c` luastr` prasakt` =02 piaz`s#aktra acc`s ?0 giclas jrifik`cas machika`st` gr`khs# `cfukjs ma cjs hu`casb`k simj rastùr`mjs y mifit`ciz`mjsaxpras`lakta p`r` su axbioihik+ Càxpjsihik sa hjlpcat` hjk 76

gjtjfr`g`s "aktra jrifik`cas y hjpi`sljmark`s)# `s hjlj mioudjs# frò`mjsy pstaras+ ]`loik pjmr hjktalpc`rsauk` sacahhik ma `p`r`tjs jrifik`cas"ciktark`s lfih`s# pr`xikjshjpijs achikal`tfr`gj ma cjs Culira y uk`hl`r` hrjkjgjtjfrgih`)# y t`loikhjpi`s l`kipucòcas qua parlitirk ` cjsvisit`ktas mashuorir cjs agahtjs qua hra`k mihbjs ikfakijs+ ^jr ctilj# hòa

mast`h`r mistikt`s piaz`s aktra vastu`rij jrifik`c ma c` pjh`# l`quat`s#mjhulakt`hik y hjrraspjkmakhi`+

Fajrfas Lcis+ C` l`fi` mac hikasa hjlpcat` hjk c` puocih`hik mac h`tcjfjma c` luastr`# uk` ljkjfr`g` ak prjgukmim`m qua parlita ccak`r ac v`hjaxistakta ak c` oiocijfr`g` sjora Fajrfas Lcis ak kuastrj p`s+

Hjlj viaka siakmj bòitu`c# c` Jor` Xjhi`c c` Hìx` b` prap`r`mj ukhjlpcatj y v`ri`mj prjfr`l` ma `htivim`mas rac`hijk`m`s hjk Fajrfas Lcis+C` l`fi` mac hika+ @mals ma c` tr`mihijk`c hjkgarakhi` ikùfur`c# ` h`rfj machjlis`rij Cùrakt L`kkjki# y ma uk hihcj ma hjkgarakhi`s sjora c` gifur` mac


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hra`mjr# sa b`k prjfr`l`mj mjs sasijkas ma prjyahhijkas ma pachuc`s maLcis `hjlp``m`s ma lsih` ak mirahtj4 pjr uk c`mj# c` lsih` acahtrkih`ma Cjfih`c Misjrmar y ma @myj# y pjr jtrj# c` lsih` hjktalpjrka` ma L`lutHikal`+ C` prjfr`l`hik sa hjlpcat` hjk uk hihcj ma hika# uk kuavjaspahthucj ma prjmuhhik prjpi` p`r` ac pocihj g`lici`r# `htivim`mas p`r`parsjk`s l`yjras y c` jgart` usu`c ma visit`s hjlakt`m`s y mik`liz`m`s+

Hjk ac jodativj ma gjlakt`r c` p`rtihip`hik `htiv` mac pocihj# t`loik sa b`hra`mj ac hjkhursj ^`rtihip` Lcis# uk` `htivim`m òiart` ` tjm`s `quacc`sparsjk`s qua huaktak hjk mispjsitivjs ma frò`hik# p`r` qua hraak susprjpijs vmajs o`s`mjs ak `cfukjs ma cjs truh`das tpihjs ma c` hikal`tjfr`g`ma Lcis+

LOI]JX MA C@ AR^JXIHIK

0+ C@X _@HAX MAC HIKA MA FAJ_FAX LCIX4 AC @_]A MAC AKF@J

Xjlor`s hbikash`s# ciktark` lfih`# g`kt`sl`fjr`# icusijkas ptih`s# mishjs

astrjojshpihjs# gjtjfr`g` `kil`m`4 c` ashritur` mac ljviliaktj# k`him` ak c`sh`vark`s prabistrih`s# sa hjkviarta ak tal` haktr`c ` p`rtir mac sifcj RWII+ Cìhjkjfr`g` lvic mac `rta mac akf`j# rapcat` ma miòcjs y ljkstrujs ikquiatjs# ma

vist`s miurk`s y kjhturk`s# prjmudj uk` axtr`` hjsljfjk` qua ilprafkprjgukm`lakta c` jor` mac l`fj Lcis+

Ak hu`ktj `c hikal`tfr gj ak ra`cim`m uk` gusik ma prjhamiliaktjs ikvakt`mjs pjrjtrjs "tiakka Ducas L`ray# ]bjl`s Amisjk# lica _aykùm)# Lcis sa `prjpi mac `c ikst`kta p`r` hra`r uk` kuav` g`kt`sl`fjr`# ls miklih`# fr`hi`s ` c`

ikvakhik mac truh`da# cj qua bjy makjlik`ljs agahtjs aspahi`cas+ Gua `s hjljLcis hra `c lislj tialpj ac aspahthucj hikal`tjfrgihj# c` pachuc` ma agahtjsaspahi`cas y ac hika ma gihhik+

C`s sjlor`s hbikash`sFajrfas Lcis ar` fr`k `l`kta ma c`s sjlor`s `kil`m`s y grahuakt v`rijs

hò`rs p`risikjs qua jgrah`k asta tipj ma aspahthucj ` gik`cas mac sifcj RIR+ Cìma` ma hra`r sjlor`s `kil`m`s hjk c`s l`kjs# j ma rahjrt`r y `rtihuc`r gifur`sp`r` maspus situ`rc`s aktra uk` guakta culikjs` y uk` tac` oc`kh` y `s pjmar

josarv`r c` prjyahhik ma sus sicuat`s# hjkstituya uk` ma c`s prilar`s hjkaxijkasmiraht`s aktra ljviliaktj# cuz y puast` ak ashak` ta`tr`c+ Ak Gr`khi`# ac ta`trj masjlor`s hbikash`s ma Mjlikiqua Xr`pbik bò` `tr`mj ` licas ma aspaht`mjras

masma 062=+ Ac ljlaktj huclik`kta ma asta `rta sa `ch`kz ak 0227 hjk cjs


7/21

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C`piarra "L`kug`htura mjptiqua)# ciktark`lfih` ak gjrl` ma tjrra Aiggac# ^`rs#

0229 C` Hikl`tbqua gr`kìsa+ Gjtj4Xtpb`ka Mòrjwsei

aspahthucjs ma H`r`k m@hba y ma Bakri _ivira ak ac hò`r Ca Hb`t Kjir# mjkmasa raspirò` uk` `tlsgar` `c lislj tialpj pjtih` y astr`g`c`ri` qua ikgcuy magjrl` kjtòca ak Lcis+

