Document Packet Who Started WWIGERMANY DOCUMENTS

“The greatest war of modern times, and perhaps in the whole history of the human race, was begun by Germany using the crime of a schoolboy as an excuse.”

Document #: G1 Ambitions of Germany since 1871

As a result of the war with Denmark (1864) Germany had acquired extensive territory; as a result of their struggle with France (1870) they had obtained still more valuable territory and a billion dollars besides. There was another great benefit. This Franco-Prussian war, as it was called, had brought the many small political divisions of the Germans together and made it possible to found, by their union, a new nation called the German Empire in 1871.

Thus the Germans started out as a new nation feeling highly pleased with themselves. They had been invincible in fighting and had also become rich. A billion dollars in those days seemed a fabulous amount and made the Germans feel that they were rolling in wealth. Another fact gave reason for great pride. Neither of these wars had lasted more than a few months and they were therefore not very costly. That fact must have awakened a very important question in the minds of the people: If wars can prove so profitable and yet can be made to cost so little, may they not be very desirable for a nation? May not war be a very good thing?

1. Describe 3 ways Germany’s wars with Denmark and France helped Germany.

2. How do you think the wars with Denmark and France in 1871 impacted Germany’s feelings about war?

Document #: G2 Germany Increases Its Military Strength

3. Describe two ways in which Germany was attempting to build its military strength.

a. _______________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________

Document #: G3 A German View of WarPage 1

Document Packet Who Started WWI According to German writers there are two results from a successful war. First, the victors take more or less territory from the vanquished; second, the victors may demand a large sum of money, called an indemnity, from the defeated people, who thus have to pay their conquerors for having taken the trouble to defeat them…

The war was largely the result of Germany's desire to secure territory. The territory that was particularly wanted was in a number of different places. In the first place, Germany wanted the rest of the iron mines which she had made the mistake of letting France keep in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. These are located along the northeast frontier of France, about half a dozen miles from the boundary. Germany wanted also the greater part of Belgium, because it has valuable iron ore deposits, and especially because it has great deposits of coal. It has been said that without these mines of Belgian coal and of French iron, which Germany seized at the very beginning of the war, she would soon have had to give up the fight.

A SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE GREAT WARBY ALBERT E. McKINLEY, PH.D.

4. What are the 2 things a country can gain from winning a war?

5. Why did Germany want territory in France and Belgium?

Document #: G4 Germany’s Desire for Colonies Germany's commercial expansion came after most of the world had been divided among the other nations. She thought she must have more colonies to provide her with raw materials and to give her markets for some of her surplus manufactures. Other reasons why Germany wanted colonies were that she might obtain more food, and that she might establish coaling stations for her navy, so that it could protect her commerce, especially her food-carrying ships. As the war has shown, Germany can hardly produce a full supply of food for her own people. The easiest way to get colonies seemed to be by making war against some nation that already possessed them, in the hope that a victorious Germany could seize the colonies she desired.

6. Describe three reasons why Germany wanted more colonies. a. _______________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________

c. _______________________________________________________

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Document Packet Who Started WWIDocument #: G5 Germany wants “a Place in the Sun” Germany Wanted "a Place in the Sun." Germany was acknowledged to be the strongest nation in continental Europe. Her position as a world power, however, was disputed by Great Britain, both by reason of the [Britain’s] control of the sea through her enormous fleet, and by reason of Great Britain's numerous colonies all over the world. It was galling to German pride to have to coal her ships at English coaling stations. She wanted stations of her own. By bringing on a war that would humble France to the dust and make Belgium a part of Germany, thus giving her a chance to seize the colonies of France and Belgium, Germany would at once attain a position in the world's affairs which would enable her to challenge the power of any nation on earth.

7. Why was Germany jealous of Britain?

Document #: G6 Premeditation of the WarAt Potsdam a "decisive meeting" took place on the 5th of July, 1914.  Germany and Austria decided upon this plan: "Austria will send to Serbia a very emphatic ultimatum with a very short limit of time."

A German Minister, von Lerchenfeld, said in a confidential dispatch dated the 18th of July, 1914, the facts stated in which have never been officially denied: "It is clear that Serbia cannot accept the demands, which are inconsistent with the dignity of an independent state."

Count Lerchenfeld reveals in this report that, at the time it was made, the ultimatum to Serbia had been jointly decided upon by the Governments of Berlin and Vienna; that they were waiting to send It until President Poincare and Mr. Viviani should have left for St. Petersburg; and that no illusions were cherished, either at Berlin or Vienna, as to the consequences which this threatening measure would involve.  It was perfectly well known that war would be the result.

