Germany - European Environment Agency · 2017-09-06 · development in Germany is illustrated by the decrease of annual artificial land take rate 0,74% in 1990– 2000, 0,38% in 2000-

Country fact sheet

September 2017

Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA

Land cover 2012

Germany

Germany

1

Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 Characterized by the annual land cover change rate of 0,11%, the overall speed of land cover development in Germany is about half lower than the European average. This is comparable with the previous period 2000-2006, however, more than half lower than in the period 1990-2000. These numbers show stabilization of the land cover in the country in the long term. The most powerful drivers of change in the country are agriculture internal conversions, which shows a similar pattern to the period 1990-2000, however, the intensity of these flows was more than twice higher at that time. On the other hand, during the period 2000-2006, the internal agricultural flows experienced huge decline, which seems to be over recently, as their intensity is rapidly increasing again. Forest creation and management is the second most extensive land cover flow in the country, with comparable intensity as in both previous periods. As usual in Europe, this flow is driven mainly by forest internal conversions, this time with prevailing share of recent felling and transition. Thirdly, artificial development is present in the country, however, its intensity shows a continuously decreasing tendency from the period 1990-2000. The artificial development is driven mostly by the sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures in the period 2006-2012 – this flow has similar intensity as in the previous period. This is not the case of the residential sprawl, which is much lower, even compared to the period 2000-2006. The strongly decreasing intensity of artificial development in Germany is illustrated by the decrease of annual artificial land take rate – 0,74% in 1990-2000, 0,38% in 2000-2006 and 0,22% in 2006-2012. This means, that the sprawl in Germany reached only about one half of European average in the last period. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Germany: 6

9%

38%

18%

31%

Semi-nat. 1%

Open. 0,1%

Wet. 1%

Water. 2%

1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]

-50000

-25000

0

25000

1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]

-5.0

-2.5

0.0

1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year

2006]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

Summary balance table 2006-2012

Art

ific

ial a

rea

s

Ara

ble

lan

d &

pe

rma

ne

nt

cro

ps

Pa

stu

res

& m

osa

ics

Fo

rest

ed

lan

d

Se

mi-

na

tura

l v

eg

eta

tio

n

Op

en

sp

ace

s/ b

are

so

ils

We

tla

nd

s

Wa

ter

bo

die

s

TO

TA

L[h

un

dre

ds

ha

]

Land cover 2006 33748 138617 66589 111480 2506 466 4464 5501 363372

Consumption of initial LC 159.7 629.1 732.7 723.0 13.4 34.1 13.6 8.4 2314

Formation of new LC 499.9 657.6 333.8 710.6 14.9 17.1 7.1 72.9 2314

Net Formation of LC 340.3 28.5 -398.9 -12.5 1.6 -16.9 -6.5 64.5 0

Net formation as % of initial year 1.0 0.0 -0.6 0.0 0.1 -3.6 -0.1 1.2

Total turnover of LC 659.6 1286.8 1066.5 1433.6 28.3 51.2 20.8 81.3 4628

Total turnover as % of initial year 2.0 0.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 11.0 0.5 1.5 1.3

Land cover 2012 34088 138646 66191 111468 2508 449 4457 5565 363372

Germany

2

Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012

0.10%

0.11%

0 20000 40000

2000-2006

2006-2012

2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]

0 10000 20000 30000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-8000 -4000 0 4000 8000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land



Wetlands

Water bodies

2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]

Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012

Annual land cover change [ha/year] 36221 38567

Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.10% 0.11%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 10737 7224

Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 9720 6603

Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] 128 -301

Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 3122 5195

Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 423 -208

Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -1719 -184

Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 2740 967

0

10000

20000

lcf1

Urb

an la

nd m

anag

emen

t

lcf2

Urb

an r

esid

entia

l spr

awl

lcf3

Spr

awl o

f ec

onom

ic s

ites

and

infr

astr

uctu

res

lcf4

Agr

icul

ture

inte

rnal

con

vers

ions

lcf5

Con

vers

ion

from

for

este

d &

natu

ral l

and

to a

gric

ultu

re

lcf6

Withd

raw

al o

f fa

rmin

g

lcf7

For

ests

cre

atio

n an

dm

anag

emen

t

lcf8

Wat

er b

odie

s cr

eatio

n a

ndm

anag

emen

t

lcf9

Cha

nges

due

to

natu

ral a

ndm

ultip

le c

ause

s

2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Germany

3

Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)