C` parspahtivÀc mashuoriliaktj ma c` parspahtiv` sa sit` ak ac _ak`hiliaktj# ùkqua gua ak ac

sifcj RWIII hu`kmj `p`rahiarjk cjs ikstrulaktjs qua parlit`k `prahi`r sus agahtjs4h`d`s ma ptih`# hl`r`s jshur`s# ath+ C` saks`hik mac p`sj mac tialpj#tpih`lakta hikal`tjfrgih`# ar` tr`kslitim` lami`kta vist`s ptih`s miurk`s y

kjhturk`s5 c` ra`cim`m sa magjrlò` hjk `k`ljrgjsis qua mao`k sar iktarprat`m`s` tr`vs ma aspadjs# y ak c` safukm` lit`m mac sifcj RWIII L`rtik Akfacorahbt jgrah`cjs prilarjs agahtjs ma raciava hjk sus l`r`viccjsjs ta`trjs ma parspahtiv`+Fajrfas Lcis akhu`mr sus pachuc`s hjlj Akfacorahbt# hjk mahjr`mjs

suhasivjs y ak jh`sijkas lvicas+

C` ciktark` lfihÀsta ikstrulaktj ptihj# qua ac `strkjljbjc`kms Hbristi``k Buyfaks mij ` hjkjhar `

lami`mjs mac sifcj RWII# parlit` prjyaht`r ak uk`p`kt`cc`# ak uk` s`c` ` jshur`s# ilfakas gid`s j`kil`m`s+ Ar`k ilfakas pikt`m`s sjora hrist`c

qua pjm`k sar `kil`m`s lami`kta ikfakijsjs

lah`kisljs+ C` ciktark` lfih` fjz ma fr`kpjpuc`rim`m b`st` c` `p`rihik mac hika+ Mivimim`

aktra mjs takmakhi`s hjlj ls `mac`ktat`loik ac hika "pjr uk` p`rta# rahraò` c` vim`# ypjr jtr`# prjyahtò` c`s vist`s ls ikscit`s)#

fakar uk` ihjkjfr`g` aspahgih`# ` lakumjo`st`kta r`r`# y ak asta saktimj hjkstituy uk`ma c`s prikhip`cas guaktas ma ikspir`hik maLcis# qua t`loik gua ciktarkist`+ Lcis

rikmi bjlak`da ` ast`s prjyahhijkas culikjs`sak 09>8 ak su pachuc` C` c`ktarka l`fiqua"C`

ciktark` lfih`)# ak c` qua uk`s milikut`soìc`rik`s sa ash`p`k mac hit`mj `p`r`tj ptihj+

C` g`kt`sl`fjr`Mur`kta c` mh`m` ma 069># ikspir`mjs pjr ac rjl`ktihislj kafrj# qua hùsò`gurjr ak piktur` "Fjy`# Baikrihb Gssci y Vicci`l Ocèa) y citar`tur` "L`ry Xbaccay#

Fjatba y L`ttbaw Cawis)# `cfukjs gsihjs y l`fjs ima`rjk uk kuavj fkarj maaspahthucj culikjsj4 c` g`kt`sl`fjr`+ @ p`rtir ma 069? sa jrf`kiz`rjk akGr`khi`# @cal`ki`# Ikfc`tarr` y Asp`` fr`kmas sasijkas ma ilfakas culikjs`s#


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`kil`m`s# ak hjcjr y sjkjr`s+ @ p`rtir ma `quac ljlaktj# cjs lah`kisljs guarjkacòjrkmjsa h`m` vaz ls4 prjyahhijkas tr`s c` p`kt`cc` j sjora bulj#ilfakas `kil`m`s y hjk vjculak qua sa b`h`k ls fr`kmas j ls paqua`s

`c masciz`r c` ciktark` sjora ukjs r`cas# hjlj ak uk tr`vack# ath+ ârsjk`dasculikjsjs `kil`mjs `tr`vasò`k c` p`kt`cc` ak tjm`s mirahhijkas# j `p`rah`k akac gjkmj ma c` s`c`# sa `harhò`k ` cjs aspaht`mjras ` sjrprakmakta vacjhim`m y

ma rapakta mas`p`rah`k+ Ar`k visijkas `sjlorjs`s qua sjc`k ir `hjlp``m`sma lsih`# icusijkas `hstih`s# agahtjs pirjthkihjs y truhjs ma l`fi`+ C`g`kt`sl`fjr`# prahursjr` ma c`s pachuc`s ma tarrjr# sa hjkvirti ak uk` ma c`s

fr`kmas guaktas ma ikspir`hik mac asticj laciasi`kj+ @s# c` luarta gua uk tal`rahurrakta ak c` jor` ma Lcis# ùkqua# siakmj hjlj gua ac hika`st` djvi`c mak`tur`caz`# `hò tr`ksgjrl`kmj hjk fr`k ikfakij asta fkarj kafrj g`ktstihj ak`cafra g`kt`sl`fjr`+

C` astrjojshjpiÀc gak`quistishjpij j mishj astrjojshpihj# mas`rrjcc`mj ak 028? pjr mjsikvastif`mjras `c lislj tialpj# ac oacf` Djsapb ^c`taù y ac ùstr`hj XiljkXt`lpgar# parlit` icustr`r ac gaklakj ma c` parsistakhi` ma c`s ilprasijkas

culikjs`s ak ac jdj y ak ac haraorj+ _asuct sar c` o`sa ma c` thkih`hikal`tjfrgih`+ C` ihjkjfr`g` prjmuhim` pjr cjs mishjs astrjojshpihjs ar` luymiklih`# mivartim` y ljmark`+ ^jr su h`rf` astr`g`c`ri` y òsurm`# `cfuk`s ma

`quacc`s ilfakas `kil`m`s `kukhiò`k y` ac ukivarsj ma Lcis+ ^jr su p`rta# ac

pr`xikjshjpij# ikvakt`mj pjr lica _aykùm ak 0267 y p`takt`mj ak 0266# jgrah`c` pjsioicim`m ma hra`r c` icusik mac ljviliaktj ` p`rtir ma ilfakas gid`s+ Hjk uk

pr`xikjshjpij ladjr`mj hjkvartimj ak ta`trj ptihj# _aykùm gua ac `rtgiha ma c`prilar` prjyahhik pocih` y ma p`fj ma ilfakas `kil`m`s+

C` astarajshjpiÀc prikhipij ma c` astarajshjpi` gua mashuoiartj pjr ac ikfcs Hb`rcas Vba`tstjka`ktas ikhcusj ma c` `p`rihik mac m`fuarrjtipj+ Ak uk prikhipij# mjs mioudjsp`rahimjs# ùkqua cifar`lakta maspc`z`mjs ukj raspahtj ma jtrj# ar`k

josarv`mjs ` tr`vs ma mjs caktas5 ls `mac`kta asta sistal` sa `pcih ` cìl`fak gjtjfrgih`# hjk cj qua pumj ljstr`rsa tjmj uk lukmj kuavj ma luy

l`rh`mj raciava+ Asta lislj prikhipij as ac qua kjs parlita bjy ak m` misgrut`rmac hika ak 8M+

C` gjtjfr`g` mac ljviliaktjC` gjtjfr`g` mac ljviliaktj# duktj hjk c` astarajshjpi`# gua uk` ma c`s fr`kmasjosasijkas ma c` safukm` lit`m mac sifcj RIR+ Qk gjtfr`gj ikfcs# A`mwa`rm

Luyorimfa# cjfr jotakar sarias ma gjtjfr`g`s ikst`ktka`s suhasiv`s qualjstrò`k ac f`cjpa ma uk hò`ccj+ ^jr su p`rta# ac lmihj gr`khs tiakka DucasL`ray# tr`s axpcjr`r ac ljviliaktj ` tr`vs mac ltjmj frgihj# uticiz ak 022? uk`


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Fajrfas Lcis+ H`rfuak! "1+ hu`mrj)+ Ikstitutj ma@strjkjl` Ikhjbarakta# h+ 098>+ _ahjlpjsihik mauk` ashak` ma Ca vjy`fa m`ks c` CukaUWi`da ` c` Cuk`#09>?\ C` Hikl`tbqua gr`kìsa+ Gjtj4 Xtpb`kaMòrjwsei

prilar` hl`r` hrjkjgjtjfrgih`# luy ljmark`# p`r` frò`r uk` saria mailfakas sahuakhi`cas ak uk` sjc` pc`h` ma hrist`c saksioca+ Ak 0229# L`rayjotuvj c`s prilar`s sarias ma ilfakas ak hikt`s ma hacucjima+ Ast` gua c`

ikkjv`hik mahisiv` qua parliti ac k`hiliaktj mac hika hjlj `rta# thkih` aikmustri`+ L`ray gua t`loik ac prilarj ak frò`r cjs ljviliaktjs ma cjs l`fjs yak truh`r c`s gjtjfr`g`s kil`m`s# hjlj pjstarijrlakta bizj Lcis+

