GETTINGSTARTEDWITHLATINBeginningLatinforHomeschoolersandSelf-Taught

StudentsofAnyAge

WILLIAME.LINNEY

ARMFIELDACADEMICPRESS

GettingStartedwithLatinBeginningLatinforHomeschoolersandSelf-TaughtStudentsofAnyAge

Copyright©2007byWilliamE.LinneyIII

Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybeusedorreproducedbyanymeans,graphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,tapingorbyanyinformationstorageretrievalsystemwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher.

ARMFIELDACADEMICPRESSwww.armfieldacademicpress.com

Editorialconsultant:EllenCorrellEditorialconsultant:SaraBeatty

Editorialassistant:GeraldineLinneyCoverdesign:JanetBergin

Theimageusedtocreatethecoverartforthisbookwasprovidedcourtesyof

ClassicalNumismaticGroup,Inc.

SpecializinginancientGreek,Roman,Persian,Celtic,Byzantine,Jewish,Biblical,earlyIndian,British,Europeanmedieval,andRenaissancecoinsandrelatedreferencebooks

www.cngcoins.com

KindleISBN:978-0-9795051-6-4ePubISBN:978-0-9795051-7-1

INMEMORIAMDR.CHARLOTTEHOGSETT

Gratiastibiago

CONTENTS

LISTOFLATINEXPRESSIONS

PREFACE

HOWTOUSETHISBOOK

LESSON1-134

GENERALADVICE

ANSWERKEY

CLASSICALPRONUNCIATIONGUIDE

ECCLESIASTICALPRONUNCIATIONGUIDE

GLOSSARY

SUBJECTINDEX

LISTOFLATINEXPRESSIONS

COGITOERGOSUM

ETC.

I.E.&E.G.

A.M.&P.M.

NONSEQUITUR

CARPEDIEM

SEMPERFIDELIS&SEMPERPARATUS

ADHOC

CA.

SUMMACUMLAUDE

EXLIBRIS

PERCAPITA

A.D.

CAVEATEMPTOR

ALUMNUS&ALMAMATER

N.B.

THEDOLLARBILL

P.S.

PREFACE

Latinhasfascinatedandchallengedmeeversincemymothermademesignupforit inthetenthgrade.FromthefirstdayofclassIwasintriguedbythewayLatin words fit together like pieces of a puzzle. My interest was also stirredwhenIbegantonoticethatagreatnumberofEnglishwordscomedirectlyfromLatinwords. So even from the beginning, I had a strong appreciation for theLatinlanguage.ButatthatyoungageIwasunabletoforeseethemanywaysinwhichLatinwouldenrichmylife.Overtheyearsmyadmirationofthislanguagehascontinuedtogrow.And,withtheaddedperspectivethatcomeswithgettingolder,IhaveamuchdeeperappreciationnotonlyoftheLatinlanguage,butofeducationingeneral.

Consequently, when my sister asked me to teach beginning Latin to her twohomeschooled children, I was delighted—until I remembered that my twoprospectivestudentswouldbeontheirownmostofthetimebecauseofthegreatdistance separatingus.Aftergiving it some thought, I realized thathaving therighttextbookwouldbecrucialinasituationlikethis.IbegantosearchfortheperfectbeginningLatinmethod.AsIsearched,Ipicturedinmymindabookthatwould:

Beself-explanatory,self-paced,self-containedandinexpensiveAllowthestudenttomakeprogresswithorwithoutaLatinteacherProvideplentyofpracticeexercisesaftereachnewconceptso thestudentcanmastereachideabeforemovingontothenextoneAvoidmakingbeginningLatinanymoredifficultthanitactuallyis

However,afterexaminingmanybooks,Ireluctantlyadmittedtomyselfthatthebook I had pictured in my mind did not exist. Therefore, because I wascompletelyignorantofhowdifficult it istowriteabook,IsetouttowritemyownbeginningLatinmethod.

Getting Started with Latin was created to meet the unique needs ofhomeschooledandself-taughtstudents.Idesignedthisbooktomeetnotonlymy

criteria, but the recommendationsof several experiencedhomeschoolmothers.TheyurgedmetomakemybeginningLatinmethodcompletelyself-contained,withnoextramaterialstopurchase(suchaspronunciationtapes,answerkeysorteachers’editions).Theyevenaskedthatthebookbeinalargeformattomakeiteasier to use, as well as non-consumable so they could use it with multiplechildren. I have tried to accommodate these and other requests by putting theanswer key in the back of the book and by providing free pronunciationrecordings,availablefordownloadatwww.gettingstartedwithlatin.com.

In this method, new words and concepts are introduced in a gradual yetsystematicfashion.Eachlessonprovidesmanyexercisesforpracticingthenewmaterial while reviewing material from previous lessons. And, just to makethingsinteresting,everyonceinawhileyouwillrunintoapageentitledLatinExpressions. These brief and often humorous commentaries will explain themeaningsoftheLatinsayingsyouhaveseenforyearsbutneverhadaclueastotheirmeaning.

GettingStartedwithLatinmakesbeginningLatinaccessiblebygentlyliftingthestudent over some of the obstacles that can make Latin seem out of reach.Becausethisbookmovessogradually,studentsprobablywillnotsay,Thisistoohard for me. I quit! Instead, these bite-size lessons should leave the studentencouragedandreadytomoveforwardallthewaytotheendofthebook.Butwhenyoudofinishthisbook,don’tletyourLatinstudiesendthere.Thisbookonly covers thebeginning stagesofLatingrammar. I amconfident that if thisbook causes you to grasp the beauty and power of Latin, even in some smallway,youwillhavenotroublefindingthemotivationtocontinueyourstudiesatthenextlevel.

WilliamE.Linney

HOWTOUSETHISBOOK

Thisbookisstructuredaroundonemainteachingmethod:Teachoneconceptata timeand let thestudentmaster thatconceptbefore introducing thenextone.With that inmind, read the tips listed below to help you use this book to thegreatestadvantage.

THENEWWORD

Starteachlessonbyobservingthenewwordforthatparticularlesson.AllLatinwords in this book are in bold print so they will be easy to recognize. Themeaning of the newword is in italics. In some lessons youwill learn a newconceptandinothersyouwillsimplyreviewmaterialfrompreviouslessons.

PRONUNCIATION

Thebestwaytolearncorrectpronunciationisbylisteningandcopyingwhatyouhear.Visitwww.gettingstartedwithlatin.comtodownloadthefreepronunciationrecordings inMP3 format. In these recordings, eachnewwordandexercise isreadaloudbytheauthor.YoumaylistentothemonyourcomputerorputthemonaCDand listen to themonanyCDplayer.Choose fromeitherclassicalorecclesiastical (church) pronunciation recordings. Either way, these free audiorecordings will help you to achieve proper Latin pronunciation. And, as youimprove,youwillbeabletotranslatetheexercisesasyouhearthemreadaloudbytheauthor.

Occasionally, there will be a written pronunciation tip at the beginning of aparticularlesson.Thesetipsareincludedinthebooktopreventsomeofthemostcommon pronunciation errors. Thesewritten pronunciation tips explain how aword will be pronounced in both classical and ecclesiastical style. To furtherassist you in achievingproperpronunciation, there is a classical pronunciationchartonpage201andanecclesiasticalpronunciationchartonpage202forthesakeofreference.

ManyofthehomeschoolmothersIhavemetandworkedwithseemtobeveryconcernedaboutLatinpronunciation.Theyareworriedthattheywillsomehowcause permanent damage to their child’s intellect if they mispronounce Latinvowels or if they choose to emulate thewrong style of pronunciation. Pleaseallow me to address this issue: Classical pronunciation is the style ofpronunciationused in theLatin departments ofmost colleges anduniversities.Latin scholars use this type of pronunciation because it is supposed to reflectaccuratelythewayLatinwaspronouncedbytheancientRomans.Ecclesiastical(church)pronunciation,ontheotherhand,isthestyleofpronunciationusedbytheRomanCatholicChurch.RomanCatholicstudentsmaywanttoemploythistype of pronunciation because theymay have the opportunity to use it in therecitationofprayersorinotherreligiousactivities.

Regardlessofwhichpronunciationstyleyouchoose,pleasedon’tloseanysleepoverit.Ofcourseyoushoulddoyourbesttopronouncethewordscorrectly.Butplease remember that if you domispronounce aword, youwill not ruin yourchild’seducation.And,theLatinPolicewillnotcometoyourhomeandarrestyou.

GRAMMATICALINFORMATION

If needed, a lesson may contain an explanation of how to use the new wordintroducedinthatlesson.Chartsandexampleswillbeusedtogivethereaderaclear presentation of the Latin grammar knowledge needed for that particularlesson.

THEEXERCISES

Armed with the knowledge of the new word and how to use it, the studentshouldthenbegintotranslatetheexercises.Inahomeschoolenvironment,itisprobablybesttohavestudentswritetheiranswersinanotebook.Olderstudentsandadultsmayprefertodotheexercisesmentally.Next,turntotheanswerkeyinthebackofthebooktoseeifyourtranslationsarecorrect.BycomparingtheLatinandtheEnglish,youwillbeabletolearnfromyourmistakes.Translatingtheexercisesoverandover(evenmemorizingthem)willenhancelearningandspeedprogress.

LATINCOMPOSITION

Foranadditionalchallenge,youcantrytotranslatetheanswersbackintoLatinusing the knowledge you have gained from that lesson. This is called Latincomposition. Figuring out how to write something in Latin can be a greatlearning tool because it requires the student to think about the material in adifferent way. Try it and see! Again, it is probably best to write these Latincompositionexercisesinanotebook.

DON’TPUTTHECARTBEFORETHEHORSE

Donotskipaheadtoafuturelesson.Becauseeachlessonbuildsdirectlyonthepreceding lessons, the student shoulddo the lessons in theordergiven. Ifyoustarttofeellostorconfused,backupafewlessonsandreview.Or,takeabreakand come back to the material at a later time. Remember that review andrepetitionareessentialwhenlearninganylanguage.Oneofthebestthingsyoucan do to improve your understanding of Latin is to review the lessonsrepeatedly.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Latinsayingsandexpressionsareeverywhere!Wheredidall theseexpressionscomefrom?Whatdotheymean?Inthisbook,everyfewlessonsyouwillfindapageentitledLatinExpressions.These short explanationsof someof themostcommon Latin expressions are meant to inform the student while stimulatingfurtherinterestinLatin.

STAYFLEXIBLE

Everyonehas a different learning style, so use this book inways that fit yourneeds or the needs of your students.You can learnLatin as a family, onyourown, or in a homeschool environment.Be creative!You could even have onenightof theweekwheretheentirefamilyisonlyallowedtospeakLatin.Whoknows?Youmaythinkofawaytousethisbookthatnooneelsehasthoughtof(puttingitundertheshortlegofthekitchentabledoesnotcount).

TESTSANDQUIZZES

Togiveastudentatestorquiz,simplybackuptoapreviouslesson.Havethestudent translate those exercises without looking at the answers. Then, theteacherorparent cangrade the exercisesusing the answers in thebackof thebook.Anotherpossibilitywouldbetotestthestudent’slisteningskillsbyhavinghim or her translate the exercises directly from the audio recording for thatlesson.

SCHEDULING

Some homeschool parents like a lot of structure in their teaching schedules,whileothersprefer a less structured learning environment.Dependingonyourpersonalpreferences,youmayeitherplantocoveracertainnumberoflessonsinacertainperiodoftime,orallowyourstudentstodeterminetheirownpace.It’suptoyou.

HOWMUCHTIMEPERDAY?

Afewminutesadaywiththisbookisbetterthanlonger,lessfrequentsessions.Thirtyminutesadayisidealforlanguagestudy.Ofcourse,thismayvarywitheachstudent’sage,abilityandneeds.

SELF-TAUGHTADULTS

AdultswhousethisbookwillenjoythefreedomoflearningLatinwheneverandwherevertheyplease.Highschoolandcollegestudentscanuseittogetaheadstart before taking a Latin class, to satisfy curiosity, or to try something new.Busyadultscanuseittostudyatlunchtime,breaktime,orwhilecommutingtowork(aslongassomeoneelseisdrivingthevehicle).Theshortlessonsinthisbookwillfitanyschedule.

SURFTHENET!

Thewebsite thataccompanies thisbook(www.gettingstartedwithlatin.com)hasfreeresourcestoaidyouinyourstudyofLatin.Besuretocheckitout!

LESSONONE

NEWWORDnauta

MEANINGsailor

PRONUNCIATION TIP: In both classical and ecclesiastical pronunciation,nautahastwosyllables.ThefirstsyllablesoundsliketheEnglishwordnow.Inatwo-syllableword,theaccentalwaysgoesonthefirstsyllable.

Latinpronunciation isnot thesameasEnglishpronunciation.Thebestway tolearn correct pronunciation is by listening. Be sure to visitwww.gettingstartedwithlatin.comtodownloadthefreepronunciationrecordingsinMP3format.Chooseeitherclassicalorecclesiastical (church)pronunciationrecordings. In thesefreeaudiorecordings,eachnewwordandexercise is readaloudbytheauthor.YoumaylistentotheserecordingsonyourcomputerorputthemonaCDandlistentothemonanyCDplayer.

To further assist you in achieving proper pronunciation, there is a classicalpronunciation chart on page 201 and an ecclesiastical pronunciation chart onpage202forthesakeofreference.

LESSONTWO

NO“THE”INLATIN

InLatin,therearenowordsforthe,a,oran.Dependingonthewayitisusedinasentence,thewordnautacouldmeansailor,asailor,orthesailor.WhenyoutranslateLatinintoEnglish,youmustdecideonyourownwheretoputinwordslikethe,a,andan.

LESSONTHREE

NEWWORDsum

MEANINGIam

InEnglish,ittakestwowordstosayIam.InLatin,ittakesonlyone:sum.

EXERCISES:

1. Sum.2. Sumnauta.

Whenyousee theexercises ineach lesson, try to translate themonyourown.Theanswersareinthebackofthebooktokeepyoufrompeeking.

Theanswerstothislessonareonpage167.

LESSONFOUR

WORDORDER

ThewordsinaLatinsentencearenotusuallyinthesameorderastheywouldbeinanEnglishsentence.Forexample,sumnautaandnautasummeanthesamething. This may seem strange to you at first, but it will become easier withpractice.

EXERCISES:

1. Sumnauta.2. Nautasum.

Answersonpage167.

LESSONFIVE

NEWWORDego

MEANINGI

PRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inbothclassicalandecclesiasticalpronunciation,egoispronouncedliketheEnglishwordeggbutwithanosoundaddedtotheend.

SummeansIambyitself.However,egomayalsobeusedwithsum.Whetheryousaysumoregosum,itstilljustmeansIam.Egoisoftenusedforemphasis.

Remember:ThewordsinaLatinsentencemaybeinanunusualorder.

EXERCISES:

1. Sum.2. Egosum.3. Sumnauta.4. Nautasum.5. Egosumnauta.6. Egonautasum.7. Nautaegosum.

Answersonpage167.

LESSONSIX

NEWWORDagricolaMEANINGfarmerPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Ifyouareusingtheecclesiasticalstyleofpronunciation,remembertorolltherinagricola

lightly.

EXERCISES:

1. Sumagricola.2. Agricolasum.3. Egosumagricola.4. Egoagricolasum.5. Sumnauta.6. Nautasum.7. Egonautasum.8. Nautaegosum.

Answersonpage167.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Haveyoueverwonderedwhatcogitoergosummeans?

Cogito means I think.Ergo means therefore (don’t confuse ergo with ego).Sum,asyoualreadyknow,meansIam.So,cogitoergosum literallymeans Ithink,thereforeIam.

This expression comes from the great French philosopher, scientist andmathematicianRenéDescartes(pronouncedday-KART).Descartesreasonedthatbyhisownactofdoubtinghecouldbesureofhisownexistence.This ideaiscapturedbytheLatinexpressioncogitoergosum.

Speaking of Latin, the Latin version of Descartes’ name is Cartesius. SoanythingpertainingtoDescartesisreferredtoasCartesian.

LESSONSEVEN

SUBJECTS

Anounisaperson,place,orthing.Thesubjectofasentenceisthenounthatisdoingtheactioninthesentence.IntheLatinexercisesyouhaveseensofar,thesubject of the sentence has always been I. Soon you will learn to read morecomplexLatinsentences.

For practice, see if you can identify the subject of each of the followingsentences.

EXERCISES:

1. Iam.2. Youare.3. Sheistall.4. OnTuesdaysandThursdays,Fredlikestogojogging.5. Chicagoisabigcity.6. Thechildrenhaveicecreamcones.7. Thecarhasaflattire.8. Myoatmealistoohot.9. Switzerlandisabeautifulcountry.10. Inthewinter,Grandfatheralwayswearshisoldbrowncoat.

Answersonpage167.

LESSONEIGHT

NEWWORDetMEANINGandMostofthetime,etsimplymeansand.But,ifyouuseittwice,itcanmeanboth...and.Hereisanexample:

Sumetnautaetagricola(Iambothasailorandafarmer).

EXERCISES:

1. Nautaetagricola2. Agricolaetnauta3. Egosumnauta.4. Nautasum.5. Etagricolaetnautasum.6. Egosumetnautaetagricola.

Answersonpage168.

LESSONNINE

VERBS

InLessonSevenyou learned to recognize thesubjectofa sentence.Now let’smoveontoverbs.Verbsarewordsthattelluswhatthesubjectofasentenceisdoing.Verbscanbeactionwordssuchasdance,shout,walk, talkorwrite.Or,they canbeverbs of beingor existing such as is,are,was,were, andwill be.Verbsofbeingarealsocalledlinkingverbs.

Seeifyoucanidentifythesubjectandverbofeachofthefollowingsentences.

EXERCISES:

1. Shewalkstoschooleveryday.2. Mycarisdirty.3. Iseeaquarterontheground.4. Yesterdayheboughtanewtrumpet.5. Samloveschocolatemilk.6. Theyswiminthepooleveryday.7. Thebooksareheavy.8. IcalledAuntMarthalastweek.9. Chinaproducesalotofgreentea.10. Mr.Smith’sdogbarksatnight.

Answersonpage168.

LESSONTEN

NEWWORDnōnMEANINGnotPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inbothclassicalandecclesiasticalpronunciation,nōnrhymeswithbone,loanandtone.

Inasentence,nōnusuallycomesimmediatelybeforetheverb.Forexample,nōnsummeansIamnot.

EXERCISES:

1. Nōnsum.2. Egonōnsum.3. Nōnsumnauta.4. Nautanōnsum.5. Egoagricolanōnsum.6. Agricolaegonōnsum.7. Sumetnautaetagricola.8. Etagricolaetnautaegosum.

Answersonpage168.

LESSONELEVEN

NEWWORDesMEANINGyouareInEnglish,ittakestwowordstosayyouare.InLatin,ittakesonlyone:es.Esisusedonlywhenspeakingtooneperson.

EXERCISES:

1. Es.2. Nōnes.3. Esagricola.4. Agricolaes.5. Nōnesagricola.6. Agricolanōnes.7. Sumagricola.8. Egonōnsumnauta.9. Esetnautaetagricola.10. Nautasumetagricolaes.

Answersonpage168.

LESSONTWELVE

NEWWORDpoēta

MEANINGpoet

EXERCISES:

1. Espoēta.2. Poētaes.3. Nōnespoēta.4. Poētanōnes.5. Sumetagricolaetpoēta.6. Etnautaetagricolasum.7. Egosumnauta.8. Nōnesnauta.9. Poētaegonōnsum.10. Agricolasumetpoētaes.

Answersonpage169.

LESSON13

NEWWORDestMEANINGheisInEnglish,ittakestwowordstosayheis.InLatin,ittakesonlyone:est.Estcanalsomeansheisanditis,butfornowjust

translateestasheis.

EXERCISES:

1. Estpoēta.2. Poētaest.3. Estnauta.4. Nautaest.5. Nōnestagricola.6. Nōnesnauta.7. Agricolanōnes.8. Egonōnsum.9. Etagricolaetpoētasum.10. Egonautanōnsum.

Answersonpage169.

LESSON14

MOREABOUTEST

Let’slearnanotherwaytouseest.Sometimesestsimplymeansis.Considerthefollowingexample:

Poētaestagricola.

This sentence means the poet is a farmer. Here, it is clear that poēta is thesubjectofthesentence.Therefore,weleaveoutheandestsimplymeansis.

Inothercases,thereisnootherwordtobethesubjectofthesentence,asinthefollowingexample:Poētaest.

This sentencemeanshe is a poet.Here it is clear that there is no otherwordavailabletobethesubjectofthesentence.So,wetranslateestasheis.

Ifyoucannotfigureoutwhetherestmeansisorheis,trythemboth.Thecorrectmeaningofestshouldbecomeclear.

EXERCISES:

1. Agricolaestpoēta.2. Nautaestpoēta.3. Estnauta.4. Poētanōnestnauta.5. Nautanōnest.6. Poētaestagricola.7. Nautanōnestagricola.8. Nōnespoēta.9. Egoagricolanōnsum.10. Esetagricolaetpoēta.

Answersonpage169.

LATINEXPRSSIONS

Theabbreviationetc.seemstobeeverywhere.Whatdoesitmean?

This common abbreviation is short for the Latin words et cetera.Et, as youalreadyknow,meansand.Ceteraisanadjective(inpluralform)thatmeanstheremainingthings.Sowhenyousayetcetera,youaresayingandtherestorandtheothers.Sometimesetceteraismispronouncedeccetera.ButasastudentofLatin,youknowbetter!

LESSON15

SINGULARANDPLURAL

Singularmeansoneofsomething.

Pluralmeansmorethanoneofsomething.

Intheexercisesbelow,trytofigureoutwhatthesubjectofthesentenceis.Then,decideifthesubjectissingularorplural.

EXERCISES:

1. Thecarisred.2. Wehaveicecreamcones.3. Flowersarepretty.4. Ilikeblueberrypie.5. Theylikehamburgers.6. Jimmywillgotoschooltomorrow.7. Theteamhasfiveplayers.8. Maryisagoodclarinetplayer.9. InFrance,theyspeakFrench.10. Manyhousesareonourstreet.

Answersonpage169.

LESSON16

NEWWORDnautae

MEANINGsailors

PRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,theaeattheendofnautaesounds like theEnglishwordeye. Inecclesiasticalpronunciation, theaeat theendofnautaesoundsliketheeinbet.

Nautae is your first plural word in Latin. Nauta becomes plural when wechangetheendingfrom-ato-ae.Thesameruleappliestoagricolaandpoēta.

EXERCISES:

1. Whatisthepluralformofagricola?2. whatisthepluralformofpoēta?

Answersonpage170.

LESSON17

NEWWORDsumusMEANINGweareWhenstudyinganylanguageitisimportanttonoticewhethereachindividualwordissingularorplural.Why?Becauseeachwordinasentencemustinteractcorrectlywiththewordsaroundit.Ingrammaticalterms,thisiscalledagreement.Seeifyoucanfigureoutwhat

iswrongwiththefollowingexample:

Sumagricolae.

Didyounotice something strangeabout that sentence?This sentencedoesnotmake any sense because it means I am farmers. In other words, sum andagricolaedonotagreebecausesumissingularandagricolaeisplural.Acorrectsentencewouldbesumagricolabecausesumandagricolaagree.Again,seeifyoucanfigureoutwhatiswrongwiththefollowingexample:

Sumusagricola.

Thissentencedoesnotmakeanysenseeitherbecauseitmeansweareafarmer.Sumus and agricola do not agree because sumus is plural and agricola issingular. A correct sentence would be sumus agricolae because sumus andagricolaeagree.

Ifyougetstuck,checktheanswersinthebackofthebook.

EXERCISES:

1. Sumus.2. Sumusnautae.3. Nautaesumus.4. Agricolaenōnsumus.5. Nōnsumusagricolae.6. Sumusagricolaeetpoētae.7. Poētanōnes.

8. Egosumpoēta.9. Poētaestnauta.10. Nautaest.

Answersonpage170.

LESSON18

NEWWORDestisMEANINGyouare(plural)Youalreadyknowthatthewordesmeansyouare.Weuseeswhenspeakingtooneperson.Estisalsomeansyouare,butwithoneimportantdifference:estisisplural.TheEnglishwordyoucanrefertoonepersonormorethanoneperson.Otherlanguages(suchasLatin)

havedifferentwordsforsingularyouandpluralyou.

