GERMINATION OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L. SEEDS AFTER …

GERMINATION OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L SEEDS AFTER STORAGE UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

Jovinia Binti Jowinis

QK 661 Bachelor of Science with Honours J86 (Plant Resource Science and Management) 2005 2005

Pusat Khidmat Makfumat Akadeu UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWA

94100 KOla Samarahan

GERMINATION OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFF A L SEEDS AFTER STORAGE UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

PKHIDMA TMAKLUMATAKADEMIK UIlIMAS

IIIII 1111 In11111111111 1000128296

JOVINIA BINTI JOWINIS

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours

(Plant Resource Science and Management)

PLANT RESOURCE SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2005

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my project supervisor Dr Petrus

Bulan Lecturer Faculty of Resource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak

Kota Samarahan for his invaluable guidance encouragement and dedication in the execution

and completion of this study and for his patient and assistance during the preparation of this

manuscript Thanks to Dr Ismail Jusoh for his guidance in SPSS analysis

My appreciation to Mr Amin ak Manggi and Mr Azis bin Ajim of the Cryopreservation

Laboratory Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak for

their assistance My sincere gratitude to all my friends and colleagues especially Laurina

Jacklyn Teo Shirley Maurice Labanjun Ida Rani Ali and Siti Khuzaimah Ahmad for their

understanding and helping me in one way or another My deepest appreciation and love to my

parents Mr Jowinis Lawadi and Mrs Margaret Wong for their encouragement in completion

of this study I am very grateful to the Gulf amp Pacific Industries Sdn Bhd Company for