Ac eikatjshjpij ma ]bjl`s Amisjk# hjkhaoimj duktj hjk su `sistakta Mihesjk# arùk` lquik` qua gukhijkò` hjk ljkam`s y parlit` var uk` pachuc`hikal`tjfrgih` ma 81 liclatrjs+ âsa ` h`rahar ma prjyahhik# y` qua

silpcalakta c` pachuc` sa lirò` maktrj mac `p`r`tj# supusj uk fr`k `mac`ktj+ C`prilar` s`c` ma eikatjshjpijs òiart` `c pocihj# ac Eikatjshjpa ^`rcjr# guaikùfur`m` ak Orj`mw`y ac 0= ma òric ma 029=+ Ak 0291# Vicci`l Baisa rjm ]baAxahutijk jg L`ry# Puaak jg Xhjts "C` adahuhik ma L`r` Astu`rmj# raik` ma

Ashjhi`)# pachuc` ak c` qua alpca pjr prilar` vaz ac truh`da ma c` p`r`m` mahl`r`# ls `mac`kta uticiz`mj pjr Lcis+

?+ LCIX# HIKA@X]@ Y L@FJ

Fajrfas Lcis sa `maktr ak ac lukmj ma c` gjtjfr`g` `kil`m` ` p`rtir ma 029>#

ùkqua kj sa mahimi ` us`r ast` thkih` b`st` c` pril`var` ma 0297# hu`kmj triukg c`prjyahhik hikal`tjfrgih`+ Xa hjlpr aktjkhas su prilar` hl`r` ak Cjkmras#ra`ciz sus prilar`s pachuc`s# qua prjyahtò` ak su ta`trj _joart,Bjumik j vakm` `

gari`ktas# a ikihi su òukm`ktaprjmuhhik+ Luy prjktj bizj hjkstruir acprilar astumij hikal`tjfrgihj `hrist`c`mj

ak Ljktrauic# uk ta`trj ma pjsasiktacifaktalakta hjkhaoimj# mjkma rjm c`l`yjr p`rta ma sus pachuc`s+

Ac fakij ma Lcis sa masojrm `prikhipijs ma c` mh`m` ma 09>> hjk

hikt`s t`k boiclakta truh`m`s qua susriv`cas tjp`rjk hjk luhb`s migihuct`masp`r` ilit`rca+ Ak 09>?# Ca vjy`fa m`ks c`

Cuka"Wi`da ` c` Cuk`) sa hjkvirti ak tjmjuk xitj iktark`hijk`c+

Lcis kj gua kih`lakta uk hika`st` axtral`lakta ikvaktivj# sikj t`loik ukmioud`kta luy boic+ Fr`hi`s ` sus kularjsjs asojzjs hjksarv`mjs# pjmaljsaktakmar hlj sa jrifik`rjk y hra`rjk sus pachuc`s+


10/21

0>

C` l`fi` y c` garia

@ktas ma hjkvartirsa ak ukj ma cjs hika`st`s ls ilpjrt`ktas ma cjs ikihijs mac

hika# Fajrfas Lcis gua uk fakij ma c` l`fi`# g`hat` qua huctiv ` cj c`rfj ma tjm`su vim`+ G`shik`mj masma su ikg`khi` pjr cjs ttaras# sa ikihi ak c` prastimifit`hikmur`kta uk` ast`khi` ak Cjkmras# ak c` mh`m` ma 022># hjk mjs fr`kmas

làstrjs4 Djbk L`seacyka y M`vim Mav`kt+ Ak ducij ma 0222# y` ak ^`rs y fr`hi`s` c` gjrtuk` ma su p`mra# hjlpr ac paquaj ta`trj ma su fr`k làstrj# ac l`fj_joart,Bjumik# mjkma prasakt sìkatas icusijkist`s ccakjs ma g`kt`s` y

sjrpras`s+ @cc maspcaf ikihi`clakta su pjrtaktjs` il`fik`hik# pjr adalpcj akC`rljira mu mh`pit rh`chitr`kt "Ac `rl`rij mac mah`pit`mj rah`chitr`kta# 029>)#uk sìkata qua ikhcu` ukj ma cjs truhjs ls macir`ktas ma tjmjs cjs klarjs mal`fi` qua ccaf ` prasakt`r+ Xjora `quac ashak`rij# Lcis adarhit tjm` su

il`fik`hik# pc`sl tjmj su talpar`laktj a ima tjmj tipj ma truh`das lfihjs#lahkihjs# ptihjs y h`tptrihjs# ma cjs qua pjstarijrlakta sa sirvi ak sus

pachuc`s+ Lcis gua t`loik uk garviakta `mlir`mjr ma c` garia# uk fkarj mata`trj o`s`mj ak gouc`s a bistjri`s g`ktstih`s luy ma ljm` ak c` safukm` lit`mmac sifcj RIR+ ]`ktj c` l`fi` hjlj c` garia guarjk mjs guaktas ma ikspir`hik

gukm`lakt`cas p`r` ac hjkduktj ma su jor`+

Ac hikal`tfr`gj

C` `p`rihik mac hikal`tfr`gj Culira supusj uk ljlaktj ilpjrt`kta ak c` vim`

ma Fajrfas Lcis+ Ak 0291# ac ikmustri`c ma c` gjtjfr`g` Cjuis Culira#`prjvahb`kmj cjs `mac`ktjs tahkjcfihjs ma c` pjh`# pargahhijk cjs `p`r`tjs

ikvakt`mjs pjr L`ray# _aykùm y Amisjk# cjfr`kmj hjloik`r ma gjrl` s`tisg`htjri`c` prjyahhik "c` viad` ciktark` lfih` ma Buyfaks) y c` jotakhik ma ilfakassuhasiv`s mac ljviliaktj "c` hrjkjgjtjfr`g` ma L`ray)+ C` p`takta mac

hikal`tfr`gj gua rafistr`m` ac 08 ma gaorarj ma 0291# y c` prilar` pachuc`# C`sjrtia mas usikas Culira "C` s`cim` ma c` gorih` Culira)# gua rjm`m` ak ac lasma l`rzj ma `quac lislj `j ak Cyjk+C` prilar` prjyahhik hikal`tjfrgih` pocih` sa jrf`kiz ak ac X`cjk Ikmiak mac

Fr`km H`g mac Ojucav`rm mas H`puhikas ma ^`rs# ac ?2 ma mihialora ma 0291#hùs`kmj saks`hik4 ]jmjs kjs quam`ljs ojquiòiartjs# astupag`htjs# mahc`r

Lcis+ C` prjyahhik hrjkjgjtjfrgih` j hikal`tjfrgih` mij rpim`lakta c` vuact``c lukmj# hjlj ak ac sifcj RWII cj bihiar` c` ciktark` lfih`+