Sometimesweuseexpressionssuchasyouguysoryoupeopletotrytomakeitclear thatwe are talking tomore than one person. In the southeasternUnitedStates,where thisauthor is from,weoftenuse thecontractiony’all toaddressmorethanoneperson(neverjustone).Y’allissimplyacontractionofthewordsyouandall.Y’allrhymeswithhall,ballandfall.

Someteachersusethiswordtohelpstudentsunderstandthedifferencebetweenesandestis.So,intheanswerkey,estiswillbetranslatedasy’allare.IfyouarefromthesoutheasternUnitedStates,usingthiswordwillbeeasyforyou.Ifnot,y’allwillgetusedtoitafterusingitafewtimes.

EXERCISES:

1. Estis.2. Estisagricolae.3. Agricolaeestis.4. Poētaenōnestis.5. Sumuspoētaeetestisnautae.6. Etnautaeetpoētaeestis.7. Poētanōnes.8. Agricolaestpoēta.9. Poētaegosum.10. Estnauta.

Answersonpage170.

LESSON19

NEWWORDsuntMEANINGtheyareSuntisverysimilartoest.Suntcanmeantheyareorjustare.Considerthefollowingexample:

Agricolaesuntpoētae.

Thissentencemeansthefarmersarepoets.Hereitisclearthatagricolaeisthesubjectofthesentence.Therefore,weleaveouttheyandsuntsimplymeansare.

Inothercases,thereisnootherwordtobethesubjectofthesentence,asinthefollowingexample:

Poētaesunt.

Thissentencemeanstheyarepoets.Herethereisnootherwordavailabletobethesubjectofthesentence.So,wetranslatesuntastheyare.

Again(justaswithest),ifyoucannotfigureoutwhethersuntmeansareortheyare,trythemboth.Thecorrectmeaningofsuntshouldbecomeclear.

EXERCISES:

1. Poētaesunt.2. Poētaesuntagricolae.3. Agricolaenōnsunt.4. Poētaesuntnautae.5. Poētaest.6. Estispoētae.7. Nautaenōnsuntagricolae.8. Agricolaestpoēta.9. Nautaesumus.10. Nōnespoēta.

Answersonpage170.

LESSON20

MEMORIZATION

Let’sputalltheverbsyouknowintoacharttohelpyourememberthem.

Whenstudyinganylanguage,itisverybeneficialtomemorizegroupsofverbssuchasthisone.Tohelpyouremembertheseverbs,saythemoverandoverinthissequence:sum,es,est,sumus,estis,sunt.StudentsofLatinoftenchantorsinggroupsofverbslikethis.Youoryourstudentsmayenjoymakingupyourowngames,songs,orchantstohelpyoumemorizethingsmoreeasily.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Haveyoueverseentheabbreviationsi.e.ande.g.?

Theabbreviationi.e.isshortforidest.Id,inthiscase,meansthat.Youalreadyknow that est means is. Literally, id est means that is. Writers use thisexpressiontofurtherclarifyageneralstatement.Whenyouseethistermyoucantakeittomeanthatistosayorinotherwords.Hereisanexampleofhowi.e.isusedinasentence:

The church needed someone who knew how to repair things (i.e. ahandyman).

Theabbreviatione.g.isshortforexempligratia.Gratiameansforthesakeof.Exemplimeansofanexample.Soliterally,exempligratiameansforthesakeofanexample.Writersuse this term togive specificexamplesofamoregeneralthingtheyhavealreadymentioned.Hereishowe.g.isusedinasentence:

Some of the most nutritious foods a person can eat are green, leafyvegetables(e.g.spinach).

LESSON21

PERSON

We have already covered singular and plural. Now let’s talk about anotherqualitythatverbshave.InLatin,verbstellnotonlywhatactionistakingplace,butalsowho isperforming theaction.Verbscanbe in thefirstperson,secondperson,orthirdperson.

VerbsthatrefertoIorwearefirstperson(thepersonwhoisspeaking).

Verbs that refer to you, either singular or plural, are second person (thepersonorpeopletowhomthespeakerisspeaking).Inthisbookwewillusey’all for the second person plural to help distinguish it from the secondpersonsingular.

Verbs that refer tohe,she, it, or they are third person (the person, thing,people,orthingsbeingspokenabout).

Thefollowingchartshouldhelpillustratethisconcept:

Ifweputall theLatinverbsyouknow inachart like theoneabove, itwould

looklikethis:

Remembertochantorsingtheseverbsoverandoverinordertomemorizethem.

In the exercises below, determinewhat the subject of each sentence is. Then,determineifitisfirstperson,secondperson,orthirdperson.Finally,determinewhetheritissingularorplural.

EXERCISES:

1. Iamhungry.2. Youareaniceperson.3. Sheisverysmart.4. Wearegoingtothepark.5. Y’allhaveabeautifulhome.6. TheyeatlunchatAuntMartha’shouseeverySunday.7. Heisatennisplayer.8. Itisahistorybook.9. Y’allreallyknowhowtothrowaparty.10. Theflowersinyourgardenarepretty.

Answersonpage171.

LESSON22

DIRECTOBJECTS

Adirectobjectisanounthatisthetargetoftheactionbeingperformedbythesubjectofthesentence.Hereisanexample:

Haroldplaysthedrums.

Inthissentence,theworddrumsisthedirectobject.Hereisanotherexample:

Helenatetheorange.

In this sentence, thewordorange is the direct object. See if you can find thedirectobjectineachoftheexercisesbelow:EXERCISES:

1. Mr.Jonesboughtanewspaper.2. Iwillseeamovietomorrow.3. Harryisplayingthetrombone.4. OnSaturday,wewillplaybaseball.5. Jamescaughtafish.6. Theyaccidentallybroketheradio.7. Y’allpaintedthewrongbuilding.8. Yesterdaywelistenedtoalongspeech.9. Mr.Underwoodlosthiswallet.10. Geraldinesawadeerinthewoods.

Answersonpage171.

LESSON23

DIRECTOBJECTS(THISTIMEINLATIN)

Whennauta is thesubjectofasentenceitappearsinitsnormalformwhichisnauta.Whennautaisthedirectobjectinasentence,wechangetheendingto-am. That makes it nautam instead of nauta. Use nautam only with actionverbs, not verbs of being or existing like am, are, or is (also called linkingverbs).Aword that renames the subjectof the sentenceafter a linkingverb iscalledapredicatenominative.Predicatenominativestakethenormalformoftheword,notthedirectobjectform.Herearesomeexamplestohelpillustratetheseconcepts:

Thenautasawanisland.

Inthissentence,sailoristhesubjectofthesentence,soitretainsitsnormalformwhichisnauta.Hereisanotherexample:

Isawanautam.

Inthissentence,sailoristhedirectobject,sotheendingchangesto-amtomakenautam.Hereisathirdexample:

Themanisanauta.

In this sentence, sailor is the predicate nominative (a word that renames thesubjectofthesentenceafteralinkingverb)soitretainsitsnormalformwhichisnauta.

Intheexercisesbelow,fillintheblankwitheithernautaornautam.Then,givethereasonforyourchoice.Choosefromamongthefollowingthreereasons:

BecauseitisthesubjectofthesentenceBecauseitisthedirectobjectofthesentenceBecauseitisapredicatenominative

Writeyouranswersinyournotebookoronaseparatesheetofpaper.

EXERCISES:

1. Yesterday,Isawa________downatthedock.2. Iama________.3. A________steeredtheshipintotheharbor.4. Ihireda________tohelpussteertheboat.5. A________walkedtowardtheship.6. The________isverystrong.7. Iwatchedthe________asheloweredtheanchor.8. Heisa________.9. Youhelpedthe________withtherope.10. Iwillbea________someday.

Answersonpage171.

LESSON24

NEWWORDspectō

MEANINGIwatch,Idowatch,IamwatchingSpectōisourfirstactionverbinLatin.ItmeansIwatch,Idowatch,orIamwatching.Youcanusewordssuchas

egoandnōnalongwithspectō,justasyouwouldwithsum.

Inthelastlesson,welearnedthatifnautaisadirectobject,theendingchangesto -am. This rule is also true for agricola and poēta. Agricola becomesagricolamandpoētabecomespoētam.Keep this inmindasyou translate theexercisesintoEnglish.Don’tlettheorderofthewordsconfuseyou.Instead,justfocusonthefunctionofeachindividualword.

SincespectōcanmeanIwatch,Idowatch,orIamwatching,youmustdecideon your own which one sounds best when you translate the exercises intoEnglish.

EXERCISES:

1. Spectōnautam.2. Nautamspectō.3. Nōnspectōagricolam.4. Agricolamspectō.5. Spectōpoētam.6. Poētamspectō.7. Egospectōetnautametagricolam.8. Nautanōnsum.9. Agricolaesunt.10. Poētaenōnestis.

Answersonpage171.

LESSON25

NEWWORDnautāsMEANINGsailors(directobjectplural)Whenthedirectobjectispluraltheendingchangesto-ās.So,nautāsisthepluralformof

nautam.

Whatwouldbethedirectobjectpluralformsofagricolaandpoēta?

EXERCISES:

1. Spectōnautās.2. Nautāsspectō.3. Nōnspectōagricolās.4. Agricolāsspectō.5. Egospectōpoētās.6. Spectōnautametagricolās.7. Agricolamspectō.8. Poētaes.9. Nautaest.10. Poētaesuntagricolae.

Answersonpage172.

LESSON26

NEWWORDstellaMEANINGstarThinkofthepossibleendingsofstellaandhoweachonewouldbeusedinasentence.

EXERCISES:

1. Stellamspectō.2. Stellāsnōnspectō.3. Stellamegospectō.4. Egospectōstellās.5. Nautaesunt.6. Nōnestisagricolae.7. Poētaesumus.8. Spectōetagricolāsetnautās.9. Nautanōnestpoēta.10. Agricolaes.

Answersonpage172.

LESSON27

NEWWORDlūnaMEANINGmoonThinkofthepossibleendingsoflūnaandhoweachonewouldbeusedinasentence.

EXERCISES:

1. Lūnamspectō.2. Spectōstellās.3. Etlūnametstellāsspectō.4. Spectōetstellāsetlūnam.5. Lūnanōneststella.6. Poētaestetagricolasum.7. Spectōnautās.8. Nōnestisagricolae.9. Sumuspoētae.10. Agricolaesuntpoētae.

Answersonpage172.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

KnowingthedifferencebetweenA.M.andP.M.isveryimportant.Ifyougetthemmixedup,youcouldbetwelvehourslate(orearly)!

A.M.andP.M.areabbreviationsfortwomeaningfulLatinexpressions.A.M.standsforantemeridiemandP.M. standsforpostmeridiem.Meridiem isa formofthe wordmeridies which means noon or midday.Ante means before. Postmeansafter.So,antemeridiemliterallymeansbeforenoonandpostmeridiemmeansafternoon.

According to the Roman author Varro, the wordmeridies used to be spelledmedidies.Medidies is a compound word made up of the words dies andmedius.Dies (pronouncedDEE-ace)meansday.Theprefixmedi- isshort formediuswhichmeansmiddle.Somedidies, theolder formof theword,meansthemiddle of the day. Sowhen you sayA.M. you are really sayingbefore themiddleoftheday,andwhenyousayP.M.youarereallysayingafterthemiddleoftheday.Butit’saloteasierjusttosayA.M.andP.M.

LESSON28

NEWWORDspectāsMEANINGyouwatch,youdowatch,youarewatchingThischartshouldcomeinhandyaswelearnadditionalformsofspectō.

Remember:Youmustdecideonyourownwhether to translatespectāsasyouwatch,youdowatch,oryouarewatching.

EXERCISES:

1. Spectāslūnam.2. Spectāsstellās.3. Etlūnametstellāsspectās.4. Etnautāsetagricolāsspectās.5. Egospectōetnautāsetagricolās.6. Stellāsegonōnspectō.7. Poētaenōnsumus.8. Esagricola.9. Agricolaenōnsunt.10. Nautanōnestpoēta.

Answersonpage173.

LESSON29

NEWWORDspectatMEANINGhewatches,hedoeswatch,heiswatchingThechartisgettingfuller:

Doyourememberthedifferentwaystouseest?Spectat is like that, too.Let’slookatanexample:

Nautastellāsspectat.

Thissentencemeansthesailoriswatchingthestars.Here,itisclearthatnautais the subject of the sentence. Therefore,we leave outhe and spectat simplymeansiswatching.

Other times, there isnootherword tobe thesubjectof thesentence,as in thefollowingexample:

Stellāsspectat.

This sentence means he is watching the stars. Here, there is no other wordavailable to be the subject of the sentence. So, we translate spectat as he iswatching.

Of course, spectat could alsomean she iswatching or it is watching. But for

now,justtranslatespectatasheiswatching.

EXERCISES:

1. Spectatlūnam.2. Nautastellāsspectat.3. Spectatstellāsetlūnam.4. Agricolastellāsnōnspectat.5. Agricolanautamspectat.6. Lūnamspectās.7. Etpoētametagricolamspectō.8. Agricolaenōnestis.9. Agricolaest.10. Nautaesuntpoētae.

Answersonpage173.

LESSON30

NEWWORDspectāmusMEANINGwewatch,wedowatch,wearewatchingWe’reoverhalfwaythere!

EXERCISES:

1. Spectāmusagricolās.2. Nōnspectāmuspoētam.3. Stellāsspectat.4. Etlūnametstellāsspectās.5. Nautaenōnsunt.6. Egonōnspectōlūnam.7. Agricolaesetnautasum.8. Poētaestagricola.9. Nōnesnauta.10. Poētaesumus.

Answersonpage173.

LESSON31

NEWWORDspectātis

MEANINGy’allwatch,y’alldowatch,y’allarewatching

We’realmostthere!

EXERCISES:

1. Spectātisstellam.2. Agricolāsspectātis.3. Nautāsspectātis.4. Lūnamspectāmus.5. Agricolapoētamspectat.6. Etlūnametstellāsspectās.7. Nautāsnōnspectat.8. Sumusagricolae.9. Nōnestisnautae.10. Agricolaest.

Answersonpage173.

LESSON32

NEWWORDspectantMEANINGtheywatch,theydowatch,theyarewatchingThechartisnowfull!

Do you remember the different ways to use sunt?Spectant is like that, too.Let’slookatanexample:

Agricolaelūnamspectant.

This sentencemeans the farmersarewatching themoon.Here, it is clear thatagricolae is the subject of the sentence. Therefore, we leave out they andspectantsimplymeansarewatching.

Other times, there isnootherword tobe thesubjectof thesentence,as in thefollowingexample:

Stellāsspectant.

Thissentencemeanstheyarewatchingthestars.Here,thereisnootherwordtobethesubjectofthesentence.So,wetranslatespectantastheyarewatching.

EXERCISES:

1. Poētāsspectant.

2. Poētaestellāsspectant.3. Nautaeetlūnametstellāsspectant.4. Spectāsagricolam.5. Lūnamegospectō.6. Spectātisnautam.7. Agricolaesunt.8. Nōnsumnauta.9. Agricolaes.10. Agricolaestpoēta.

Answersonpage174.

LESSON33

REVIEW

Wenowknowallsixpresenttenseformsofsumandspectō.Let’sreviewthemnow.Hereisthechartforsum:

Say all six forms in sequence: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt. It is best tomemorizethem.Trytothinkofwhateachwordmeansasyousayit.

Hereisthechartforspectō:

Repeat after me! Spectō, spectās, spectat, spectāmus, spectātis, spectant.Again,thinkofwhateachwordmeansasyousayit.Soonthesegroupsofverbswillbecomesecondnature.

Bynow,youmaybenoticingapatterntotheendingsoftheverbs.Ifwemadeachartofjusttheendingsofspectōitwouldlooklikethis:

Aswith theverbs themselves, it isbest tomemorize theseendingssoyoucanrecognizethemeasily.Spellthemoutbyletters:-o,-s,-t,-mus, -tis, -nt.Fromnowon,whenyou learnaverb,youwillknowhowtouse it inallsixpresenttenseforms.You’vecomealongwayfromLessonOne.Keepupthegoodwork!

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Haveyoueverbeentoldthatsomethingisanonsequitur?

Nōn, asyoualreadyknow,meansnot.Sequiturmeans it follows. So literally,non sequitur means it does not follow. You may ask,What doesn’t follow?That’sagoodquestion!

Anonsequitur iswhen the conclusion drawn from the facts presented is notlogicallysupportedbythefacts.Here’sanexampleofanonsequitur:

Fact#1:Spinachhaslotsofvitaminsandminerals.Fact#2:Spinachisgreen.Conclusion:Allgreenfoodshavelotsofvitaminsandminerals.

Thisconclusionisanonsequiturbecauseitdoesnotfollowlogicallyfromwhatcamebefore it.Fact#1and fact#2areboth true,but theconclusionbasedonthose facts is indeed faulty. Not all green foods have lots of vitamins andminerals.Greencandyandgreenbirthdaycakemaybedelicious,butprobablynotverynutritious.

Anonsequitur is anexampleof a logical fallacy,ormistake.Hereare a fewexamplesofsomeothercommonfallacies:

Mereassertion—Justbecauseyousaysomethingistruedoesnotprovethatitistrue.

Appealing to themasses—Justbecausea largenumberofpeoplebelievessomethingistruedoesnotprovethatitistrue.

Adhominem—ThisisanotherLatinexpressionthatliterallymeanstowardthe man. An ad hominem attack is an attempt to make someone seemuntrustworthybypointingoutthatperson’sflaws.Thistacticissometimes

usedasalastresortbythosewhoareindangeroflosinganargument.Evenifyouaresuccessful inmakingyouropponent lookbadoruntrustworthy,thatstilldoesnotdisprovehis/herpoint.

LESSON34

NEWWORDsaepeMEANINGoftenPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Theaeinsaepewillsounddifferentdependingonwhichpronunciationstyleyouadopt.Inclassicalpronunciation,theaeinsaepesoundsliketheEnglishwordeye.In

ecclesiasticalpronunciation,itwillsoundliketheeinbet.

Saepe is your first Latin adverb.An adverb is aword that describes how theaction is taking place.When you translate the exercises, try to put the adverbwhereitsoundsthebest.

EXERCISES:

1. Stellāssaepespectō.2. Stellāssaepespectant.3. Poētamsaepespectās.4. Poētaest.5. Agricolaeestis.6. Poētanōnestagricola.7. Etlūnametstellāssaepespectāmus.8. Agricolaesuntpoētae.9. Sumuspoētae.10. Lūnamsaepenōnspectātis.

Answersonpage174.

LESSON35

NEWWORDnumerō

MEANINGIcount,Idocount,IamcountingPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Ifyouareusingtheecclesiasticalstyleofpronunciation,remembertorolltherin

numerōlightly.

Theendings fornumerō are the sameas for spectō.Review themasoften asyou need to with this handy chart:

EXERCISES:

1. Stellāsnumerō.2. Numerāsstellās.3. Nautastellāsnumerat.4. Stellāssaepenumerāmus.5. Nautāsnumerātis.6. Nautaestellāssaepenumerant.7. Agricolaenōnsuntpoētae.8. Nautaesunt.9. Sumusagricolae.10. Poētaes.

Answersonpage174.

LESSON36

NEWWORDpecūniaMEANINGmoneyWhentranslatingaLatinsentence,thefirstthingyoushoulddoisfindtheverb.Determineiftheverbissingularorplural.Also,decidewhetheritisfirstperson,secondpersonorthirdperson.Thiswillhelpyoutodeterminethesubjectofthesentencemoreeasily.Latinverbs

arejustpackedwithusefulinformation!

EXERCISES:

1. Pecūniamnumerō.2. Pecūniamsaepenumerāmus.3. Lūnamspectant.4. Numerātispecūniam.5. Egosumagricola.6. Nautaestellāssaepenumerant.7. Agricolapecūniamnumerat.8. Poētaeestis.9. Nautanōnestagricola.10. Pecūniamsaepenumerās.

Answersonpage175.

LESSON37NEWWORDportō

MEANINGIcarry,Idocarry,IamcarryingReviewtheendingsofportōwiththishandychart.

Asyoutranslatetheexercises,remembertofindtheverbfirst.

EXERCISES:

1. Pecūniamportō.2. Portāmuspecūniam.3. Etnautaeetagricolaepecūniamportant.4. Pecūniamsaepeportat.5. Nōnestispoētae.6. Pecūniamportātis.7. Pecūniamsaepeportās.8. Stellāsnumerās.9. Agricolaesunt.10. Nautaest.

Answersonpage175.

LESSON38

NEWWORDfēminaMEANINGwomanFēminaisthefirstwordwehaveencounteredinthisbookthatreferstosomeoneofthefemalegender.Remember

thatestcanbetranslatedasheis,sheis,oritis.Now,youwillhaveanopportunitytotranslatesentencessuchasthefollowingexample:

Fēminaest.

Thissentencemeanssheisawoman.Itshouldbeclearwhentousehe,sheoritinyourtranslations.

Whenestdoesnotreferdirectlytoafemale,continuetotranslateitasheis.

EXERCISES:

1. Fēminaest.2. Fēminaesumus.3. Sumfēmina.4. Fēminapecūniamportat.5. Pecūniamnōnportant.6. Agricolaest.7. Egopecūniamsaepenōnnumerō.8. Agricolaes.9. Nautaesuntpoētae.10. Lūnamspectāmus.

Answersonpage175.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Haveyoueverheardthephrasecarpediem?

Carpe is a verb in the form of a command. It is related to the word carpo.Carpoisaverbthatcanmeanpluckorsnatch,butcanalsomeanenjoyormakeuseof.Diemisthedirectobjectformoftheworddies(pronouncedDEE-ace),which means day. So literally, carpe diem is a command to pluck the day.Carpe diem is only part of what is perhaps the most famous line of poetrywrittenintheLatinlanguage.Theentirelinereadsplucktheday,entrustingaslittleaspossibletothefuture.Thisisthepoet’swayofencouragingthereadertotakeadvantageofthemomentandavoidprocrastination.CarpediemisusuallyexpressedinEnglishasseizetheday.

Inanylanguage,poetryisfilledwithimageryandwordchoicesthatenrichthepoemandadd to its enjoyment. In this case, theuseof thewordcarpemightbring tomind the imageryofpluckinga flower from its stem.Or,because thewordcarpecanalsomeanenjoy,theauthorofthepoemmayhaveintendedforbothmeaningstobepresentinthemindofthereader.

ThesewordswerepennedbyoneofthegreatestRomanpoets,QuintusHoratiusFlaccus(65–8B.C.),commonlyknownasHorace.IfyoucontinuetostudyLatin,youmayrunintoHoraceagainsomeday!

By theway, thewordprocrastinate is interestingbecause it comes fromLatinrootwords.Promeans forandcrastinusmeans tomorrow. Ifyouputproandcrastinustogether,whatdoyouget?I’lltellyouoneofthesedays,whenIgetaroundtoit.

Andonelast thing:NeverputoffyourLatinhomeworkuntil tomorrow.You’llneverlearnanythingthatway!

LESSON39

NEWWORDsemperMEANINGalwaysSemperisanotheradverbjustlikesaepe.

EXERCISES:

1. Pecūniamsemperportō.2. Semperportāspecūniam.3. Nautaeetlūnametstellāssemperspectant.4. Fēminapecūniamsaepenumerat.5. Nōnesagricola.6. Fēminaesunt.7. Pecūniamsemperportātis.8. Fēminaest.9. Estisnautae.10. Stellāssaepespectāmus.

Answersonpage175.

LESSON40

NEWWORDtabula

MEANINGwritingtablet

EXERCISES:

1. Tabulamportō.2. Tabulāsportās.3. Poētaetabulāssemperportant.4. Fēminaepecūniamsaepeportant.5. Lūnanōneststella.6. Pecūniamnumerāmus.7. Etstellāsetlūnamspectātis.8. Estisfēminae.9. Fēminapecūniamspectat.10. Esfēmina.

Answersonpage176.

LESSON41

NEWWORDaqua

MEANINGwater

EXERCISES:

1. Aquamegoportō.2. Fēminaeaquamportant.3. Poētatabulamsaepeportat.4. Aquamnōnportant.5. Pecūniamnumerātis.6. Nautaeaquamsaepespectant.7. Pecūniamsempernumerāmus.8. Poētaenōnsumus.9. Nautaesunt.10. Agricolanōnes.