supplying the seed material for this study

11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

Acknowledgement 11

List of Tables and Figures v

Abstract viii

Abstrak viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background 1

12 Medicinal Uses 2

13 Food Uses 4

14 Other Uses 5

15 Problem Statement 6

16 Objectives 6

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

21 Seed Gennination 7

22 Seed Storage 9

23 Seed Deterioration 11

CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL AND METHOD 14

31 Material 14

32 Method 14

321 Moisture Content Test 14

322 Gennination Test 15

323 Seed Storage 16

324 Data Analysis 16

111

I

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 17

41 Initial Seed quality 17

42 Seed Moisture Content and Germination 17

43 Seed Storage 19

431 Seed Moisture Content 19

432 Seed Germination 21

44 Regression Analysis 27

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 32

CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES 34

CllAPTER 7 APPENDIX 38

IV

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

1 Effect of storage temperature on moisture content and

germination ofH sabdariffa seeds 24

2 Means of moisture content and germination ofH sabdariffa seeds in four different treatments 26

3 Moisture Content Test of H sabdariffa seeds 38

4 Germination Test ofH sabdariffa seeds 38

5 Moisture content and germination ofH sabdariffa seeds 38

6 Moisture Content ofH sabdariffa seeds after 14 Days of Storage 39

7 ANOVA analysis for seeds moisture content 39

8 Germination ofH sabdariffa seeds after 14 days of storage 40

9 ANOVA analysis for H sabdariffa seeds germination 40

10 Regression Analysis (Model Summary) for germination of H sabdariffa seeds stored in ambient room 41

11 Regression Analysis (ANOVA) for germination ofH sabdariffa seeds stored in ambient room 41

12 Regression Analysis (Coefficient) for germination ofH sabdariffa seeds stored in ambient room 41

13 Regression Analysis (Model Summary) for germination of H sabdariffa seeds stored in air-conditioned room 42

14 Regression Analysis (ANOVA)for germination of H sabdariffa seeds stored in air-conditioned room 42

15 Regression Analysis (Coefficient) for germination of H sabdariffa seeds stored in air-conditioned room 42

16 Regression Analysis (Model Summary) for germination of sabdariffa seeds stored in refrigerator 43

v

17 Regression Analysis (ANOVA) for germination ofH sabdariffa seeds stored in refrigerator 43

18 Regression Analysis (Coefficient) for germination ofH sabdariffa seed stored in refrigerator 43

19 Regression Analysis (Model Summary) for germination of H sabdariffa seeds stored in incubator 44

20 Regression Analysis (ANOV A) for germination ofH sabdariffa seeds stored in incubator 44

21 Regression Analysis (Coefficient) for germination ofH sabdariffa seeds stored in incubator 44

22 ANOV A analysis between factors and period of storage 45

23 ANOVA analysis between factors and treatment 45

VI

Figure Page

1 Moisture content and gennination ofHibiscus sabdariffa seeds 17

2 Moisture content ofHibiscus sabdariffa seeds after stored in

four different environments for two weeks 19

3 Germination ofHibiscus sabdariffa seeds after stored in four

different environments for two weeks 21

4 Regression analysis for H sabdariffa seed stored in ambient

room (28-30degC) 27

5 Regression analysis for H sabdariffa seed stored in air-

conditioned room (22-23degC) 28

6 Regression analysis for H sabdariffa seed stored in refrigerator

(3-4degC) 29

7 Regression analysis for H sabdariffa seed stored in incubator

(38-40oC) 30

VB

Germination of Hibiscus sabdarifla after Storage under Different Environments


Plant Resource Science and Management Programme

Faculty ofResource Science and Technology

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of storage environments on germination of Hibiscus sabdariffa L seeds Seeds

with 89 of moisture content and 93 of germination were placed in four different environments ambient room (28-30degC)

air-conditioned room (22-23degC) refrigerator (3-4degC) and incubator (38-40degC) for 14 days Seed stored in air-conditioned

room gave the highest moisture content and germination with 770 and 91 respectively Storage in incubator showed

gradual decrement of moisture content and germination throughout the period of storage Generally moisture content and

germination percentages decreased with increase in storage period Regression analysis indicated that seeds stored in airshy

conditioned room can maintain its germinability up to 8 months and II days Results showed that storage in air-conditioned

room was a suitable condition to store H sabdariffa seeds

Keyword Hibiscus sabdariffa L critical moisture content storage

ABSTRAK

Satu kajian teah dijalanlum untuk meniai kesan persekitaran penyimpanan terhadap biji benih Hibiscus sabdariffa L Biji

benih dengan kandungan kelembapan 8900 dan percambahan 93 disimpan di dalam empat persekitaran yang berbeza

suhu bilik (28-3dC) bilik hawa dingin (22-23degC) peti sejuk (3-5degC) dan inkubator (38-4(fC) dalam jangleamasa 14 hari

Penyimpanan biji benih di daam bilik hawa dingin memberilean peratus leandungan kelembapan dan percambahan yang

paling tinggi iaitu 770 dan 91 Biji benih yang disimpan di dalam inkubator menunjukkan penurunan leandungan

kelembapan dan percambahan di sepanjang tempoh penyimpanan Secara umum peratus leandungan kelembapan dan

percambahan menurun dengan peningleatan tempoh penyimpanan Analisis regresi menunjulean penyimpanan biji benih di

dalam bilik hawa dingin boeh dilanjutlean sehingga 8 bulan 11 hari Penyimpanan biji benih di daam persekitaran bilik

hawa dingin didapati keadaan yang paling sesuai bagi biji benih H sabdariffa

Kola Hibiscus sabdariffa L leandungan keembapan kritilea penyimpanan

viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Hibiscus sabdariffa L or known as Roselle belongs to family Malvaceae It is a short-day

annual plant that closely resembles cranberry (Vaccinium spp) in flavor (Morton 1987)

Roselle is known as asam susur in Malaysia Gamet Walanda and kasturi roriha in Indonesia

krachiap-daeng krachiap-prieo and phakkengkheng in Thailand and kubab and talingisag in

Philipines (Dasuki 2001) Vernacular names for H sabdariffa are sorrel rozelle red sorrel

Jamaica sorrel Indian sorrel Guinea sorrel sour-sour Queensland jelly plant jelly okra

lemon bush and Florida cranberry are H sabdariffas vernacular names ( Morton 1997) It is

a native of Africa but some do believed that it originated from India (Dasuki 2001)

Nowadays H sabdariffa is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics of both

hemispheres and in many areas of West Indies and Central America (Morton 1987)