Lcis hika`st`@hjstulor`mj ` cjs ashak`rijs y ` c` psihjcjf` ma c` prastimifit`hik# Lcis luyprjktj sa mij huakt` ma c`s aspaht`huc`ras y l`r`viccjs`s pjsioicim`mas qua jgrah`

ac hikal`tfr`gj Culira# `p`rahimj ak 0291+ Xik alo`rfj# cjs Culira sakaf`rjk ` vakmarca uk adalpc`r ma su `p`r`tj `rfuyakmj cj sifuiakta4 Astìkvakhik kj tiaka guturj+ ^jr suarta# Lcis b`cc uk `rtag`htj aquiv`cakta ak


11/21

00

Cjkmras hra`mj pjr ac ptihj _joart Vicci`l ^ùc+ Xu prilar` pachuc` kj gua sikjuk pc`fij ma cjs Culira# parj pjhj maspus rjm Ash`ljt`fa muka m`la hbaz_joart,Bjumik "Mas`p`rihik ma uk` m`l` ak ac _joart,Bjumik# 0297)# gicla ma

truh`das qua hjks`fr c` gusik# prahjz y mahisiv`# ma l`fi` y hika+Gua uk` oricc`kta ima`# y` qua# liaktr`s c` l`yjr` ma cjs pijkarjs mac hika sahjktaktò`k hjk gicl`r ccaf`m`s ma trakas ` uk` ast`hik# Lcis tr`sc`m ` sus

pachuc`s c` axtr`jrmik`ri` hjsljfjk` qua bò` puastj ak ashak` ak ac ta`trj_joart,Bjumik4 c` l`fi` ma pjh`s raljt`s# c` g`kt`sl`fjr` ma _joartsjk# ath+Xu miòcihj ukivarsj# ma uk` vacjhim`m axtral`# mjkma sa hjloikò`k ac tarrjr y

c` ris`# astò` rapcatj ma miòcjs# asquacatjs# g`kt`sl`s y maljkijs quaavjcuhijkò`k grakta ` ukjs mahjr`mjs ma parspahtiv`s gjrz`m`s4 ac hika saraakhjktr hjk sus jrfakas `khastr`cas# cjs ma c` ciktark` lfih`+

Ac astumij ma Ljktrauic@ prikhipijs ma 0296# Lcis bizj hjkstruir ak su prjpiam`m ma Ljktrauic,sjus,Ojis

uk astumij `hrist`c`mj ax`ht`lakta mac lislj t`l`j qua ac ta`trj _joart,Bjumik"08#1> 7#7> latrjs)# hjk uk` `ctur` ma =#1> latrjs y hjrjk`mj pjr uk tahbj mahrist`c ` mjs `fu`s qua `ch`kzò` cjs 7#?> latrjs ak su puktj ls `ctj+ Ak 09>>

cj aquip hjk h`larikjs p`r` `rtist`s# `cl`hakas p`r` mahjr`mjs y tr`lp`s# ypjstifjs p`r` t`liz`r c` cuz# y cj uticiz b`st` ac gik`c ma su h`rrar` hikal`tjfrgih`+Masfr`hi`m`lakta# kj b` quam`mj k`m` ma `quac astumij `hrist`c`mj# ac prilarj

hjkhaoimj axhcusiv`lakta p`r` c` hikal`tjfr`g`4 gua mastruimj `c gik`ciz`r c`

Xafukm` Fuarr` Lukmi`c+ Bakri C`kfcjis# ac gukm`mjr ma C` Hikl`tbquaGr`kìsa# pumj visit`rcj `ktas ma qua guar` marruimj# y `girl4 Ak Ljktrauic as

mjkma pjm` hjlprakmarsa y mashigr`rsa ladjr ac ukivarsj ma Lcis+ ârj b` simjtjmj `rr`s`mj# pasa ` kuastr`s `mvartakhi`s+ ]jmj ak `quac cuf`r ca avjhò`4 akc` pc`kt` o`d`# ak ac h`larikj ma cjs gifur`ktas# hòaz`s ma ùtl`t`s y vif`s

jxim`m`s prjhamaktas mac t`ccar p`tarkj+ Ak ac astumij pumiljs h`lik`r pjr ac gjsjalpca`mj p`r` t`kt`s pachuc`s ma truh`das+ Astò` rapcatj ma mahjr`mjs# yt`loik bò` luaocas hjk tr`lp`ktjdj+ Y ak `quacc` dùc` ma hrist`c# ak p`rtaramuhim` ` pam`zjs# ak lamij ma c`s biamr`s# kjs viljs iklarsjs ak c` cuz qua ca

bò` parlitimj rjm`r sus pachuc`s# parj t`loik ak ac listarij ma uk lukmjakh`kt`mj+

Cjs truhjs ma LcisXjorailprasik# gukmimjs akh`mak`mjs# ljkt`da# gjkmjs kafrjs# prilarjs pc`kjs

hjk migarakhi` ma ash`c`# agahtjs ta`tr`cas y pirjthkihjs# icusijkislj Fr`hi`s `chika ma truh`das# Lcis pjm` ccav`r ` c` p`kt`cc` `quaccj qua kj sialpra ar`pjsioca ak ac ashak`rij ma uk ta`trj# ki siquiar` ak ac _joart,Bjumik4 huarpjs

hjrt`mjs# hb`g`mjs# axpcjt`mjs5 hòaz`s y axtralim`mas sap`r`m`s mac huarpjparj hjk vim`5 luctipcih`hik# parlut`hik# tr`ksgjrl`hik y cavit`hik maparsjk`das y jodatjs# ath+ Xafk `girlò`4 Qk truhj ccav` ` jtrj+ Grakta `c xitj


12/21

0?

C` sjurha akhb`ktaUC` guaktaakh`kt`m`\# 029? Haktra

K`tijk`c mu Hikl` at ma cIl`fa@kila# ak mapsitj ak C`

Hikl`tbqua gr`kìsa+ Gjtj4Xtpb`ka Mòrjwsei

mac kuavj fkarj# la c`s ikfaki p`r` b`cc`r kuavjs prjhamiliaktjs a il`fikò`suhasiv`lakta h`loijs ma mahjr`mjs gukmimjs# jotakimjs lami`kta uk mispjsitivjaspahi`c mac `p`r`tj hikal`tjfrgihj5 `p`rihijkas# mas`p`rihijkas y lat`ljrgjsis

jotakim`s pjr suparpjsihik ma gjkmjs kafrjs j p`rtas kafr`s rasarv`m`s ` cjsmahjr`mjs5 `s hjlj suparpjsihijkas sjora gjkmjs oc`khjs y` ilprasijk`mjs U\+Ls `mac`kta vikiarjk truhjs ma hòaz`s hjrt`m`s# masmjoc`liaktjs ma

parsjk`das# ashak`s iktarprat`m`s pjr uk sjcj `htjrqua# masmjockmjsa# `hòò` iktarprat`kmj c sjcjb`st` miaz parsjk`das p`rahimjs qua raprasaktò`k c`

`hhik ukjs duktj ` jtrjs+ Y# pjr ctilj# alpca`kmjlis hjkjhiliaktjs aspahi`cas ma icusijkislj raukimjs` cj c`rfj ma vaiktihikhj `js ma prhtih` ak ac ta`trj_joart,Bjumik# gui iktrjmuhiakmj ak ac hikal`tfr`gj

truhjs ma tr`ljy`# ma lahkih`# ma ptih`# maprastimifit`hik# ath++

Ak hiartj ljmj# cjs truh`das ma Lcis `ktihipò`k cjs`htu`cas agahtjs aspahi`cas mifit`cas+ Cjs fr`kmasmirahtjras ma Bjccywjjm# hjlj pjr adalpcj Fajrfa