Answersonpage176.

LESSON42

NEWWORDpuella

MEANINGgirl

EXERCISES:

1. Puellaeestis.2. Puellaepecūniamnumerant.3. Puellāsnumerāmus.4. Poētaenōnsunt.5. Puellaestellāssaepenumerant.6. Poētatabulāssemperportat.7. Sumfēmina.8. Spectātisagricolās.9. Puellaaquamportat.10. Lūnamspectās.

Answersonpage176.

LESSON43

NEWWORDamō

MEANINGIlove,Idolove,IamlovingIlike,Idolike,IamlikingYoumustdecideonyourownwhethertotranslateamōasIloveorIlike.Howwillyouknowwhichonetochoose?Justusetheonethatsoundsbestinthecontextof

thesentence.

Canyounamethesixformsofamōandtellwhattheymean?

EXERCISES:

1. Fēminaeagricolamnōnamant.2. Puellanautamamat.3. Poētamamāmus.4. Etlūnametstellāsamō.5. Puellaaquamsaepeportat.6. Sumpuella.7. Pecūniamsemperportātis.8. Fēminaesumusetpuellaesunt.9. Nōnsumnauta.10. Stellāsnumerāmus.

Answersonpage177.

LESSON44

NEWWORDsilvaMEANINGforestPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,thevinsilvasoundslikethewinwater.Inecclesiastical

pronunciation,itwillsoundlikelikethevinviolin.

EXERCISES:

1. Amōsilvam.2. Puellaesilvamamant.3. Nautasilvamnōnamat.4. Silvamamātis.5. Nautaesumusetagricolaeestis.6. Tabulāssemperportāmus.7. Egoaquamsaepeportō.8. Puellanautāsspectat.9. Lūnamspectāmus.10. Agricolaestpoēta.

Answersonpage177.

LESSON45

NEWWORDscapha

MEANINGboat

EXERCISES:

1. Nautascaphāsamat.2. Scaphāsamās.3. Puellaetscaphāsetnautāsspectat.4. Nautaescaphāssaepenumerant.5. Stellāsnumerātis.6. Fēminaes.7. Scaphanautāsportat.8. Puellaesunt.9. Silvamamātis.10. Aquamnōnportāmus.

Answersonpage177.

LESSON46

NEWWORDnumquamMEANINGneverNumquamisanotheradverbjustlikesaepeandsemper.

EXERCISES:

1. Aquamnumquamportō.2. Fēminatabulāsnumquamportat.3. Nautaescaphāssemperspectant.4. Egopecūniamsempernumerō.5. Spectāsnumquamlūnam.6. Stellāssaepespectātis.7. Puellasilvamamat.8. Poētaeestis.9. Nautaesumusetscaphāsamāmus.10. Nōnsumnauta.

Answersonpage177.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Whatdotheexpressionssemperfidelisandsemperparatusmean?

Semper,asyoualreadyknow,meansalways.Fidelisisanadjectivethatmeansfaithful.So,semperfidelissimplymeansalwaysfaithful.SemperFidelisisthemottoof theUnitedStatesMarineCorps.Sometimes thismotto is seen in theabbreviatedformSemperFi.

Paratusmeansprepared.So,semperparatusmeansalwaysprepared.SemperParatusisthemottooftheUnitedStatesCoastGuard.

LESSON47

NEWWORDterraMEANINGearth,land,soilTerracanmeanearth,landorsoil.Inthisbook,mostofthetimewewilltranslateterraassoil.

EXERCISES:

1. Agricolasumetterramamō.2. Agricolaeterramamant.3. Nautaagricolamnōnamat.4. Nautascaphāsamat.5. Silvamamant.6. Etlūnametstellāsspectātis.7. Agricolanōnest.8. Tabulamnumquamportās.9. Pecūniamsaepenumerās.10. Puellaes.

Answersonpage178.

LESSON48

NEWWORDsedMEANINGbutThewordsedoftendividesasentenceintotwoparts.Tomaketranslationeasier,translatethepartthatcomesbeforesed

firstandthentranslatethepartthatcomesaftersed.

EXERCISES:

1. Agricolasumsedscaphāsamō.2. Fēminapecūniamportatsedpuellaeaquamportant.3. Nautasumsedscaphāsnōnamō.4. Agricolaestpoēta.5. Agricolasilvamnōnamat.6. Scaphāsspectant.7. Puellaeaquamnumquamportant.8. Nautasilvamamat.9. Stellāsnumerāmus.10. Agricolanōnes.

Answersonpage178.

LESSON49

NEWWORDarō

MEANINGIplow,Idoplow,IamplowingEXERCISES:

1. Terramarō.2. Agricolaeterramarant.3. Puellaterramsaepearat.4. Terramnumquamarās.5. Nautaescaphāsamant.6. Sumusagricolaesedscaphāsamāmus.7. Poētanōnessedtabulāssaepeportās.8. Agricolaeestissedterramnumquamarātis.9. Nautaesuntsedsumuspoētae.10. Poētaetabulāssemperportant.

Answersonpage178.

LESSON50

NEWWORDambulō

MEANINGIwalk,Idowalk,IamwalkingEXERCISES:

1. Ambulāmus.2. Fēminaambulat.3. Nautaepecūniamportant.4. Terramsaepenōnarātis.5. Nautaepecūniamsaepenumerant.6. Lūnamegospectōsedstellāsspectās.7. Nautaessedpoētasum.8. Tabulāsnōnportāmus.9. Fēminaesilvamamant.10. Nautaesuntsedscaphāsnōnamant.

Answersonpage179.

LESSON51

NEWWORDadMEANINGto,towardAprepositionisawordthatshowsaphysicalrelationshipbetweentwonouns.Examplesofprepositionsarein,to,beside,with,behind,underandover.AdisyourfirstLatinpreposition.Adcanmeantoortoward.Usethemeaningthatmakesthemostsenseincontext.

Whenyouusead, theworditreferstomusthavethedirectobjectending.Forinstance, to the forest would be ad silvam, not ad silva. And in the plural,towardthesailorswouldbeadnautās,notadnautae.

EXERCISES:

1. Adsilvamambulō.2. Nautaeadscaphāsambulant.3. Adsilvamambulāssedadaquamambulō.4. Pecūniamadscaphamportāmus.5. Scaphamadaquamportant.6. Agricolaterramsemperarat.7. Adsilvamnumquamambulās.8. Terramamōsednōnsumagricola.9. Poētaesuntsedtabulāsnumquamportant.10. Fēminanōnsum.

Answersonpage179.

LESSON52

NEWWORDactaMEANINGseashoreEXERCISES:

1. Adactamegoambulō.2. Adactamnautaambulat.3. Actamamō.4. Ambulāmusadactam.5. Puellaeadsilvamsaepeambulant.6. Nautaessedscaphāsnōnamās.7. Nōnestisagricolaesedterramsaepearātis.8. Tabulamsaepeportās.9. Puellaadactamambulat.10. Nōnestpoēta.

Answersonpage179.

LESSON53

NEWWORDcasa

MEANINGhouse

EXERCISES:

1. Adcasamambulāmus.2. Agricolaadcasāsaquamportat.3. Adcasamambulant.4. Etactametsilvamamāmus.5. Poētaesumussedtabulāsnōnportāmus.6. Agricolaeterramarant.7. Poētaesunt.8. Nōnesnauta.9. Nautaesuntpoētae.10. Adactamambulant.

Answersonpage179.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Occasionally the term ad hoc is used in a political or governmental context.Whatdoesitmean?

Youalreadyknowthatthewordadmeanstoortoward.However,adcanmeanotherthingsaswell.Inthiscaseadmeansforthepurposeof.Hocmeans this.Soliterally,adhocmeansforthepurposeofthis(forthispurpose).Here isanexampleofhowadhocisused:

ThemayorofSmithvillegotsomanycomplaintsaboutthetrafficproblemsonMainStreet thatheappointedaspecialadhoccommittee to look intotheproblem.

Thecommitteewascreatedforthesolepurposeofinvestigatingandsolvingthetrafficproblem.Itwascreatedonlyforthispurpose.

LESSON54

CASES

InLatin, the endingsofnouns changeaccording towhat roleor function theyplay in a given sentence. Any noun may have many different forms. Thesedifferentformsofnounsarecalledcases.Whenweuseawordasthesubjectofasentence, that word is said to be in the nominative case. We also use thenominative case for predicate nominatives. When we use a word as a directobject,thatwordissaidtobeintheaccusativecase.Wealsousetheaccusativecasewithcertainprepositions likead.Thereare fivecases inall.Examine thechartbelow.

Each case performs certain functions while working together with the othercasestocreatemeaningfulsentences.Asyoucanseefromthechart,youalreadyhaveexperiencewithtwoofthefivecases.Asyoulearnthesecond,third,andfifth cases, you will be able to translate more complex (and interesting)exercises.

LESSON55

NEWWORDnāvigō

MEANINGIsail,Idosail,IamsailingPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,thevinnāvigōsoundslikethewinwater.Inecclesiastical

pronunciation,itwillsoundlikelikethevinviolin.

EXERCISES:

1. Saepenāvigō.2. Poētanumquamnāvigat.3. Nautaenāvigant.4. Adcasamambulātis.5. Adactamnōnambulāmus.6. Nāvigātissedambulāmus.7. Nautaeestissedsumuspoētae.8. Puellasilvamamat.9. Nōnamōscaphāsetnōnamōaquam.10. Nautaessednumquamnāvigās.

Answersonpage180.

LESSON56

NEWWORDīnsulaMEANINGislandEXERCISES:

1. Adīnsulamnāvigō.2. Adīnsulamsaepenāvigant.3. Nautaeadīnsulāssaepenāvigant.4. Fēminaīnsulāsamatsedscaphāsnōnamat.5. Adīnsulamsaepenōnnāvigās.6. Scaphaeadīnsulamnāvigant.7. Scaphamadactamportātis.8. Nautasumsednumquamnāvigō.9. Agricolacasamnōnamat.10. Pecūniamnumerant.

Answersonpage180.

LESSON57

NEWWORDcircumMEANINGaroundPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,eachcincircumsoundslikethekinkitchen.Inecclesiasticalpronunciation,thefirstcwillsoundlikethechincheese,andthesecondone

willsoundlikethekinkitchen.

Circum is another preposition. Like ad, circum takes the accusative (directobject)case.

EXERCISES:

1. Circumīnsulamnāvigō.2. Circumsilvamsaepeambulāmus.3. Nautaecircumīnsulamsempernāvigant.4. Adcasamambulāmus.5. Nōnsumagricolasedterramsaepearō.6. Nōnespoētasedtabulāssemperportās.7. Etstellāsetlūnamsaepespectās.8. Nautascaphāsamat.9. Nōnsumusagricolaesedterramamāmus.10. Etactametsilvamamō.

Answersonpage180.

LESSON58

NEWWORDnatō

MEANINGIswim,Idoswim,IamswimmingEXERCISES:

1. Adīnsulamnatō.2. Nautaeadīnsulamnatant.3. Natāssedambulō.4. Aquamamōsednumquamnatō.5. Fēminacircumīnsulamsaepenatat.6. Nautaadscaphamnatat.7. Agricolaeestis.8. Circumīnsulāsnāvigāmus.9. Adsilvamsemperambulātis.10. Puellascaphāsamatsednōnestnauta.

Answersonpage181.

LESSON59

NEWWORDpropeMEANINGnearPropeisanotherpreposition.Likeadandcircum,propetakestheaccusative(directobject)case.

EXERCISES:

1. Propeactamambulant.2. Casanōnestpropesilvam.3. Propeīnsulāsnāvigāmus.4. Scaphaecircumīnsulāsnumquamnāvigant.5. Espropesilvam.6. Scaphāssemperegospectō.7. Fēminaeetpuellaepropesilvamsunt.8. Aquamportātis.9. Propeīnsulamsempernatāmus.10. Nautanōnestsedscaphāsamat.

Answersonpage181.

LESSON60

NEWWORDpatria

MEANINGhomeland

EXERCISES:

1. Patriamamō.2. Adpatriamnāvigāmus.3. Nautapatriamamat.4. Scaphanautāsadpatriamportat.5. Fēminacircumīnsulamnatat.6. Patriaestīnsula.7. Actamamāssedsilvamamō.8. Nautaestellāsetlūnamspectant.9. Nōnestisagricolae.10. Casaestpropeaquam.

Answersonpage181.

LESSON61

NEWWORDdēsīderō

MEANINGIlongfor,Idolongfor,IamlongingforIwant,Idowant,IamwantingSometimesdēsīderōwillmeanlongfor,andsometimesitwillmeanwant.Usethecontextofthesentenceandyourownjudgmenttodecideonthe

besttranslationfordēsīderō.

EXERCISES:

1. Patriamsaepedēsīderō.2. Agricolaeaquamdēsīderant.3. Fēminaeactamdēsīderant.4. Puellaadactamnatat.5. Scaphaecircumīnsulamnāvigant.6. Agricolaterramamat.7. Nōnespoēta.8. Pecūniamsemperdēsīderātis.9. Agricolatabulamnumquamportat.10. Propeīnsulamsumus.

Answersonpage181.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Haveyoueverseenc.orca.beforeadate?

Theabbreviationsc.andca. standforcirca (usuallypronounced inEnglishasSUR-kuh).Circa is a Latin preposition thatmeansaround. It is related to theword circum which you already know. Writers usually place this expressionbefore a year to express an approximate date when the exact date cannot beknown.Hereisanexampleofhowcircaisused:

The quilt that AuntMartha bought at the garage sale turned out to be avaluableantiquefromc.1860.

Historians and other scholars have many ways of dating historical events(sometimeswithextremeaccuracy),butoften it is just impossible toknowforsuretheyearsomethinghappened.

LESSON62

ABLATIVECASE

Thefifthcaseonourchartiscalledtheablativecase.Theablativecasecanbeusedinmanyways.

Theablative singular is spelled the sameas thenominative singular.Theonlyvisibledifferenceisthattheablativesingularhasamarkoveritsfinalletter.Thismark iscalledamacron.Thismacronwillhelpyou todistinguish theablativesingularfromthenominativesingular.

Inthisbookyouwilllearntwodifferentwaystousetheablativecase.

LESSON63

NEWWORDin

MEANINGin,on(takesablativecase),into(takesaccusativecase)

So far, all the prepositions youknow (ad,circum,prope) take the accusativecase.Notallprepositions,however,taketheaccusativecase.Someprepositionstake the ablative case. The new word for this lesson, in, takes either theaccusativecaseortheablativecasedependingonwhatitmeans.Incanmeanin,on,orinto.Wheninmeansinto,ittakestheaccusativecase.Wheninmeansinoron,ittakestheablativecase.

Whenyoutranslatetheexercisesyouwillhavetofigureoutwhethertotranslatein as in or on. To learn more about how the word in is used, examine thefollowingexamples:

Incasāsum.

Becauseintakestheablativecasehere,thatnarrowsourchoicesdowntoeitherinoron.Becauseofthecontext,thebesttranslationforinisin.So,thesentencemeansIaminthehouse.Hereisanotherexample:

Inīnsulāsum.

Becauseintakestheablativecasehere,thatagainnarrowsourchoicesdowntoeitherinoron.Becauseofthecontext, thebesttranslationfor inison.So,thesentencemeansIamontheisland.Hereisanotherexample:

Agricolaincasamambulat.

Because in takes the accusative case here (and because of the context of the

sentence),weknowthatthebestmeaningforinisinto.So,thesentencemeansthefarmeriswalkingintothehouse.

EXERCISES:

1. Sumincasā.2. Nautainīnsulāest.3. Nautaeinscaphānōnsunt.4. Inīnsulāsumus.5. Agricolacircumcasamambulat.6. Adīnsulamsaepenāvigāmus.7. Fēminaincasāestsedagricolainsilvamambulat.8. Patriamdēsīderāmus.9. Puellapropeīnsulamnatat.10. Nōnespoētasedtabulāsportās.

Answersonpage182.

LESSON64

ABLATIVEPLURAL

PRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inbothclassicalandecclesiasticalpronunciation,theiinnautīssoundsliketheeeinmeetandsweet.

Theablativepluralhastheending-īs.Comparetheablativepluraltotheformsyou already know in the chart below:

EXERCISES:

1. Agricolaeincasīssunt.2. Nautaeinscaphīsnōnsunt.3. Nautascaphaminaquamportat.4. Scaphaeinaquāsunt.5. Nautainīnsulāest.6. Nautaadpatriamnāvigat.7. Nautaegonōnsumsedscaphāsamō.8. Puellaeadactamsemperambulant.9. Propeīnsulamsaepenatātis.10. Nautascaphamdēsīderat.

Answersonpage182.

LESSON65

NEWWORDscholaMEANINGschoolReviewthenounendingsyouknowwiththishandychart:

EXERCISES:

1. Scholainsilvāest.2. Puellaeadscholamambulant.3. Puellaestinscholā.4. Puellatabulamadscholamportat.5. Nautaessedscaphāsnōnamās.6. Nautaegosumsedagricolaes.7. Adīnsulāsnāvigāmussedpatriamdēsīderāmus.8. Agricolaesumussedterramnumquamarāmus.9. Scaphainaquāest.10. Inscaphīsestissedinaquāsum.

Answersonpage182.

LESSON66

EVENMOREABOUTESTANDSUNT

Earlyinthisbookyoulearnedtwowaystouseestandsunt.Youlearnedthatifasentencealreadyhasasubject,estjustmeansis.But,ifasentencehasnootherwordtobethesubject,estmeansheis,sheis,oritis.

Likewise,youlearnedthat ifasentencealreadyhasasubject,sunt justmeansare.But,ifasentencehasnootherwordtobethesubject,suntmeanstheyare.

NowIwillshowyouanotherwaythatthewordsestandsuntareusedinLatin.Est is used tomean there isandsunt is used tomean thereare. Examine thefollowingexamples:

Estfēminainscaphā(thereisawomanintheboat).Suntnautaeinīnsulā(therearesailorsontheisland).

Didyounotice that in thoseexamplesestandsuntcamefirst in thesentence?Keep this third possible use of est and sunt inmind as you do the exercises,especiallywhenestorsuntisthefirstwordofthesentence.

EXERCISES:

1. Suntpuellaeincasā.2. Estscaphapropeactam.3. Propeīnsulamnumquamnatō.4. Silvamdēsīderātissedscaphāsamāmus.5. Īnsulāsnōnamās.6. Suntetagricolaeetfēminaeincasīs.7. Poētaterrametaquamamat.8. Fēminaeinsilvīssaepeambulant.9. Estpecūniainscaphā.

10. Nōnsumagricolasedterramamō.

Answersonpage183.

LESSON67

NEWWORDcotīdiē

MEANINGdailyPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Cotīdiēhasfoursyllables.Inclassicalpronunciationitwillsoundlikeko-TEE-di-ay.Inecclesiastical

pronunciation,theeattheendwillsoundliketheeinbet.

Cotīdiēisanotheradverblikesaepe,semper,andnumquam.

EXERCISES:

1. Adactamcotīdiēambulāmus.2. Nautaecircumīnsulamcotīdiēnāvigant.3. Agricolaterramcotīdiēarat.4. Puellaeadscholamcotīdiēambulant.5. Aquamadcasāscotīdiēportāmus.6. Suntnautaeinīnsulīs.7. Estispoētaesedagricolaesumus.8. Lūnamspectātissedstellāsspectāmus.9. Patriamdēsīderāssedīnsulāsdēsīderō.10. Poētaincasamambulat.

Answersonpage183.

LESSON68

NEWWORDā,abMEANINGfrom(takestheablativecase)PRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inbothclassicalandecclesiasticalpronunciation,thea

ināandabsoundsliketheoinnotandpot.

Thisprepositioncanbespelledeitherāorab.Generallyspeaking,ā isused ifthenextwordstartswithaconsonantandabisusedifthenextwordstartswithavowel.

We have similar spelling variations in English, too. Consider the followingexamples:

AbookAnapple

Aandanarethesamewordbutwithoneimportantdifference.Acomesbeforewordsthatbeginwithaconsonantandancomesbeforewordsthatbeginwithavowel. Why the variation in spelling? This is done in order to makepronunciationeasier.Forexample,itiseasiertosayabookthananbookanditiseasiertosayanapplethanaapple.

Likewise,abīnsulāiseasiertosaythanāīnsulāandāpatriāiseasierthanabpatriā.TheconceptisthesameinLatinasitisinEnglish.

EXERCISES:

1. Puellaācasāadscholamambulat.2. Scaphaeabīnsulāadpatriamcotīdiēnāvigant.3. Fēminapecūniamcotīdiēnumerat.4. Suntagricolaeincasā.5. Abīnsulāadpatriamnāvigāmus.6. Nautaeinīnsulānōnsunt.

7. Adactamcotīdiēambulāmus.8. Egocircumīnsulamnāvigō.9. Estisagricolaesedterramnumquamarātis.10. Fēminatabulāsportat.

Answersonpage183.

LESSON69

NEWWORDcumMEANINGwith(takestheablativecase)EXERCISES:

1. Fēminaestincasācumpuellīs.2. Agricolacumnautīsnōnest.3. Ambulōadactamcumnautīs.4. Fēminaeinscaphācumnautīssunt.5. Puellaeāscholāadactamcotīdiēambulant.6. Agricolaest.7. Nautaesuntinscaphīsetinīnsulā.8. Terramamōsedagricolanōnsum.9. Puellaeinscholamcumtabulīsambulant.10. Inscaphāsumsedinaquāes.

Answersonpage183.

Lesson70

NEWWORDtabernaMEANINGshopEXERCISES:

1. Intabernamambulāmus.2. Puellaeāscholāadtabernamcotīdiēambulant.3. Pecūniainscaphāestcumnautīs.4. Patriamdēsīderō.5. Suntnautaeinscaphīs.6. Scaphacircumīnsulamsaepenāvigat.7. Nautaeestissedaquamnōnamātis.8. Inaquānumquamnatās.9. Poētatabulāssemperportat.10. Propesilvamnōnsumus.

Answersonpage184.

LESSON71

NEWWORDsineMEANINGwithout(takestheablativecase)EXERCISES:

1. Fēminaadtabernamsinepecūniānumquamambulat.2. Nautaeinīnsulāsinescaphāsunt.3. Nautaes.4. Puellaeinīnsulāsuntsedegoinscaphāsum.5. Nautainīnsulāestsedpatriamdēsīderat.6. Poētaadactamcotīdiēambulat.7. Agricolapatriamamat.8. Āscholāadactamambulāmus.9. Terramnumquamarātissedegocotīdiēterramarō.10. Fēminainsilvamcumpuellīsambulat.

Answersonpage184.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Every college student dreams of graduating summa cum laude. Others arepleasedtograduatemagnacumlaude.Stillothersaresatisfiedtograduatecumlaude.Somearehappyjusttograduateatall!

Let’sworkourwayupfromthebottom.Cum,asyoualreadyknow,meanswith.Laudeistheablativesingularformofthewordlauswhichmeanspraise.Thisisnecessarybecausecum takes the ablative case.So literally,cumlaudemeanswith praise. This term is usually applied to graduates who have achieved acertaingradeaverageduringtheircollegeyears.

Those with even better grades earn the designation magna cum laude atgraduation.Magnaisanadjectivethatmeansgreat.Magnagoeswithlaude.Soliterally,magnacumlaudemeanswithgreat praise.Remember that inLatin,thewordsdon’thavetobeintherightorder.Eventhoughmagnaandlaudeareseparatedbythewordcumtheystillgotogether.Havingthewordsinthisorderputsmoreemphasisonthewordmagna.

Summacumlaudeisthehighesthonorofall.Thewordsummaisanadjectivethatmeanshighest.Summa goeswith laude. So literally, summa cum laudemeanswithhighestpraise.

Onlyonepersonineachgraduatingclasscangraduatesummacumlaude,andthat person is called the valedictorian. Incidentally, the word valedictoriancomesfromLatinroots.Valemeansgoodbye.DictusisaformoftheLatinwordthatmeans tosay.So literally, theEnglishwordvaledictorianmeansonewhosaysgoodbye.Thisisbecausethevaledictorianusuallygivesthefinalspeechatthe graduation ceremony,wishing the graduateswell as they go their separateways.