H sabdariffa is an erect annual herb 05-3 m tall stems glabrous purplish leaves broadly

ovate-orbicular variable 6-15 cm long lobes 3-5 oblong to lanceolate glabrous or

pubescent purplish petiole 5-10 cm long bracteoles of epicalyx 8-12 calyx after anthesis

becoming thick-fleshy 25-55 cm long distinctly longer than the fruit red corolla 3-5 cm

long not widely open pinkish to yellow with purple centre seed renifonn almost glabrous

black brown (Dasuki 2001)

The flower buds are actually seedpods enclosed in their fleshy calyxes The red pods or

ts and calyxes are fused and difficult to distinguish from one another (Apell 2003)

1

Roselle grows well on sandy loam and is tolerant to draught H sabdariffa is propagated

solely by seed Cultivation of roselle using cuttings produce short plants and yield of calyxes

is relatively low (Morton 1987)

Swollened and matured calyxes are harvested 75-115 days after planting When the crop

matured leaves and shoots are removed The removal of the shoots promotes branching

(Hallack nd) H sabdariffa is attacked mainly by root nematodes (Morton 1987) and

Phytophtora parasitica mainly in early stage of its development in the field (Follin 1996)

Alegbejo et al (2003) stated that H sabdariffa has a lot of potential as an industrial crop

Smallholder and resource poor farmers grow it It is popularly grown for its fiber content and

for its leaves calyxes roots and seeds which are used either for industrial medical

commercial or domestic uses

H sabdariffa and its parts can be utilized for many purposes (Duke 1983) It is used as health

products yielding fiber beverage edible foliage and an oil seed H sabdariffa is attracting

the attention of food and beverage manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies who feel it

may have possibilities as natural food product and as a color to replace some synthetic dyes

(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses

H sabdariffa is among the plant resources that are rich in calcium niacin riboflavin and iron

Morton (1987) agreed that in India Africa and Mexico all the above ground parts of the H

iffa plant are valued in native medicine The local infuse the leaves or calyxes to treat

diuretic choleretic febrifugal and hypotensive decreasing the viscosity of blood and

2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------

stimulating intestinal peristalsis Some persons used it to relieve colds and heated leaves to

heal scars and wounds Heated leaves also applied to cracks in the feet and on boils and ulcers

to speed maturation A lotion made from H sabdariffa leaves is used on sores and wounds

According to a study by Duke (1983) H sabdariffa was reported to be antiseptic

aphrodisiac astringent cholagogue demulcent digestive diuretic emollient purgative

1efrigerant resolvent sedative stomachic and tonic It is also a folk remedy for abscesses

bilious conditions cancer cough debility dyspepsia dysuria fever hangover heart ailments

hypertension neurosis scurvy and strangury The drink made by placing the calyx in water

18 said to be a folk remedy for cancer Perry (1980) cites one study showing H sabdariffa

usefulness in ateriosc1erosis and as an intestinal antiseptic

Utilization of this plant is varied among countries In Burma the seed are used for debility and

the leaves as emollient Taiwanese regard the seed as diuretic laxative and tonic Philippines

jose the bitter root as an aperitive and tonic (Perry 1980) Angolans use the mucilaginous

leaves as an emollient and as a soothing cough remedy Central Africans poultice the leaves

on abscesses Other than that simulated ingestion of the H sabdariffa extract decreased the

ate of absorption of alcohol lessening the intensity of alcohol effects in chickens (Watt and

~reyer-Brandwijk) In Guinea they used the leaves as diuretic refringent and sedatives while

e fruits are antiascorbic leaves seeds and ripe calyces as diuretic and antiscorbutic calyces

Joiled in water used to treat billous attacks flowers are believed to contain gossypectin

anthocyanin and glucoside hibiscin which can decrease the viscosity of the blood and

tucing blood pressure (James 1983)

3

lI(Cgtsellle contains high antosianin and acid The nutritious calyxes contain high vitamin B 1

C and D H sabdariffa fiber remains in the intestine for beneficial fermentation in the

_u even though other nutrients from the food have been absorbed It helps the digestive

lIhsrem to function smoothly Fiber also helps to reduce cholesterol in the human body (Rhafa

