Germany Erupts Europe Germany Erupts Europe into a Warinto a War

The Great WarThe Great War

Europe has been investing money Europe has been investing money into imperialism, military, etc.into imperialism, military, etc.

Nationalism caused rivalriesNationalism caused rivalries Competition for materials and marketsCompetition for materials and markets Territorial disputesTerritorial disputes

Alliances form in Europe during Alliances form in Europe during imperialismimperialism

CousinsCousins The King of Great The King of Great

Britain (George V), Britain (George V), the Kaiser of the Kaiser of Germany (Wilhelm Germany (Wilhelm II) and the Czar of II) and the Czar of Russia (Nicolas II) Russia (Nicolas II) were all were all grandchildren of grandchildren of Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria.

George V and Nicholas II

George V and Wilhelm II

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyGermany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple EntenteTriple Entente

Russia had become suspicious of Russia had become suspicious of Germany’s allianceGermany’s alliance

Russia needs an alliance so they look Russia needs an alliance so they look to Franceto France

Great Britain joins in and the Triple Great Britain joins in and the Triple Entente is formed in a DIRECT Entente is formed in a DIRECT response to the Triple Allianceresponse to the Triple Alliance

AlliancesAlliances

If Germany, Italy, A-H attack Russia, If Germany, Italy, A-H attack Russia, France will counter attackFrance will counter attack

If Germany, Italy, A-H attack France, If Germany, Italy, A-H attack France, Russia will counter attackRussia will counter attack

Oh Germany…Oh Germany…

Navy battle with Great BritainNavy battle with Great Britain Exporting price battle with RussiaExporting price battle with Russia

BalkansBalkans

Natural resources Natural resources are insignificantare insignificant

Nobody wants Nobody wants the land, but the land, but don’t want don’t want anyone else to anyone else to get itget it

Serbians want Serbians want independenceindependence

Balkans cont.Balkans cont.

Russia sympathizes with Serbia and Russia sympathizes with Serbia and sends in troops to helpsends in troops to help

After 2 Balkan Wars, there is no After 2 Balkan Wars, there is no outcomeoutcome

Serbs mad at Russia, Russia couldn’t Serbs mad at Russia, Russia couldn’t fight because they are not really fight because they are not really industrializedindustrialized

Armenian GenocideArmenian Genocide

By 1880, 2.5 million Christian By 1880, 2.5 million Christian Armenians in Ottoman Empire began Armenians in Ottoman Empire began to demand freedomto demand freedom

In 1914, Turks deported nearly 2 In 1914, Turks deported nearly 2 million Armenians million Armenians 600,000 died of starvation or were killed600,000 died of starvation or were killed

Willy-Nicky CorrespondenceWilly-Nicky Correspondencejust read!just read!

Telegrams between Wilhelm II and Nicholas Telegrams between Wilhelm II and Nicholas II II during June 16, 1914 to Aug 2, 1914during June 16, 1914 to Aug 2, 1914

The telegrams start with a plea from the The telegrams start with a plea from the Tsar to the Kaiser to try to stop the serious Tsar to the Kaiser to try to stop the serious developments that led up to World War I. An developments that led up to World War I. An excerpt:excerpt: I foresee that very soon I shall be overwhelmed I foresee that very soon I shall be overwhelmed

by the pressure forced upon me and be forced to by the pressure forced upon me and be forced to take extreme measures which will lead to war. take extreme measures which will lead to war. To try and avoid such a calamity as a European To try and avoid such a calamity as a European war I beg you in the name of our old friendship war I beg you in the name of our old friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far. Nicky.too far. Nicky.