Thepersonwhograduatessecondinaclassiscalledthesalutatorian.InLatin,salutaremeans togreet.So literally, theEnglishwordsalutatorianmeansonewhogreets.This isbecause thesalutatorian traditionally is thefirst tospeakat

thegraduationceremony.

LESSON72

POSSESSIVES

Possessive words show ownership of something. In English, we often showpossession by using an apostrophe followed by an s. Consider the followingexamples:

Fred’scarThenation’sflagArizona’scapital

Sometimesweshowpossessionbyusingthewordof.

ThepeakofthemountainThesmellofgarlicThebeginningoftheshow

Youmustdecideonyourownwhethertouseanapostropheortouseoftoshowpossession.

Here are a fewof themost basic rules to rememberwhenusing apostrophes:

LESSON73

THEGENITIVECASE

InLatin,themostcommonwaytoshowpossessionistousethesecondofthefivecases,calledthegenitivecase.Asyoustudythechartbelow,noticethatthegenitivesingularlooksidenticaltothenominativeplural.

HowdoweusethegenitivecaseinLatin?Considerthefollowingexample:

Scaphanautae(thesailor’sboat)

Inthisexampletheboatbelongstothesailor.Sailor (nauta) is in thegenitivecase (nautae) because the sailor possesses the boat. Usually the word in thegenitive case comes immediately after the word it possesses. Here is anotherexample:

Casaagricolae(thefarmer’shouse)

In this example, the house belongs to the farmer. Farmer (agricola) is in thegenitive case (agricolae) because the farmer is possessing the house. Here ishowacompletesentencemightlookwithagenitiveinit:

Inscaphānautaesum(Iaminthesailor’sboat).

Rightnowyoumaybeconcernedaboutconfusingthenominativepluralwiththegenitivesingular.Afterall,theydolookalike.Butdon’tworry.Sincegenitivesusuallyfollowthewordstheypossess,theyareusuallyeasytorecognize.

Also,when you are translating fromLatin to English youmust use your bestjudgmentindecidingwhethertouseanapostropheandsorthewordoftoshowpossession.At first, youmaywant to try each one and seewhich one soundsbetter.Thecontextofthesentencewillhelpyouprovidethebesttranslation.

EXERCISES:

1. Pecūnianautae2. Casaagricolae3. Inscaphānautaesumus.4. Pecūniamagricolaeportās.5. Puellaadcasamagricolaecotīdiēambulat.6. Scaphamācasāadactamportāmus.7. Īnsulāsamāmussedsilvamamātis.8. Poētaincasācumagricolīsest.9. Adtabernamsinepecūniānumquamambulāmus.10. Nautaecircumīnsulamnāvigant.

Answersonpage184.

LESSON74

NEWWORDnautārumMEANINGofthesailors(genitiveplural)Thepluralofthegenitivecasehastheending-ārum.Thisoneiseasytorememberbecause

itdoesnotlooklikeanyoftheotherendings.

Weusethisformtoshowthatsomethingispossessedbymorethatonepersonorthing.Considerthefollowingexample:

Scaphanautārum(thesailors’boat).

In this example, the boat is owned by more than one sailor. So, we use thegenitive plural, nautārum. The English translation of nautārum is sailors’.Noticethattheapostrophehereisaftertheletters,notbefore.YoumayneedtoreferbacktothebasicapostropherulesgiveninLesson72.

EXERCISES:

1. Patrianautārum2. Scholapuellārum3. Tabulāspoētārumportō.4. Fēminaeetpuellaeinscaphāsuntcumnautīs.5. Poētastellāsnumerat.6. Fēminaecircumīnsulaminscaphīsnāvigant.7. Pecūniaagricolaeinsilvāest.

8. Puellaāscholāadtabernamambulat.9. Silvamamāssedpuellaeactamamant.10. Inaquāsinescaphāestis.

Answersonpage185.

LESSON75

NEWWORDfamiliaMEANINGfamilyEXERCISES:

1. Familiaagricolaeincasāest.2. Familiaenautāruminīnsulāsunt.3. Familiafēminaeinsilvāest.4. Nautaeadpatriamcumpecūniāsaepenāvigant.5. Poētaessedagricolasum.6. Intabernamsinepecūniānumquamambulō.7. Adīnsulamcotīdiēnāvigātis.8. Propeīnsulamnōnestis.9. Inīnsulāsinescaphīssumus.10. Agricolaepatriamdēsīderant.

Answersonpage185.

LESSON76

NEWWORDfābulaMEANINGstoryEXERCISES:

1. Fābulāsagricolaeamō.2. Puellaefābulamnautaenōnamant.3. Agricolascaphāsnautārumamat.4. Puellaestinscholāsedactamdēsīderat.5. Nautaescaphamadaquamportant.6. Familiaagricolaeadtabernamambulat.7. Nautaeinīnsulāsuntsinescaphīsetsinepecūniā.8. Aquamnumquamportāssedsemperaquamportō.9. Terramsemperarāmussedincasāsemperestis.10. Circumīnsulamnōnnāvigāmus.

Answersonpage185.

LESSON77

NEWWORDincolaMEANINGinhabitantEXERCISES:

1. Incolaīnsulaees.2. Suntincolaeinīnsulīs.3. Incolaeīnsulāruminaquānatant.4. Nautaeincolāsīnsulaespectant.5. Incolaesilvaeadactamcotīdiēambulant.6. Incolaesilvaefābulāsamant.7. Familiapoētaepatriamdēsīderat.8. Puellaetabulāsadscholamcotīdiēportant.9. Puellaeincasamambulant.10. Cumnautīsadīnsulamnāvigās.

Answersonpage185.

LESSON78

NEWWORDnarrō

MEANINGItell,Idotell,IamtellingEXERCISES:

1. Fābulamnarrō.2. Agricolafābulamnarrat.3. Nautaefābulāsnarrant.4. Fābulāsnautaeamāmus.5. Nautaesuntinīnsulāetfābulāsnarrant.6. Incolaeīnsulaepropeactamnatant.7. Etagricolaetpoētaadtabernamambulant.8. Scaphāsamātissednautaenōnestis.9. Scaphafamiliāsnautārumadīnsulamportat.10. Scaphanautāruminaquāest.

Answersonpage186.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Haveyoueveropenedabookandseenalittlelabelwiththeowner’snameonit?Ifso,thenyouhaveprobablyseenthetermexlibris.

Thoselittlelabelsarecalledbookplates.AtypicalbookplatemightsayexlibrisJohnSmith.Ex isapreposition thatmeansoutof.Ex takes theablativecase.Libris is the ablative plural form of the word liber which means book. Soliterally,exlibrismeansoutofthebooks.Asmootherwaytoexpressex libriswouldbefromthelibrary(of).Thinkoftheperson’snameasbeingpossessive.So,exlibrisJohnSmithwouldmeansomething like fromthe libraryofJohnSmith.

LESSON79

INDIRECTOBJECTS

Youalreadyknow that adirectobject is anoun that is the targetof theactionbeingperformedbythesubjectofthesentence.Anindirectobjectisasecondarytargetoftheactiondonebythesubjectofthesentence.Theindirectobjectistheparty that is receiving or benefiting from the action being performed by thesubject. Indirect objects are often accompanied by to or for. In each of thefollowingexamples,theindirectobjectisunderlined:

HegavethebooktoJohnny.Shetoldastorytotheclass.Sheboughtsomepresentsforherfriends.HeshowedhisrockcollectiontoMr.Green.

Andnow,thesamesentencesbutwithadifferentwordorder:

HegaveJohnnythebook.Shetoldtheclassastory.Sheboughtherfriendssomepresents.HeshowedMr.Greenhisrockcollection.

So, although these two ways of expressing the indirect object are wordeddifferently,theystillmeanthesamething.

By the way, take care not to confuse indirect objects with objects of thepreposition.Considerthefollowingexample:

Isailedtotheisland.

Inthisexamplethewordtoisjustapreposition,notpartofanindirectobject.

In the following exercises, see if you can identify the direct object and theindirectobject.

EXERCISES:

1. Iloanedthemoneytomyfriend.2. Wedonatedmoneytothecharity.3. Heshowedtheclassanexample.4. Let’sgetsomenewcurtainsforthehouse.5. Henrygotsomeseedsforthegarden.6. Theymadeussomesandwiches.7. Hetoldthejudgehisstory.8. Thebandplayedanothersongfortheaudience.9. Ibroughtcopiesforeveryone.10. Mymotherboughtmeanewshirt.

Answersonpage186.

LESSON80

NEWWORDnautaeMEANINGtothesailororforthesailor(indirectobjectform)Forindirectobjectsweusethethirdcase,whichiscalledthedativecase.Nautaeisthedativesingularformofnauta.Let’slookatthechartagainand

reviewtheformsweknowsofar:

Notice that thedative singular looks identical to thenominativeplural and thegenitivesingular.Asbefore,whenyouseeanounwiththe-aeendingyoumustuse the context of the sentence to determine whether it is nominative plural,genitivesingular,ordativesingular.

Use the dative case for indirect objects the same way you would in English.Considerthefollowingexample:

Agricolaefābulamnarrō(Iamtellingthestorytothefarmer).

In the exercises in this book, the indirect object will come before the directobject,asintheexampleshownabove.

EXERCISES:

1. Nautaefābulamnarrō.2. Poētaagricolaefābulamnarrat.3. Puellaepoētaefābulāsnarrant.4. Scaphanautaeinaquāest.

5. Incolaeīnsulāruminaquāsaepenatant.6. Scholapuellāruminsilvānōnest.7. Agricolaessedpoētasum.8. Familiaagricolaeincasāest.9. Patriamamōsedadīnsulamnāvigō.10. Incolaesilvaesumussedactamamāmus.

Answersonpage186.

LESSON81

NEWWORDnautīsMEANINGtoorforthesailors(dativeplural)Nautīsisthepluralofthedativecase.Compareitwiththeotherformsyouknowonthe

chartbelow.

Asyouhaveprobablynoticed, thedativeplural looks identical to the ablativeplural.Whenyouseeawordthatendsin-īs,youmustusethecontexttodecideifitisdativepluralorablativeplural.

Youmay be thinking to yourself,Wouldn’t the endings be easier tomemorizeandrecognizeifeachendingweredifferentfromalltheotherendings?Thisisavalid observation. If each ending were unique and different from every otherending,therewouldbenoconfusionamongnominativeplural,genitivesingularand dative singular (as well as between dative plural and ablative plural).However, with practice and experience youwill be able to tell the differenceeasily.

EXERCISES:

1. Nautīsfābulāsnarrāmus.2. Nautaagricolīsfābulamnarrat.3. Poētaepuellaefābulamnarrant.4. Fēminaeinsilvāsunt.5. Incolaeīnsulārumscaphāsamant.6. Poētaintabernamsinepecūniāambulat.

7. Pecūniamsemperportās.8. Nautaecircumīnsulaminscaphīsnāvigant.9. Puellaeinscholāsuntsedetactametsilvamdēsīderant.10. Terramsemperarāmussedinsilvāsemperestis.

Answersonpage187.

LESSON82

NEWWORDdō

MEANINGIgive,Idogive,IamgivingThisnewverbwillprovideuswithmoreopportunitiestopracticeusingthedativecase.

EXERCISES:

1. Egoagricolaepecūniamdō.2. Poētapuellīstabulāsdat.3. Incolīsīnsulaeaquamdāmus.4. Fēminapuellīstabulāsdat.5. Nautīsfābulāsnarrāmus.6. Āscaphāadīnsulamnatō.7. Inaquāscaphanautārumest.8. Puellaefābulāssemperamant.9. Estisfēminae.10. Terramsaepearātis.

Answersonpage187.

LESSON83

REVIEW

Nowyouknowtheendingsforallfivecases,bothsingularandplural.Reviewthem with the chart below:

Bynowyouprobablyhavechantedtheverbsandverbendingsmanytimes.Inthe same way, you should chant and memorize these noun endings. If youmemorizethechartdisplayedbelow,yourreadingandcomprehensionskillswillimprove.

Asetofnounendingslikethis iscalledadeclension(deh-KLEN-shun).Afewlessons fromnow,youwill learnmore aboutdeclensions andhow they figureintoLatingrammar.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Haveyoueverwonderedwhatpercapitameans?

Per has several meanings. In this expression, per means by. Capita meansheads. Literally,per capita means by heads. This term is used to show howsomethingaveragesoutonaperson-bypersonbasis.Here’sanexampleofhowthistermisused:

Fructessa,a large islandcountry,consumesmorebananasyearly thananyother country.However, the smaller country ofKarpovia consumesmorebananasyearlypercapitathananyothercountry.

Yousee,asacountry,Fructessamayconsumeahighertotalnumberofbananassimplybecauseithasagreaternumberofpeople.ButeachindividualresidentofKarpovia eats more bananas on average than each individual resident ofFructessa.

LESSON84

NEWWORD-queendingMEANINGandYoualreadyknowthatetmeansand.ButthereisanotherwaytoexpressthewordandinLatin.Ifyouadd-quetotheendofaword,itputsandbetweenthatwordandthewordthatcame

beforeit.Forexample:

Nautaagricolaque(thesailorandthefarmer)Aquaterraque(thewaterandthesoil)Lūnamstellāsquespectō(Iamwatchingthemoonandthestars).

EXERCISES:

1. Actamsilvamqueamō.2. Fēminaepuellaequeadactamambulant.3. Pecūniamtabulāsquesaepeportātis.4. Stellāslūnamquespectō.5. Poētanautīsfābulamnarrat.6. Propepatriamnōnsumus.7. Adactamsaepenōnambulāmus.8. Adscholamcumpuellīscotīdiēambulāmus.9. Nautapatriamamatsedadīnsulāsnavigat.10. Pecūniampoētaesemperdās.

Answersonpage187.

LESSON85

NEWWORDaedificō

MEANINGIbuild,Idobuild,IambuildingEXERCISES:

1. Agricolacasamaedificat.2. Casamscaphamqueegoaedificō.3. Casaminīnsulāaedificātis.4. Poētanautīspecūniamdat.5. Puellaetabulāsadscholamsemperportant.6. Fēminaincasāestsedagricolainsilvāest.7. Nautaessedaquamnōnamās.8. Propeactamcasāsaedificāmus.9. Scaphanautārumestinīnsulā.10. Agricolaeestis.

Answersonpage187.

LESSON86

NEWWORDservō

MEANINGIguard,Idoguard,IamguardingEXERCISES:

1. Casāsservō.2. Nautaeīnsulamscaphāsqueservant.3. Casamagricolaeservāmus.4. Casāsscaphāsqueaedificātis.5. Scaphaadīnsulamsinenautīsnāvigat.6. Sinepecūniāpoētaadtabernamambulat.7. Scaphaenautāsabīnsulāadactamportant.8. Puellīsfābulāsnarrātissedcasamaedificō.9. Agricolaenautaeaquamdant.10. Casapropesilvamnōnest.

Answersonpage188.

LESSON87

NEWWORDlabōrō

MEANINGIwork,Idowork,IamworkingEXERCISES:

1. Incasālabōrō.2. Fēminaepuellaequeinsilvālabōrant.3. Aquamegoportōsednōnlabōrātis.4. Labōrāmussedinaquānatātis.5. Puellacumagricolīslabōrat.6. Patriamdēsīderās.7. Poētīspecūniamnumquamdāmus.8. Esinaquāsedinscaphāsum.9. Casamaedificō.10. Nautaincasāagricolaenōnest.

Answersonpage188.

LESSON88

INFINITIVES

Aninfinitiveisthewordtoplusaverb.Herearesomeexamplesofinfinitives:

towalktoeattoruntobe

Let’sexaminesomeofthedifferentwaysinfinitivesareused:

Iliketosing.Iwanttobeateacher.Toeatawatermelonissheerdelight.Iamunabletofinishmyhomework.Iwanttoplaycheckers.

Trytolocatetheinfinitiveineachoftheexercisesbelow.Butbecareful!Afewoftheexercisesdonothaveinfinitives.Canyoutellwhichonestheyare?

EXERCISES:

1. Idonotliketowashthedishes.2. Theywanttoplayadifferentgame.3. Iwenttothestore.4. Charleswantstobeapoliceman.5. Toforgiveisdivine.6. Shewantstoreturnthatsweatertothestore.7. Jennywouldliketoplaytheclarinet.8. Wewillnotgototheparty.9. Shewillgotothefurniturestoretobuyachair.

10. ThrowtheballtoJeremy.

Answersonpage188.

LESSON89

NEWWORDspectāreMEANINGtowatchInEnglish,ittakestwowordstoexpressaninfinitive:thewordtoandaverb.InLatin,itonlytakesonewordtoexpressaninfinitive.Examinetheendingofthewordspectāre.Insteadofhaving-ōastheending,itendsin-āre.Let’susespectāreinasentence:

Stellāsspectāreamō(Ilovetowatchthestars).

Tofindtheinfinitiveformofeachoftheverbsyouknowsofar,simplyremovethe -ō from theendof thewordandadd -āre.Hereare a fewexamplesusingverbsyoualreadyknow:

numerōbecomesnumerāre(tocount)portōbecomesportāre(tocarry)arōbecomesarāre(toplow)ambulōbecomesambulāre(towalk)nāvigōbecomesnāvigāre(tosail)natōbecomesnatāre(toswim)

EXERCISES:

1. Scaphāsspectāreamō.2. Terramarārenōnamō.3. Puellaeadscholamambulārenōndēsīderant.4. Nautaeadīnsulāsnāvigāreamant.5. Puellaeinsilvamambulāredēsīderant.6. Casāspropeactamaedificāredēsīderāmus.7. Nautaagricolīsfābulāsnarrat.8. Incasāagricolārumlabōrāmus.9. Puellīspecūniamdō.10. Casāsscaphāsqueservāmus.

Answersonpage189.

LESSON90

NEWWORDpossumMEANINGIamableExaminethelastthreelettersofthewordpossum.Dotheylookfamiliar?Possumisjustthewordsumwiththe

prefixpos-addedtothebeginningoftheword.

Possum cannot do anything by itself. It needs an infinitive to complete itsmeaning.Considerthefollowingexamples:

Aquamportārepossum(Iamabletocarrythewater).Adīnsulamnāvigārepossum(Iamabletosailtotheisland).Stellāsnumerārenōnpossum(Iamnotabletocountthestars).

In each of these examples, possum works with an infinitive to show whatactivitythesubjectofthesentenceisorisnotabletodo.

EXERCISES:

1. Natārepossum.2. Scaphamportārenōnpossum.3. Adīnsulamnāvigārepossum.4. Egoadīnsulamambulārenōnpossum.5. Insilvānatārenōnpossum.6. Incolaesilvārumcasāsservant.7. Adpatriamnāvigāredēsīderāmus.8. Poētapuellīsfābulāsnarrāreamat.9. Pecūniamcotīdiēnumerāreamō.10. Pecūnianautaeinscaphāest.

Answersonpage189.

LESSON91

Hereareallthepresenttenseformsofpossum.Noticethattheseformsareveryeasy to recognizebecause theyaresimplysum,es,est,sumus,estis and suntwithaprefixofeitherpos-orpot-addedtothebeginningoftheword.

Chantandmemorizethedifferentformsofpossum.

EXERCISES:

1. Adīnsulamnatārenōnpotes.2. Adsilvamambulārepossumus.3. Adīnsulamnatārenōnpotestis.4. Sinepecūniāscaphamaedificārenōnpossum.5. Nautapuellīsfābulāssaepenarrat.6. Scaphanautārumpropeactamest.7. Puellaeincasālabōrant.8. Scholapuellārumestpropesilvam.9. Scaphāsspectāreamō.10. Nautaeīnsulāsservant.

Answersonpage189.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

WhatdoB.C.andA.D.mean?

TheabbreviationB.C.isnotLatin.ItisanabbreviationoftheexpressionbeforeChrist.A.D.standsfortheLatinexpressionAnnoDomini.Anno istheablativesingular of the word annus which means year. This is a special use of theablativecasecalledtheablativeoftimewhen.Remember:Theablativecasehasmanyuses.So,annomeansintheyear.Dominiisthegenitivesingularformoftheworddominuswhichmeanslordormaster.So,inthiscase,DominimeansoftheLord.Soliterally,AnnoDominimeansintheyearoftheLord.Dominus,asyouhaveprobablyguessed,referstoJesusChrist,asouryearsarereckonedfromthetraditionaldateofHisbirth.

ThissystemofdatingwasinventedinRomeinthesixthcenturyA.D.byamonknamedDionysiusExiguus.Beforethattimethereweremanysystemsofdating.OnesystemusedthenamesofthetwoRomanconsulsforthatyeartoshowwhatyearitwas.AnothercountedyearsfromthefoundingofthecityofRome(753B.C.accordingtoRomanpopularthought).AnothermethodcalculatedtheyearssincethebeginningoftheworldasreckonedfromtheBible.Stillothersystemskepttrackoftheyearsbythereignsofkingsandemperors.AlthoughDionysiusExiguus’ new systemof numbering the years did not immediately catch on inWesternEurope,moreandmoreEuropeansbegantousethenewsystemuntilitwasfinallyacceptedbytheRomanCatholicChurchinthetenthcentury.

In academic circles the abbreviation B.C.E. is used in place of B.C. Also, theabbreviationC.E.isusedinplaceofA.D.TheabbreviationB.C.E.standsforbeforethe common era andC.E. stands for common era. These terms are commonlyusedwithintheacademiccommunitybecausetheydonotpresupposethetruthorfalsehoodofanybeliefsystem.

LESSON92

CONJUGATIONS

Not every Latin verb has the same pattern of endings as the verbs you havestudied so far. In Latin, there are four main patterns of verb endings calledconjugations.The first conjugation, secondconjugation, third conjugation, andfourthconjugationeachhavecertainruleswemustrememberwhenaddingtheappropriate endings. So far, all the action verbs you know are from the firstconjugation.Inthisbookwewillstudyonlythefirstandsecondconjugations.

The followingchartwillhelp to illustrate thedifferencesbetween the firstandsecond conjugations. Portō, a verb you already know, is a verb of the firstconjugation.Habeōisfromthesecondconjugation.

Noticethatinthefirstpersonsingularhabeōhasanebeforethefinalo.Ineachofthesixformsofhabeō,therewillbeanebeforetheverbendinginsteadofana.Also,habēre,theinfinitiveformofhabeō,endsin-ēreinsteadof-āre.Ifaninfinitive ends in -āre, that verb is from the first conjugation. If an infinitiveendsin-ēre,thatverbisfromthesecondconjugation.

Fromnowonwhenanewverbisintroduced,boththefirstpersonsingularandtheinfinitiveformswillbegiven.

LESSON93

NEWWORDhabeō/habēreMEANINGIhave,Idohave,Iamhaving/tohaveHabeōisaverbofthesecondconjugation.Studythechartbelowto

familiarizeyourselfwiththedifferentformsofhabeō.Insteadofanabeforetheverbending,habeōhasane.

Chantorsingtheseverbformstomemorizethem.

EXERCISES:

1. Pecūniamhabeō.2. Scaphamhabēs.3. Poētatabulamhabet.4. Pecūniamnōnhabēmussednautaepecūniamhabent.5. Pecūniamhabētis.6. Circumīnsulamnāvigārenōnpossumus.7. Casampropeactamaedificāredēsīderās.8. Poētaagricolīsnautīsquefābulamnarrat.

9. Incolaeīnsulāruminaquāsaepenatant.10. Adīnsulamnāvigārenōnpotestis.

Answersonpage189.

LESSON94

NEWWORDquodMEANINGbecausePRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inbothclassicalandecclesiasticalpronunciation,quodrhymeswithtoad,road,and

load.

EXERCISES:

1. Scaphamhabeōquodnautasum.2. Terramarāmusquodagricolaesumus.3. Lūnamstellāsquespectōquodnautasum.4. Poētapuellīsfābulamnarratquodpuellaefābulāsamant.5. Inscaphāfamiliaestquodadpatriamnāvigāredēsīderant.6. Sinepecūniāadpatriamnāvigārenōnpotestis.7. Casaeagricolārumsuntpropesilvam.8. Pecūnianautaeestinscaphā.9. Fēminacumpuellīsintabernamambulat.10. Poētaepecūniamdāmus.

Answersonpage190.