0.32

%

0.21

%

0

3000

6000

9000

12000

2000-2006 2006-2012

3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,

% of initial year]

Rapid slowdown of residential sprawl

In the comparing periods 1990-2000, 2000-2006 and 2006-2012, artificial development in Germany shows a continuously decreasing tendency. This is valid in particular for diffuse residential sprawl, the major driver of artificial development in both previous periods, which is, however, getting slower. On the other hand, the sprawl of industrial and commercial sites shows significant increase, after major decline in the period 2000-2006, and became the most significant artificial flow in the period 2006-2012. Beside it, also sprawl of mines and quarrying areas occurs in the country, which, however, is compensated by the opposite conversion of former quarries into agricultural or natural land (all arable, pastures, shrubs and water bodies). The internal recycling of developed urban land has lower intensity as in the previous period and is represented mainly by conversion of construction sites into industrial or commercial units or discontinuous urban fabric. Geographically, the artificial development is densely scattered over the whole country, with major concentrations in North Rhine-Westphalia and in the surroundings of Leipzig and Munich. This spatial pattern is quite similar to the one from the period 2000-2006. The main difference is in the lower overall density of the scattered sprawl - this concerns in particular Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony.

80%

15%

2%3% Const.

0,2%

3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]

0 2000 4000

3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

Con

tinu

ous

urba

n fa

bric

Dis

cont

inuo

us u

rban

fab

ric

Ind

ustr

ial o

r co

mm

erci

al u

nits

Roa

d an

d ra

il ne

twor

ks a

ndas

soci

ated

land

Por

t ar

eas

Airpo

rts

Min

eral

ext

ract

ion

site

s

Dum

p si

tes

Con

stru

ctio

n si

tes

Gre

en u

rban

are

as

Spo

rt a

nd le

isur

e fa

cilit

ies

3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]

2000-2012

2006-2012

Germany

4

Agriculture (2006-2012)

Agriculture internal conversions accelerate again

Agricultural internal flows are the most extensive drivers of landscape change in Germany. After significant decline, their intensity is about three times as higher recently than in the 2000-2006 period, which, however, is still only about one half of the intensity shown by these flows in the period 1990-2000. Conversion from pasture to arable land is more frequent than the opposite extension of pasture. Geographically, these flows are scattered mostly over the northern part of the country (with the highest density in the northwest, in particular along the North Sea shore) and also in southern Bavaria. From external flows, consumption of agricultural land by sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures (mainly commercial/industrial or mineral extraction sites) is most frequent, followed by opposite conversion from mineral extraction sites to agriculture. The exchange with natural land is realized mainly through withdrawal of farming with woodland and water bodies creation, which consume both arable and pasture land. As a result of all these exchanges, pastures show a negative net change balance and arable land a slightly positive one, which is a different situation when compared to the previous period, which was characterized by prevailing consumption of both pasture and arable land.

21166%221

1%

2221%

23131%

2420.4%

2430.5%

4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]

-0.4

5%

-0.1

3%

-1.3

1%

-1.1

3%

-0.0

4%

-0.0

9%

0.48

%

0.08

%

0.72

%

0.51

%

-80000

-40000

0

40000

80000

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land

Ric

e fie

lds

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

pe

rman

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

211 Non-irrigated arable land

212 Permanently irrigated land

213 Rice fields

221 Vineyards

222 Fruit trees and berry plantations

223 Olive groves

231 Pastures

241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns

243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas

-8000

-4000

0

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land R

ice

field

s

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

per

man

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Germany

5

Forest & nature (2006-2012)

90%

2%

Open. 0,3%

4%4%

5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012

[% of total area]

Forest



Wetlands

Water bodies

Internal forest conversions still strong

The exchange of natural land in Germany is driven mostly by forest creation and management, which is the second most powerful land cover flow in the country. The intensity of this flow is comparable with previous period 2000-2006, which is only slightly lower than in the period 1990-2000. As usual in Europe, this flow is driven mainly by internal forest conversions, this time with prevailing share of recent felling and transition. This is a similar situation as in the period 1990-2000, however, a bit different than in the period 2000-2006, during which opposite conversion from transitional woodland to forest was a bit more dominant. As a result, the transitional woodland area increased by about 15% in Germany between 2006 and 2012. Beside these conversions, natural land cover (with prevailing share of coniferous forest) is consumed mainly by sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures, in particular mineral extraction sites. Although it lost about half of its intensity, there still occurs significant amount of water bodies creation, mostly situated in the southern part of former Eastern Germany.