Cuh`s# Xtavak Xpiacoarf y L`rtik Xhjrsasa# saikspir`k ` lakumj ak ac làstrj y hjksimar`k quagua ac l`fj ma Ljktrauic quiak òri c` h`d` ma

^`kmjr`+

Qk` kuav` g`kt`sl`fjr`

Ak c` jor` ma Lcis# fr`k `l`kta ma c` gifur` ma Lagistgacas# sialpra `p`rahakg`kt`sl`s# miòcjs# fkjljs# orud`s# maljkijs# ljkstrujs# aspahtrjs y asquacatjsqua b`hak ma c`s suy`s ` cj fr`kma p`r` `ctar`r ac jrmak astòcahimj# parj t`loik

sa josarv`k b`m`s# fakijs y hruhigidjs v`rijs qua us`k tjm`s sus `rfuhi`s p`r`l`ktakarcjs ` r`y`+ Lcis rahurra luy ` lakumj ` c` ihjkjfr`g` ma c` ciktark`lfih`# ma c` gariay ma c` g`kt`sl`fjr` p`r` hjkstruir su `rta+ Ma tjmjs ljmjs#tr`ksgjrl` c` g`kt`sl`fjr` l`hòr` qua pr`htihò` _joartsjk "tiakka,F`sp`rm

_joart) ak uk aspahthucj hlihj# mjkma c` luarta as trfih` parj ` c` vazrimhuc`+ ]jm`s sus pachuc`s astk rapcat`s ma vim`# ljviliaktj y mat`ccas+ Ma

bahbj# Lcis sakt` bjrrjr `c v`hj y ` c` caktitum# `s hjlj ` c` luarta# ùkqua#p`r`mdih`lakta# guasa uk tal` rahurrakta ak su jor`+ Ak l`kjs mac l`fjLcis# ac ray ma cjs truh`das# ac hika sa hjkvirti ak uk pjmar hb`lkihj+

Ca vjy`fa m`ks c` CukaC` pachuc` ls hjkjhim` ma Lcis as Ca vjy`fa m`ks c` Cuka"Wi`da ` c` Cuk`)#

rjm`m` ak ac astumij ma Ljktrauic ak 09>?+ Ast ikspir`m` ak v`ri`s guaktas# aktrajtr`s Ducij Warka# B+ F+ Vaccs# `tr`hhijkas ma gari` y uk` jparat` qua Jggako`hbprasakt ak 0261 ak ac ]btra ma c` F`t+ C` prjmuhhik sa `c`rf mur`kta


13/21

08

lasas# axifiakmj uk` ilpjrt`kta ikvarsik+ C` hikt`# ma ?7> latrjs "as mahir# ukjs08 likutjs ma prjyahhik)# ikhcuya 8> hu`mrjs j ashak`s+ @oukm`k sjrprakmaktastruh`das hjlj pjr adalpcj c` g`ljs` sahuakhi` ak qua c` Cuk` rahioa ac ilp`htj

mac jos ak ac jdj# j ac hu`mrj mjkma cjs `strkjljs sua`k hjk c` Js` L`yjr#huy`s siata astracc`s sjk rjstrjs galakikjs+ Ca vjy`fa m`ks c` Cukamad `c lukmjg`shik`mj+ Xa bihiarjk t`kt`s hjpi`s icaf`cas mac gicla# aspahi`clakta ak Ast`mjs

Qkimjs# qua Lcis tuvj qua òrir uk` suhurs`c ak `quac p`s p`r` prjtafar susmarahbjs+

Jtrjs vi`das g`ktstihjsC`cfih` mac òsurmj ma Lcis sa prastò` ak p`rtihuc`r `c tal` ma cjs vi`das+Ak 09>= `m`pt c` jor` ma ta`trj Ca vjy`fa tr`vars cilpjssioca"Wi`da ` tr`vsma cj ilpjsioca)#hjk ac suottucj Qk` ikvarjslic `vaktur` ma uk frupj ma sòijs

ma c` Xjhiam`m ma Fajfr`g` Ikhjbarakta+ Ak ac h`sj ma c` hjkquta mu ^ca"@c` hjkquist` mac ^jcj# 0900)# ac prjgasjr Lòjuc vi`d` `c ^jcj Kjrta ak su

àrjos ` pas`r mac pacifrj ma sar mavjr`mj pjr ac Fif`kta ma c`s Kiavas+L`quik`ri` ta`tr`c# maspcafòcas p`kjrlihjs bjrizjkt`cas y vartih`cas# l`quat`s#sjorailprasijkas# gukmimjs akh`mak`mjs# p`r`m`s ma hl`r`# agahtjs

pirjthkihjs4 ak c` jor` ma Lcis cjs vi`das kukh` sjk tr`kquicjs+ X hjcjra`mjs yaxtihjs# hjlj ak ac h`sj ma Cas `vakturas ma _joiksjk Hrusj "C`s `vaktur`sma _joiksjk Hrusja# 09>?)# uk gicla o`s`mj h`si ak ac lislj prikhipij k`rr`tivj

qua Ca vjy`fa m`ks c` Cuka"Wi`da ` c` Cuk`)4 ccaf`m` ` uk` tiarr` bjstic# paripahi`s

hjk cjs ikmfak`s# buim`# rafrasj `c p`s# hb`r`kf` y masgica# `pjtajsis Lciss`tisg`ha `s ac fustj mac pocihj pjr cjs p`sas cad`kjs y c` g`kt`s`+ Hjk sus

pachuc`s jgraha c` pjsioicim`m ma m`r c` vuact` `c lukmj ak ukjs hu`ktjs likutjsjkrihjs+

Lcis y c`s ludarasFajrfas Lcis# qua luy prjktj sa hjkvirti ak c` `tr`hhik ma cjs `htjras y`htrihas mac ]btra mu Hbtacat# ac Gjcias,Oarfra y c` par` ma ^`rs# sa rjma `cj c`rfj ma tjm` su h`rrar` hjlj hika`st` ma dvakas `htrihas y oìc`rik`s qua

va`k uk` jpjrtukim`m ma ladjr`r prasaktkmjsa ak ac ta`trj _joart,Bjumik j akac astumij ma Ljktrauic+ Y sa ak`ljr ma uk` ma acc`s# Dab`kka m@chy# qua sa

hjkvirti ak c` vamattama c` Xt`r Gicl y# luhbj ls t`rma# ak su safukm` aspjs`+Gua prahis`lakta acc` quiak iktarprat uk` ma c`s pjh`s pachuc`s cihakhijs`s maLcis# @prs ca o`c "ca tuo) U]r`s ac oìca "ac huoj)# 0296\+

Ak sus pachuc`s# c`s ludaras sjk mashu`rtiz`m`s# maslalor`m`s a ikhikar`m`s# joiak sa hjkviartak ak l`ripjs`s# òad`s# orud`s j miòcas`s5 sjk t`loik sushlpcihas# visijkas lfih`s# mijs`s# b`m`s# prikhas`s# y ` lakumj c`s qua

pjsaak c` cc`va p`r` `hhamar ` uk lukmj jkrihj y g`ktstihj+Lcis sa sakt` aspahi`clakta jrfuccjsj ma bòar simj ac prilarj ak ccav`r ` c`p`kt`cc` `c parsjk`da ma Du`k` ma @rhj "Da`kka m@rh# 09>>)4 Avimaktalakta#