LESSON95

NEWWORDbestiaMEANINGbeastEXERCISES:

1. Suntbestiaeinsilvā.2. Bestiaecasāsaedificārenōnpossunt.3. Sinebestiīsterramarārenōnpossumus.4. Bestiaesilvaecasāsnōnhabent.5. Poētanōnes.6. Puellaagricolīsaquamdat.7. Terramarāreamōquodagricolasum.8. Scaphanautaeinīnsulāest.9. Terramarārenōnpossumusquodbestiāsnōnhabēmus.10. Tabulāsportās.

Answersonpage190.

LESSON96

NEWWORDtimeō

MEANINGIfear,Idofear,IamfearingUsethishandycharttoreviewtheendingsoftimeō.

EXERCISES:

1. Bestiāsnōntimeō.2. Incolaeīnsulaebestiāstiment.3. Puellainsilvāambulatquodbestiāsnōntimet.4. Insilvācumbestiīsambulāredēsīderō.5. Bestiaeagricolāsnōntiment.6. Bestiaenautāsnōntimentsednautaebestiāstiment.7. Poētaepecūniamdāmusquodpecūniamnōnhabet.8. Adīnsulamnāvigārenōnpotesquodscaphamnōnhabēs.9. Incasāagricolaesum.10. Aquamnōnamōquodnatārenōnpossum.

Answersonpage190.

LESSON97

NEWWORDrēgīnaMEANINGqueenPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,theginrēgīnasoundslikethegingo.Inecclesiastical

pronunciation,itwillsoundlikethegingentle.

EXERCISES:

1. Rēgīnamamāmus.2. Incolaesilvārumrēgīnamnōntiment.3. Poētarēgīnaefābulāsnarrat.4. Rēgīnapoētīspecūniamsemperdat.5. Agricolaebestiāssilvaetiment.6. Natārenōnpotesquodesincolasilvae.7. Familiaagricolaeadactamambulatquodnatāreamant.8. Nautascaphamhabetsedpecūniamnōnhabet.9. Casamsinepecūniāaedificārenōnpossum.10. Puellaetabulāsportantquodadscholamambulant.

Answersonpage191.

LESSON98

NEWWORDvideō/vidēreMEANINGIsee,Idosee,Iamseeing/toseeVideōisanotherverbofthesecondconjugation.Studythechartbelowto

familiarizeyourselfwiththedifferentformsofvideō.

EXERCISES:

1. Īnsulamvidēmus.2. Rēgīnamvidērenōnpotestis.3. Bestiāscotīdiēvideōquodincolasilvaesum.4. Incolaesilvārumbestiāsnōntiment.5. Sinescaphīsīnsulamservārenōnpossumus.6. Rēgīnanōnes.7. Agricolacasaminsilvāhabet.8. Nautaeincolāsīnsulārumtiment.9. Scaphaecircumīnsulamsaepenāvigant.10. Bestiaepecūniamnumquamportant.

Answersonpage191.

LESSON99

NEWWORDmaneō/manēreMEANINGIstay,Idostay,Iamstaying/tostayEXERCISES:

1. Nautainīnsulāmanēredēsīderat.2. Bestiaeinsilvāmanent.3. Inaquāmanērenōnpotes.4. Patriamservāredēsīderōquodegorēgīnasum.5. Nautaeinīnsulāmanentquodscaphamnōnhabent.6. Stellāsvideōsedlūnamvidērenōnpossum.7. Nautaeaquamnōntimentquodnatārepossunt.8. Incolaesilvaebestiāscotīdiēvident.9. Intabernamsinepecūniānumquamambulāmus.10. Fābulāsnarrārenōnpotestisquodpoētaenōnestis.

Answersonpage191.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Haveyoueverboughtsomethingundertheconditionofcaveatemptor?

Emptor means buyer.Caveat is a special kind of verb that means let himbeware or may he beware. So literally, caveat emptor means let the buyerbeware.Thisexpressionisusedtowarnpotentialbuyersthatitmayberiskytopurchase something because the seller is not obligated to take it back if it isdefective.

Sometimesthewordcaveat isusedbyitself.EventhoughthiswordisaLatinverb, over time it has come to be used as a noun that means warning. Forexample:

Dadletmegototheparty,butwithonecaveat:behomebefore10:30P.M.orbegroundedforaweek.

Anotherrelatedexpressioniscavecanem.Inthiscase,cave is theformof theverb used to give a command. Cave, then, means beware! Canem is theaccusative form of the word canis which means dog.Cave canem literallymeansbeware(of)thedog.

Ifyouseeasignlikethat,don’tworryaboutLatingrammar—justrun!

LESSON100

DECLENSIONS

Not all Latin nouns have the same pattern of endings as the nouns you havestudied.InLatintherearefivemainpatternsofnounendingscalleddeclensions.Thefirstdeclension,seconddeclension,thirddeclension,fourthdeclensionandfifthdeclensionallhave thesamefivecases,buteachdeclensionhasauniquepattern of endings. In this book we will study only the first and seconddeclensions.Allofthenounsyouknowsofararefromthefirstdeclension.Let’sreviewthoseendingsusingthechartbelow.

Soonyouwilllearnabouttheseconddeclension.Thismeansthatyouwillhaveto learnanothersetofendings,butyouwillalsohave theopportunity to learnnewwordsfoundonlyintheseconddeclension.Withthesenewwords,youwillbeabletoreadmoreinterestingsentences.

LESSON101

NEWWORDvirMEANINGmanInthefirstdeclension,everywordinthenominativesingularendsin-a.Theseconddeclension,however,isnotlikethat.

Intheseconddeclension,noteverywordwillhavethesameendinginthenominativesingular.

Viristhefirstwordyouhaveseenfromtheseconddeclension.Wewilllearntheendingsoftheseconddeclensionstepbystep.

EXERCISES:

1. Virsum.2. Virestincolaīnsulae.3. Vircasamhabetsedscaphamnōnhabet.4. Virbestiāstimet.5. Virincolīsīnsulārumfābulāsnarrat.6. Virinīnsulāmanēredēsīderat.7. Adtabernamambulātissedpecūniamnōnhabētis.8. Viressedfēminasum.9. Īnsulamvidērenōnpossumus.10. Āpatriāadīnsulamnāvigātis.

Answersonpage191.

LESSON102

NEWWORDvirī

MEANINGmen(nominativeplural)

EXERCISES:

1. Virīincasāsunt.2. Virīīnsulaescaphāsservant.3. Virsinescaphāadīnsulamnāvigārenōnpotest.4. Virfēminaquesaepeterramarant.5. Poētaeestissedfābulāsnarrārenōnamātis.6. Bestiaesilvārumagricolāsnōntiment.7. Adpatriamnāvigāssedinīnsulāmaneō.8. Stellāsvidēmussedlūnamvidērenōnpossumus.9. Rēgīnaincolāsīnsulārumnōntimet.10. Rēgīnapoētīspecūniamsemperdat.

Answersonpage192.

LESSON103

NEWWORDvirum/virōsMEANINGman/men(accusativesingularandplural)Inthislessonyouwilllearnboththeaccusativesingularandaccusative

pluralofvir.

EXERCISES:

1. Bestiavirumnōntimet.2. Virōsinscaphāvideō.3. Virbestiāstimetsedbestiaevirumnōntiment.4. Virīcasāsaedificant.5. Virīpecūniamnumquamhabent.6. Casamaedificārenōnpossumsedscaphāssaepeaedificō.7. Cumpuellīsadactamambulō.8. Poētapuellaefābulāsnarrat.9. Virīīnsulārumnautīsscaphāssaepedant.10. Inīnsulāmanēmusquodīnsulamamāmus.

Answersonpage192.

LESSON104

NEWWORDvirī/virōrumMEANINGman/men(genitivesingularandplural)Inthislessonyouwilllearnboththegenitivesingularandgenitiveplural

ofvir.

In the first declension, the nominative plural always looks identical to thegenitive singular. This is often true in the second declension, too. Also, the -ōrum endingof thegenitiveplural isvery similar to the -arum endingof thegenitivepluralofthefirstdeclension.

EXERCISES:

1. Casavirīestpropeactam.2. Familiaevirōrumadīnsulamnāvigant.3. Scaphavirīinīnsulāest.4. Virīinscaphīssuntnautae.5. Vircasaminīnsulāaedificat.6. Virīterramnōnarantquodlabōrārenōnamant.7. Poētatabulamdēsīderatsedpecūniamnōnhabet.8. Rēgīnapoētaepecūniamdat.9. Poētacumrēgīnāmanēredēsīderat.10. Puellaadscholamtabulāsportat.

Answersonpage192.

LESSON105

NEWWORDvirō/virīsMEANINGman/men(dativeandablativesingularandplural)Inthislessonyouwilllearnthedativeandablativeformsofvir.

Intheseconddeclension,thedativepluralandtheablativeplurallookidentical.Unlikethefirstdeclension,however,thedativesingularandtheablativesingularoftheseconddeclensionalsolookidentical.

EXERCISES:

1. Virōfābulamnarrō.2. Rēgīnavirīspecūniamdat.3. Insilvācumvirīslabōrāredēsīderāmus.4. Puellavirīsaquamsaepedat.5. Āpatriāadīnsulamambulārenōnpotes.6. Scaphavirōrumestpropeactam.7. Virīsilvaeagricolamnōnamant.8. Inīnsulācasamaedificāssedegoinsilvācasamaedificō.9. Puellaeāscholāadtabernamcotīdiēambulant.10. Sinetabulāinscholamnumquamambulō.

Answersonpage193.

LESSON106

NEWWORDmurusMEANINGwallMurusisanotherwordfromtheseconddeclension.

Usethishandycharttoreviewthedifferentformsofmurus.

EXERCISES:

1. Murumaedificō.2. Circumcasāsmurumaedificāmus.3. Virīmurōsaedificant.4. Puellapatriamamatsedadīnsulāsnāvigāredēsīderat.5. Virīs fēminīsque īnsulae pecūniam dare nōn possum quod pecūniam

nōnhabeō.6. Cumscaphīsmaneōquodvirōsīnsulārumtimeō.7. Scaphāsaedificāreamātissednāvigārenōnamātis.8. Incasāsumquodbestiāstimeō.9. Scaphaestinaquāsinenautīs.10. Sinerēgīnāpatriamservārenōnpossumus.

Answersonpage193.

LESSON107

NEWWORDdeleō/delēreMEANINGIdestroy,Idodestroy,Iamdestroying/todestroyEXERCISES:

1. Agricolaesilvamdelent.2. Casāsscaphāsqueīnsulārumdelēredēsīderō.3. Scaphāsnautārumdelērenōnpotesquodnautaescaphāsservant.4. Virīpatriamservāredēsīderant.5. Bestiaesilvaecasamdelent.6. Virōsfēmināsquepatriaeservāmus.7. Rēgīnavirōpecūniamdarenōnpotestquodpecūniamnōnhabet.8. Casavirīestpropeactam.9. Abīnsulāadpatriamnatāredēsīderō.10. Cumpuellīsadscholamambulāmus.

Answersonpage193.

LESSON108

NEWWORDcibusMEANINGfoodPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,thecincibussoundslikethekinkitchen.Inecclesiastical

pronunciation,itsoundslikethechincheese.

Cibus is another word of the second declension. It has the same endings asmurus.

EXERCISES:

1. Cibumportāmus.2. Cibumhabeōsedaquamnōnhabeō.3. Cibumaquamqueportō.4. Virīcibumaquamqueportantquodadsilvamambulant.5. Fēminaepoētaecibumdantquodcibumnōnhabet.6. Nautaecibumnōnhabent.7. Virīīnsulārumscaphāsnautārumdelent.8. Murumaedificāmusquodpatriamservāredēsīderāmus.9. Rēgīnavirīssilvaepecūniamsemperdat.10. Bestiaesilvaecibumdēsīderant.

Answersonpage193.

LESSON109

NEWWORDfīliusMEANINGsonComparethenominativepluralandthegenitivesingularoffīlius.It’sjustliketheotherwordsyouknow,butwithonedifference.Thegenitivesingularendswithoneibutthenominativepluralhas

two.

EXERCISES:

1. Fīliusvirīincasāest.2. Nautaefīliōagricolaefābulāsnarrant.3. Fīliīagricolārumterramarant.4. Fīliīnautaeadīnsulāsnāvigāredēsīderant.5. Puellafīliīsagricolaeaquamdat.6. Sinecibōaquāqueadīnsulamnāvigārenōnpossumus.7. Rēgīnainīnsulāmanēredēsīderatquodvirōspatriaetimet.8. Natāreamōquodaquamnōntimeō.9. Sinescaphāadīnsulamnāvigārenōnpotes.10. Casaevirōrumsuntpropeactam.

Answersonpage194.

LESSON110

NEWWORDpuerMEANINGboyPuerisanotherwordfromtheseconddeclension.

EXERCISES:

1. Puerestfīliuspoētae.2. Poētapuerīstabulāsdat.3. Puerīaquamportantsedterramarārenōnamant.4. Puerīadīnsulamnāvigāredēsīderantsedscaphamnōnhabent.5. Insilvālabōrārenōnpossumquodbestiāstimeō.6. Sinefīliīsagricolaeterramarārenōnpossumus.7. Puerīsfābulāsnarrāmus.8. Cibumaquamquedēsīderō.9. Puerīadīnsulamcumnautīsnāvigant.10. Virlūnamvidērenōnpotestquodincasāest.

Answersonpage194.

LESSON111

NEWWORDagerMEANINGfield

Agerisabitdifferentfromtheotherseconddeclensionwordsyouknow.Theein the nominative singular form of ager is absent in the other forms. This isbecauseinLatin,wemakeallnounforms(exceptthenominativesingular)fromthe stemof thegenitive singular formof theword.Thegenitive stem, as it iscalled, is foundby removing theending from thegenitive singular. Ifwe takeagri,thegenitivesingularformofthewordager,andremovetheending,weareleft with agr-. This is the genitive stem from which you may make all theremainingformsofthewordbysimplyaddingtheappropriateendings.

Thefollowingrhyme,sharedwithmebyarespectedLatinteacher,shouldhelpyourememberthisrule:

Don’ttinkerwiththenominative,Butleaveitasit’sfound.Justhitchtheendingstothegenitivestem,Andyou’llbeonsafeground.

EXERCISES:

1. Puerīagrōsarantquodagricolalabōrārenōnpotest.2. Fīliīagricolaeācasāadagrumambulant.3. Puerīpecūniamdēsīderantsedagrōsarārenōnamant.4. Bestiaesilvaecasāsagricolārumdelent.

5. Virībestiāstimentsedbestiaevirōsnōntiment.6. Inīnsulāmanēredēsīderō.7. Murum circum casās aedificāmus quod virōs fēmināsque patriae

servāredēsīderāmus.8. Suntagricolaepueriqueinagrīs.9. Adīnsulamnāvigārenōnpossumquodscaphamnōnhabeō.10. Sinenautīsadīnsulamnāvigārenōnpossumus.

Answersonpage194.

LESSON112

NEWWORDgladiusMEANINGswordGladiushasthesameendingsasfīlius.

EXERCISES:

1. Gladiumhabeō.2. Virīgladiōshabent.3. Virīfēminaequegladiōshabentsedagrōsservārenōnpossunt.4. Incolaeīnsulārumgladiōshabentsedscaphāshabēmus.5. Agrōscasāsquecotīdiēservāmus.6. Bestiaesilvaeagricolamnōntiment.7. Puerestfīliusrēgīnae.8. Inīnsulāmanērenōnpotesquodcibumnōnhabēs.9. Nautaecumincolīsīnsulaesunt.10. Patriamcotīdiēservāmusquodrēgīnamamāmus.

Answersonpage195.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Areyouproudtobeanalumnusofyouroldalmamater?Ifyouhavenoideawhatthesewordsmean,readon.

Thetermalmamaterisusedtorefertothecollegeoruniversityfromwhichapersongraduated.Matersimplymeansmother.Almaisanadjectivethatmeansnurturing.Soliterally,almamatermeansnurturingmother.

Alumnus refers to the person who has graduated from a certain college oruniversity. Literally, alumnus means nursling or foster child. The wordalumnus, because it ismasculine and singular, shouldbe used to refer to onemalegraduate.Usingyourknowledgeof the first and seconddeclensions, canyoufigureoutwhatLatinwordwouldrefertoonefemalegraduate?Twofemalegraduates?Whatabouttwomalegraduates?

LESSON113

GENDER

InLatin,everynoun iseithermasculine, feminineorneuter (neuter isaLatinword that means neither).Words of the first declension are mostly feminine.Wordsof the seconddeclension are eithermasculineor neuter (youwill learnmore about this soon). So far, all the words you know from the seconddeclension are masculine (words such as vir,murus, fīlius, puer, ager, andgladius).

PAIN-FULWORDS

Although most words of the first declension are feminine, there are fourcommon words of the first declension that are masculine. You already knowthesewords:poēta,agricola,incola,andnauta.TheseexceptionstotheruleareeasytorememberbecausethefirstletterofeachwordspellsoutthewordPAIN.Mostotherfirstdeclensionwordsarefeminine.

LESSON114

NEUTERNOUNSOFTHESECONDDECLENSION

Sofar,wehaveonlystudiedthemasculinenounsoftheseconddeclension.Now,let’s turn our attention to the neuter nouns of the second declension. Neuternounsof theseconddeclensionendin-um in thenominativesingular.Asyoustudy the chart below, notice the circled endings. These endings are differentfromthemasculinenounsoftheseconddeclension.

As you can see from the chart, the only differences are in the nominativesingular,nominativepluralandaccusativeplural.

LESSON115

NEWWORDoppidum(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGtownExaminethechartbelowtoseetheendingsofoppidum.

Again, the nominative singular, nominative plural, and accusative plural aredifferentthanmasculinewordsoftheseconddeclension.

EXERCISES:

1. Inoppidumambulō.2. Nautaeinoppidōsunt.3. Virīmurumcircumoppidumaedificāredēsīderant.4. Poētapuerīspuellīsqueoppidīfābulāsnarrat.5. Virīmurōsoppidīservāredēsīderant.6. Virīoppidīgladiōshabent.7. Puerīestissedvirīsumus.8. Oppidumservārenōnpossumusquodoppidummurōsnōnhabet.9. Fīliusagricolaeagrōsnumquamaratquodlabōrārenōnamat.10. Virīsilvaescaphāsnumquamaedificant.

Answersonpage195.

LESSON116

NEWWORDaurum,auri(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGgoldEXERCISES:

1. Egoaurumdēsīderō.2. Virīsilvaeaurumnōnhabent.3. Adpatriamcumpecūniāaurōquenāvigāmus.4. Nautaeoppidaīnsulaedelentquodaurumdēsīderant.5. Puerīpuellaequeoppidīagrōsarārenōnamant.6. Oppidumservāmusquodincolāsīnsulārumtimēmus.7. Fīliīspoētaecibumsaepedāmusquodpecūniamnōnhabent.8. Poētafīliīsrēgīnaefābulāssaepenarrat.9. Fīlius rēgīnae pecūniam aurumque habet sed in agrīs cum agricolīs

labōrāredēsīderat.10. Circumīnsulamnatārenōnpotes.

Answersonpage195.

LESSON117

NEWWORDargentum,argenti(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGsilverEXERCISES:

1. Argentumaurumqueamō.2. Nautaeaurumadpatriamportant.3. Argentumāscaphāadcasamportāmus.4. Puerīinagrīscumvirīsoppidīlabōrant.5. Rēgīnaoppidumdelēredēsīderat.6. Incolaeoppidōrumbestiāssilvaetiment.7. Aurumargentumquehabētissedcibumnōnhabētis.8. Sinepecūniācasāsaedificārenōnpossumus.9. Rēgīnamurumcircumoppidumaedificāredēsīderat.10. Puerīnatantquodlabōrārenōnamant.

Answersonpage195.

LESSON118

NEWWORDcaelum,caeli(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGskyEXERCISES:

1. Caelumspectō.2. Suntstellaeincaelō.3. Nautaecaelumsemperspectant.4. Stellāsincaelōnumquamnumerārepotes.5. Īnsulaaurumargentumquehabet.6. Caelumvidērenōnpossumusquodincasāsumus.7. Incolaeoppidōrumbestiāstiment.8. Incasāmaneō.9. Sinescaphāadīnsulamnāvigārenōnpotes.10. Scaphaecibumadīnsulamportant.

Answersonpage196.

LESSON119

NEWWORDdonum,doni(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGgiftEXERCISES:

1. Rēgīnaedonadāmus.2. Puellaepuerīquenautīsdonadant.3. Virīfēminaequeoppidīrēgīnaepecūniamsemperdant.4. Puellaerēgīnaedonadaredēsīderant.5. Donumnautaeestinscaphā.6. Fīliīagricolaeagrōsarantquodcibumpecūniamquedēsīderant.7. Nōnesrēgīna.8. Lūnaestincaelō.9. Cumvirīsoppidīmanēredēsīderō.10. Scaphaepropeactamsunt.

Answersonpage196.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

HaveyoueverseentheabbreviationN.B.andwonderedwhatitmeans?

The abbreviationN.B. is short fornota bene.Nota is a verb in the form of acommand.Itmeanstakenote!Beneisanadverbthatmeanswell.Literally,notabenemeansnotewell.Writersuse thisexpression tocallattention toaspecialpointoranimportantpieceofinformationthatthereaderoughttoremember.

N.B.YoumuststudyyourLatineverydaytoimprove!

LESSON120

EXPRESSINGMEANSORINSTRUMENT

InEnglish,wehavedifferentwaysofexpressingthemeansorinstrumentusedtoaccomplishatask.Considerthefollowingexamples:

Ihitthenailwithahammer.Itraveledtotheislandbyboat.Wefooledtheguardbymeansoftrickery.

Ineachoftheaboveexamplesweusedwith,by,orbymeansof toexpress themeansorinstrumentusedtoaccomplishatask.Inthenextlesson,youwilllearnhowtoexpressmeansorinstrumentinLatin.

LESSON121

ABLATIVEOFMEANS

InLatin,weusetheablativecasetoexpressmeansorinstrument.Whenweusethe ablative case in thisway, it is called theablative ofmeans.The followingexamplesdemonstratehowtheablativeofmeansisused:

Virgladiōcasamservat(themanisguardingthehousewithasword).Nautaescaphāadīnsulamnāvigant(thesailorsaresailingtotheislandbyboat).

In eachexample, the itembeingused to accomplish the task is in the ablativecase.Notice that theablativeofmeansshowsmeansor instrumentwithout theuseofanadditionalprepositionsuchascum.

Inthenextlesson,youwillpracticeusingtheablativecaseinthisnewway.

LESSON122

NEWWORDscutum,scuti(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGshieldEXERCISES:

1. Puerscutumhabet.2. Gladiōscutōquerēgīnamservō.3. Gladiōsetscutahabēmusquodmurōsoppidīservāmus.4. Sinegladiīsscutīsquepatriamservārenōnpossumus.5. Argentumaurumqueamōsedpecūniamnōnhabeō.6. Incolaepatriaecasāsaedificant.7. Scaphāadīnsulamnāvigō.8. Virīoppidīfīliumrēgīnaenōnamant.9. Patriamvidēredēsīderāmus.10. Virīīnsulārumpatriamdelēredēsīderant.

Answersonpage196.

LESSON123

NEWWORDpugnō/pugnāreMEANINGIfight,Idofight,Iamfighting/tofightPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,theginpugnōhasahardgsoundliketheginget.Inecclesiasticalpronunciation,thegandthentogetherwillsoundlikethegnincanyon.Soitwillsoundsomethinglike

POON-yo.

EXERCISES:

1. Virīgladiīsscutīsquepugnant.2. Pugnārenōnamō.3. Incolaeīnsulaepugnārenōnpossuntquodgladiōsnōnhabent.4. Gladiōsscutaquehabēmusquodoppidumservāmus.5. Stellāsincaelōspectāreamō.6. Fīliusrēgīnaegladiumdēsīderat.7. Adactamambulōquodscaphāsvidēredēsīderō.8. Cibumnōnhabētisquodagrōsnumquamarātis.9. Fīliusagricolaeessedegofīliusrēgīnaesum.10. Lūnamstellāsquesemperspectō.

Answersonpage197.