This means H sabdariffa can help to maintain human body from cardiovascular diseases

which cholesterol plays a major role It is done by reducing fats in the body suitable for

_ under diet programme and weight reduction Tee et al (2002) agreed that roselle

nglltplay a role in the prevention of atherosclerosis and obesity

~I than has high potential in medicinal aspect this species also encouraging in food

PIi~J According to Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) H sabdariffa fruits are edible

calyxes can be consumed immediately by added into fruit salads Calyxes are stewed

sauce or juice syrup marmalade relish and chutney (Morton 1987) Calyxes are also

_OlU~ for tea and used to make jams and jellies (Hallack nd) Other than that it is used

to produce roselle wine refreshing beverages pudding and cakes meanwhile dry

used to produced sherbets butter pies tarts and other desserts (Duke 1983) H

OGfanlua syrup or sauce may be added to puddings cake frosting gelatins and salad

lIiltU11lI It can also be poured over gingerbread pancakes waffles or ice cream

species possesses 319 pectin and has been recommended as a source of pectin for

industry (Morton 1987) The efficacy of roselle as a functional food has been

_ lied lately especially for its antioxidant bioactivity (Tee et al 2002) Roselle leaves are

4

lDmetnnes eaten raw but are mostly cooked with Egusi (Cucmumeropsis edulis) to make a

~_ant sour tasting source usually served with fufu

(1987) agreed that the seeds are somewhat bitter but have been ground to a meal for

unlll food in Africa and also have been roasted as a substitute for coffee Duke (1983) stated

H sabdariffa seeds have been used as an aphrodisiac coffee substitute This means

the same as Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat ali) extract function In the Caribbean the

fruits are brewed in water to make a refreshing cranberry-colored tea

mtiPnan dried H sabdariffa is added to commercial tea to flavor and color (Apell2003)

residue remaining after extraction of oil by parching soaking in water containing ashes

3 or 4 days and then pounding the seeds or by crushing and boiling them is eaten in soup

blended with bean meal in patties It is high in protein (Morton 1987)

i~lIttllo to Adamson et al (1975) H sabdarifJa is the only new crop introduced in the

MIlleill United States as a pulp source that shows a high level of resistance to nematodes H

1Mitn is cultivated primarily for the bast fiber obtained from the stems The fiber strands

to 15 m long are used for cordage and as a substitute for jute in the manufacture of burlap

non dehiscent and fleshy fruit containing anthocyanic pigments is largely used as tea and

beverage but also natural dye (Gassama-Dia et al 2004) Morton (1987)

_oned that the seeds are considered excellent feed for chickens The residue after oil

IIlIIIOn is valued as cattle feed when available in quantity

5

Malaysia H sabdarifJa is becoming more important as it has a wide range of benefits

_IV1l1TV Putra Malaysia (UPM) had commercialized H sabdarifJa in their plantation and

_nrvUPM import raw material of roselle from Sudan Africa to meet the required quota

~wt 2004) There are few H sabdarifJa plantations in Malaysia The resource in this

~ is insufficient to support production of H sabdarifJa The millers still import raw

tenal from overseas

maintenance and preservation of superior quality seeds are important for improved crop

rocI1llCtllon where 25 of the increase in agricultural production depends on seed quality

1981) The short age of raw material can be overcome by the use of quality seeds

in suitable storage environments Percentage of germination helped to exhibit quality of

seeds and a good indication of the potential field performance Seeds kept in storage of

environments will have poor quality and viability of the seeds

main objectives of this research were to analyze the influence of storage environments on

omlinlilticn of H sabdarifJa seeds and secondly to determine the suitable environmental

for storage of H sabdarifJa seeds for a long-term conservation

6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

germination is a complex process involving many individual reactions and phases each

which is affected by temperature Because of its role in stand establishment seed

1m1D81ton remains a key to a modem agriculture (Copeland and McDonald 1995)

researchers further explained that germination is the activation of metabolic activity of

embryo leading to the emergence of a new seedling plant There are four important factors

lecting seed germination sufficient water adequate light suitable level of oxygen and