Ultimately, the correspondence changes Ultimately, the correspondence changes tone and the two leaders warn each other tone and the two leaders warn each other of impending mobilization due to factors of impending mobilization due to factors out of their control, while retaining the out of their control, while retaining the notion that mobilization does not mean notion that mobilization does not mean war. An excerpt of the last telegram:war. An excerpt of the last telegram: Immediate affirmative clear and unmistakable Immediate affirmative clear and unmistakable

answer from your government is the only way to answer from your government is the only way to avoid endless misery. Until I have received this avoid endless misery. Until I have received this answer alas, I am unable to discuss the subject answer alas, I am unable to discuss the subject of your telegram. As a matter of fact I must of your telegram. As a matter of fact I must request you to immediatelyrequest you to immediately [sic] [sic] order your order your troops on no account to commit the slightest act troops on no account to commit the slightest act of trespassing over our frontiers. Willyof trespassing over our frontiers. Willy

Eve of WarEve of War

Austrian Archduke Austrian Archduke comes to visit comes to visit SarajevoSarajevo

June 28, 1914- June 28, 1914- he is he is assassinated by Gavrilo assassinated by Gavrilo Princip (member of the Princip (member of the Black Hand)Black Hand)

All countries condemn All countries condemn the assassinationthe assassination

Germany wants Austria Germany wants Austria to “get even”to “get even”

War breaks outWar breaks outDates are given only for a timeline, you Dates are given only for a timeline, you

will not be asked them.will not be asked them. July 28- Austria declares war on SerbiaJuly 28- Austria declares war on Serbia July 29- Russia mobilizes (but they need July 29- Russia mobilizes (but they need

90 days)90 days) Russia lines up on their Western border Russia lines up on their Western border

(Germany)(Germany) Nicky tells Willy they aren’t going to Nicky tells Willy they aren’t going to

attackattack Willy doesn’t believe NickyWilly doesn’t believe Nicky

July 31- Germany is completely July 31- Germany is completely mobilizedmobilized

August 1- French mobilizeAugust 1- French mobilize Germany declares war on Russia and Germany declares war on Russia and

FranceFrance August 4- GB declares war on August 4- GB declares war on

GermanyGermany

Causes of Causes of the Great Warthe Great War

MM AA II NN BB SS

•Militarism

•Alliances

•Imperialism

•Nationalism

•Balkans

•Serbia

WHY??WHY?? Germany- wants to start a war for Germany- wants to start a war for

nationalism and to show their power (and nationalism and to show their power (and awesome new navy)awesome new navy)

Serbia- want independenceSerbia- want independence France- see a way to get social and political France- see a way to get social and political

status back into their countrystatus back into their country GB- mad about Germany's navy, having GB- mad about Germany's navy, having

internal conflict and feel war will unite the internal conflict and feel war will unite the peoplepeople

When war breaks out, everyone cheers! They When war breaks out, everyone cheers! They are all elated because they all think they will are all elated because they all think they will win.win.

Central Powers:Central Powers: GermanyGermany Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary BulgariaBulgaria Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Allied PowersAllied Powers IrelandIreland RussiaRussia PortugalPortugal SerbiaSerbia RomaniaRomania GreeceGreece Great BritainGreat Britain ItalyItaly FranceFrance JapanJapan U.S. (1917)U.S. (1917)

Neutral NationsSpainNetherlandsSwitzerlandAlbaniaDenmarkSweden

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan Germany had Germany had

to fight a two to fight a two front warfront war

Plan was to Plan was to invade France, invade France, defeat them in defeat them in 6 weeks6 weeks

Then move Then move troops to troops to RussiaRussia

Western FrontWestern Front

Battle of the Marne- Battle of the Marne- Germans were Germans were defeated, ended the defeated, ended the Schlieffen planSchlieffen plan

Russia was now fully Russia was now fully mobilizedmobilized

Germany had to Germany had to split its army and split its army and fight a two front warfight a two front war

Stalemate- Stalemate- deadlock: no one deadlock: no one winning or losing winning or losing (on Western Front)(on Western Front)

Trench warfare- soldiers fought from Trench warfare- soldiers fought from trenchestrenches

Armies traded huge losses for small gainsArmies traded huge losses for small gains ““No man’s land”- space between trenchesNo man’s land”- space between trenches just read belowjust read below One soldier wrote, “The men slept in mud, One soldier wrote, “The men slept in mud,

washed in mud, ate mud, and dreamed washed in mud, ate mud, and dreamed mud.”mud.”