8. What did Germany and Austria agree to do at the meeting in Potsdam?

9. What was von Lerchenfeld’s opinion about the ultimatum?

Document #: G7 Germany’s “Blank Check” to Austria, July 6, 1914.

Berlin, July 6, 1914Finally, as far as concerns Serbia, His Majesty, of course, cannot interfere in the dispute now going on between Austria-Hungary and that country, as it is a matter not within his competence. The Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph may, however, rest assured that His Majesty will faithfully stand by Austria-Hungary, as is required by the obligations of his alliance and of his ancient friendship.

BETHMANN-HOLLWEGGerman Chancellor

10. What does the German Chancellor promise Austria-Hungary?

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Document Packet Who Started WWIRUSSIA DOCUMENTS

Document #: R1 RUSSIAN RESPONSIBILITYRussia was partly responsible for the Austro-Serbian conflict because of the frequent encouragementwhich she had given [Serbia]—that Serbian national unity would be ultimately achieved with Russianassistance at Austrian expense. This had led the [Serbian] government to hope for Russian support in caseof a war with Austria, and the hope did not prove vain in July, 1914. Before this, to be sure, in theBosnian Crisis and during the Balkan Wars, Russia had put restraint upon Serbia, because Russia,exhausted by the effects of the Russo-Japanese War, was not yet ready for a European struggle withthe Teutonic Powers. But in 1914 her armaments, though not yet completed, had made such progressthat the militarists were confident of success, if they had French and British support.

Russia's responsibility lay also in the secret preparatory military measures which she was making atthe same time that she was carrying on diplomatic negotiations. These alarmed Germany and Austria.But it was primarily Russia's general mobilization, made when Germany was trying to bring Austria to asettlement, which precipitated the final catastrophe, causing Germany to mobilize and declare war.

1. How did Russian support influence Serbia?

2. What action taken by Russia caused Germany to declare war?

Document #: R2 Alliance between France & RussiaThe Franco-Russian Alliance Military Convention - August 18, 1892

France and Russia, being animated by a common desire to preserve peace, and having no other object than to meet the necessities of a defensive war, provoked by an attack of the forces of the Triple Alliance against either of them, have agreed upon the following provisions:

1. If France is attacked by Germany, or by Italy supported by Germany, Russia shall employ all her available forces to attack Germany.

If Russia is attacked by Germany, or by Austria supported by Germany, France shall employ all her available forces to attack Germany.

2. In case the forces of the Triple Alliance, or of any one of the Powers belonging to it, should be mobilized, France and Russia, at the first news of this event and without previous agreement being necessary, shall mobilize immediately and simultaneously the whole of their forces, and shall transport them as far as possible to their frontiers.

3. The available forces to be employed against Germany shall be, on the part of France, 1,300,000 men, on the part of Russia, 700,000 or 800,000 men. These forces shall engage to the full with such speed that Germany will have to fight simultaneously on the East and on the West. …

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Document Packet Who Started WWI

6. The present Convention shall have the same duration as the Triple Alliance.

7. All the clauses enumerated above shall be kept absolutely secret. 3. How could have this alliance have contributed to the First World War?

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Document Packet Who Started WWIDocument #: R3 WILLY-NICKY LETTER #1: Tsar asks Kaiser

for Help

LETTER #1Tsar Nicholas (Russia) to Kaiser Wilhelm (Germany), July 29, 1:00 A.M.

Am glad you are back. In this serious moment, I appeal to you to help me. A shameful war has beendeclared on a weak country. The anger in Russia is enormous. I foresee that very soon I shall be overwhelmed by the pressure forced upon me and be forced to take extreme measures which will lead to war. To try and avoid such a calamity as a European war I beg you in the name of our old friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far.