14/21

0=

p`r` l# ac bjlora ma cjs truhjs# cj qua ma varm`m ar` takt`mjr ma c` bistjri` ar`c` p`rta g`ktstih`4 visijkas# `p`rihijkas# c` qual` ma uk` ludar ak vivj! y# pjrmashjkt`mj# c` `shaksik `c hiacj+ Ak hjkduktj# `hhijkas luy macih`m`s ma

raprasakt`r sik hàr ak ac rimhucj+ Y ``m`4 As c` jor` ls fr`kma ra`ciz`m`b`st` c` gahb` ak gjtjfr`g` `kil`m`+

8+ LQA_]A Y _AXQ__AHHIK MA LCIX

Ak 090?# pjr akh`rfj ma c` pjmarjs` alpras` ^`tb# Fajrfas Lcis rjm sus trasctil`s pachuc`s# qua guarjk tjm`s acc`s fr`kmas gr`h`sjs gik`khiarjs+ Kj ar`k ouakjsljlaktjs p`r` g`kt`s`s y pachuc`s ma truh`das4 ac ra`cislj pjtihj ma Gauicc`matriukgò` ak c`s p`kt`cc`s# M`vim V+ Friggitb ilpjk` uk kuavj ritlj ak ac hika lukmi`cmasma Ast`mjs Qkimjs# sa `harhò` c` ^rilar` Fuarr` Lukmi`c C`s hjlp``s

hikal`tjfrgih`s gr`khas`s ^`tb# Fùljkt y hcìr sa hjkvirtiarjk ak ilpjrt`ktasljkjpjcijs hjk scim`s o`sas gik`khiar`s# liaktr`s qua Lcis sa kafò` `tr`ksgjrl`r su paqua` alpras` `rtas`k`c ak sjhiam`m `kkil`+

Ak 09?8# ikh`p`z ma mavjcvar sus prst`ljs ` ^`tb# Lcis tuvj qua vakmar suprjpiam`m ma Ljktrauic+ ^`r` f`k`rsa c` vim`# alpaz ` trò`d`r ak uk` paqua`

tiakm` ma dufuatas ak ac vastoucj ma c` ast`hik ma Ljktp`rk`ssa# mjkma ca rahjkjhiuk parijmist` ak 09?7+ Ak 09?9 sa jrf`kiz uk` f`c` ak su bjkjr# y `c hòj ma tras`js sa ratir hjk Dab`kka m@chy "su aspjs` masma 09?1) y su kiat` `c fc`hi`c h`sticcj

ma Jrcy# pjr `quac aktjkhas prjpiam`m ma c` Lutu` mac Hika+ Luri ak ^`rs ac ?0 maakarj ma 0982+ Ac bjlak`da ls rahiakta y aspaht`huc`r ` c` gifur` ma Fajrfas Lcisb` simj c` pachuc` Bufj"?>00)# ma L`rtik Xhjrsasa+

C@ WIM@ MA LCIX

Fajrfas Lcis k`hi ac 2 ma mihialora ma 0270 ak ^`rs+ @ cjs ?8 `js# mur`kta ukàst`khi` ak Cjkmras# quam g`shik`mj pjr c` prastimifit`hik# y ak 0222# `c ratir`rsa su

p`mra mac kafjhij g`lici`r ma h`cz`mj ma cudj# rahioi uk` hjksimaròca gjrtuk` hjk c`qua pumj `mquirir ac ta`trj mac l`fj _joart,Bjumik+ Ak `quac paquaj ta`trj hrasìkatas lfihjs hjk hjlpcadjs truh`das qua# pjstarijrlakta# ca sirviarjk p`r` ac hika+

@ gik`cas ma 0291 mashuori ac hikal`tfr`gj ma cjs barl`kjs Culira# qua ca hùtiv+Hu`kmj accjs sa kaf`rjk ` vakmarca su `p`r`tj# Lcis rahjrri ` uk ptihjcjkmikaksa# _joart Vicci`l ^ùc# qua bò` ikvakt`mj uk` hl`r`+ @ su rafrasj `^`rs rjm sus prilar`s hikt`s# y ak l`yj ma 0297 alpaz ` ra`ciz`r sus prilar`spachuc`s truh`m`s# hjlj Ca l`kjir mu miòca "C` l`ksik mac miòcj) y Ash`ljt`famuka m`la hbaz _joart,Bjumik"Mas`p`rihik ma uk` m`l` ak ac _joart,Bjumik)+


15/21

01

Fajrfas Lcis ak 0291# ` cjs8= `js ma am`m C`Hikl`tbqua Gr`kìsa+ Gjtj4

Xtpb`ka Mòrjwsei

Ac pocihj# g`shik`mj# quar` ls+ ^`r` m`r raspuast` ``quac fr`k xitj# Lcis bizj hjkstruir ak c` prjpiam`mg`lici`r ma Ljktrauic,sjus,Ojis# sik rap`r`r ak f`stjs# ukastumij ma hika hjlpcat`lakta `hrist`c`mj+ Ak 09>?# hjk

Ca vjy`fa m`ks c` Cuka "Wi`da ` c` Cuk`)# sa hjkvirti akukj ma cjs ls sjcihit`mjs+ ârj c` mupcih`hik icaf`c maasta gicla `ch`kz t`cas prjpjrhijkas ak Ast`mjs Qkimjsqua Lcis tuvj qua akvi`r ` Kuav` Yjre ` su barl`kjF`stjk p`r` òrir uk` suhurs`c ak raprasakt`hik ma c`l`rh` Lcis Xt`r Gicl+

Ac `j 09>2 gua ac ma su lxilj aspcakmjr4 ak ac astumijma Ljktrauic sa gicl`rjk ls ma 1> pachuc`s+ ârj t`loiksupusj ac ikihij mac mahciva ma Lcis# qua sa vij supar`mjpjr c` prjmuhhik l`siv` ma ^`tb y Fùljkt y pjr c`ccaf`m` ma hika`st`s axtr`jrmik`ri`lakta mjt`mjs# hjlj

pjr adalpcj Garmik`km Tahh`# Cjuis Gauicc`ma# ac asp`jc Xafukmj ma Hbjlk"aspahi`ciz`mj hjlj c ak pachuc`s ma truh`das) y M`vim V+ Friggitb ak Ast`mjs Qkimjs+^`tb prjmudj ak 0900 y 090? c`s ctil`s hikt`s ma Lcis# qua guarjk uk òsjcutjgr`h`sj pasa ` c` l`fkgih` c` hjkquta mu ^ca"@ c` hjkquist` mac ^jcj)+

Ak 0906# iktakt c` rahjkvarsik `c ta`trj sik xitj# y ak 09?? tuvj qua vakmar c`prjpiam`m ma Ljktrauic+ Ak 09?1# c` s`c` _joart,Bjumik gua marrio`m`+ Masaspar`mj ytjt`clakta jcvim`mj pjr ac pocihj y c` prjgasik# Lcis mastruy tjmjs cjs kaf`tivjsma sus pachuc`s+

]r`s h`s`rsa ak safukm`s kuphi`s hjk uk` ma sus prilar`s `htrihas# Dab`kka m@chy#akhjktr trò`dj hjlj vakmamjr ma dufuatas ak ac vastoucj ma c` ast`hik maLjktp`rk`ssa# ak ^`rs# mjkma uk parijmist` ca rahjkjhi pjr h`su`cim`m ak 09?7+@quac akhuaktrj h`su`c supusj su ramashuoriliaktj# qua sa prjmudj aspahi`clakta `r`z ma c` F`c` Lcis# hacaor`m` ak 09?9 ak c` s`c` ^cayac# mjkma pumiarjkprjyaht`rsa jhbj ma sus pachuc`s# lic`frjs`lakta rahupar`m`s+ Luri ac ?0 ma akarjma 0982+