Another wrote, “…the air was Another wrote, “…the air was unbreathable. Our blinded, wounded, unbreathable. Our blinded, wounded, crawling, and shouting soldiers kept crawling, and shouting soldiers kept falling on top of us and died splashing us falling on top of us and died splashing us with blood. It was a living hell.”with blood. It was a living hell.”

An aerial reconnaissance photograph of the opposing trenches and no-man's land between Loos and Hulluch in Artois, France, taken at 7.15 pm, 22 July 1917. German trenches are at the right and bottom, British trenches are at the top left. The vertical line to the left of centre indicates the course of a pre-war road or track.

just read!

Trench footTrench foot

Major Battles on the Western Major Battles on the Western FrontFront

Battle of Verdun: 1916Battle of Verdun: 1916• Germany launched a massive attack Germany launched a massive attack

against the French. against the French. • 300,000 casualties on each side, 300,000 casualties on each side,

Germany gained 4 miles (they later lost it)Germany gained 4 miles (they later lost it)

Battle of the Somme: 1916Battle of the Somme: 1916• British tried to relieve pressure on British tried to relieve pressure on

FrenchFrench• 500,000 casualties on each side, 500,000 casualties on each side,

British gained 5 milesBritish gained 5 miles

Eastern FrontEastern Front

Battle of Tannenberg- Russia was Battle of Tannenberg- Russia was heavily defeated by Germans; Russia heavily defeated by Germans; Russia never recoverednever recovered

Christmas TruceChristmas Trucejust read!just read!

The truce began on Christmas Eve, 24 The truce began on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1914, when German troops began December 1914, when German troops began decorating the area around their trenches in decorating the area around their trenches in the region of Ypres, Belgium, for Christmas. the region of Ypres, Belgium, for Christmas. They began by placing candles on trees, then They began by placing candles on trees, then continued the celebration by singing continued the celebration by singing Christmas carols, most notably Christmas carols, most notably Stille NachtStille Nacht ((Silent NightSilent Night). The Scottish troops in the ). The Scottish troops in the trenches across from them responded by trenches across from them responded by singing English carols. singing English carols.

just read!just read! The two sides continued by shouting Christmas The two sides continued by shouting Christmas

greetings to each other. Soon thereafter, there greetings to each other. Soon thereafter, there were calls for visits across the "No Man's Land" were calls for visits across the "No Man's Land" where small gifts were exchanged — whisky, where small gifts were exchanged — whisky, jam, cigars, and chocolate. The soldiers jam, cigars, and chocolate. The soldiers exchanged gifts, sometimes addresses, and exchanged gifts, sometimes addresses, and drank together. The artillery in the region fell drank together. The artillery in the region fell silent that night. The truce also allowed a silent that night. The truce also allowed a breathing spell where recently-fallen soldiers breathing spell where recently-fallen soldiers could be brought back behind their lines by could be brought back behind their lines by burial parties. Proper burials took place as burial parties. Proper burials took place as soldiers from both sides mourned the dead soldiers from both sides mourned the dead together and paid their respects. together and paid their respects.

just read!just read! The truce spread to other areas of the The truce spread to other areas of the

lines, and there are many stories of lines, and there are many stories of football matches between the opposing football matches between the opposing forces.forces.

In many sectors, the truce lasted In many sectors, the truce lasted through Christmas night, but in some through Christmas night, but in some areas, it continued until New Year's Day.areas, it continued until New Year's Day.

The truce occurred in spite of opposition The truce occurred in spite of opposition at higher levels of the military. Earlier in at higher levels of the military. Earlier in the autumn, a call by Pope Benedict XV the autumn, a call by Pope Benedict XV for an official truce between the warring for an official truce between the warring governments had been ignored.governments had been ignored.