Nicky

4. Why does the tsar feel compelled to support Serbia?

5. Specifically, what does the Russian tsar request the German Kaiser to do?

Document #: R4 WILLY-NICKY LETTERs #2 & 3: Kaiser Wilhelm Warns Tsar Nicholas

LETTER #2Kaiser to Tsar, July 29, 1:45 A.M... The terrorist activity that has been going on in Serbia for years has resulted in the outrageous crime, to which Archduke Francis Ferdinand fell a victim. The spirit that led Serbians to murder their own king and his wife still dominates the country. You will doubtless agree with me that we both, you and me, have a common interest as well as all rulers to insist that all the persons morally responsible for the dastardly murder should receive their deserved punishment. Your very sincere and devoted friend and cousinWilly

LETTER #3Kaiser to Tsar, July 29, 6:30 P.M.Berlin, 29. July 1914

I received your telegram and share your wish that peace should be maintained. But as I told you in my first telegram, I cannot consider Austria's action against Serbia a “shameful" war. Austria knows by experience that Serbian promises on a paper are wholly unreliable.

I therefore suggest that it would be quite possible for Russia to remain a spectator of the Austro-Serbian conflict without involving Europe in the most horrible war she ever witnessed. I think a direct understanding between your Government and Austria desirable…Of course military measures on the part of Russia would be looked upon by Austria as a calamity we both wish to avoid and jeopardize my position as mediator which I readily accepted on your appeal to my friendship and my help.

Willy

6. In letter #2, why does the Kaiser support Austria?

7. What does the Kaiser think will happen if Russia gets involved?

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Document Packet Who Started WWI8. What does the Kaiser encourage Russia to do in order to avoid a conflict?

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Document Packet Who Started WWIDocument #: R5 WILLY-NICKY LETTER #4 & #5: TSAR ASKS

KAISER TO PERSUADE AUSTRIA TO AVOID WAR

LETTER #4Tsar to Kaiser, July 29, 8:20 P.M.

Thanks for your telegram conciliatory and friendly. ..It would be right to give over the Austro-Serbian problem to the Hague conference. Trust in your wisdom and friendship.Your loving Nicky

LETTER #5Tsar to Kaiser, July 30, 1:20 A.M.

Thank you heartily for your quick answer. Am sending Tatischev this evening with instructions. Themilitary measures which have now come into force were decided five days ago for reasons of defenseon account of Austria's preparations. I hope from all my heart that these measures won't in any wayinterfere with your part as mediator which I greatly value. We need your strong pressure on Austriato come to an understanding with us.Nicky

9. In letter #4, what solution does Russia suggest for solving this problem?

10. Why did Russia begin mobilizing its military?

Document #: R6 WILLY-NICKY LETTERS #6 & #7: KAISER WARNS AGAINST RUSSIAN MOBILIZATION

LETTER #6Kaiser to Tsar, July 30, 1:20 A.M.Berlin, 30. July 1914Count Pourtalès [our ambassador] was instructed to draw the attention of your government to the danger & grave consequences involved by a mobilization [of the Russian military]; I said the same in my telegram to you. Austria has only mobilized against Serbia & only a part of her army. If, as it is now the case, Russia mobilizes against Austria, my role as mediator will be endangered if not ruined. The whole weight of the decision lies solely on your shoulders now, who have to bear the responsibility for Peace or War.Willy

LETTER #7Kaiser to Tsar, July 31, 1914On your appeal request, I began to mediate between your and the Austro-Hungarian Government. While this action was proceeding your troops were mobilized against Austro-Hungary, my ally… I have nevertheless continued efforts at negotiating peace. I now receive news of serious Russian preparations for war on my Eastern frontier. Responsibility for the safety of my empire forces preventive measures of defense upon me. In my endeavors to maintain the peace of the world I have gone to the utmost limit possible.

The responsibility for the disaster which is now threatening the whole civilized world will notbe laid at my door. In this moment it still lies in your power to avert it. Nobody is threatening thehonor or power of Russia who can well afford to await the result of my mediation. My friendship for

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Document Packet Who Started WWIyou and your empire, transmitted to me by my grandfather on his deathbed has always been sacred tome and I have honestly often backed up Russia when she was in serious trouble especially in her lastwar. The peace of Europe may still be maintained by you, if Russia will agree to stop the military measureswhich must threaten Germany and Austro-Hungary.Willy

11. In Letter #6 & In Letter #7, why does the Kaiser feel threatened?

Document #: WILLY-NICKY LETTERS #8 & #9LETTER #8Tsar to Kaiser, July 31

I thank you heartily for your mediation which begins to give one hope that all may yet end peacefully.It is technically impossible to stop our military preparations which were necessary because of Austria'smobilization. We are far from wishing war. As long as the negotiations with Austria on Serbia'saccount are taking place my troops shall not make any provocative action. I give you my solemn wordfor this. I put all my trust in Gods mercy and hope in your successful mediation in Vienna for the welfare of our countries and for the peace of Europe.Your affectionateNicky

LETTER #9Tsar to Kaiser, August 1I received your telegram. Understand you are obliged to mobilize but wish to have the same guaranteefrom you as I gave you, that these measures do not mean war and that we shall continue negotiatingfor the benefit of our countries and universal peace deal to all our hearts. Our long proved friendshipmust succeed, with God's help, in avoiding bloodshed. Anxiously, full of confidence await your answer.

