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AYIDHA EZHUTHU INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TAMIL STUDIES

ISSN : 2278-7550 UGC - √_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔ \VMB√_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔ \VMB√_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔ \VMB√_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔ \VMB¬¬¬¬ zøs[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ÿ√u≈m zøs[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ÿ√u≈m zøs[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ÿ√u≈m zøs[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ÿ√u≈m

UGC RECOGNISED JOURNAL

UGC NO : 42330

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EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr.C.Thiyagarajan Tamil University, Thanjavur.

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Dr.K.Ramesh Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore.

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Dr.B.Sathiyamoorthy Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.

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Dr.P.Jayakrishnan Kerala University, Thiruvanandapuram.

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Dr.K.Sankaranarayanan Chennai University, Chennai. [email protected]

Dr.Alibhava Bharathidasan University, Trichy.

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Dr.S.Aranganathan Tamil Nadu Open University, Chennai.!

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Dr.S.Kavitha Tamil University, Thanjavur. [email protected]

ஆசி�ய� �

ைனவ� சி.தியாகராச� தமி�� ப�கைல�கழக�, த�சா�+�.

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ைனவ� க.இரேம� தி�வ��வ� ப�கைல�கழக�, ேவ��.

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ைனவ� ேபா.ச�திய��தி ம�ைர காமராச� ப�கைல�கழக�, ம�ைர.

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ைனவ� ப.ெஜயகி��ண� ேகரளா ப�கைல�கழக�, தி�வன த!ர�.

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ைனவ� கி.ச�கரநாராயண� ெச#ைன� ப�கைல�கழக�, ெச#ைன.

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ைனவ� உ.அலிபாவா பாரதிதாச# ப�கைல�கழக�, தி�$சி.

[email protected]!

ைனவ� $.அர�கநாத� தமி�நா& திற தநிைல� ப�கைல�கழக�,,ெச#ைன.

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ைனவ� ச.கவிதா தமி�� ப�கைல�கழக�, த�சா�+�.

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Dr.Manonmanidevi Annamalai

Sulthan Itrecue Kalviyal University, Malaysia.

Dr.Paramasivam Muthuswamy Malasyia University, Malasyia.

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R.F.Arooz Raapa International Campus, Sri Lanka.

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ADVISORY BOARD

M.Senthilkumar Periyar University, Salem.

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Dr.V.S.Sreenivasan Nandha Arts and Science College, Erode.

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Dr.T.K.Anuradha Trinity College For Women, Namakkal.

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Dr.R.Vijyarani Beshap Heeper College, Tirucherappalli.

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Dr.R.Nirmala Devi Vellalar Womens College, Erode.

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Dr.K.Gayathiri Government Arts College, Chidambaram.

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Dr.S.Kumaran University of Malaya,Malaysia.

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Dr.S.Senthilkumar Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar.

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Sellathurai Sutharsan University of Peradeniya, sri Lanka,.

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Dr.N.Sathya Government College For Women, Kumbakonam.

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Balasundaram Elayathamby Annamalai Canada Campus, Canada.

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Dr.S.Priya Government Arts College, Chidambaram.

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Dr.P.Senthilkumar Periyar University, Dharmapuri.

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ைனவ� மேனா�மணிேதவி அ&ணாமைல (�தா# இ*+( க�வியிய� ப�கைல�கழக�,

மேலசியா.

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R.F.அ)* ராபா ப#னா*& வளாக�, இல.ைக.

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ஆேலாசைன+ �

ம.ெச,தி-�மர� ெப/யா� ப�கைல�கழக�, ேசல�.

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ைனவ� ெவ.ச.சனீிவாச� ந தா கைல அறிவிய� க��/, ஈேரா&.

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ைனவ� தா.க.அ0ராதா 2/னி2 மகளி� க��/, நாம�க�.

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ைனவ� இரா.விஜயராணி பிஷ� ஹ6ப� க��/, தி�$சிரா�ப�ளி..

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ைனவ� நி�மலா ேதவி ேவளாள� மகளி� க��/, ஈேரா&.

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ைனவ� க.காய�� அர( கைல�க��/, சித�பர�. [email protected]

ைனவ� எ*.�மர� மலா7 ப�கைல�கழக�, மேலசியா.

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ைனவ� ச.ெச,தி- �மர� அ8ணாமைல�ப�கைல�கழக�, அ8ணாமைலநக�.