German and Russian soldiers on the Eastern Front on Christmas 1914

British soldiers bringing in Holly

German officer in a British trench during the Christmas truce

The Germans and British even played soccer. The Germans won 2-1.

Scottish and German soldiers

New WeaponsNew Weapons

Petrol Driven Petrol Driven EnginesEngines

Trucks, motorcyclesTrucks, motorcycles

AirAir

Zeppelin, airplanesZeppelin, airplanes

ZeppelinsZeppelins

AirplanesAirplanes Reconnaissance and Reconnaissance and

photographyphotography BombingBombing Armed with machine gunsArmed with machine guns

Dog FightsDog Fights The Red BarronThe Red Barron

Machine gunMachine gun

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Barbed wire, Barbed wire, mortarsmortars

ArtilleryArtillery

GrenadesGrenades

GasGas

Mustard gas and Mustard gas and chlorine gas- chlorine gas- introduced by introduced by GermansGermans

CountryTotal Casualties Death

Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000

British Empire 188,706 8,109

France 190,000 8,000

Germany 200,000 9,000

Italy 60,000 4,627

Russia 419,340 56,000

USA 72,807 1,462

Others 10,000 1,000

just read!

SubmarinesSubmarines

German U-boatsGerman U-boats

TanksTanks

Tank Production 1916-18

YearUK France Germany Italy USA

1916 150 - - - -

1917 1,277 800 - - -

1918 1,391 4,000 20 6 84

just read!

FlamethroweFlamethrowersrs

Gallipoli Campaign Feb Gallipoli Campaign Feb 19151915

Allied effort:Allied effort: to take the Dardanelles to take the Dardanelles Topple the Ottoman Topple the Ottoman EmpireEmpireControl Constantinople Control Constantinople and supply line into Russiaand supply line into RussiaHuge Allied lossHuge Allied loss

Over 250,000Over 250,000

Russia SurrendersRussia Surrenders Russia went through a Revolution in 1917Russia went through a Revolution in 1917 New leader (Lenin) promised to end the warNew leader (Lenin) promised to end the war March 1918- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was March 1918- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was

signed between Russia and Germanysigned between Russia and Germany Russia lost Riga, Lithuania, Livonia, Estonia Russia lost Riga, Lithuania, Livonia, Estonia

and some of Russia.and some of Russia. areas of economic importance , fertile farming areas of economic importance , fertile farming Germany was allowed to exploit lands to Germany was allowed to exploit lands to

support their military effort in the west.support their military effort in the west.

US enters WWIUS enters WWI

By 1917, the Germans By 1917, the Germans used submarine used submarine warfare throughout warfare throughout the Atlanticthe Atlantic

Germany put a naval Germany put a naval blockade around GBblockade around GB

Unrestricted Unrestricted submarine warfare- submarine warfare- Submarines would Submarines would sink any ship sink any ship WITHOUT warningWITHOUT warning

May 7, 1915- German boats sunk the May 7, 1915- German boats sunk the Lusitania- passenger ship from US to Lusitania- passenger ship from US to EnglandEngland

February 1917- British intercepts the February 1917- British intercepts the Zimmerman telegramZimmerman telegram Sent from Germany to MexicoSent from Germany to Mexico Mexico become an ally with Germany Mexico become an ally with Germany

and Germany would help Mexico regain and Germany would help Mexico regain land lost to US. land lost to US.

This is what the Zimmerman telegram looked like prior to it’s decoding by the British.

just read!

President Wilson had President Wilson had been reluctant to join been reluctant to join the war until his the war until his country was country was threatened.threatened.

On April 2, 1917- On April 2, 1917- America entered WWI America entered WWI on the side of the Allies.on the side of the Allies.

