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3/8/2016
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@IQ_UK
Institute of Quarrying
Phil James BSc (Hons) MSc FCMI MIoD
Julian Smallshaw FIQ, FHEA, BSc
Geotechnical & Structural Geology
Quarrying.org@IQ_UK
About The Institute
1917
Global extractives industry• to improve health and safety• to increase productivity• to improve standards
Delivering excellence in education and training
Professionally qualified members
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Quarrying.org@IQ_UK
The Institute of Quarrying
PurposeTo advance the science and practice of quarrying, for the benefit
of all
VisionIQ is the beating heart of a vibrant world-class minerals industry
ValuesProfessional integrity
Lifelong learning
Ethical, sustainable practice
Quarrying.org@IQ_UK
The Institute of Quarrying
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Quarrying.org@IQ_UK
Quarrying.org@IQ_UK
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Quarrying.org@IQ_UK
Julian Smallshaw FIQ, FHEA, BSc
Began career as a Quarry Manager 20 Years member of IQ10 Years Institute of Quarrying5 Years Head of Education
Outline:
• Structural Geology – Overview
• Geotechnical Engineering – Overview
• A lot to do in a short time !
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Structural Geology
• Description spatial representation and analysis of structural features
• Study of the forces that deform rocks and origin and distribution of these forces
Unconformity
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Folding
• A bend or buckle in pre existing structure caused by deformation
• Anti-form limbs converge upwards forming an arch – anticline
• Syn-form – limbs close downwards – syncline
• Folds are described in terms of their attitude of the axial surface
Fold Desription
• Upright– Axial surface is vertical
• Overturned– Inclined axial surface one limb inverted
• Recumbent– Horizontal axial surface
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Anticline and Syncline
Igneous rocks
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Igneous Features
Extrusive Rocks
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Metamorphic Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
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Sedimentary Rocks
Outcrops
• An area where rock occurs at surface
• May or may not be covered with alluvium
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Weathered Granite Outcrop
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Dip and Strike
• Dip – angle in degrees between a horizontal plane and an inclined rock stratum
• Measurement is perpendicular to the strike and in the vertical plane.
• Strike – the direction taken by the structural surface such as a fault or bedding plane as it intersects the horizontal – it is the compass direction of the horizontal line in the inclined plane.
Dip and Strike
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Faults
• Rock fractures at which displacement has taken place
• The rocks on either side of the break have moved relative to one another in opposite directions
• Movement may be any amount in any direction on the fault plane
Normal Fault
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Reverse Fault
Strike Slip
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Slickensides
Excavations Key Issues : Planar Failures
Geotechnical
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Excavations Key Issues : Wedge Failures
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Excavations Key Issues : Wedge Failures
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Excavations Key Issues : Toppling Failures
Excavations Key Issues : Toppling Failures
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Common stabilizing measures: netting
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Common stabilizing measures: netting
Common stabilizing measures: pre-splitting
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Excavations Key Issues : Rockfall / Unravelling
over-steepened faces
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Summing up on Solid Failures
Solid Tips Key Issues : Circular / Sliding FailuresUnconsolidated Materials
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Liquid Tips (Lagoons) Key Issues : Design and Management
• Good Foundations• Adequate Retaining Structures• Adequate Well Positioned Overflows• Adequate Freeboard• Seepage? Gullying? Erosion?
Or, is there a risk of a circular or a sliding or other? type of failure that could lead to lagoon collapse
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Liquid Tips (Lagoons) Key Issues : Design and Management
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Pit Design
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But there are Inspections and there are Inspections!
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Working Methods: Face heights / trimming
Working Methods : Face heights / trimming
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Working Methods : Rock traps / exclusion
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Working Methods : Working practices
Working Methods : Stockpiles
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Working Methods : Stockpiles
‘Reach and Capture’ Distance?
Working Near Water
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Quarrying.org@IQ_UK
IQ Skills Wheel
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Quarrying.org@IQ_UK
Quarrying.org@IQ_UK
quarrying.org
@IQ_UK
Group and company pages
Thank you.
Any Questions?