@H]IWIM@MAX _AC@HIJK@M@X HJK C@ AR^JXIHIK

HJKGA_AKHI@ IK@QFQ_@C

Duavas = ma òric# ` c`s 09 b

Fajrfas Lcis+ C` l`fi` mac hika@ h`rfj ma Cùrakt L`kkjki# mirahtjr hiaktgihj ma ^`triljkij y mac Hjksarv`tjrij ma]hkih`s ma C` Hikl`tbqua Gr`kìsa# y hjlis`rij ma c` axpjsihik


16/21

07

HJKHQ_XJ ^@_]IHI^@ LCIX

Mac = ma òric `c ?> ma l`yj ma ?>08Aktraf` ma pralijs4 80 ma l`yj

www+p`rtihip`lacias+hjl

C` Jor` Xjhi`c c` Hìx` pjka ak l`rhb` uk` kuav` `htivim`m p`rtihip`tiv`hjikhimiakmj hjk c` axpjsihik Fajrfas Lcis+ C` l`fi` mac hika+ Xa tr`t` ma c`pjsioicim`m ma qua cjs visit`ktas ra`cihak su prjpij vmaj ikspirkmjsa ak cjsg`ktstihjs truhjs mac ikvaktjr ma cjs agahtjs aspahi`cas+ kih`lakta sa kahasit` ukmispjsitivj qua puam` frò`r "hl`r`# vmaj# lvic j tòcat`)+ Ac jodativj as ra`ciz`r ukvmaj ma uk lxilj ma 8 likutjs us`kmj `c lakjs ukj ma cjs sifuiaktas truh`das4

Xustituhik4 Hjksista ak b`har `p`rahar y mas`p`rahar jodatjs y parsjk`s+ Xjorailprasik4 Aktra jtrjs truh`das# parlita mupcih`r `c lislj parsjk`da ak

c` p`kt`cc` y hjksifua qua cjs jodatjs vuacak hjlj si tuviasak vim` prjpi`+ Duafjs ma ash`c`4 ârlitak qua jodatjs ak liki`tur` p`razh`k ma t`l`j

ra`c+ ]`loik puamak ra`ciz`rsa duafjs ma ash`c` p`r` hjkvartirsa ukj lisljak uk fif`kta j uk ak`kj+

Ac vmaj maoar sar ikmitj y lumj# y c` lsih`# ciora ma marahbjs+ Cjs vmajs pjmrkikshrioirsa ak ^`rtihip` Lcis mac = ma òric `c ?> ma l`yj+ Xa aktraf`rk traspralijs4 prali `c ladjr prjyahtj# pralij Il`fik`hik `c ^jmar y pralij ma vjt`hikmac pocihj+ Ac 80 ma l`yj sa m`r ` hjkjhar ` cjs f`k`mjras ak c` f`c` ma aktraf` ma

pralijs maktrj ma c` prjfr`l`hik MKI] ak Hìx`Gjrul O`rhacjk`+

CJFIH@C MIXJ_MA_ % @MYJ

Hika,hjkhiartj MKI]Wiarkas ?7 ma òric# ` c`s ?? b

C` hra`tivim`m# c` ikkjv`hik y c` p`rtihip`hik sjk `cfukjs ma cjs hjkhaptjs hc`va quavabihuc`k c`s `htivim`mas ma MKI] ak c` kjhba mac ctilj viarkas ma h`m` las akHìx`Gjrul O`rhacjk`# `prjvahb`kmj qua ac haktrj kj hiarr` b`st` c`s ?8 bjr`s+

Ak ac l`rhj ma c` prjfr`l`hik ma MKI] p`r` ac ?7 ma òric# y rac`hijk`mj hjk càxpjsihik# sa hacaor`r ak ac ùmitjrij ac hjkhiartj ma Cjfih`c Misjrmar y @myj# mjsfrupjs ma lsih` acahtrkih` qua pjkmrk lsih` ` pachuc`s ma Lcis ` ljmj mao`km` sjkjr`+ Ac `hjlp``liaktj lusih c ak ac hika lumj avjcuhijk` hjk ac tialpj ysa hjkviarta ak tastiljkij ma uk` pjh` qua raviva `quacc`s ilfakas mac p`s`mj+ Asac turkj ma c` acahtrkih`+

^c`z`s cilit`m`s+ ^rahij pjr hjkhiartj4 0? "1> ma mashuaktj p`r` hciaktas c`Hìx`)


17/21

06

L@LQ] HIKAL@

Hika,hjkhiartj ]alpjr`m` Lusih`cMjlikfj 6 ma òric# ` c`s 09+8> b

Qk` sacahhik ma c`s ladjras pachuc`s ma Fajrfas Lcis ast`rk `hjlp``m`s akmirahtj pjr c` gjrl`hik lusih`c L`lut Hikal`# qua sa `harh` `c hika lumj hjk uk`parspahtiv` `htu`c# lazhc`kmj acalaktjs ma pjp y lsih` hjktalpjrka` ytr`mihijk`c+ Qk` gjrl` jrifik`c y mistikt` ma aspahthucj qua bò` qua rahupar`r+

Djrmi Barrarjs# o`tar` y parhusik5 Djrmi L`rg# vijck5 M`vim ^`rr`s# tuo`#ojlo`rmikj y trjlok5 M`kiac ît`rhb# pi`kj y `hjrmak

^c`z`s cilit`m`s+ ^rahij pjr hjkhiartj4 0? "1> ma mashuaktj p`r` hciaktas c`Hìx`)

QK WI@DA @ C@ G@K]@X@+ FAJ_FAX LCIX Y AC HIKA MA XQ ]IAL^J

Hihcj ma hjkgarakhi`sMac 00 ma òric `c 01 ma l`yj ma ?>08

Hjjrmik`hik mac hihcj4 Dj`k L+ Likfuat# prjgasjr ma @rta Hjktalpjrkaj a Bistjri`mac Hika ak c` Qkivarsim`m @utkjl` ma O`rhacjk`# y ùtjr mac ciorj Xafukmj maHbjlk+ Ac hikal` ma c` g`shik`hi

^rahij pjr hjkgarakhi`4 = "1> ma mashuaktj p`r` hciaktas c` Hìx`)

Ls `cc ma c` ra`cim`m+ Fajrfas Lcis y ac prilar hika ma c` g`shik`hikDuavas 00 ma òric | 09+8> bDj`k L+ Likfuat# prjgasjr ma @rta Hjktalpjrkaj a Bistjri` mac Hika ak c`Qkivarsim`m @utkjl` ma O`rhacjk`

Lcis y Hbjlk+ Kuavjs akgjquasDuavas 02 ma òric | 09+8> bD`hquas L`ctbta# ikvastif`mjr ak ac Haktra K`tijk`c ma c` _ahbarhba Xhiaktigiqua

ma Gr`khi`# ùtjr ma kularjs`s hjktriouhijkas sjora cjs ikihijs mac hika y sjoraFajrfas Lcis ak p`rtihuc`r

Lcis masma asta c`mj ma cjs îrikajs+ Ac l`fj Lcis ak hirhjs# ta`trjs#hikas# h`gs y jtrjs `ktrjs ma c` âkksuc`Duavas ?1 ma òric | 09+8> bOafj` Xjtj Wzquaz# prjgasjr` ma Bistjri` ma cjs Lamijs @umijvisu`cas ymirahtjr` mac lstar ukivarsit`rij ma Astumijs sjora Hika Asp`jc ak c`Qkivarsim`m _ay Du`k H`rcjs ma L`mrim