LESSON124

NEWWORDlignum,ligni(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGwoodPRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,theginlignumhasahardgsoundliketheginget.Inecclesiasticalpronunciation,thegandthentogetherwillsoundlikethegnincanyon.SoitwillsoundsomethinglikeLEAN-yoom.

EXERCISES:

1. Lignumincasamportō.2. Lignōcasamaedificō.3. Lignumportārenōnamō.4. Āsilvāadoppidumlignumportāmus.5. Rēgīnamvidēredēsīderō.6. Virīgladiīspatriamservant.7. Murumcircumoppidumaedificāmusquodbestiāstimēmus.8. Nautaelignōscaphāsaedificant.9. Puellīsoppidīdonadonāmus.10. Sinecibōaquāqueagrōsarārenōnpotes.

Answersonpage197.

LESSON125

NEWWORDsaxum,saxi(seconddeclensionneuter)MEANINGrockEXERCISES:

1. Saxaportāmus.2. Saxīslignōquemurumaedificāmus.3. Virīsinelignōsaxīsquecasamaedificārenōnpossunt.4. Virīīnsulaeoppidapatriaedelent.5. Saxaadoppidumportāmusquodmurumaedificāmus.6. Cibumnōnhabēsquodlabōrārenōnamās.7. Virīpatriaegladiīsscutīsquecotīdiēpugnant.8. Virīfēminaequerēgīnaeaurumargentumquedant.9. Virīgladiōsscutaquehabentquodoppidapatriaeservant.10. Adpatriamnāvigāssedinīnsulāmaneō.

Answersonpage197.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

Haveyoueverlookedcloselyatthebackofaone-dollarbill?

TheGreatSealoftheUnitedStateshastwosideslikeacoin.BothsidesoftheGreatSealareshownon thebackofaone-dollarbill. Ifyou look to theright,youwillnoticeaneagleholdingabannerinhismouth.Onthisbanneriswrittenthe expression e pluribus unum.Unum means one.E is a preposition thatmeansoutof.Therearetwoformsofthispreposition:eandex.Eisusuallyusedifthenextwordbeginswithaconsonant.Exisusedifthenextwordbeginswithavowel.Sincepluribusbeginswithaconsonant,eisusedhere.Pluribusmeansmany.Soliterally,epluribusunummeansoneoutofmanyorone frommany.Incontext, thisexpressionprobablymeansonenationoutofmanypeoples,orperhapsonecountrymadeupofmanystates.

Over the pyramid on the left youwill see the phrase annuit coeptis.Annuitcomesfromtheverbannuowhichmeanstosmileonorapprove.Whenannuoisusedthisway,thenountowhichitrefersmustbeinthedativecase.Coeptisisin the dative plural andmeansbeginnings orundertakings. Soannuit coeptismeansHesmiledonthebeginningsorperhapsHeapprovedoftheundertakings.Pronouns that refer to God are sometimes capitalized, especially in somereligiousliteratureandcertainversionsoftheBible.

Under the pyramid is yet another phrase:novusordo seclorum.Ordomeansorder, rank or arrangement. Novus means new and goes along with ordo.Seclorum is the genitive plural of the word saeculum. Saeculum can meangeneration or age, as well as other things. So novus ordo seclorum meanssomethinglikeaneworderoftheages.

That’salotofLatinforonlyadollar!

LESSON126

ADJECTIVES

Anadjectiveisawordthatdescribesanoun.Forexample:

ThegreencarThehotsoupTheoldfarmer

InLatin, adjectiveswork togetherwith nouns in a specialway.Any adjectivemustagreewiththenounitdescribesinthreeways:case,number,andgender.Forexample,ifanounisinthegenitivecase,anyadjectivethatgoeswiththatnounmustalsobeinthegenitivecase.Ifanounissingular,anyadjectivethatgoeswithitmustalsobesingular.Ifanounisfeminine,anyadjectivethatgoeswithitmustalsohaveacorrespondingfeminineending.

Alltheadjectivesyouwill learninthisbookwillsharetheendingsofthefirstandseconddeclensions.

LESSON127

NEWWORDvalidus,valida,validumMEANINGstrongValidus,valida,validumisyourfirstLatinadjective.Adjectivesarelistedinmasculine,

feminineandneuterforms(inthenominativesingular)becausetheymaytakeanyendingofthesethreegenders.Thisandalltheotheradjectivesyouwilllearnaboutinthisbookusetheendingsofthefirstandseconddeclensions.Asyou

studythethreechartsbelow,youwillnoticethatthisadjectivecanuseanyoftheendingsofthefirstdeclension,seconddeclensionmasculine,andsecond

declensionneuter.

InLatin,anadjectivemustbeinthesamecase,number,andgenderasthewordit describes.Also, remember that an adjective usually comes after theword itdescribes.Herearesomeexamplesofhowadjectivesareused:

Virvalidusestinagrō(thestrongmanisinthefield).Fēminaestvalida(thewomanisstrong).Scutumvalidumvirumservat(thestrongshieldisguardingtheman).Puerumvalidumspectō(Iamwatchingthestrongboy).Scutavalidahabēmus(wehavestrongshields).

Nowtrytotranslateafewonyourown.

EXERCISES:

1. Fēminaestvalida.2. Virestvalidus.3. Lignumestvalidum.4. Puerīvalidīagrōsarant.5. Fēminaevalidaeaquamportant.6. Murumvalidumaedificāmus.7. Cumvirīsvalidīspatriaemaneō.8. Puellavalidalignumsaepeportat.9. Virī puerīque oppidī lignum saxaque portant quod murum validum

aedificāredēsīderant.10. Bestiamnōntimēsquodgladiumscutumquehabēs.

Answersonpage197.

LESSON128

PAIN-FULWORDSREVISITED

Although most words of the first declension are feminine, there are fourcommon words of the first declension that are masculine. You already knowthesewords:poēta,agricola,incola,andnauta.TheseexceptionstotheruleareeasytorememberbecausethefirstletterofeachwordspellsoutthewordPAIN.Mostotherfirstdeclensionwordsarefeminine.

SowhyamIbringingthisupagain?Becauseitaffectsthewayweuseadjectiveswiththesewords.Sincepoēta,agricola, incola,andnautaaremasculine,anyadjectivethatdescribesthemmustbemasculine,too.Usethemasculineendingsof the seconddeclension for adjectives that gowith thesewords.See the fourexamplesbelow:

Agricolavalidus(thestrongfarmer)

In this example, agricola is in the nominative singular. But instead of thefemininevalidatogowithit,agricolaneedsthemasculinevalidus.

Scaphanautaevalidī(thestrongsailor’sboat)

Inthisexample,nautae is in thegenitivesingular.But insteadof thefemininevalidaetogowithit,nautaeneedsthemasculinevalidī.

Usingthechartbelow,studythewayadjectivesareusedwithmasculinenounsofthefirstdeclension.

LESSON129

NEWWORDlaetus,laeta,laetumMEANINGhappyAsyoutranslatetheseexercises,keepinmindthatalthoughpoēta,agricola,incola,andnautaareinthefirstdeclension,theyaremasculine,andanyadjectivethatgoeswiththese

wordsmusthaveamasculineending.

Rememberalsothatanadjectiveusuallycomesaftertheworditdescribes.

EXERCISES:

1. Puellaesuntlaetae.2. Nautanōnestlaetus.3. Agricolabestiīsvalidīsagrumarat.4. Poētapuerīslaetīsfābulāsnarrat.5. Familiaagricolaeestlaetaquodcibumpecūniamquehabent.6. Fīliīagricolaesuntvalidīsedlabōrārenōnamant.7. Stellāsincaelōspectāreamō.8. Sinevirīsvalidīsagrōsarārenōnpotestis.9. Puellaesuntlaetaequodadactamambulant.10. Rēgīnanōnestlaetaquodbestiaepatriamdelent.

Answersonpage198.

LESSON130

NEWWORDmalus,mala,malumMEANINGbadEXERCISES:

1. Fīliusagricolaeestpuermalus.2. Rēgīnamalacasāsagricolārumdelēredēsīderat.3. Puerīmalīinagrīsnumquamlabōrant.4. Poētafābulāsmalāsnōnamat.5. Virīmalīoppidumdelērenōnpossuntquodoppidumservāmus.6. Fēminaevalidaesaxaabagrīsadactamportant.7. Rēgīnamvidēredēsīderāmusquodcibumnōnhabēmus.8. Puerīmalīsaepepugnant.9. Sinecibōaquāqueinīnsulāmanērenōnpotestis.10. Virīfēminaequerēgīnaedonadant.

Answersonpage198.

LESSON131

NEWWORDfīlia,fīliae(feminine,irregular)MEANINGdaughterStudythischartforthenewwordfīlia:

Fīliaiswhatwecallanirregularword.Irregularwordshaveendingsthatdonotfit theexpectedpattern.IfyoucontinuetostudyLatin,youwillrunintomanyirregularnounsandverbs.

Fīliaisirregularforaverygoodreason.Ifthedativepluralandablativepluralhad thenormal ending–is, youwould not be able to tell them apart from thedativepluralandablativepluraloffīlius,theseconddeclensionwordthatmeansson.

EXERCISES:

1. Fīliamalarēgīnaepatriamdelēredēsīderat.2. Fīliaeagricolaesuntvalidaequodaquamcotīdiēportant.3. Virīoppidīlignōsaxīsquecasamaedificant.4. Puerīpatriaepugnārenōnamantsedpatriamservāredēsīderant.5. Agricolanōnestlaetusquodagrumarārenōnpotest.6. Lignōcasamaedificāmus.7. Poētafīliābusagricolaefābulāsnarrat.8. Fīliōsfīliāsquerēgīnaeservō.9. Rēgīnamalavirīsfēminīsquepatriaedonanumquamdat.10. Sumusvalidīquodgladiōsscutaquehabēmus.

Answersonpage198.

LESSON132

NEWWORDmāgnus,māgna,māgnumMEANINGgreat,largePRONUNCIATIONTIP:Inclassicalpronunciation,theginmagnushasahardgsoundliketheginget.Inecclesiasticalpronunciation,thegandthentogetherwillsoundlikethegnincanyon.SoitwillsoundsomethinglikeMONN-yoose.

In Latin, an adjective usually comes after theword it describes. However, anadjective of quantity or size (such asmāgna) usually goes before the noun itdescribes.

Youmustdecideonyourownwhethertotranslatemāgnaasgreatorlarge.

EXERCISES:

1. Fīliusrēgīnaeestmāgnusvir.2. Māgnīvirīpatriaeoppidumservant.3. Inmāgnāīnsulāmanērenōnpotesquodcibumnōnhabēs.4. Patriamāgnamrēgīnamhabet.5. Nautamāgnamfamiliamhabet.6. Casaagricolaenōnestmāgna.7. Caelumspectāmusquodstellāsvidēreamāmus.8. Puerīvalidīinagrīslabōrantsednōnsuntlaetī.9. Māgnaebestiaesilvārumcasāsagricolārumdelent.10. Nautaeincolīsīnsulaepecūniamsemperdant.

Answersonpage199.

LESSON133

NEWWORDsuperō/superāreMEANINGIconquer,Idoconquer,Iamconquering/toconquerEXERCISES:

1. Māgnāsīnsulāssuperāredēsīderōquodargentumaurumquehabent.2. Fīliīmalīrēgīnaesilvamsuperant.3. Gladiīsscutīsqueincolāsīnsulārumsuperāmus.4. Viriīnsulārumpatriamsuperant.5. Murusvalidusoppidumservat.6. Virīfēminaequepatriaenōnsuntlaetīquodcibumnumquamhabent.7. Sinecibōaquāquemāgnōsvirōssilvaepugnārenōnpotes.8. Rēgīnaeīnsulārumdonasemperdāmus.9. Fīliīrēgīnaeoppidaservantquodpatriamamant.10. Inagrīslabōrārenōnamōsedagrōscotīdiēarō.

Answersonpage199.

LESSON134

NEWWORDmultus,multa,multumMEANINGmuch,manyMultus,multa,multumcanmean:

much(asinquantity,whenusedwithasingularword)many(asinnumber,whenusedwithapluralword)

Remember that an adjective of quantity or size (such as multus, multa,multum) usually goes before the noun it describes. And, as usual, use thetranslationthatmakesthemostsenseincontext.

EXERCISES:

1. Multumargentumhabēmus.2. Sinemultīsscaphīsīnsulāssuperārenōnpossumus.3. Patriamultaoppidahabet.4. Māgnīssaxīsmurumvalidumaedificāredēsīderō.5. Sinemultīsagricolīsagrōsarārenōnpossumus.6. Nautafīliamrēgīnaeamat.7. Fīliaerēgīnaesuntlaetaequodmultumaurumhabent.8. Suntmultaefēminaeinīnsulā.9. Fīliābusrēgīnaemultadonadāmus.10. Rēgīnamultōsfīliōshabet.

Answersonpage199.

GENERALADVICE

Congratulations! You have made it all the way to the end of this book. Inclosing,Iwouldliketoofferafewthoughtswhichthereadermayfindhelpful.These tipsandobservationsshouldproveusefulasyoucontinueyourstudyofLatin.

First, a translation tip:When translatingLatin, yourmindmust be awake andalert.Why?Becauseonewordcanmeanseveraldifferentthings.Asyoualreadyknow from experience, the word nautae can be nominative plural, genitivesingular, or dative singular. So when you read Latin, think of all the casepossibilitiesforeachnounandletyourmindquicklyanalyzeeachpossibilityinlight of the context of the sentence. Latin sentences can often be like jigsawpuzzlesthatyoumustputtogether.Yourmindshouldanalyzeandprocesseachword,tryingtoarriveatthecorrectwaytofitthatwordinwiththeotherwordsofthesentence.Thiscanbedifficultatfirst,butyouwillimprovegraduallywithpractice.ItisoftenmentionedthatthestudyofLatinimprovesone’sknowledgeofEnglishvocabulary.Anothergreat advantage to the studyofLatin is that itsharpensthemindbybuildinglogicalthinkingskills.Inaddition,learningLatinalso builds awareness of grammatical and linguistic concepts. The knowledgeyougainfromyoureffortswillbenefityouasyouapproachothersubjectssuchasEnglish,history,philosophy,andreligion.

Another tip:Someonewho isaccustomed to runningadistanceofonlyoneortwomilesprobablywillnotsuddenlytrytorunamarathon.ItisthesamewithLatin.Don’tfrustrateyourselfbytryingtoreadLatinthatismuchtoodifficultfor you. In more advanced Latin, the sentences may be quite long andcomplicated.Also,theremaybewordsandgrammaticalstructuresthatyouhavenot studied yet. Of course, it is good to give yourself a challenge, but notsomethingsodifficultthatyouendupfeelingdiscouraged.

Please take a moment to reflect on all you have learned. Although you havecomealongwayfromLessonOne,thereisstillmuchtolearn.Ihopethisbookhasbeenenjoyableandprofitableforyou,andthatthethingsyouhavelearned

from this book will become the foundation of a lifetime of enjoyment of theLatinlanguage.

LATINEXPRESSIONS

HaveyoueverwrittenP.S.attheendofalettersoyoucouldaddafinalnote?

TheabbreviationP.S.isshortforpostscriptum.Postisaprepositionthatmeansafter.Scriptum means that which has been written. Literally, post scriptummeansafterthatwhichhasbeenwritten.

P.S.Don’tforgettodoyourLatinhomework.

ANSWERKEY

LESSONTHREE

1. Iam.2. Iamasailor.

LESSONFOUR

1. Iamasailor.2. Iamasailor.

LESSONFIVE

1. Iam.2. Iam.3. Iamasailor.4. Iamasailor.5. Iamasailor.6. Iamasailor.7. Iamasailor.

LESSONSIX

1. Iamafarmer.2. Iamafarmer.3. Iamafarmer.4. Iamafarmer.5. Iamasailor.6. Iamasailor.7. Iamasailor.8. Iamasailor.

LESSONSEVEN

1. I2. you3. she4. Fred5. Chicago6. children7. car8. oatmeal9. Switzerland10. Grandfather

LESSONEIGHT

1. Thesailorandthefarmer2. Thefarmerandthesailor3. Iamasailor.4. Iamasailor.5. Iambothafarmerandasailor.6. Iambothasailorandafarmer.

LESSONNINE

1. she(subject)walks(verb)2. car(subject)is(verb)3. I(subject)see(verb)4. he(subject)bought(verb)5. Sam(subject)loves(verb)6. they(subject)swim(verb)7. books(subject)are(verb)8. I(subject)called(verb)9. China(subject)produces(verb)10. dog(subject)barks(verb)

LESSONTEN

1. Iamnot.2. Iamnot.3. Iamnotasailor.4. Iamnotasailor.5. Iamnotafarmer.6. Iamnotafarmer.7. Iambothasailorandafarmer.8. Iambothafarmerandasailor.

LESSONELEVEN

1. Youare.2. Youarenot.3. Youareafarmer.4. Youareafarmer.5. Youarenotafarmer.6. Youarenotafarmer.7. Iamafarmer.8. Iamnotasailor.9. Youarebothasailorandafarmer.10. Iamasailorandyouareafarmer.

LESSONTWELVE

1. Youareapoet.2. Youareapoet.3. Youarenotapoet.4. Youarenotapoet.5. Iambothafarmerandapoet.6. Iambothasailorandafarmer.7. Iamasailor.8. Youarenotasailor.9. Iamnotapoet.10. Iamafarmerandyouareapoet.

LESSON13

1. Heisapoet.2. Heisapoet.3. Heisasailor.4. Heisasailor.5. Heisnotafarmer.6. Youarenotasailor.7. Youarenotafarmer.8. Iamnot.9. Iambothafarmerandapoet.10. Iamnotasailor.

LESSON14

1. Thefarmerisapoet.2. Thesailorisapoet.3. Heisasailor.4. Thepoetisnotasailor.5. Heisnotasailor.6. Thepoetisafarmer.7. Thesailorisnotafarmer.8. Youarenotapoet.9. Iamnotafarmer.10. Youarebothafarmerandapoet.

LESSON15

1. car(singular)2. we(plural)3. flowers(plural)4. I(singular)5. they(plural)6. Jimmy(singular)7. team(singular)8. Mary(singular)9. they(plural)10. houses(plural)

LESSON16

1. agricolae2. poētae

LESSON17

1. Weare.2. Wearesailors.3. Wearesailors.4. Wearenotfarmers.5. Wearenotfarmers.6. Wearefarmersandpoets.7. Youarenotapoet.8. Iamapoet.9. Thepoetisasailor.10. Heisasailor.

LESSON18

1. Y’allare.2. Y’allarefarmers.3. Y’allarefarmers.4. Y’allarenotpoets.5. Wearepoetsandy’allaresailors.6. Y’allarebothsailorsandpoets.7. Youarenotapoet.8. Thefarmerisapoet.9. Iamapoet.10. Heisasailor.

LESSON19

1. Theyarepoets.2. Thepoetsarefarmers.3. Theyarenotfarmers.4. Thepoetsaresailors.

5. Heisapoet.6. Y’allarepoets.7. Thesailorsarenotfarmers.8. Thefarmerisapoet.9. Wearesailors.10. Youarenotapoet.

LESSON21

1. I(firstpersonsingular)2. you(secondpersonsingular)3. she(thirdpersonsingular)4. we(firstpersonplural)5. y’all(secondpersonplural)6. they(thirdpersonplural)7. he(thirdpersonsingular)8. it(thirdpersonsingular)9. y’all(secondpersonplural)10. flowers(thirdpersonplural)

LESSON22

1. newspaper2. movie3. trombone4. baseball5. fish6. radio7. building8. speech9. wallet10. deer

LESSON23

1. nautam(becauseitisthedirectobjectofthesentence)2. nauta(becauseitisapredicatenominative)

3. nauta(becauseitisthesubjectofthesentence)4. nautam(becauseitisthedirectobjectofthesentence)5. nauta(becauseitisthesubjectofthesentence)6. nauta(becauseitisthesubjectofthesentence)7. nautam(becauseitisthedirectobjectofthesentence)8. nauta(becauseitisapredicatenominative)9. nautam(becauseitisthedirectobjectofthesentence)10. nauta(becauseitisapredicatenominative)

LESSON24

1. Iamwatchingthesailor.2. Iamwatchingthesailor.3. Iamnotwatchingthefarmer.4. Iamwatchingthefarmer.5. Iamwatchingthepoet.6. Iamwatchingthepoet.7. Iamwatchingboththesailorandthefarmer.8. Iamnotasailor.9. Theyarefarmers.10. Y’allarenotpoets.

LESSON25

1. Iamwatchingthesailors.2. Iamwatchingthesailors.3. Iamnotwatchingthefarmers.4. Iamwatchingthefarmers.5. Iamwatchingthepoets.6. Iamwatchingthesailorandthefarmers.7. Iamwatchingthefarmer.8. Youareapoet.9. Heisasailor.10. Thepoetsarefarmers.

LESSON26

1. Iamwatchingthestar.2. Iamnotwatchingthestars.3. Iamwatchingthestar.4. Iamwatchingthestars.5. Theyaresailors.6. Y’allarenotfarmers.7. Wearepoets.8. Iamwatchingboththefarmersandthesailors.9. Thesailorisnotapoet.10. Youareafarmer.

LESSON27

1. Iamwatchingthemoon.2. Iamwatchingthestars.3. Iamwatchingboththemoonandthestars.4. Iamwatchingboththestarsandthemoon.5. Themoonisnotastar.6. HeisapoetandIamafarmer.7. Iamwatchingthesailors.8. Y’allarenotfarmers.9. Wearepoets.10. Thefarmersarepoets.

LESSON28

1. Youarewatchingthemoon.2. Youarewatchingthestars.3. Youarewatchingboththemoonandthestars.4. Youarewatchingboththesailorsandthefarmers.5. Iamwatchingboththesailorsandthefarmers.6. Iamnotwatchingthestars.7. Wearenotpoets.8. Youareafarmer.9. Theyarenotfarmers.10. Thesailorisnotapoet.

LESSON29

1. Heiswatchingthemoon.2. Thesailoriswatchingthestars.3. Heiswatchingthestarsandthemoon.4. Thefarmerisnotwatchingthestars.5. Thefarmeriswatchingthesailor.6. Youarewatchingthemoon.7. Iamwatchingboththepoetandthefarmer.8. Y’allarenotfarmers.9. Heisafarmer.10. Thesailorsarepoets.

LESSON30

1. Wearewatchingthefarmers.2. Wearenotwatchingthepoet.3. Heiswatchingthestars.4. Youarewatchingboththemoonandthestars.5. Theyarenotsailors.6. Iamnotwatchingthemoon.7. YouareafarmerandIamasailor.8. Thepoetisafarmer.9. Youarenotasailor.10. Wearepoets.

LESSON31

1. Y’allarewatchingthestar.2. Y’allarewatchingthefarmers.3. Y’allarewatchingthesailors.4. Wearewatchingthemoon.5. Thefarmeriswatchingthepoet.6. Youarewatchingboththemoonandthestars.7. Heisnotwatchingthesailors.8. Wearefarmers.9. Y’allarenotsailors.

10. Heisafarmer.

LESSON32

1. Theyarewatchingthepoets.2. Thepoetsarewatchingthestars.3. Thesailorsarewatchingboththemoonandthestars.4. Youarewatchingthefarmer.5. Iamwatchingthemoon.6. Y’allarewatchingthesailor.7. Theyarefarmers.8. Iamnotasailor.9. Youareafarmer.10. Thefarmerisapoet.

LESSON34

1. Ioftenwatchthestars.2. Theyoftenwatchthestars.3. Youoftenwatchthepoet.4. Heisapoet.5. Y’allarefarmers.6. Thepoetisnotafarmer.7. Weoftenwatchboththemoonandthestars.8. Thefarmersarepoets.9. Wearepoets.10. Y’alldonotoftenwatchthemoon.

LESSON35

1. Iamcountingthestars.2. Youarecountingthestars.3. Thesailoriscountingthestars.4. Weoftencountthestars.5. Y’allarecountingthesailors.6. Thesailorsoftencountthestars.7. Thefarmersarenotpoets.

8. Theyaresailors.9. Wearefarmers.10. Youareapoet.

LESSON36

1. Iamcountingthemoney.2. Weoftencountthemoney.3. Theyarewatchingthemoon.4. Y’allarecountingthemoney.5. Iamafarmer.6. Thesailorsoftencountthestars.7. Thefarmeriscountingthemoney.8. Y’allarepoets.9. Thesailorisnotafarmer.10. Youoftencountthemoney.

