Georgia High School Graduation Test

The Science Test

What content is covered on the test?

The science test is comprised of five domains:Cells & Heredity (25%)Ecology (17%)Structure and Properties of matter (26%)Energy Transformations (16%)Forces, Waves, & Electricity (16%)

Biology Review

What is the Cell Theory?

• All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

• The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms.

• All cells come from other cells all ready in existence.

What are the types of cells?

Eukaryotic cells • true nucleus and organelles• plants, animals, protists, and fungi are

eukaryotesProkaryotic cells • lack a nucleus and membrane bound

organelles• bacteria

What are the parts of cells?• Cell membrane -passage of materials

into and out of the cell• Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA • Nucleolus – produces ribosomes• Mitochondria- cell energy • Ribosome- protein synthesis• Vacuole- cell storage• Lysosome- cell digestion

What are the parts of cells? (continued)

• Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical synthesis • Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for

secretion• Cell wall (plants only)- rigid outer wall;

nonliving • Chloroplasts (plants only)- photosynthesis• Centrioles (animals only) - cell division

The Cell

How are cells organized?

• Cell• Tissue – group of cells functioning

together.• Organ – group of tissues functioning

together.• Organ System – group of organs

functioning together.• Organism – group of organ systems

functioning together.

What is homeostasis?

• Homeostasis–Steady State–Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to

maintain your internal environment

How do cells transport materials?

• Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration to a lower concentration

• Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane

How do cells transport materials?• Passive transport is the movement of

materials that does not require energy.–Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

• Active Transport requires the use of energy. –pumps

What are the chemicals of life?Elements Building

BlocksUses

CarbohydratesEx-sugar,starch

C,H,O Mono-saccharides

Energy

LipidsEx-butter, oil

C,H,O Fatty Acids & glycerol

Energy

ProteinsEx-meat, cheese

C,H,O,N,S Amino Acids

Structure, growth & repair

Nucleic AcidsEx-DNA,RNA

C,H,O,N,P Nucleotides Genetic Information

How do cells divide?

How do cells divide?

Where Does A Cell Get Energy?

• In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use.

• Extra energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) .

What is photosynthesis?

What is photosynthesis?

• 6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

• Occurs in chloroplasts• Two parts:

–Light reaction–Calvin cycle (dark reaction)

What is Respiration?• The process of breaking down food

molecules to release energy.• Occurs in the mitochondria.• Two types:

–Aerobic – requires oxygen.–Anaerobic – requires an absence of

oxygen.– C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

What is DNA?• DNA contains the blueprint for life.• Nucleotides are the building blocks.• Contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate

group, and• 4 bases:

– Adenine - Thymine– Cytosine - Guanine

How are DNA & RNA Different?

DNA • Deoxyribose • Thymine• Double stranded• Found only in

nucleus

RNA• Ribose• Uracil • Single stranded

How does DNA control Protein Synthesis?

• Transcription– mRNA copies the message from DNA in the

nucleus• Translation

– Forms a protein by translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence

What are the levels of organization of ecology?

Population – group of 1 species living in the same placeCommunities - group of interacting populationsEcosystem – the community and its environmentBiome – group of ecosystems with the same

communities Biosphere – the circle of life

Individual

Population

Ecosystem

How does matter & energy flow in an ecosystem?

• Food Chains – one path of energy flow • Food Webs – complex model that expresses all

the possible feeding relationships in a community

Pyramid of energy, numbers, or biomass

GaHSGT Chemistry Review

SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom.

LocationMassCharge

Outside nucleus in electron cloud

0 -1electrons

nucleus 1 amuNeutralneutrons

nucleus 1 amu+1protons

Bohr’s Energy Levels• In the Bohr model there

were distinct energy levels where electrons could exist.

• 1st energy level holds 2 electrons

• 2nd energy level holds 8 electrons

• 3rd energy level holds 8 then 18 after 4th level gets 2 electrons.

Oxygen

What element is this?

Modern View of the Atom

The atom is mostly empty space.

Two regions• Nucleus- protons and

neutrons.• Electron cloud-

region where you might find an electron.

Atomic NumberThe number of protons

in an atom of a particular element is its atomic number.

Each element has a different atomic number.

Atomic MassProtons and neutrons are responsible for

most of the atomic mass of an atom. The number of protons and neutrons in

an atom are the mass number of that atom.

Remember to use the Periodic Table provided on the Test.

9____

F Fluorine18.998

2,7

Atomic Number

Atomic Symbol

Element name

Atomic Mass

Number of electrons per level

IsotopesFor any given element, all nuclei have the same number of

protons, but the number of neutrons may vary. These atoms of the same element with different atomic

masses are called isotopes.

SPS6. Students will investigate the properties of solutions.

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and a solvent. – A solute is the dissolved substance in a solution.

There is less of it. salt in salt water sugar in soda carbon dioxide in soda– A solvent is the dissolving medium. You have

more of it. water in salt waterwater in sodas

Dilute vs Concentrated

Saturation of Solutions

Conductivity of Solutions • An electrolyte is a substance whose water

solution conducts electricity.– ionic compounds such as NaCl (sodium chloride) – acids and bases such as HCl (hydrochloric acid) and NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

Students will compare and contrast the phases of matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion.

State Movement Proximity Shape/Volume

Solid Very little; slow 

Tightly packed

Definite shape and volume

Liquid Free to move; faster

Close together

No definite shape; definite volume

Gas Very fast Very far apart

No definite shape; fills container

Solid Liquid Gas

Plasma- the 4th state of matter

• Plasmas consist of freely moving charged particles, i.e., electrons and ions.

• Lightning creates a jagged column of plasma. • When an electric current is passed through

neon gas, it produces both plasma and light.

Explain the process of half-life as related to radioactive decay.

The time it takes for half of a radioactive element to decay is its half-life.

Physics Review

Velocity

• Distance covered in a certain amount of time

• Velocity = distance time

Acceleration

• Rate at which velocity changes

• Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity time

Force

• A push or pull

• Measured in Newtons

• An object at rest and an object moving at a constant velocity is being acted upon by a net force of zero

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

Inertia

Acceleration due to Gravity

• On Earth, all objects fall with a constant acceleration of 9.80 m/s2 in the absence of air resistance.

• In other words, a falling object’s velocity increases by 9.8 m/s each second it falls!

Mass vs. Weight

• Mass—the amount of matter in an object

• Weight—the force on a body due to the gravitational attraction of another body

• Weight changes based on location, mass does not!

Work and Power

• Work = Force x Distance– Measured in Newton-meters or Joules

• Power = Work Time

– Measured in Watts

Waves

A disturbance that transmits energy through a medium or empty space

Frequency—the number of events (waves, vibrations, oscillations) per time

Wave Properties

• Wavelength—the distance between a part of a wave to where the wave begins to repeat itself

Electromagnetic Spectrum

EM waves do not require a medium.

Mechanical Waves

• Require a medium

• Sound is an example of a mechanical wave

Behaviors of Waves• Reflection—wave bounces

off barrier

• Refraction—wave changes direction as it moves from one medium to another

• Diffraction—the bending of a wave around a barrier

To increase the strength of an electromagnet bya. Increase the number of coilsb. Increase the number of batteries

Magnetic field

Magnetic field is strongest where the lines are closest together