-0.0

7%

-0.8

0%

-0.1

8%

-0.4

8%

-0.6

2%

-8.1

1%

-5.8

5%

-0.0

4%

-16.

02%

-0.7

4%

-0.8

6%

-0.1

4%

-0.0

2%

-0.1

2%

-0.0

1%

-100

.00%

0.20

%

0.12

%

0.33

%

0.77

%

0.32

%

21.3

6%

5.46

%

5.42

%

0.60

%

0.39

%

0.13

%

0.05

%

0.03

%

2.30

%

23.6

0%-50000

-25000

0

25000

50000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

area

s

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s/pe

rp.

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

-8000

-4000

0

4000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

are

as

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s an

d pe

rpet

ual

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Germany

6

Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012

7%

27%

32%

31%

Semi-nat.veg.

1%

Open.s./b.s.1%

1% Wet.

0,3% Water.

6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

22%

28%14%

31%

Semi-nat.veg.

1%

Open. 1%

Wet. 0,3% 3%

6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

lcf13% lcf2

1%

lcf318%

lcf440%lcf5

3%

lcf61%

lcf730%

lcf83%

lcf91%

6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]

lc f1 U rban land management

lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl

lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures

lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions

lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture

lc f6 Withdrawal of farming

lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management

lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management

lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes

Germany

7

Artificial areas

Arable land &

permanent crops63%

Pastures & mosaics

21%

Forested land13%

Semi-natural

vegetation1%

Open spaces / bare soils

1%Wetlands

0.2%Water bodies

1%

7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

Cont. urban fabric0.01%

Disc. urban fabric5%

Industrial/commerc.

43%

Road/rail network

1%Port areas0.03%

Airports3%

Mineral extraction

27%

Dump sites1%

Construct.14%

Green urban0.2%

Sport/leisure

6%

7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

0.22%

0.17%

0 3000 6000

2000-2006

2006-2012

7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]

-3000 0 3000

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)

lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl

lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl

lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites

lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks

lcf33 Sprawl of harbours

lcf34 Sprawl of airports

lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas

lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites

lcf37 Construction

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf81 Water bodies creation

lcf911 Semi-natural creation

lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)

7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Germany

8

Agriculture

Disc. urban fabric0.2% Ind./com.

3%Road/rail network0,2%Airports

1%

Mineral extraction

53%Dump sites8%

Const.8%

Sport/ leisure0,3%

Broad-leaved forest2%

Coniferous forest5%

Natural grass.0,6%

Transit. w./s.3%

Beaches, d.,s.p.0,8%

Sparsely veg. a.

6% Inland m.0,1%

Peatbogs7% Water c.

0,3%Water b.

1%

8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Non-irrigated arable36%

Vineyards0.03%

Pastures64%

8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]


Vineyards0.2%

Fruit trees/berry plantations

0.2%

Pastures29%

Complex cultivation patterns

0.1%

Agriculture with

natural veg.0,2%

8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Cont. u. f.0,01%

Disc. u. f.5%

Industrial/commercial

40%

Road/rail network

1%Port a. 0,02%

Airports2%

Mineral extrac.18%

Dump s. 1%

Construct.12%

Green urban0.2%

Sport/leisure

5%

Broad-l. f.1%

Conifer. f.0,2%

Mixed f.0,1%

Natur. g.0,5%

Moors and h.

0,1% Trans. w.6%

Beaches, etc.

0,1%

Spar. v.a.0.3%Inland m.