Total WarTotal War

Devoting all resources to the war effortDevoting all resources to the war effort Rationing- people could only buy small Rationing- people could only buy small

amounts of those items needed for the amounts of those items needed for the war effort (from butter to shoe leather)war effort (from butter to shoe leather)

Censorship and propaganda- intended Censorship and propaganda- intended to boost morale and support the warto boost morale and support the war

Women’s rolesWomen’s roles Women replaced Women replaced

men in factories, men in factories, built tanks, supplied built tanks, supplied troops with troops with

Women will gain the Women will gain the right to vote right to vote (suffrage) in the (suffrage) in the 1920’s1920’s

Allies winAllies win

Russia withdrew from the war and Russia withdrew from the war and had a communist revolution in 1917had a communist revolution in 1917

Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk signed by Germany and Russiasigned by Germany and Russia Russia surrendered Finland, Poland, Russia surrendered Finland, Poland,

Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, and LithuaniaUkraine, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

Second Battle of the MarneSecond Battle of the Marne Germans lose and begin retreatingGermans lose and begin retreating

July 1918: Bulgarians, Ottoman Turks July 1918: Bulgarians, Ottoman Turks surrendersurrender

October 1918: Austria-Hungary October 1918: Austria-Hungary surrenderssurrenders

November 9, 1918: Kaiser Wilhelm November 9, 1918: Kaiser Wilhelm forced to abdicateforced to abdicate

German representative signed an German representative signed an armistice on November 11, 1918 armistice on November 11, 1918 (Veterans Day)(Veterans Day)

Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference

Met at Versailles from January to June Met at Versailles from January to June 1919.1919.

Goal was to establish a lasting peace Goal was to establish a lasting peace in Europe.in Europe.

The “Big Four”The “Big Four” Woodrow Wilson—United StatesWoodrow Wilson—United States Georges Clemenceau—FranceGeorges Clemenceau—France David Lloyd George—Great BritainDavid Lloyd George—Great Britain Vittorio Orlando—ItalyVittorio Orlando—Italy

Wilson’s Plan for PeaceWilson’s Plan for Peace

Known as the “14 Points”.Known as the “14 Points”.1.1. End to Secret TreatiesEnd to Secret Treaties2.2. Freedom of SeasFreedom of Seas3.3. Free TradeFree Trade4.4. Reduced Size of MilitariesReduced Size of Militaries14. Establishment of a “General 14. Establishment of a “General

association of nations” to guarantee association of nations” to guarantee political independence and protection to political independence and protection to all countries— all countries— The League of NationsThe League of Nations..

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

France wanted to punish France wanted to punish Germany.Germany.

Created the League of Created the League of NationsNations

Germany lost territoryGermany lost territory Set limits and Set limits and

restrictions to restrictions to Germany’s military.Germany’s military.

““War Guilt”—Germany War Guilt”—Germany bore the sole bore the sole responsibility for responsibility for causing WWI.causing WWI.

Economic ResultsEconomic Results

Heavy taxation Heavy taxation High tariffsHigh tariffs Russia began a Russia began a

socialist socialist communist communist economic system.economic system.

Led to 1929 Led to 1929 depression.depression.

Political ResultsPolitical Results

U.S. emerges as leading world power.U.S. emerges as leading world power. Austrian, Russian, and German Austrian, Russian, and German

dynasties fell.dynasties fell. New nations in Eastern Europe created.New nations in Eastern Europe created. League of Nations established.League of Nations established. Countries with economic and political Countries with economic and political

problems turn to dictatorships—Russia, problems turn to dictatorships—Russia, Germany, Italy.Germany, Italy.

Social ResultsSocial Results

8.5 million soldiers dead.8.5 million soldiers dead. 21.5 million soldiers 21.5 million soldiers

wounded.wounded. Problems that caused Problems that caused

WWI were not solved—WWI were not solved—hatred, intolerance, and hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism.extreme nationalism.

Left a legacy of Left a legacy of bitterness and hatred in bitterness and hatred in the hearts of the the hearts of the German people.German people.