Nicky

12. Why did Russia say they were forced to mobilize their army?

Document #:

LETTER #10Kaiser to Tsar, August 1Berlin, 1. August 1914

Thanks for your telegram. I yesterday pointed out to your government the way by which alone war may

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Document Packet Who Started WWIbe avoided. Although I requested an answer for noon today, no telegram from my ambassadorconveying an answer from your Government has reached me as yet. I therefore have been obliged tomobilize my army….Willy

13. What action has Germany taken on the 1st of August in 1914?

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Document Packet Who Started WWIAUSTRIA-HUNGARY DOCUMENTS

Document #: H-1 Premeditation of the WarAt Potsdam a meeting took place on the 5th of July, 1914.  Germany and Austria decided upon this plan: "Austria will send to Serbia a very forceful ultimatum with a very short limit of time."

A German Minister, von Lerchenfeld, said in a confidential dispatch dated the 18th of July, 1914, "It is clear that Serbia cannot accept the demands, which are inconsistent with the dignity of an independent state."

Count Lerchenfeld reveals in this report that, the ultimatum to Serbia had been jointly decided upon by the Governments of Germany and Austria; and it was perfectly well known that war would be the result.

1. What did Germany and Austria agree to do at the meeting in Potsdam?

2. What was von Lerchenfeld’s opinion about the ultimatum?

Document #: H2 Austrian ImperialismThe Austrian government was not much concerned to punish the crime of Sarajevo.   They wanted to punish a different crime - the crime that Serbia committed by existing as a free national state.

AJP Taylor, Europe - Grandeur and Decline (1967)

3. What did AJP Taylor think Austria’s motive was for declaring war on Serbia?

Document #: Serbian response to the Austrian ultimatum, July 25, 1914The Serbian government accepted every single point of the ultimatum except for one…

The [Serbian] Government considers it its duty as a matter of course to begin an investigation against all those persons who have participated in the outrage of June 28th and who are in its territory.   As far as the cooperation in this investigation of specially delegated officials of the [Austro-Hungarian] Government is concerned, this cannot be accepted, as this is a violation of the constitution and of criminal procedure.. . . If the Imperial and Royal Government are not satisfied with this reply, the SerbianGovernment, considering that it is not to the common interest to precipitate the solution of thisquestion, are ready, as always, to accept a peaceful understanding, either by referring this question tothe decision of the International Tribunal of The Hague, or to the Great Powers . . .

4. What part of the ultimatum did Serbia refuse to accept and why?

5. How did Serbia suggest resolving this problem peacefully?

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Document Packet Who Started WWIDocument #: H4 Austrian Ultimatum to the Serbian government.

The ultimatum begins with a description of various acts of hostility directed against Austria-Hungary by Serbia. Then it describes the direct involvement of Serbian government officials inthe assassination of the Archduke:

It is clear from the statements and confessions of the criminal authors of the assassination of the 28th of June, that the murder at Sarajevo was conceived at Belgrade [capital of Serbia], that the murderers received the weapons and the bombs with which they were equipped from Serbian officers and officials who belonged to the [Black Hand], and, finally, that the dispatch of the criminals and of their weapons to Bosnia was arranged and effected under the conduct of Serbian frontier authorities.

The Austro-Hungarian ultimatum then lists ten specific demands, all of which Serbia must agreeto within 48 hours or face war:The Royal Serbian Government will furthermore pledge itself:

1. to stop every publication which causes hatred and contempt of [Austria-Hungary]…2. to dissolve the Black Hand, to confiscate all of its means of propaganda…3. to eliminate from public education in Serbia, everything that serves to nourish the propaganda against Austria-Hungary…4. to remove from the military and administrative service in general all officers and officials who have been guilty of carrying on the propaganda against Austria-Hungary, 5. to agree to the cooperation in Serbia of the organs of the Austrian Government in the elimination of the rebellious movement directed against Austria;6. to hold an investigation for every participant in the assassination of the 28th of June who may be found in Serbian territory; the Austrian Government will take part in the proceedings held for this purpose; 8. by efficient measures to prevent the participation of Serbian authorities in the smuggling of weapons and explosives across the frontier; to dismiss from the service and to punish severely those members of the Frontier Service who assisted the authors of the crime of Sarajevo to cross the frontier.9. to make explanations to the Imperial and Royal Government concerning the unjustifiable utterances of high Serbian functionaries in Serbia and abroad who, without regard for their official position, have not hesitated to express themselves in a manner hostile toward Austria-Hungary since the assassination of the 28th of June;

6. List 3 ways in which Austria’s ultimatum is too harsh.a.

b. c.

