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German Unification – 1806-1871 .
Napoleon sparks German Nationalism
• Napoleon conquered German states 1806-1812
• Organized Germany into the “Confederation of the Rhine”
• Sparked nationalism by uniting many Germans against him
• State of PRUSSIA leads an economic union called the Zollverein
• Free trade between German states
Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834
The German Fatherland - Ernst Moritz Arndt (1813)
• What is the German's fatherland? Is it Prussia land? Is it Swabia land? Is it where the vine blossoms on the Rhine? Where the seagull flies by the Little Belt's brine?No it's not! No it's not! My fatherland must be greater than that.
• What is the German's fatherland? Bavaria land? Is it Styria land? Is it where sturdy peasants plow the plain? Is it where mountain-sons bright metal gain? No it's not! No it's not! My fatherland must be greater than that.
•Prussian Chancellor – advisor to the Kaiser (King) Wilhelm I•Realpolitik – believed the nation’s needs should be the goal of all politics•Similar to Machiavelli•Wanted a united Germany led by the Hohenzollerns of Prussia
Otto von Bismarck
Prussia - Austria
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
“Blood&
Iron”
RealpolitikThe “IronChancello
r”
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how
sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that gives one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.
TheGerman
Confederation
TheGerman
Confederation
Step #1: The Danish
War[1864]
• Bismarck forms a well trained, equipped army
• 1864 – Bismarck makes an alliance with Austria
• Declares war on Denmark for the territories of Schleswig and Holstein
PrussiaPrussia
AustriaAustria
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
• Bismarck creates an excuse to go to war with Austria
• Seven-week war: wins Holstein and other Northern German States
• Prussia now controls the German Confederation, not Austria
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.
France and Prussia clashed over who would be the new Spanish ruler.
The Fr. Ambassador settled with the Kaiser at a conference at Ems.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
German soldiers “abusing” the French.
Step #5: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]• Prussian Army is
far better equipped and trained
• Napoleon III is forced to surrender in a few weeks
Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
The Second French Empire collapsed.France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France gave Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].
Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I
[r. 1871–1888]
Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I
[r. 1871–1888]
German Imperial
Flag
German Imperial
Flag
German for “Empire.”
Differing Nationalities in the
Austrian Empire
Differing Nationalities in the
Austrian Empire