WUllWllC temperature

methods are commonly used to evaluate the quality of seeds after each treatment and

are moisture content and germination tests Germination test is conducted in order to

an idea ofhow the seeds will perform in the field

amppelland and McDonald (1995) agreed that germination test is most commonly used to

lllermirle seed viability It is universally accepted that seed germination and viability are

1liD1Ien~ as one They also stated that seed viability is highest at time of physiological

After physiological maturity the viability gradually declined and their longevity

_IlCleltl on the environmental to which they were exposed The rules of germination testing

only environmental conditions and dormancy-breaking procedures that are proven

7

~lVeneIS in promoting germination and lead to standardized interpretations in routine

the seed physiologist germination is the emergence of the radicle through the seed coat

to seed analysts germination is the emergence and development from the seed embryo of

essential structures which for the kind of seed in question are indicative of the ability

produce a normal plant under favorable condition (AOSA 1991) However according to

mllilti(Jlnal Seed Testing Association germination in a laboratory is the emergence and

lh~eloIDment from the seed being tested indicates the ability to develop into a normal plant

favorable conditions in the soil (1STA 1985)

separated from the parent plant seeds will undergo primary dormancy and sometimes

ondaly dormancy Dormancy prevents immediate germination and regulates the time

1dition and place that the germination will occur Dormancy helps seeds to survive under

nBrOnlLOle conditions They need favorable condition before they can germinate Copeland

McDonald (1995) agreed that seeds will undergo dormancy before able to germinate

bull m gthe period ofrest the seed is in a relatively inactive state and has a low metabolic rate

remain in this state until environmental conditions trigger the resumption of growth If

seeds germinate under natural conditions the individual has in a sense bet its life on the

ivonlble of environmental conditions for seedling establishment (Angevine and Chabot

8

Seed Storage

(1995) mentioned that suitable treatment of seeds produces satisfactory

amllnatlon of seeds and that good stands can be obtained when seeds are planted in clean

prepared seedbeds and given reasonable attention during the period of establishment

of certain species require special treatment for maximum gennination or breaking

~nanc--y (Copeland and McDonald 1995)

are seeds harvested and immediately planted without undergoing at least a brief

period Consequently the time of storage type of seed stored and storage

(temperature relative humidity and oxygen levels) influence seed vigor

ppellanQ and McDonald 1995)

affects the rate of donnancy loss in dry seeds (Roberts 1988) Copeland and

IliANIIIIIU (1995) stressed that the optimum temperature may be defined as the temperature

the greatest percentage of gennination within the shortest time The maximum

mure is governed by the temperature at which denaturation of proteins essential for

IIDIllUltilon occurs They also agreed that temperate-region seeds require lower temperature

do tropical region seeds and wild species have lower temperature requirements than do

rticalted plants This is because the responses of seed gennination to temperature

on a number of factors such as the species variety growing region quality of the

IIld duration of time from harvest Angevine amp Chabot (1979) observed that seed

to temperature play pivotal role and most important for synchronization of

IIIDau(lD with conditions suitable for seedling establishment Hanelt (1977) suggested that

9

is an ecological connection between seed storage characteristics and the habitat in which

Ullecumiddots is found

(1980) argued that the amount of moisture in the seeds is probably the most

IkB1tant factor influencing seed viability during storage The rate of deterioration increases

seed moisture content increases Too high moisture contents can cause rapid loss due to

growth on and in the seeds On the other hand too low moisture contents can accelerate

_ iCCIiltlltJn or cause hard-seededness in some kind Since the life of a seed and its span

revolves around its moisture content it is necessary to dry seeds to safe moisture

The seeds have to be stored at a critical moisture content which is usually little lower

the seed moisture content at harvest and lost viability with decrease in their moisture

humidity and temperature by far are the most important factor determining the

life of seeds The maintenance of moisture content during storage is a function of

humidity In sealed storage seed moisture content determines the relative humidity of

ClIrJrolunent in the containers (AOSA 1991)