Document #: H3 Gavrilo’s Excuse   "No I am not sorry. I have cleared an evil out of the way. He [Franz Ferdinand] is a German and an enemy of the South Slavs. He treated them badly. … Every day a high treason trial. Every day it went worse with our people. They are impoverished. … I killed him and I am not sorry. … I regarded him as an energetic man who as ruler would have carried through definite ideas and reforms which stood in our way. … For union [of the South Slavs] one must sacrifice many lives, and it was for this reason that Franz Ferdinand fell. Nevertheless, the main motive which guided me in my deed was: the avenging of the Serbian people. … I am a nationalist. I aimed to free the [Yugoslavs]. For I am a [Yugoslav]. This is to come from intimidation—from above. … As far as Serbia is concerned, it is her duty to free us…”

—Gavrilo Princip, testimony at his trial for murder and treason (October 1914)

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Document Packet Who Started WWI7. Why does Gavrilo Princip, the assassin, think the murder of Franz Ferdinand

was justified (necessary)?

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Document Packet Who Started WWISERBIA DOCUMENTS

Document #: S1 Serbia’s Failure to Stop The Black Hand Serbia felt a natural and justifiable impulse to do what so many other countries had done in thenineteenth century—to bring under one national Government all the discontented Serb people. She had liberated those under Turkish rule; the next step was to liberate those under Austrian rule. Shelooked to Russia for assistance, and had been encouraged to expect that she would receive it. After the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Mr. Pashitch {Nicholas Pashitch, premier of Serbia] took no steps to discover and bring to justice Serbians in Belgrade who had been implicated in the plot. One of them, Ciganovitch, was even assisted to disappear. Mr. Pashitch waited to see whatevidence the Austrian authorities could find. When Austria demanded cooperation of Serbian officials in discovering, though not in trying, implicated Serbians, the Serbian Government made a very conciliatory but negative reply. They expected that the reply would not be regarded as satisfactory, and, even before it was given, ordered the mobilization of the Serbian army. Serbia did not want war, but believed it would be forced upon her. That Mr. Pashitch was aware of the plot three weeks before it was executed, failed to take effective steps to prevent the assassins from crossing over from Serbia to Bosnia, and then failed to give Austria any warning or information which might have averted the fatal crime, were facts unknown to Austria in July, 1914; they cannot therefore be regarded as in any way justifying Austria's conduct; but they are part of Serbia's responsibility, and a very serious part.

1. Describe 2 ways in which Serbia failed to avoid war with Austria. a.

b.

Document #: S2 TESTIMONY OF GAVRILO PRINCIP   "No I am not sorry. I have cleared an evil out of the way. He [Franz Ferdinand] is a German and an enemy of the South Slavs. He treated them badly. … Every day a high treason trial. Every day it went worse with our people. They are impoverished. … I killed him and I am not sorry. … I regarded him as an energetic man who as ruler would have carried through definite ideas and reforms which stood in our way. … For union [of the South Slavs] one must sacrifice many lives, and it was for this reason that Franz Ferdinand fell. Nevertheless, the main motive which guided me in my deed was: the avenging of the Serbian people. … I am a nationalist. I aimed to free the [Yugoslavs]. For I am a [Yugoslav]. This is to come from intimidation—from above. … As far as Serbia is concerned, it is her duty to free us, as Italy freed her Italians."—Gavrilo Princip, testimony at his trial for murder and treason (October 1914)

2. Why did Gavrilo Princip feel that Franz Ferdinand must be assassinated?

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Document Packet Who Started WWIDocument #: S3 Austrian Ultimatum to the Serbian government.It is clear from the statements and confessions of the criminal authors of the assassination of the 28th of June, that the murder at Sarajevo was conceived at Belgrade [capital of Serbia], that the murderers received the weapons and the bombs with which they were equipped from Serbian officers and officials who belonged to the [Black Hand], and, finally, that the dispatch of the criminals and of their weapons to Bosnia was arranged and effected under the conduct of Serbian frontier authorities.

