Get out your vocab assessment!

*Grab the Notes Sheet from side table!

BrainWork #12What do you know about cells?

*sorry I do not have all of your tests graded yet, I am waiting on

some people to take them!

Number 1-10 in your notes. For each statement hypothesize if it is True or False. Do not re-write the statements.

Chapter 6: Cell Structure & Function

Some Random Cell Facts

The average human being is composed of around 100 Trillion individual cells!!!

It would take as many as 50 cells to cover the area of a dot on the letter “i”

WOW!!!

I.Cell Theory

A. 1665- Robert Hooke- used microscope to see cork cells- named them “cells”

*Hooke named them this because he believed they looked like the little rooms monks lived in at monasteries which were called cells.

B. 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhoek- Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms•He called them “animalcules”

•He was the first to make a simple light microscope.

2 main types of microscope:

1. Electron microscopes:

a. forms an image of a specimen using

a beam of electrons rather than light

b. Specimen placed in a vacuum so no living samples are used

Microscopes

2. Light microscopes-

a. uses two lenses

b. light from the base shines up through the specimen

c. Ocular lens is 10x, objective lens is either 10x, or 40x

Ex: What is the magnification of an object which uses the 40x objective lens?

Ocular 10x * Objective 40x= 400x

Development of Cell Theory

D. 1838- Matthias Schleiden (German Botanist)-Concluded that all plant parts are made of cells

E. 1839- Theodor Schwann (German physiologist) -Stated that all animal tissues are composed of

cells.

F. 1858- Rudolf Virchow (German physician) -Concluded that cells must arise from pre-existing

cells.

3 Parts of the cell theory:

A. All living things are composed of cells

B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function

C. New cells are produced from existing cells

Cell Theory Song!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuJqqiATlqw

How Has The Cell Theory Been Used?

The basic discovered truths about cells, listed in the Cell Theory, are the basis for things such as:Disease/Health/Medical Research and

Cures(AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines, Cloning, Stem Cell Research, etc.)

Due: Reading Questions…Get out and put on YOUR desk!

BrainWork #13

Without looking in your notes…

What are the 3 parts to the cell theory??

Objective for today:

Compare and Contrast Prokaryotic cells to Eukaryotic cells

What are the differences?

Eukaryotic Cell

Cells are divided into two categories:

1. Prokaryotes

a. much smaller and simpler, no organelles

b. no membrane bound nuclei

c. contain cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm

ex: bacteria

2. Eukaryotes- more complex!a. contain many organelles, larger, true nucleus

1.) organelle- specialized structure that has a specific function (in cell)

b. All plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotes*all our cells are Eukaryotic!

Lets go back and check your guesses!

9/19 Due: Nothing

BRAINWORK #14?

Compare and Contrast a

Prokaryotic cell to a Eukaryotic cell

Objective of the Day:

Osmosis and Diffusion

1. Label each side of the venn diagramA B

- Cell membrane

- Contain DNA

- Cytoplasm

- Large & Complex

- Contain Nucleus

- Membrane-bound organelles

- Make up plants, animals, fungi, and protists

- Small & simple

- No nucleus

- No organelles

- Bacteria

2. What type of cell is this?

3. Name one reason you know it is this type of cell

4. This cell has whip-like flagellum, what do you think those might be used for?

5. Do you think it would be more likely to assume this is a bacteria or plant cell? Why?

6. What type of cell is this? (prokaryotic/eukaryotic?)

7.Name one thing about this cell that helped you know it was that type of cell:

8. Do you think this is more likely a plant cell or an e-coli cell?

Cell membrane

Cell StructuresA. Cell membrane –thin, flexible barrier around cellB. Cytoplasm- jelly-like material in-between the cell

membrane and nuclear membrane( all organelles reside in the cytoplasm)C. Cytoskeleton- protein filaments that help to maintain

cell shape-flexible framework1.) Microtubules (bigger)- hollow tubes, shape cell and help organelles move *used to make cilia and flagella 2.) Microfilaments (smaller)- very narrow-help shape and move the cell *making of and breaking down of microfilaments causes the cytoplasm to change shape, moving organisms like amoebas

Cell membrane

A. Cell membrane- controls what enters and leaves the cell

1. Lipid bilayer- double layer of phospholipids

a. phosphate head and two fatty acid tails

B. Proteins go through the bilayer working as channels and pumps

C. Movement of molecules

1. Concentration- the mass of a solute in a given volume of solution

ex: 12 grams of sugar in 3 liters of water

(4 grams/Liter)

2. Diffusion- Molecules move from high to low concentration as they try to reach equilibrium

b. Diffusion uses no energy from the cell

D. Osmosis- no energy used

1. Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable barrier (like a cell membrane)

A. Selectively permeable –not all things go through

2. Water moves in direction of where there are more solutes

Ex:

3. Isotonic solution- cell and solution both have the same conc. of water and solutes

Ex: blood cells in plasma

4. Hypertonic solution- Solution surrounding the cell has more solutes than the cell

a. Water moves out of the cell-cell shrivels

5. Hypotonic solution- cell has more solutes than the solution around it

a. Water moves into the cell

-cell could burst

-plant cell wall prevents that

Blood cell/ body cells in animals not usually surrounded by pure water!