1IOICl1ID2 to Roberts (1973) there are two categories of seed storage behavior orthodox and

pcrtnult Species with orthodox seeds can be maintained satisfactorily ex situ over a long

in appropriate environments but short term storage is usually the best that can be

with seeds which show recalcitrant seed storage behavior under well-defined and

l-CCBlUOIU~ environment

10

pllDl()n feature of seed deterioration is the loss of integrity of membrane cell As ageing

lJInssed membrane integrity within the seed at imbibition declined (Villers 1973) The

of sugars and electrolytes during the imbibition process increased This increase in

membranes permeability in seed as ageing progressed was due to seed impairment

was the first indication of quality decline (Abdul-Bald and Baker 1973 Mohd Lassim

CleClme in enzyme activity is a measurable symptom of ageing The general decrease in

activity in the seeds lowered its respiratory potential which in tum lowered both the

(A TP) and food supply to the geminating seed (App et aI 1971) In dry seeds the

state has been suggested to serve as a physical stabilizer and protector against

-rinlAt11JP reactions (Bernal-lugo and Leopold 1998)

maturation a seed is at its maximum potential vigor thereafter its quality begins to

The rate of deterioration is influenced by genetic make-up of the seeds and the

trorllllcmt particularly relative humidity (moisture) temperature to which the seeds are

_a High temperature and relative humidity are deleterious and shorten the life span of

Matured seeds would deteriorate and lose their vigor if left on the plants in the field and

exposed to prolonged wet humid weather prior to harvesting (Heydecker 1972)

deterioration is an irreversible process Once sees deterioration has occurred this

process cannot be reversed Simply stated low quality seeds cannot be made into

quality seed Some mechanism for preconditioning or treating seeds with fungicide

field emergence However these treatments only allow the optimum expression of

11

potential they do not alter the basic physiological quality of the seed Seed deterioration

varies among populations It is established that certain varieties exhibit less deterioration

others Even within a variety the storage potential of individual lots varies and even

a seed lot individual seeds have differing storage potential (Copeland and McDonald

deterioration is manifested by the progressive decline in germinability enzymatic as

as metabolic activities growth and vigor increase in susceptibility to adverse

mmmlents pests and diseases When inferior quality seeds are sown they emerged from

i1 at different rates resulting in erratic field stand of uneven maturity and poor yielding

1CR8SU1lg temperature and seed moisture therefore is an effective means of maintaining

quality in storage The influence of temperature and relative humidity on seed

cncX8tion is exerted right from storage through the development of seedlings and mature

High quality seeds are susceptible to deterioration when stored under adversed

MlitlIODS of high temperature and relative humidity rendering them worthless for planting

a period ofstorage (Harrington 1972)

bwnidity temperature and seed moisture are factors that influence the life span of

The effects of relative humidity (and its subsequent effect on seed moisture) and

_are are highly interdependent The capability to predict seed deterioration would be

valuable to seed companies and germplasm repositories since the loss of seed

_ be anticipated and seed stocks are replenished (Copeland and McDonald 1995)

12

deterioration is one of major problem in commercial cultivation in most countries since

ago This caused retention of few beneficial species to successfully cultivate out of its

Salunkhe et al (1985) mentioned that over US$ 800 million is lost annually due to

and as consequences of breakage and microorganism spoilage during

=non storage and shipping of seeds McDonald and Nelson (1986) stated that it is

that 25 (approximately US$ 500) of seed sales in 1984 was lost due to poor seed

13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD

abdariffa seeds samples were collected taken from Gulf and Pacific Industries Sdn Bhd

8000 seeds were used for the entire research Only fresh matured and viable seeds

used The seeds were soaked with water and only the submerged seeds were taken out

rinsed Then the seeds were dried in ambient room for several hours After dried seeds

treated by dusting with Captan 50 WP to protect from fungi and also protected the seeds

rotting and improved germination (Agrawal 1980) The seeds were kept in an air-tight

jar before used in the subsequent experiments

evaluation was conducted to assess the quality of seeds used in this research These

consist of moisture content and germination The procedures were those prescribed by

IIOClab()DofOfficial Seeds Analysts (AOSA 1985)

replicates of 15 seeds each were placed into saucers and deliberated to get the green