LESSON37

1. Iamcarryingmoney.2. Wearecarryingmoney.3. Boththesailorsandfarmersarecarryingmoney.4. Heoftencarriesmoney.5. Y’allarenotpoets.6. Y’allarecarryingmoney.7. Youoftencarrymoney.8. Youarecountingthestars.9. Theyarefarmers.10. Heisasailor.

LESSON38

1. Sheisawoman.2. Wearewomen.3. Iamawoman.4. Thewomaniscarryingmoney.5. Theyarenotcarryingmoney.

6. Heisafarmer.7. Idonotoftencountthemoney.8. Youareafarmer.9. Thesailorsarepoets.10. Wearewatchingthemoon.

LESSON39

1. Ialwayscarrymoney.2. Youalwayscarrymoney.3. Thesailorsalwayswatchboththemoonandthestars.4. Thewomanoftencountsthemoney.5. Youarenotafarmer.6. Theyarewomen.7. Y’allalwayscarrymoney.8. Sheisawoman.9. Y’allaresailors.10. Weoftenwatchthestars.

LESSON40

1. Iamcarryingawritingtablet.2. Youarecarryingwritingtablets.3. Thepoetsalwayscarrywritingtablets.4. Thewomenoftencarrymoney.5. Themoonisnotastar.6. Wearecountingthemoney.7. Y’allarewatchingboththestarsandthemoon.8. Y’allarewomen.9. Thewomaniswatchingthemoney.10. Youareawoman.

LESSON41

1. Iamcarryingwater.2. Thewomenarecarryingwater.3. Thepoetoftencarriesawritingtablet.

4. Theyarenotcarryingwater.5. Y’allarecountingthemoney.6. Thesailorsoftenwatchthewater.7. Wealwayscountthemoney.8. Wearenotpoets.9. Theyaresailors.10. Youarenotafarmer.

LESSON42

1. Y’allaregirls.2. Thegirlsarecountingthemoney.3. Wearecountingthegirls.4. Theyarenotpoets.5. Thegirlsoftencountthestars.6. Thepoetalwayscarrieswritingtablets.7. Iamawoman.8. Y’allarewatchingthefarmers.9. Thegirliscarryingwater.10. Youarewatchingthemoon.

LESSON43

1. Thewomendonotlikethefarmer.2. Thegirllovesthesailor.3. Welovethepoet.4. Iloveboththemoonandthestars.5. Thegirloftencarrieswater.6. Iamagirl.7. Y’allalwayscarrymoney.8. Wearewomenandtheyaregirls.9. Iamnotasailor.10. Wearecountingthestars.

LESSON44

1. Ilovetheforest.

2. Thegirlslovetheforest.3. Thesailordoesnotliketheforest.4. Y’alllovetheforest.5. Wearesailorsandy’allarefarmers.6. Wealwayscarrywritingtablets.7. Ioftencarrywater.8. Thegirliswatchingthesailors.9. Wearewatchingthemoon.10. Thefarmerisapoet.

LESSON45

1. Thesailorlovesboats.2. Youloveboats.3. Thegirliswatchingboththeboatsandthesailors.4. Thesailorsoftencounttheboats.5. Y’allarecountingthestars.6. Youareawoman.7. Theboatiscarryingthesailors.8. Theyaregirls.9. Y’alllovetheforest.10. Wearenotcarryingwater.

LESSON46

1. Inevercarrywater.2. Thewomannevercarrieswritingtablets.3. Thesailorsalwayswatchtheboats.4. Ialwayscountthemoney.5. Youneverwatchthemoon.6. Y’alloftenwatchthestars.7. Thegirllovestheforest.8. Y’allarepoets.9. Wearesailorsandweloveboats.10. Iamnotasailor.

LESSON47

1. IamafarmerandIlovethesoil.2. Thefarmerslovethesoil.3. Thesailordoesnotlikethefarmer.4. Thesailorlovesboats.5. Theylovetheforest.6. Y’allarewatchingboththemoonandthestars.7. Heisnotafarmer.8. Younevercarryawritingtablet.9. Youoftencountthemoney.10. Youareagirl.

LESSON48

1. IamafarmerbutIloveboats.2. Thewomaniscarryingmoneybutthegirlsarecarryingwater.3. IamasailorbutIdonotlikeboats.4. Thefarmerisapoet.5. Thefarmerdoesnotliketheforest.6. Theyarewatchingtheboats.7. Thegirlsnevercarrywater.8. Thesailorlovestheforest.9. Wearecountingthestars.10. Youarenotafarmer.

LESSON49

1. Iamplowingthesoil.2. Thefarmersareplowingthesoil.3. Thegirloftenplowsthesoil.4. Youneverplowthesoil.5. Thesailorsloveboats.6. Wearefarmersbutweloveboats.7. Youarenotapoetbutyouoftencarrywritingtablets.8. Y’allarefarmersbuty’allneverplowthesoil.9. Theyaresailorsbutwearepoets.10. Thepoetsalwayscarrywritingtablets.

LESSON50

1. Wearewalking.2. Thewomaniswalking.3. Thesailorsarecarryingmoney.4. Y’alldonotoftenplowthesoil.5. Thesailorsoftencountthemoney.6. Iamwatchingthemoonbutyouarewatchingthestars.7. YouareasailorbutIamapoet.8. Wearenotcarryingwritingtablets.9. Thewomenlovetheforest.10. Theyaresailorsbuttheydonotlikeboats.

LESSON51

1. Iamwalkingtotheforest.2. Thesailorsarewalkingtotheboats.3. YouarewalkingtotheforestbutIamwalkingtothewater.4. Wearecarryingthemoneytotheboat.5. Theyarecarryingtheboattothewater.6. Thefarmeralwaysplowsthesoil.7. Youneverwalktotheforest.8. IlovethesoilbutIamnotafarmer.9. Theyarepoetsbuttheynevercarrywritingtablets.10. Iamnotawoman.

LESSON52

1. Iamwalkingtotheseashore.2. Thesailoriswalkingtotheseashore.3. Ilovetheseashore.4. Wearewalkingtotheseashore.5. Thegirlsoftenwalktotheforest.6. Youareasailorbutyoudonotlikeboats.7. Y’allarenotfarmersbuty’alloftenplowthesoil.8. Youoftencarryawritingtablet.9. Thegirliswalkingtotheseashore.10. Heisnotapoet.

LESSON53

1. Wearewalkingtothehouse.2. Thefarmeriscarryingwatertothehouses.3. Theyarewalkingtothehouse.4. Weloveboththeseashoreandtheforest.5. Wearepoetsbutwedonotcarrywritingtablets.6. Thefarmersareplowingthesoil.7. Theyarepoets.8. Youarenotasailor.9. Thesailorsarepoets.10. Theyarewalkingtotheseashore.

LESSON55

1. Isailoften.2. Thepoetneversails.3. Thesailorsaresailing.4. Y’allarewalkingtothehouse.5. Wearenotwalkingtotheseashore.6. Y’allaresailingbutwearewalking.7. Y’allaresailorsbutwearepoets.8. Thegirllovestheforest.9. IdonotlikeboatsandIdonotlikethewater.10. Youareasailorbutyouneversail.

LESSON56

1. Iamsailingtotheisland.2. Theyoftensailtotheisland.3. Thesailorsoftensailtotheislands.4. Thewomanlovestheislandsbutshedoesnotlikeboats.5. Youdonotoftensailtotheisland.6. Theboatsaresailingtotheisland.7. Y’allarecarryingtheboattotheseashore.8. IamasailorbutIneversail.9. Thefarmerdoesnotlikethehouse.10. Theyarecountingthemoney.

LESSON57

1. Iamsailingaroundtheisland.2. Weoftenwalkaroundtheforest.3. Thesailorsalwayssailaroundtheisland.4. Wearewalkingtothehouse.5. IamnotafarmerbutIoftenplowthesoil.6. Youarenotapoetbutyoualwayscarrywritingtablets.7. Youoftenwatchboththestarsandthemoon.8. Thesailorlovesboats.9. Wearenotfarmersbutwelovethesoil.10. Iloveboththeseashoreandtheforest.

LESSON58

1. Iamswimmingtotheisland.2. Thesailorsareswimmingtotheisland.3. YouareswimmingbutIamwalking.4. IlovethewaterbutIneverswim.5. Thewomanoftenswimsaroundtheisland.6. Thesailorisswimmingtotheboat.7. Y’allarefarmers.8. Wearesailingaroundtheislands.9. Y’allalwayswalktotheforest.10. Thegirllovesboatsbutsheisnotasailor.

LESSON59

1. Theyarewalkingneartheseashore.2. Thehouseisnotneartheforest.3. Wearesailingneartheislands.4. Theboatsneversailaroundtheislands.5. Youareneartheforest.6. Ialwayswatchtheboats.7. Thewomenandthegirlsareneartheforest.8. Y’allarecarryingwater.9. Wealwaysswimneartheisland.10. Heisnotasailorbuthelovesboats.

LESSON60

1. Ilovethehomeland.2. Wearesailingtothehomeland.3. Thesailorlovesthehomeland.4. Theboatiscarryingthesailorstothehomeland.5. Thewomanisswimmingaroundtheisland.6. Thehomelandisanisland.7. YoulovetheseashorebutIlovetheforest.8. Thesailorsarewatchingthestarsandthemoon.9. Y’allarenotfarmers.10. Thehouseisnearthewater.

LESSON61

1. Ioftenlongforthehomeland.2. Thefarmersarelongingforwater.3. Thewomenarelongingfortheseashore.4. Thegirlisswimmingtotheseashore.5. Theboatsaresailingaroundtheisland.6. Thefarmerlovesthesoil.7. Youarenotapoet.8. Y’allalwayswantmoney.9. Thefarmernevercarriesawritingtablet.10. Weareneartheisland.

LESSON63

1. Iaminthehouse.2. Thesailorisontheisland.3. Thesailorsarenotintheboat.4. Weareontheisland.5. Thefarmeriswalkingaroundthehouse.6. Weoftensailtotheisland.7. Thewomanisinthehousebutthefarmeriswalkingintotheforest.8. Wearelongingforthehomeland.9. Thegirlisswimmingneartheisland.10. Youarenotapoetbutyoucarrywritingtablets.

LESSON64

1. Thefarmersareinthehouses.2. Thesailorsarenotintheboats.3. Thesailoriscarryingtheboatintothewater.4. Theboatsareinthewater.5. Thesailorisontheisland.6. Thesailorissailingtothehomeland.7. IamnotasailorbutIloveboats.8. Thegirlsalwayswalktotheseashore.9. Y’alloftenswimneartheisland.10. Thesailorwantsaboat.

LESSON65

1. Theschoolisintheforest.2. Thegirlsarewalkingtotheschool.3. Thegirlisintheschool.4. Thegirliscarryingawritingtablettotheschool.5. Youareasailorbutyoudonotlikeboats.6. Iamasailorbutyouareafarmer.7. Wearesailingtotheislandsbutwearelongingforthehomeland.8. Wearefarmersbutweneverplowthesoil.9. Theboatisinthewater.10. Y’allareintheboatsbutIaminthewater.

LESSON66

1. Therearegirlsinthehouse.2. Thereisaboatneartheseashore.3. Ineverswimneartheisland.4. Y’allarelongingfortheforestbutwelikeboats.5. Youdonotliketheislands.6. Therearebothfarmersandwomeninthehouses.7. Thepoetlovesthelandandthewater.8. Thewomenoftenwalkintheforests.9. Thereismoneyintheboat.10. IamnotafarmerbutIlovethesoil.

LESSON67

1. Wewalktotheseashoredaily.2. Thesailorssailaroundtheislanddaily.3. Thefarmerplowsthesoildaily.4. Thegirlswalktotheschooldaily.5. Wecarrywatertothehousesdaily.6. Therearesailorsontheislands.7. Y’allarepoetsbutwearefarmers.8. Y’allarewatchingthemoonbutwearewatchingthestars.9. YouarelongingforthehomelandbutIamlongingfortheislands.10. Thepoetiswalkingintothehouse.

LESSON68

1. Thegirliswalkingfromthehousetotheschool.2. Theboatssailfromtheislandtothehomelanddaily.3. Thewomancountsthemoneydaily.4. Therearefarmersinthehouse.5. Wearesailingfromtheislandtothehomeland.6. Thesailorsarenotontheisland.7. Wewalktotheseashoredaily.8. Iamsailingaroundtheisland.9. Y’allarefarmersbuty’allneverplowthesoil.10. Thewomaniscarryingwritingtablets.

LESSON69

1. Thewomanisinthehousewiththegirls.2. Thefarmerisnotwiththesailors.3. Iamwalkingtotheseashorewiththesailors.4. Thewomenareintheboatwiththesailors.5. Thegirlswalkfromtheschooltotheseashoredaily.6. Heisafarmer.7. Thesailorsareintheboatsandontheisland.8. IlovethesoilbutIamnotafarmer.9. Thegirlsarewalkingintotheschoolwithwritingtablets.10. Iamintheboatbutyouareinthewater.

LESSON70

1. Wearewalkingintotheshop.2. Thegirlswalkfromtheschooltotheshopdaily.3. Themoneyisintheboatwiththesailors.4. Iamlongingforthehomeland.5. Therearesailorsintheboats.6. Theboatoftensailsaroundtheisland.7. Y’allaresailorsbuty’alldonotlikethewater.8. Youneverswiminthewater.9. Thepoetalwayscarrieswritingtablets.10. Wearenotneartheforest.

LESSON71

1. Thewomanneverwalkstotheshopwithoutmoney.2. Thesailorsareontheislandwithoutaboat.3. Youareasailor.4. ThegirlsareontheislandbutIamintheboat.5. Thesailorisontheislandbutheislongingforthehomeland.6. Thepoetwalkstotheseashoredaily.7. Thefarmerlovesthehomeland.8. Wearewalkingfromtheschooltotheseashore.9. Y’allneverplowthesoilbutIplowthesoildaily.10. Thewomaniswalkingintotheforestwiththegirls.

LESSON73

1. Thesailor’smoney2. Thefarmer’shouse3. Weareinthesailor’sboat.4. Youarecarryingthefarmer’smoney.5. Thegirlwalkstothefarmer’shousedaily.6. Wearecarryingtheboatfromthehousetotheseashore.7. Welovetheislandsbuty’alllovetheforest.8. Thepoetisinthehousewiththefarmers.9. Weneverwalktotheshopwithoutmoney.10. Thesailorsaresailingaroundtheisland.

LESSON74

1. Thesailors’homeland2. Thegirls’school3. Iamcarryingthepoets’writingtablets.4. Thewomenandthegirlsareintheboatwiththesailors.5. Thepoetiscountingthestars.6. Thewomenaresailingaroundtheislandinboats.7. Thefarmer’smoneyisintheforest.8. Thegirliswalkingfromtheschooltotheshop.9. Youlovetheforestbutthegirlslovetheseashore.10. Y’allareinthewaterwithoutaboat.

LESSON75

1. Thefarmer’sfamilyisinthehouse.2. Thesailors’familiesareontheisland.3. Thewoman’sfamilyisintheforest.4. Thesailorsoftensailtothehomelandwithmoney.5. YouareapoetbutIamafarmer.6. Ineverwalkintotheshopwithoutmoney.7. Y’allsailtotheislanddaily.8. Y’allarenotneartheisland.9. Weareontheislandwithoutboats.10. Thefarmersarelongingforthehomeland.

LESSON76

1. Ilovethefarmer’sstories.2. Thegirlsdonotlikethesailor’sstory.3. Thefarmerlikesthesailors’boats.4. Thegirlisintheschoolbutsheislongingfortheseashore.5. Thesailorsarecarryingtheboattothewater.6. Thefarmer’sfamilyiswalkingtotheshop.7. Thesailorsareontheislandwithoutboatsandwithoutmoney.8. YounevercarrywaterbutIalwayscarrywater.9. Wealwaysplowthesoilbuty’allarealwaysinthehouse.10. Wearenotsailingaroundtheisland.

LESSON77

1. Youareaninhabitantoftheisland.2. Thereareinhabitantsontheislands.3. Theinhabitantsoftheislandsareswimminginthewater.4. Thesailorsarewatchingtheinhabitantsoftheisland.5. Theinhabitantsoftheforestwalktotheseashoredaily.6. Theinhabitantsoftheforestlovestories.7. Thepoet’sfamilyislongingforthehomeland.8. Thegirlscarrywritingtabletstoschooldaily.9. Thegirlsarewalkingintothehouse.10. Youaresailingtotheislandwiththesailors.

LESSON78

1. Iamtellingastory.2. Thefarmeristellingastory.3. Thesailorsaretellingstories.4. Welovethesailor’sstories.5. Thesailorsareontheislandandtheyaretellingstories.6. Theinhabitantsoftheislandareswimmingneartheseashore.7. Boththefarmerandthepoetarewalkingtotheshop.8. Y’allloveboatsbuty’allarenotsailors.9. Theboatiscarryingthesailors’familiestotheisland.10. Thesailors’boatisinthewater.

LESSON79

1. money(directobject)friend(indirectobject)2. money(directobject)charity(indirectobject)3. example(directobject)class(indirectobject)4. curtains(directobject)house(indirectobject)5. seeds(directobject)garden(indirectobject)6. sandwiches(directobject)us(indirectobject)7. story(directobject)judge(indirectobject)8. song(directobject)audience(indirectobject)9. copies(directobject)everyone(indirectobject)10. shirt(directobject)me(indirectobject)

LESSON80

1. Iamtellingastorytothesailor.2. Thepoetistellingastorytothefarmer.3. Thegirlsaretellingstoriestothepoet.4. Thesailor’sboatisinthewater.5. Theinhabitantsoftheislandsoftenswiminthewater.6. Thegirls’schoolisnotintheforest.7. YouareafarmerbutIamapoet.8. Thefarmer’sfamilyisinthehouse.9. IlovethehomelandbutIamsailingtotheisland.10. Weareinhabitantsoftheforestbutwelovetheseashore.

LESSON81

1. Wearetellingstoriestothesailors.2. Thesailoristellingastorytothefarmers.3. Thepoetsaretellingastorytothegirl.4. Thewomenareintheforest.5. Theinhabitantsoftheislandsloveboats.6. Thepoetiswalkingintotheshopwithoutmoney.7. Youalwayscarrymoney.8. Thesailorsaresailingaroundtheislandinboats.9. Thegirlsareintheschoolbut theyarelongingforboththeseashoreandtheforest.

10. Wealwaysplowthesoilbuty’allarealwaysintheforest.

LESSON82

1. Iamgivingmoneytothefarmer.2. Thepoetisgivingwritingtabletstothegirls.3. Wearegivingwatertotheinhabitantsoftheisland.4. Thewomanisgivingwritingtabletstothegirls.5. Wearetellingstoriestothesailors.6. Iamswimmingfromtheboattotheisland.7. Thesailors’boatisinthewater.8. Thegirlsalwayslovestories.9. Y’allarewomen.10. Y’alloftenplowthesoil.

LESSON84

1. Ilovetheseashoreandtheforest.2. Thewomenandthegirlsarewalkingtotheseashore.3. Y’alloftencarrymoneyandwritingtablets.4. Iamwatchingthestarsandthemoon.5. Thepoetistellingastorytothesailors.6. Wearenotnearthehomeland.7. Wedonotoftenwalktotheseashore.8. Wewalktotheschoolwiththegirlsdaily.9. Thesailorlovesthehomelandbutheissailingtotheislands.10. Youalwaysgivemoneytothepoet.

LESSON85

1. Thefarmerisbuildingahouse.2. Iambuildingahouseandaboat.3. Y’allarebuildingahouseontheisland.4. Thepoetisgivingmoneytothesailors.5. Thegirlsalwayscarrywritingtabletstoschool.6. Thewomanisinthehousebutthefarmerisintheforest.7. Youareasailorbutyoudonotlikethewater.8. Wearebuildinghousesneartheseashore.9. Thesailors’boatisontheisland.10. Y’allarefarmers.

LESSON86

1. Iamguardingthehouses.2. Thesailorsareguardingtheislandandtheboats.3. Weareguardingthefarmer’shouse.4. Y’allarebuildinghousesandboats.5. Theboatissailingtotheislandwithoutsailors.6. Thepoetiswalkingtotheshopwithoutmoney.7. Theboatsarecarryingthesailorsfromtheislandtotheseashore.8. Y’allaretellingstoriestothegirlsbutIambuildingahouse.9. Thefarmersaregivingwatertothesailor.10. Thehouseisnotneartheforest.

LESSON87

1. Iamworkinginthehouse.2. Thewomenandthegirlsareworkingintheforest.3. Iamcarryingwaterbuty’allarenotworking.4. Weareworkingbuty’allareswimminginthewater.5. Thegirlisworkingwiththefarmers.6. Youarelongingforthehomeland.7. Wenevergivemoneytothepoets.8. YouareinthewaterbutIamintheboat.9. Iambuildingahouse.10. Thesailorisnotinthefarmer’shouse.

LESSON88

1. towash2. toplay3. Thissentencedoesnotcontainaninfinitive.4. tobe5. toforgive6. toreturn7. toplay8. Thissentencedoesnotcontainaninfinitive.9. tobuy10. Thissentencedoesnotcontainaninfinitive.

LESSON89

1. Ilovetowatchtheboats.2. Idonotliketoplowthesoil.3. Thegirlsdonotwanttowalktoschool.4. Thesailorslovetosailtotheislands.5. Thegirlswanttowalkintotheforest.6. Wewanttobuildhousesneartheseashore.7. Thesailoristellingstoriestothefarmers.8. Weareworkinginthefarmers’house.9. Iamgivingmoneytothegirls.10. Weareguardingthehousesandtheboats.

LESSON90

1. Iamabletoswim.2. Iamnotabletocarrytheboat.3. Iamabletosailtotheisland.4. Iamnotabletowalktotheisland.5. Iamnotabletoswimintheforest.6. Theinhabitantsoftheforestsareguardingthehouses.7. Wewanttosailtothehomeland.8. Thepoetlovestotellstoriestothegirls.9. Ilovetocountthemoneydaily.10. Thesailor’smoneyisintheboat.

LESSON91

1. Youarenotabletoswimtotheisland.2. Weareabletowalktotheforest.3. Y’allarenotabletoswimtotheisland.4. Iamnotabletobuildaboatwithoutmoney.5. Thesailoroftentellsstoriestothegirls.6. Thesailors’boatisneartheseashore.7. Thegirlsareworkinginthehouse.8. Thegirls’schoolisneartheforest.9. Ilovetowatchtheboats.10. Thesailorsareguardingtheislands.

LESSON93

1. Ihavemoney.2. Youhaveaboat.3. Thepoethasawritingtablet.4. Wedonothavemoneybutthesailorshavemoney.5. Y’allhavemoney.6. Wearenotabletosailaroundtheisland.7. Youwanttobuildahouseneartheseashore.8. Thepoetistellingastorytothefarmersandsailors.9. Theinhabitantsoftheislandsoftenswiminthewater.10. Y’allarenotabletosailtotheisland.

LESSON94

1. IhaveaboatbecauseIamasailor.2. Weplowthesoilbecausewearefarmers.3. IamwatchingthemoonandthestarsbecauseIamasailor.4. Thepoetistellingastorytothegirlsbecausethegirlslovestories.5. Thefamilyisintheboatbecausetheywanttosailtothehomeland.6. Y’allarenotabletosailtothehomelandwithoutmoney.7. Thefarmers’housesareneartheforest.8. Thesailor’smoneyisintheboat.9. Thewomaniswalkingintotheshopwiththegirls.10. Wearegivingmoneytothepoet.

LESSON95

1. Therearebeastsintheforest.2. Thebeastsarenotabletobuildhouses.3. Wearenotabletoplowthesoilwithoutbeasts.4. Thebeastsoftheforestdonothavehouses.5. Youarenotapoet.6. Thegirlisgivingwatertothefarmers.7. IlovetoplowthesoilbecauseIamafarmer.8. Thesailor’sboatisontheisland.9. Wearenotabletoplowthesoilbecausewedonothavebeasts.10. Youarecarryingwritingtablets.