18/21

02

Ac c`mj jhuctj ma c` cuk`+ Lcis# `ktas y maspus mac hika

Duavas ? ma l`yj | 09+8> bCuis @cjksj# prjgasjr ma Bistjri` mac Hika# Lamijs y Hjlukih`hik ak c`

Qkivarsim`m _ay Du`k H`rcjs ma L`mrim

Lcis mioud`kta+ Ac ukivarsj g`ktstihj ma su hika y c` huctur` visu`c ma sutialpj

Duavas 9 ma l`yj | 09+8> bL`fm`cak` Orjtjks# prjgasjr` ma Bistjri` mac @rta y mac Hika ak c` Qkivarsim`m mac`s Isc`s O`ca`ras# y ùtjr` mac ciorj Ca hikl` ak Gr`kha4 0291,090=# ragcat ma c`huctura visuacca muka pjqua

Qk` pjtih` ma c` icusik4 l`fi` y hirhj ak ac hika ma Lcis y sushjktalpjrkajs

Lirhjcas 01 ma l`yj | 09+8> b_`ggàca ma _itis# mirahtjr ma ta`trj y ma hirhj# bistjri`mjr mac lukmj macaspahthucj y ùtjr ma cjs ciorjs Iccusijkisli+ Xattalic` `kki mi ta`trj# shiakz` aracifijka"?>>=) y Xtjri` mac Hirhj"?>>2)

K@M@ AX CJ PQA ^@_AHA!L@FJX Y L@FI@ AK ]J_KJ @ FAJ_FAX LCIX

Hihcj ma hikaMac 1 ma òric `c ?= ma l`yj ma ?>08

Asta hihcj ma hika rikma uk paquaj bjlak`da ` Fajrfas Lcis y ` su astil` pjr c`l`fi` y pjr cjs l`fjs+ Qk hihcj rapcatj ma truhjs ma l`fi` y ma l`fi`# uk hihcjrapcatj ma truhjs ma hika y ma hika+ Aktratakiliaktj `safur`mj y mjkma k`m` as cj quap`raha# prahis`lakta pjrqua tjmj `p`raha y mas`p`raha pjr `rta ma l`fi`+ @h`sj akc` icusik sa ashjkma c` varm`m!

C` ikvakhik ma Bufj"Bufj)

Wiarkas 1 ma òric | 09+8> b

Ac fr`k Bjumiki"Bjumiki)Wiarkas 0? ma òric | 09+8> b

Ac icusijkist`"Ciccusijkkista)Wiarkas 09 ma òric | 09+8> b

Ac rjstrj"@ksietat)Lirhjcas ?= ma òric| 09+8> b


19/21

09

MA C@ L@FI@ @ C@ CQK@+ L`lut Hikal` "%1)Xo`mjs 7# 08# ?> y ?6# y mjlikfjs 6# 0=# ?0 y ?2 ma òric ma ?>08Hika,hjkhiartj

Puiaras var c` Cuk` ma harh`: Qk` jrquast` ma uk sjcj bjlora: L`fi` yhjktjrsijkas ilpjsiocas: ]jmj asj y luhbj ls sjk c`s pachuc`s ma FajrfasLcis+ Ma c` l`fi` ` c` Cuk` ta prjpjka hjkjhar mihb`s pachuc`s hjk lsihàk mirahtj# y hjk uk parsjk`da y uk`s prjyahhijkas luy aspahi`cas qua kjsaxpcih`rk quik ar` Lcis y su pjh`# hu`kmj ac hika ar` l`r`vicc` y l`fi`+

^c`z`s cilit`m`s+ ^rahij pjr hjkhiartj4 7 "1> ma mashuaktj p`r` hciaktasc` Hìx`)

Wisit`s ak g`lici` ` c`s axpjsihijkas "%6)Mjlikfjs | 00 b

Ast`s visit`s pc`kta`k uk itikar`rij pjr c` axpjsihik ` p`rtir ma `htivim`mas yprjpuast`s p`rtihip`tiv`s+^c`z`s cilit`m`s+ ^rahij pjr g`lici`4 7 "1> ma mashuaktj p`r` hciaktas c`Hìx`)

Asp`hij amuh`tivjMaktrj ma c` axpjsihik# uk asp`hij mamih`mj ` c`s g`lici`s prjpjka `htivim`mas aktjrkj ` mistikt`s ima`s axtr`m`s ma c` luastr`+

H@G ]A_]QCI@ HJK C@X @_]AX

@htivim`mas p`r` parsjk`s l`yjrasL`rtas# ` c`s 07+8> b

Ac H`g tartuci` hjk c`s `rtas jgraha c` jpjrtukim`m ma misgrut`r ma c`s axpjsihijkasma uk` gjrl` mistikt`+ Xa tr`t` ma uk` `htivim`m ma mjs bjr`s ak uk` visit` tr`kquic`qua parlita prjgukmiz`r ak cj qua iktaras` ls ` h`m` frupj+ Gik`ciz`m` c` visit`# sahjlp`rtak ilprasijkas ak uk` tartuci` ikgjrl`c `hjlp``m` ma uk h`g+@htivim`m mirifim` ` parsjk`s l`yjras ma 7> `js+ ^c`z`s cilit`m`s+ Ikshriphik praviàk ac tac+ 98= 672 78>+ ^rahij pjr parsjk`4 = "1> ma mashuaktj p`r` hciaktasc` Hìx`)


20/21

?>

WIXI]@X HJLAK]@M@X @ C@ AR^JXIHIK

Wisit`s hjlakt`m`s p`r` ac pocihj fakar`cCukas# ` c`s 02 bXo`mjs# ` c`s 02 b_asarv` ma pc`z`s p`r` c`s visit`s hjlakt`m`s ak ac tac+ 98= 672 78>^c`z`s cilit`m`s+ ^rahij pjr parsjk`4 8 "1> ma mashuaktj p`r` hciaktasc` H`ix`)

Wisit`s hjkhart`m`s p`r` frupjsIkshriphik pravi` ak ac tac+ 98= 672 78>+ Lxilj ?1 parsjk`s pjr frupj+ ^rahijpjr frupj4 7>

Wisit` mik`liz`m` p`r` frupjs ashjc`raswww+amuH`ix`+hjl


21/21

FAJ_FAX LCIXC@ L@FI@ MAC HIKAMac 1 ma òric `c ?= ma dukij ma?>08

Bjr`rij4Ma cukas ` viarkas# ma 0> ` ?> b

Xo`mjs# mjlikfjs y gastivjs#ma 0> ` ?0 bctilj viarkas ma h`m` las# ma 0> `?8 b

Hìx`Gjrul O`rhacjk`@vm`+ ma Gr`khash Garrar i Furmi`#

7,2>2>82 O`rhacjk`

Xarvihij ma Ikgjrl`hikJor` Xjhi`c c` Hìx`]ac+ 9>? ??8 >=>Ma cukas ` mjlikfj# ma 9 ` ?> bwww+c`hìx`+as*jor`sjhi`c

Ls ikgjrl`hik4Map`rt`laktj ma Hjlukih`hik ma c` Jor` Xjhi`c c` Hìx`Djsu F`rh`4 98= >=7 010 * 782 0=7 88> *df`rhi`cNgukm`hijc`hìx`+asDass K+ @rrjyj4 98= >=7 080 * 7?9 690 ?97 *dk`rrjyjNgukm`hijc`hìx`+asbttp4**www+c`hìx`+as*jor`sjhi`c

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George Melies. La Magia Del Cine. Caiza Forum