0,3%

Peatbogs1%

Wat. c. 0,04%

Wat. b.7%

8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

-500 -250 0

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Conversion from dry semi-natural& natural land to agriculture

Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation

8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land

2006-2012 [ha/year]

-12000 -6000 0 6000

Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land

Conversion from pasture toarable and permanent crops

8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Germany

9

0 3000 6000 9000

lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and

pasture

lcf412 Diffuse extension ofset aside fallow land and

pasture

lcf421 Conversion fromarable land to permanent

irrigation perimeters

lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land

lcf431 Conversion fromolives groves to vineyards

and orchards

lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to

olive groves

lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and

orchards

lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land

lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated

arable land

lcf444 Diffuse conversionfrom permanent crops to

arable land

lcf451 Conversion fromarable land to vineyards and

orchards

lcf452 Conversion fromarable land to olive groves

lcf453 Diffuse conversionfrom arable land topermanent crops

lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters

lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-

irrigated arable land andpermanent crops

lcf463 Diffuse conversionfrom pasture to arable and

permanent crops

lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry

9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-6000 -4000 -2000 0

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion fromforest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forestto agriculture

lcf521 Intensive conversion fromsemi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)

lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation


lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. form.)

9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Germany

10

Forest & nature

Disc. urban fabric0.1%

Industrial/commercial

2%Airports0.1%

Mineral extraction

35%

Dump sites2%

Construct.2%


Vineyards0.2%

Fruit trees/berry plantations

0.3%

Pastures30%

Complex cultivation patterns

0.1%

Agriculture with

natural veg.1%

10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]


Coniferous forest1%

Mixed forest0,3%

Natural grassland

4%

Moors and heathland

1%

Transition. woodland/

shrub35%

Beaches, dunes,

sand plains1%Sparsely

vegetated areas3%

Inland marshes

1%

Peatbogs2%

Water courses0.1%

Water bodies48%

10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012

[% of total]


Coniferous forest41%

Mixed forest9%

Natural grassland

3%

Moors and heathland

3%

Transit. woodland

13%

Beaches, dunes,

sand plains2%

Sparsely vegetated

areas9%

Inland marshes0.05%

Peatbogs6%

Water courses0.2%

Water bodies

3%

Coastal lagoons0.1%

Sea and ocean4%

10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of

total]

Disc. urban fabric0.4%

Industrial/commerc.

16%Road/rail network

1%

Port areas0.1%

Airports4%

Mineral extraction

44%

Dump sites2%

Construct.12%

Green urban0.2%

Sport/leisure

1%

Non-irrigated arable

8%

Pastures11%

10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]


Conifer. forest53%

Mixed forest13%

Transit.woodland

shrub2%

10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]

0 3000 6000

Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Recent fellings and transitions

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Forest creation, afforestation

Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests

Forest creation over wetlands

10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Germany

11

Natural grassland

52%Moors and

heathl.34%

Beaches, dunes

and sand plains6%

Bare rock5%

Sparsely veget. areas3%

Glaciers and

perpetual snow

0.01%

11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]

0 100 200

Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl

Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture

Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers

11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Inland marshes

4% Peatbogs7%

Salt marshes

3%

Intertidal flats30%

Water courses

8%

Water bodies32%

Coastal lagoons

12%

Estuaries4%

Sea and ocean0.01%

11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]

-300 0 300 600 900

Consumption of wetlands byurban sprawl

Conversion of wetlands toagriculture

Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Net water bodies creation

Net wetlands creation

11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

-8000 -4000 0 4000 8000

lcf13 Development of green urban areas


lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)


lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)

lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Germany

12

-1000 -500 0 500




lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf74 Recent felling and transition

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf82 Water bodies management

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)

lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-1000 0 1000 2000 3000




lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)


lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (otherthan LCF91)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (otherthan LCF912)

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Germany

13

CLC Changes 2006-2012

CLC Changes 2000-2006

Germany

14

Drivers of change 2006-2012

Drivers of change 2000-2006

Germany

15

Artificial sprawl 2006-2012

Artificial sprawl 2000-2006

Germany

16

Agriculture 2006-2012

Agriculture 2000-2006

Germany

17

Forest and nature 2006-2012

Forest and nature 2000-2006

Documents

Germany - European Environment Agency · 2017-09-06 · development in Germany is illustrated by the decrease of annual artificial land take rate 0,74% in 1990– 2000, 0,38% in 2000-