Assignment:6.3 Vocabulary Terms

Assess yourself on if you know the terms or not.

Read Section 6.3 to fill out the sheetDefine each term OR give an example from the text!

EGGS

E. Facilitated Diffusion

1. Carrier protein- used in facilitated diffusion-transport protein that carries something across the cell membrane

Which direction are the molecules moving?

Do you think this will require energy?

F. Active Transport- movement of a substance from an area of low conc. to an area of high conc.

(the opposite of the normal way)

1. Energy is used in the form of ATP

2.Membrane pumps- proteins move substances from an area of low to high conc.

ex: Sodium-Potassium pump

Don’t require energy

G. Vesicles can be used to transfer items across the cell membrane

1. Endocytosis- move substance inside cell

2. Exocytosis- moving a substance out of the cella.) fuse with membrane, releasing contents ex: proteins leave the cell in this way

D. Nucleus- controls cell and contains DNA

1. nucleolus- starts assembly of ribosomes

2. nuclear envelope- surrounds nucleus, lots of pores for items to move in and out

F

G

A

B

C

D

E H

J

III. Making of a proteinA. Nucleolus makes ribosomes which then leave the

nucleus and attach to E.R.

2. Ribosome- place of protein production (may be free or attached)

B. Endoplasmic Reticulum- parts of cell membrane are made and proteins are modified

1. Rough E.R.- covered in ribosomes

a. Proteins are made on the ribosomes (on the ER) and travel directly into the e.r.

C. Golgi Apparatus- package and sort proteins

1. Proteins go from the R.E.R. to the G.A. and are then sent to their final destination

D. Vesicles- small sac that transports items around the cell

E. Lysosomes- small sacs filled with enzymes which breakdown food particles or old organelles

F. Centrioles are organelles found only in animal cells that help with cell division.

G. Mitochondria- “powerhouse” of the cell

1. Converts food molecules to energy (glucose to ATP)

IV. Plant cell organelles

A. Vacuoles- saclike structures that hold water, a full vacuole allows for plant cells to stay rigid

B. Chloroplasts- capture sunlight and make energy (photosynthesis)

C. Cell Wall- provide support and structure for the cell

Diffusion Questions:

1. If I placed a piece of celery into a solution with a very high concentration of salt, what would happen?

2. What would happen to the molecules in this cell when place in pure water?

3. Which has a higher concentration of sugar, soda or milk?

4. Why aren’t the lipid tails of the phospholipids facing the outside of the cell?

5. Draw a picture of a section of the cell membrane

Picture Quiz!!

a. What type of solution was this cell placed in?

Original cell: Cell in solution:

b. What is this structure? (the whole thing)

. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII C. What type of solution is this?

d. The water moving towards where there are more solutes is called what?

e. Where is there a higher concentration of sugar molecules? Inside or outside the cell?

sugar molecule

f. Based on your answer for e, which direction will sugar be moving (into or out of the cell)?

g. Which type of molecule movement requires energy from the cell: a. Osmosis B. diffusion

C. protein channels D. Protein pumps

1. Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

2. What is the difference?

3. This picture shows substances entering the cell, what is the process called?

4. List 2 ways diffusion and active transport are different.

5. Proteins can work as channels or membrane ____________.

6. The cell membrane is made of a ___________________ bilayer.

7. List the three organelles specific to plant cells

8. Who coined the name “cells” after looking at a piece of cork cell?

9. Coiled up (condensed) DNA is called what? (*we have 46 of these)

10. What organelle is responsible for making proteins?

11. Where are proteins packaged and sorted?

F

G

A

BC

D

E

H

Example of Science ParagraphThe outside of an animal cell is covered in a cell

membrane,which allows substances to pass in and out. Inside of the cell from the cell membrane to the nuclear envelope is cytoplasm. Cytoplasm contains enzymes because it is the location where many chemical reactions take place. The nuclear envelope serves as the outer boundary of the nucleus and has many pores that allow materials inside and out. Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus which makes ribosomes. These ribosomes leave the nucleus through the pores in the nuclear envelope.

Test Warm up:

1.) A group of tissues working together becomes a what? (think of the levels)

2.) Trace the path of a protein!

3.) What items are found inside

the nucleus?

4.) What types of solute

movement require energy?

5.) Describe a cell wall

Describe a cell membrane

6.) If I put a piece of potato in pure water. What would happen to the size of the potato? What about a red blood cell?