LESSON96

1. Idonotfearthebeasts.2. Theinhabitantsoftheislandfearthebeasts.3. Thegirliswalkingintheforestbecauseshedoesnotfearthebeasts.4. Iwanttowalkintheforestwiththebeasts.5. Thebeastsdonotfearthefarmers.6. Thebeastsdonotfearthesailorsbutthesailorsfearthebeasts.7. Wearegivingmoneytothepoetbecausehedoesnothavemoney.8. Youarenotabletosailtotheislandbecauseyoudonothaveaboat.9. Iaminthefarmer’shouse.10. IdonotlikethewaterbecauseIamnotabletoswim.

LESSON97

1. Welovethequeen.2. Theinhabitantsoftheforestsdonotfearthequeen.3. Thepoetistellingstoriestothequeen.4. Thequeenalwaysgivesmoneytothepoets.5. Thefarmersfearthebeastsoftheforest.6. Youarenotabletoswimbecauseyouareaninhabitantoftheforest.7. Thefarmer’sfamilyiswalkingtotheseashorebecausetheylovetoswim.8. Thesailorhasaboatbuthedoesnothavemoney.9. Iamnotabletobuildahousewithoutmoney.10. The girls are carrying writing tablets because they are walking to the

school.

LESSON98

1. Weseetheisland.2. Y’allarenotabletoseethequeen.3. IseebeastsdailybecauseIamaninhabitantoftheforest.4. Theinhabitantsoftheforestsdonotfearthebeasts.5. Wearenotabletoguardtheislandwithoutboats.6. Youarenotthequeen.7. Thefarmerhasahouseintheforest.8. Thesailorsfeartheinhabitantsoftheislands.9. Theboatsoftensailaroundtheisland.10. Beastsnevercarrymoney.

LESSON99

1. Thesailorislongingtostayontheisland.2. Thebeastsarestayingintheforest.3. Youarenotabletostayinthewater.4. IwanttoguardthehomelandbecauseIamthequeen.5. Thesailorsarestayingontheislandbecausetheydonothaveaboat.6. IseethestarsbutIamnotabletoseethemoon.7. Thesailorsdonotfearthewaterbecausetheyareabletoswim.8. Theinhabitantsoftheforestseebeastsdaily.9. Weneverwalkintotheshopwithoutmoney.

10. Y’allarenotabletotellstoriesbecausey’allarenotpoets.

LESSON101

1. Iamaman.2. Themanisaninhabitantoftheisland.3. Themanhasahousebuthedoesnothaveaboat.4. Themanfearsthebeasts.5. Themanistellingstoriestotheinhabitantsoftheislands.6. Themanwantstostayontheisland.7. Y’allarewalkingtotheshopbuty’alldonothavemoney.8. YouareamanbutIamawoman.9. Wearenotabletoseetheisland.10. Y’allaresailingfromthehomelandtotheisland.

LESSON102

1. Themenareinthehouse.2. Themenoftheislandareguardingtheboats.3. Themanisnotabletosailtotheislandwithoutaboat.4. Themanandthewomanoftenplowthesoil.5. Y’allarepoetsbuty’alldonotliketotellstories.6. Thebeastsoftheforestsdonotfearthefarmers.7. YouaresailingtothehomelandbutIamstayingontheisland.8. Weseethestarsbutwearenotabletoseethemoon.9. Thequeendoesnotfeartheinhabitantsoftheislands.10. Thequeenalwaysgivesmoneytothepoets.

LESSON103

1. Thebeastdoesnotfeartheman.2. Iseemenintheboat.3. Themanfearsthebeastsbutthebeastsdonotfeartheman.4. Themenarebuildinghouses.5. Themenneverhavemoney.6. IamnotabletobuildahousebutIoftenbuildboats.7. Iamwalkingtotheseashorewiththegirls.8. Thepoetistellingstoriestothegirl.

9. Themenoftheislandsoftengiveboatstothesailors.10. Wearestayingontheislandbecausewelovetheisland.

LESSON104

1. Theman’shouseisneartheseashore.2. Themen’sfamiliesaresailingtotheisland.3. Theman’sboatisontheisland.4. Themenintheboatsaresailors.5. Themanisbuildingahouseontheisland.6. Themenarenotplowingthesoilbecausetheydonotliketowork.7. Thepoetwantsawritingtabletbuthedoesnothavemoney.8. Thequeenisgivingmoneytothepoet.9. Thepoetwantstostaywiththequeen.10. Thegirliscarryingwritingtabletstotheschool.

LESSON105

1. Iamtellingastorytotheman.2. Thequeenisgivingmoneytothemen.3. Wewanttoworkintheforestwiththemen.4. Thegirloftengiveswatertothemen.5. Youarenotabletowalkfromthehomelandtotheisland.6. Themen’sboatisneartheseashore.7. Themenoftheforestdonotlikethefarmer.8. You are building a house on the island but I am building a house in theforest.

9. Thegirlswalkfromtheschooltotheshopdaily.10. Ineverwalkintotheschoolwithoutawritingtablet.

LESSON106

1. Iambuildingawall.2. Wearebuildingawallaroundthehouses.3. Themenarebuildingwalls.4. Thegirllovesthehomelandbutshewantstosailtotheislands.5. IamnotabletogivemoneytothemenandwomenoftheislandbecauseIdonothavemoney.

6. IamstayingwiththeboatsbecauseIfearthemenoftheislands.7. Y’alllovetobuildboatsbuty’alldonotliketosail.8. IaminthehousebecauseIfearthebeasts.9. Theboatisinthewaterwithoutsailors.10. Wearenotabletoguardthehomelandwithoutthequeen.

LESSON107

1. Thefarmersaredestroyingtheforest.2. Iamlongingtodestroythehousesandboatsoftheislands.3. You are not able to destroy the sailors’ boats because the sailors areguardingtheboats.

4. Themenarelongingtoguardthehomeland.5. Thebeastsoftheforestaredestroyingthehouse.6. Weareguardingthemenandwomenofthehomeland.7. Thequeenisnotabletogivemoneytothemanbecauseshedoesnothavemoney.

8. Theman’shouseisneartheseashore.9. Iwanttoswimfromtheislandtothehomeland.10. Wearewalkingtotheschoolwiththegirls.

LESSON108

1. Wearecarryingfood.2. IhavefoodbutIdonothavewater.3. Iamcarryingfoodandwater.4. The men are carrying food and water because they are walking to theforest.

5. Thewomenaregivingfoodtothepoetbecausehedoesnothavefood.6. Thesailorsdonothavefood.7. Themenoftheislandsaredestroyingthesailors’boats.8. Wearebuildingawallbecausewewanttoguardthehomeland.9. Thequeenalwaysgivesmoneytothemenoftheforest.10. Thebeastsoftheforestwantfood.

LESSON109

1. Theman’ssonisinthehouse.

2. Thesailorsaretellingstoriestothefarmer’sson.3. Thefarmers’sonsareplowingthesoil.4. Thesailor’ssonswanttosailtotheislands.5. Thegirlisgivingwatertothefarmer’ssons.6. Wearenotabletosailtotheislandwithoutfoodandwater.7. The queen wants to stay on the island because she fears the men of thehomeland.

8. IlovetoswimbecauseIdonotfearthewater.9. Youarenotabletosailtotheislandwithoutaboat.10. Themen’shousesareneartheseashore.

LESSON110

1. Theboyisthepoet’sson.2. Thepoetisgivingwritingtabletstotheboys.3. Theboysarecarryingwaterbuttheydonotliketoplowthesoil.4. Theboyswanttosailtotheislandbuttheydonothaveaboat.5. IamnotabletoworkintheforestbecauseIfearthebeasts.6. Wearenotabletoplowthesoilwithoutthefarmer’ssons.7. Wearetellingstoriestotheboys.8. Iwantfoodandwater.9. Theboysaresailingtotheislandwiththesailors.10. Themanisnotabletoseethemoonbecauseheisinthehouse.

LESSON111

1. Theboysareplowingthefieldsbecausethefarmerisnotabletowork.2. Thefarmer’ssonsarewalkingfromthehousetothefield.3. Theboyswantmoneybuttheydonotliketoplowthefields.4. Thebeastsoftheforestaredestroyingthefarmers’houses.5. Themenfearthebeastsbutthebeastsdonotfearthemen.6. Iwanttostayontheisland.7. Weare building awall around the houses becausewewant to guard themenandwomenofthehomeland.

8. Therearefarmersandboysinthefields.9. IamnotabletosailtotheislandbecauseIdonothaveaboat.10. Wearenotabletosailtotheislandwithoutthesailors.

LESSON112

1. Ihaveasword.2. Themenhaveswords.3. Themenandwomenhaveswordsbuttheyarenotabletoguardthefields.4. Theinhabitantsoftheislandshaveswordsbutwehaveboats.5. Weguardthefieldsandhousesdaily.6. Thebeastsoftheforestdonotfearthefarmer.7. Theboyisthequeen’sson.8. Youarenotabletostayontheislandbecauseyoudonothavefood.9. Thesailorsarewiththeinhabitantsoftheisland.10. Weguardthehomelanddailybecausewelovethequeen.

LESSON115

1. Iamwalkingintothetown.2. Thesailorsareinthetown.3. Themenwanttobuildawallaroundthetown.4. Thepoetistellingstoriestotheboysandgirlsofthetown.5. Themenwanttoguardthewallsofthetown.6. Themenofthetownhaveswords.7. Y’allareboysbutwearemen.8. Wecannotguardthetownbecausethetowndoesnothavewalls.9. Thefarmer’ssonneverplowsthefieldsbecausehedoesnotliketowork.10. Themenoftheforestneverbuildboats.

LESSON116

1. Iwantgold.2. Themenoftheforestdonothavegold.3. Wearesailingtothehomelandwithmoneyandgold.4. Thesailorsaredestroyingthetownsoftheislandbecausetheywantgold.5. Theboysandgirlsofthetowndonotliketoplowthefields.6. Weareguardingthetownbecausewefeartheinhabitantsoftheislands.7. Weoftengivefoodtothepoet’ssonsbecausetheydonothavemoney.8. Thepoetoftentellsstoriestothequeen’ssons.9. Thequeen’ssonhasmoneyandgoldbuthewantstoworkinthefieldswiththefarmers.

10. Youarenotabletoswimaroundtheisland.

LESSON117

1. Ilovesilverandgold.2. Thesailorsarecarryinggoldtothehomeland.3. Wearecarryingsilverfromtheboattothehouse.4. Theboysareworkinginthefieldswiththemenofthetown.5. Thequeenwantstodestroythetown.6. Theinhabitantsofthetownsfearthebeastsoftheforest.7. Y’allhavegoldandsilverbuty’alldonothavefood.8. Wecannotbuildhouseswithoutmoney.9. Thequeenwantstobuildawallaroundthetown.10. Theboysareswimmingbecausetheydonotliketowork.

LESSON118

1. Iamwatchingthesky.2. Therearestarsinthesky.3. Thesailorsalwayswatchthesky.4. Youareneverabletocountthestarsinthesky.5. Theislandhasgoldandsilver.6. Wearenotabletoseetheskybecauseweareinthehouse.7. Theinhabitantsofthetownsfearthebeasts.8. Iamstayinginthehouse.9. Youarenotabletosailtotheislandwithoutaboat.10. Theboatsarecarryingfoodtotheisland.

LESSON119

1. Wearegivinggiftstothequeen.2. Thegirlsandboysaregivinggiftstothesailors.3. Themenandwomenofthetownalwaysgivemoneytothequeen.4. Thegirlswanttogivegiftstothequeen.5. Thesailor’sgiftisintheboat.6. Thefarmer’ssonsareplowingthefieldsbecausetheywantfoodandmoney.7. Youarenotthequeen.8. Themoonisinthesky.

9. Iwanttostaywiththemenofthetown.10. Theboatsareneartheseashore.

LESSON122

1. Theboyhasashield.2. Iamguardingthequeenwithaswordandshield.3. Wehaveswordsandshieldsbecauseweareguardingthewallsofthetown.4. Wearenotabletoguardthehomelandwithoutswordsandshields.5. IlovesilverandgoldbutIdonothavemoney.6. Theinhabitantsofthehomelandarebuildinghouses.7. Iamsailingtotheislandbyboat.8. Themenofthetowndonotlikethequeen’sson.9. Wearelongingtoseethehomeland.10. Themenoftheislandswanttodestroythehomeland.

LESSON123

1. Themenarefightingwithswordsandshields.2. Idonotliketofight.3. Theinhabitantsoftheislandcannotfightbecausetheydonothaveswords.4. Wehaveswordsandshieldsbecauseweareguardingthetown.5. Ilovetowatchthestarsinthesky.6. Thequeen’ssonwantsasword.7. IamwalkingtotheseashorebecauseIwanttoseetheboats.8. Y’alldonothavefoodbecausey’allneverplowthefields.9. Youarethefarmer’ssonbutIamthesonofthequeen.10. Ialwayswatchthemoonandthestars.

LESSON124

1. Iamcarryingthewoodintothehouse.2. Iambuildingahousewithwood.3. Idonotliketocarrywood.4. Wearecarryingwoodfromtheforesttothetown.5. Iwanttoseethequeen.6. Themenareguardingthehomelandwithswords.7. Wearebuildingawallaroundthetownbecausewefearthebeasts.

8. Thesailorsarebuildingboatswithwood.9. Wearegivinggiftstothegirlsofthetown.10. Youarenotabletoplowthefieldswithoutfoodandwater.

LESSON125

1. Wearecarryingrocks.2. Wearebuildingawallwithrocksandwood.3. Themenarenotabletobuildahousewithoutwoodandrocks.4. Themenoftheislandaredestroyingthetownsofthehomeland.5. Wearecarryingrockstothetownbecausewearebuildingawall.6. Youdonothavefoodbecauseyoudonotliketowork.7. Themenofthehomelandfightwithswordsandshieldsdaily.8. Themenandwomenaregivinggoldandsilvertothequeen.9. Themenhaveswordsandshieldsbecause theyareguarding the townsofthehomeland.

10. YouaresailingtothehomelandbutIamstayingontheisland.

LESSON127

1. Thewomanisstrong.2. Themanisstrong.3. Thewoodisstrong.4. Thestrongboysareplowingthefields.5. Thestrongwomenarecarryingwater.6. Wearebuildingastrongwall.7. Iamstayingwiththestrongmenofthehomeland.8. Thestronggirloftencarrieswood.9. Themenandboysof the townarecarryingwoodandrocksbecause theywanttobuildastrongwall.

10. Youdonotfearthebeastbecauseyouhaveaswordandashield.

LESSON129

1. Thegirlsarehappy.2. Thesailorisnothappy.3. Thefarmerisplowingthefieldwiththestrongbeasts.4. Thepoetistellingstoriestothehappyboys.

5. Thefarmer’sfamilyishappybecausetheyhavefoodandmoney.6. Thefarmer’ssonsarestrongbuttheydonotliketowork.7. Ilovetowatchthestarsinthesky.8. Y’allarenotabletoplowthefieldswithoutstrongmen.9. Thegirlsarehappybecausetheyarewalkingtotheseashore.10. Thequeenisnothappybecausethebeastsaredestroyingthehomeland.

LESSON130

1. Thefarmer’ssonisabadboy.2. Thebadqueenwantstodestroythefarmers’houses.3. Thebadboysneverworkinthefields.4. Thepoetdoesnotlikebadstories.5. Thebadmenarenotabletodestroythetownbecauseweareguardingthetown.

6. Thestrongwomenarecarryingrocksfromthefieldstotheseashore.7. Wewanttoseethequeenbecausewedonothavefood.8. Thebadboysfightoften.9. Y’allarenotabletostayontheislandwithoutfoodandwater.10. Themenandwomenaregivinggiftstothequeen.

LESSON131

1. Thequeen’sbaddaughterwantstodestroythehomeland.2. Thefarmer’sdaughtersarestrongbecausetheycarrywaterdaily.3. Themenofthetownarebuildingahousewithwoodandrocks.4. Theboys of the homelanddonot like to fight but theywant to guard thehomeland.

5. Thefarmerisnothappybecauseheisnotabletoplowthefield.6. Wearebuildingahousewithwood.7. Thepoetistellingstoriestothefarmer’sdaughters.8. Iamguardingthesonsanddaughtersofthequeen.9. Thebadqueennevergivesgiftstothemenandwomenofthehomeland.10. Wearestrongbecausewehaveswordsandshields.

LESSON132

1. Thequeen’ssonisagreatman.

2. Thegreatmenofthehomelandareguardingthetown.3. Youarenotabletostayonthelargeislandbecauseyoudonothavefood.4. Thehomelandhasagreatqueen.5. Thesailorhasalargefamily.6. Thefarmer’shouseisnotlarge.7. Wearewatchingtheskybecausewelovetoseethestars.8. Thestrongboysareworkinginthefieldsbuttheyarenothappy.9. Thegreatbeastsoftheforestsaredestroyingthefarmers’houses.10. Thesailorsalwaysgivemoneytotheinhabitantsoftheisland.

LESSON133

1. Iwanttoconquerthegreatislandsbecausetheyhavesilverandgold.2. Thequeen’sbadsonsareconqueringtheforest.3. Weareconqueringtheinhabitantsoftheislandswithswordsandshields.4. Themenoftheislandsareconqueringthehomeland.5. Astrongwallisguardingthetown.6. Themen and women of the homeland are not happy because they neverhavefood.

7. Youarenotabletofightthegreatmenoftheforestwithoutfoodandwater.8. Wealwaysgivegiftstothequeenoftheislands.9. Thequeen’ssonsareguardingthetownsbecausetheylovethehomeland.10. IdonotliketoworkinthefieldsbutIplowthefieldsdaily.

LESSON134

1. Wehavemuchsilver.2. Wearenotabletoconquertheislandswithoutmanyboats.3. Thehomelandhasmanytowns.4. Iwanttobuildastrongwallwithlargerocks.5. Wearenotabletoplowthefieldswithoutmanyfarmers.6. Thesailorlovesthequeen’sdaughter.7. Thequeen’sdaughtersarehappybecausetheyhavemuchgold.8. Therearemanywomenontheisland.9. Wearegivingmanygiftstothequeen’sdaughters.10. Thequeenhasmanysons.

CLASSICALPRONUNCIATIONGUIDE

Thisabbreviatedguidetoclassicalpronunciationwillprovideafewofthemostimportant points to keep in mind when adopting a classical pronunciation ofLatin.

CONSONANTS

calwayssoundslikethecincat,neverlikethecinceilinggalwayssoundslikethegingarden,neverlikethegingelatinsisalwaysahissingsoundasinpass,neverazsoundasinistalwayssoundslikethetintime,neverashsoundlikethetinpromotion.valwayssoundslikethewinwild,neverlikethevinviolin

InLatin,theletteriisusedtwoways.First,itisusedasavowel(seevowelchartbelow).Second,itissometimesusedasaconsonantbeforeavowel.Whenyousee the letter ibeforeavowel, it sounds likeay.For instance, theLatinwordiamispronouncedyomm.InsomeLatintextbooks,theletteri isreplacedwiththeletterjwhenusedasaconsonant.So,theword iamwouldbewrittenjam,butstillpronouncedthesameway.

VOWELS

InLatin,thereareshortvowelsandlongvowels.Longvowelshaveamarkoverthem.Thismarkiscalledamacron.Shortvowelsdonothaveamark.

LONGVOWELS

āsoundsliketheainfatherēsoundsliketheainplayīsoundsliketheeinme

ōsoundsliketheoinnoūsoundsliketheuintube

SHORTVOWELS

asoundsliketheainartesoundsliketheeinnetisoundsliketheiinitosoundsliketheoinhotusoundsliketheuinput

DIPHTHONGS(COMBINATIONSOFVOWELS)

aeispronouncedlikethewordeyeauispronouncedliketheouinmouse

ECCLESIASTICALPRONUNCIATIONGUIDE

Thisabbreviatedguidetoecclesiasticalpronunciationwillprovideafewofthemost important points to keep in mind when adopting an ecclesiasticalpronunciationofLatin.

CONSONANTS

calwayssoundslikethecincat,exceptwhenitcomesbeforee,i,ae,oroe.Inthesecases,itsoundslikethechincheese.gsoundslikethegingardenwhenitcomesbeforeaconsonantorbeforea,o,oru.Whenitcomesbeforee,i,y,aeoroe,itsoundslikethegingelatin.gandntogethersoundlikethenyincanyon.rislightlyrolled.valwayssoundslikethevinviolin

VOWELS

The typeof ecclesiasticalpronunciationused in thisbookdoesnotdistinguishbetweenlongandshortvowelswithregardtoqualityofsound.

āandabothsoundliketheainfatherēandebothsoundliketheeinbetīandibothsoundliketheeinmeōandobothsoundliketheoinnoūandubothsoundliketheuintube

DIPHTHONGS(COMBINATIONSOFVOWELS)

aeispronouncedliketheeinbetauispronouncedliketheouinmouse

GLOSSARY

ā,abfrom(lesson68)actaseashore(lesson52)adto,toward(lesson51)aedificōIbuild(lesson85)agerfield(lesson111)agricolafarmer(lesson6)ambulōIwalk(lesson50)amōIlove,Ilike(lesson43)aquawater(lesson41)argentumsilver(lesson117)arōIplow(lesson49)aurumgold(lesson116)bestiabeast(lesson95)caelumsky(lesson118)casahouse(lesson53)cibusfood(lesson108)circumaround(lesson57)cotīdiēdaily(lesson67)cumwith(lesson69)deleōIdestroy(lesson107)dēsīderōIlongfor,Iwant(lesson61)dōIgive(lesson82)donumgift(lesson119)egoI(lesson5)esyouare(lesson11)estheis,sheis,itis,is,thereis(lessons13,14,66)estisy’allare(lesson18)etand(lesson8)fābulastory(lesson76)familiafamily(lesson75)fēminawoman(lesson38)fīliusson(lesson109)fīliadaughter(lesson131)

gladiussword(lesson112)habeōIhave(lesson93)inin,on,into(lesson63)incolainhabitant(lesson77)īnsulaisland(lesson56)labōrōIwork(lesson87)laetus,laeta,laetumhappy(lesson129)lignumwood(lesson124)lūnamoon(lesson27)māgnus,māgna,māgnumgreat,large(lesson132)malus,mala,malumbad(lesson130)maneōIstay(lesson99)multus,multa,multummany,much(lesson134)muruswall(lesson106)narrōItell(lesson78)nautasailor(lesson1)natōIswim(lesson58)nāvigōIsail(lesson55)nōnnot(lesson10)numerōIcount(lesson35)numquamnever(lesson46)oppidumtown(lesson115)patriahomeland(lesson60)pecūniamoney(lesson36)poētapoet(lesson12)portōIcarry(lesson37)possumIamable(lesson90)propenear(lesson59)puellagirl(lesson42)puerboy(lesson110)pugnōIfight(lesson123)-queand(lesson84)quodbecause(lesson94)rēgīnaqueen(lesson97)saepeoften(lesson34)saxumrock(lesson125)scaphaboat(lesson45)scholaschool(lesson65)scutumshield(lesson122)

sedbut(lesson48)semperalways(lesson39)servōIguard(lesson86)silvaforest(lesson44)sinewithout(lesson71)spectōIwatch(lesson24)stellastar(lesson26)sumIam(lesson3)sumusweare(lesson17)superōIconquer(lesson133)sunttheyare,are,thereare(lesson19,66)tabernashop(lesson70)tabulawritingtablet(lesson40)terraearth,land,soil(lesson47)timeōIfear(lesson96)videōIsee(lesson98)validus,valida,validumstrong(lesson127)virman(lesson101)

SUBJECTINDEX

A

ablative,lesson62ablativeofmeans,lesson121adjectives,lesson126adverb,lesson34article,lesson2

C

case,lesson54conjugation,lesson92

D

declension,lesson100definitearticle,lesson2directobject,lesson22,23

G

gender,lesson113genitive,lesson73genitivestem,lesson111

I

indefinitearticle,lesson2indirectobject,lesson79infinitive,lesson88

instrument,lesson120

M

means,lesson120

N

negative,lesson10neuternounsoftheseconddeclension,lesson114

P

PAINwords,lesson113,128person,lesson21plural,lesson15possessive,lesson72preposition,lesson51

S

seconddeclension,lesson101singular,lesson15subject,lesson7

V

verb,lesson9

W

wordorder,lesson4