The Royal Serbian Government will furthermore pledge itself:

1. to stop every publication which causes hatred and contempt of [Austria-Hungary]…2. to dissolve the Black Hand, to confiscate all of its means of propaganda…3. to eliminate from public education in Serbia, everything that serves to nourish the propaganda against Austria-Hungary…4. to remove from the military and administrative service in general all officers and officials who have been guilty of carrying on the propaganda against Austria-Hungary, 5. to agree to the cooperation in Serbia of the organs of the Austrian Government in the elimination of the rebellious movement directed against Austria;6. to hold an investigation for every participant in the assassination of the 28th of June who may be found in Serbian territory; the Austrian Government will take part in the proceedings held for this purpose; 8. by efficient measures to prevent the participation of Serbian authorities in the smuggling of weapons and explosives across the frontier; to dismiss from the service and to punish severely those members of the Frontier Service who assisted the authors of the crime of Sarajevo to cross the frontier.9. to make explanations to the Imperial and Royal Government concerning the unjustifiable utterances of high Serbian functionaries in Serbia and abroad who, without regard for their official position, have not hesitated to express themselves in a manner hostile toward Austria-Hungary since the assassination of the 28th of June;

3. In what ways does Austria think Serbian officials were directly involved in the assassination?

4. List 5 things Austria feels the Serbian government has a responsibility to do in order to stop terrorism.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Document #: S4 Disaster for AustriaThe assassination of the heir to the throne, as a result of a plot prepared in Belgrade [Serbia],demanded severe retribution; otherwise Austria would be regarded as incapable of action,..., would sink in prestige, and hasten her own downfall.

5. Why did the assassination of Franz Ferdinand require Austria to act against Serbia?

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Document Packet Who Started WWIDocument #: S5 Serbian response to the Austrian ultimatum, July 25, 1914The Serbian government accepted every single point of the ultimatum except for one…

The [Serbian] Government considers it its duty as a matter of course to begin an investigation against all those persons who have participated in the outrage of June 28th and who are in its territory.   As far as the cooperation in this investigation of specially delegated officials of the [Austro-Hungarian] Government is concerned, this cannot be accepted, as this is a violation of the constitution and of criminal procedure.. . . If the Imperial and Royal Government are not satisfied with this reply, the SerbianGovernment, considering that it is not to the common interest to precipitate the solution of thisquestion, are ready, as always, to accept a peaceful understanding, either by referring this question tothe decision of the International Tribunal of The Hague, or to the Great Powers . . .

6. Why did the Serbian government refuse to accept the ultimatum?

Document #: S6 Statutes of “The Black Hand”Article 1. This organization has been created with the object of realizing the national ideal: Theunion of all the Serbs. All Serbs without distinction of sex, religion, place of birth, and all who aresincerely devoted to this cause, may become members.Article 2. This organization prefers terrorist action to intellectual propaganda and for this reasonmust be kept absolutely secret from persons who do not belong to it.Article 3. This organization bears the name "Union or Death."Article 4. To accomplish its task, the organization:1. Brings influence to bear on Government circles, on the various social classes and on thewhole social life of the Kingdom of Serbia, …2. Organizes revolutionary action in all territories inhabited by Serbs.3. Outside the frontiers of Serbia uses every means available to fight the adversaries of thisidea.4. Maintains amicable relations with all states, peoples, organizations, and individuals whoentertain feelings of friendship towards Serbia and the Serbian element.5. Lends help and support in every way possible to all people and all organizations strugglingfor their national liberation and for their union.Article 5. A central Committee having its headquarters at Belgrade is at the head of thisorganization and exercises executive authority. . . .Article 25. Members of the organization are not known to each other personally. It is only themembers of the Central Committee who are known to one another.Article 26. In the organization itself the members are known by numbers. Only the CentralCommittee at Belgrade is to know their names. . . .Article 31. Anyone who once enters the organization may never withdraw from it. . . .Article 33. When the Central Committee at Belgrade has pronounced penalty of death [on one of themembers] the only matter of importance is that the execution take place without fail. ...

7. What was the goal of the Black Hand?

8. Describe 3 ways the Black Hand proposed to accomplish their goal as listed in Article 4.

a.

b. c.

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