Then the seeds were placed in an oven at 60degC for 48 hours After 48 hours the seeds

deliberated again to get the dry weight The percentages of moisture content of the seeds

calculated base on the Association of Official Seeds Analysts (AOSA 1985)

14

content () = b - c x 100 b-a

where a =weight of empty saucer

b =weight of (a) + weight of seeds before placing in the oven

c =weight of ( a) + weight of seeds after drying in the oven

__(m test was based on the AOSA (1985) with 4 replications of 50 seeds each were

in each evaluation The seeds were put in containers filled with sand as growth medium

were planted in a unifonn layer of moist sand and then covered with thin layer of sand

to genninate if the radicles were about 5mm length emerged from the seed coat

total ofgerminated seeds were recorded between 4-10 days

_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b

a=total ofgenninated seeds

b = total of seeds used

15

Pusat Khidmat Makfumat Akadeu UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWA

94100 KOla Samarahan

GERMINATION OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFF A L SEEDS AFTER STORAGE UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

PKHIDMA TMAKLUMATAKADEMIK UIlIMAS

IIIII 1111 In11111111111 1000128296

JOVINIA BINTI JOWINIS

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours

(Plant Resource Science and Management)

PLANT RESOURCE SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2005

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS














11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

Acknowledgement 11


Abstract viii

Abstrak viii


11 Background 1

12 Medicinal Uses 2

13 Food Uses 4

14 Other Uses 5


16 Objectives 6



22 Seed Storage 9



31 Material 14

32 Method 14



323 Seed Storage 16


111

I




43 Seed Storage 19







IV



















v








VI

Figure Page







room (28-30degC) 27




(3-4degC) 29


(38-40oC) 30

VB






ABSTRACT










ABSTRAK











viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















1
















(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses





2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS














11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

Acknowledgement 11


Abstract viii

Abstrak viii


11 Background 1

12 Medicinal Uses 2

13 Food Uses 4

14 Other Uses 5


16 Objectives 6



22 Seed Storage 9



31 Material 14

32 Method 14



323 Seed Storage 16


111

I




43 Seed Storage 19







IV



















v








VI

Figure Page







room (28-30degC) 27




(3-4degC) 29


(38-40oC) 30

VB






ABSTRACT










ABSTRAK











viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















1
















(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses





2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

Acknowledgement 11


Abstract viii

Abstrak viii


11 Background 1

12 Medicinal Uses 2

13 Food Uses 4

14 Other Uses 5


16 Objectives 6



22 Seed Storage 9



31 Material 14

32 Method 14



323 Seed Storage 16


111

I




43 Seed Storage 19







IV



















v








VI

Figure Page







room (28-30degC) 27




(3-4degC) 29


(38-40oC) 30

VB






ABSTRACT










ABSTRAK











viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















1
















(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses





2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15

I




43 Seed Storage 19







IV



















v








VI

Figure Page







room (28-30degC) 27




(3-4degC) 29


(38-40oC) 30

VB






ABSTRACT










ABSTRAK











viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















1
















(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses





2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15



















v








VI

Figure Page







room (28-30degC) 27




(3-4degC) 29


(38-40oC) 30

VB






ABSTRACT










ABSTRAK











viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















1
















(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses





2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15








VI

Figure Page







room (28-30degC) 27




(3-4degC) 29


(38-40oC) 30

VB






ABSTRACT










ABSTRAK











viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















1
















(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses





2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15

Figure Page







room (28-30degC) 27




(3-4degC) 29


(38-40oC) 30

VB






ABSTRACT










ABSTRAK











viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















1
















(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses





2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15






ABSTRACT










ABSTRAK











viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















1
















(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses





2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















1
















(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses





2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15
















(Morton 1987)

12 Medicinal Uses





2

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15

~ ~~-----------------------------------------------------------------------






















3





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15





















4




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15




















5






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15






tenal from overseas










6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

















7


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15


















8

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15

Seed Storage





















9




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15




















10





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15





















11




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15




















12







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15







13

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIAL AND METHOD















14










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15










_tatiC)Il () = ~ X 100 b



15

Documents

GERMINATION OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L. SEEDS AFTER …