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ெச-ல�(ைர $த�ச� ேபராதைன� ப�கைல�கழக�, இல.ைக.

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ைனவ� நா.ச�யா அரசின� மகளி� க��/, :�பேகாண�.

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பால$,தர' இைளயத'பி அ8ணாமைல கனடா வளாக�, கனடா.

[email protected]

ைனவ� ச.பி�யா அர( கைல�க��/, சித�பர�.

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ைனவ� ெபா.ெச,தி-�மர� ெப/யா� ப�கைல�கழக�, த�ம!/.!

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A/C Name: PALLAVI PATHIPPAKAM. A/C Type : CA,

A/C No : 33679969977. Bank : STATE BANK OF INDIA,

Sathy Road, Erode -638 011. IFSC : SBIN0016100.!

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ohiVtmg<gl<ohiVtmg<gl<ohiVtmg<gl<ohiVtmg<gl<!!!!CONTENT

1. fx<xqj{bqz<!hijz!fqzk<kqe<!%x<X!d{i<k<kqbK

*\i/Ohe<̂ q!gqVjh\i/Ohe<̂ q!gqVjh\i/Ohe<̂ q!gqVjh\i/Ohe<̂ q!gqVjh - 1

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*ju/nVm<osz<uqju/nVm<osz<uqju/nVm<osz<uqju/nVm<osz<uq ....!!!! 5555!!!!

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6666/!/!/!/!klqp<!fitqkPl<!kjzbr<gLl<!

*N/Gpf<jkOuzN/Gpf<jkOuzN/Gpf<jkOuzN/Gpf<jkOuz<<<< ....!!!! 22226666!!!!

7777/!/!/!/!npgqb!ohvqbue<!Hjegjkgtqz<!kzqk<!Yv<jl!!!!

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9999/!/!/!/!hijzg<gzqbqz<!kjzuqbqe<!h{<Hfze<gt<!

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22222222/!/!/!/!Modernization of Lexical Usages in Tamil Language

*Dr.R.Kumarasamy ....!!!! 45454545!!!!

22223333/!/!/!/!lKjv!lium<ml<!Gl<lqh<!himz<gtqz<!.!Oux<Xjlk<!okimi<!fqjz!

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22227777/!/!/!/!Lotus Decoration of Jain Sculpture In Tamilnadu

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*Ljeui<!Ljeui<!Ljeui<!Ljeui<!-v/hiElkq-v/hiElkq-v/hiElkq-v/hiElkq ....!!!! 77777777!!!!

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35353535/!/!/!/!okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz<!osu<uqbz<!h{<Hgt<!

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*Ljeui<Ljeui<Ljeui<Ljeui<!!!!n/gO{se<n/gO{se<n/gO{se<n/gO{se< ....!!!! 94949494!!!!

38383838/!/!/!/!olipqgx<hqk<kzqz<!-zg<g{l<!gx<hqk<kz<!Okju!

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39393939/!/!/!/!Hxh<ohiVt<!ou{<hilijzbqe<!njlh<Hl<!sqxh<Hl<!!!!

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3:3:3:3:/!/!/!/!lKjvg<giR<sqbqz<!fqjzbijl!

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41414141/!/!/!/!Ofsl<!lxh<hkqz<jz!fiuz<!d{i<k<Kl<!oh{<{qb!fqjzh<hiM!

*n/nVt<olipqn/nVt<olipqn/nVt<olipqn/nVt<olipq ....!!!! :7:7:7:7!!!!

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gF> ®ø›mgF> ®ø›mgF> ®ø›mgF> ®ø›m ä ä ä ä √[™V‚|√[™V‚|√[™V‚|√[™V‚|›››› >taB_ gFs>µ - ( ∞©´_ ä 2019 ) >taB_ gFs>µ - ( ∞©´_ ä 2019 ) >taB_ gFs>µ - ( ∞©´_ ä 2019 ) >taB_ gFs>µ - ( ∞©´_ ä 2019 ) ISSN : 2278-7550 *1*

!!!!

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MODERNIZATION OF LEXICAL USAGES IN TAMIL

LANGUAGE

*Dr.R.Kumarasamy, Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai -625 021.

Introduction

Modernization is a current term for an old process viz., the process of social change where by under developed societies acquire characteristic common to well developed societies. This process is activated by international or inter- societal communication. Various terms have been used to denote the process, which affect the society at a particular time. During the British period the term Anglicization was used. After that a new term was evolved as Europeanization. During the period of Second World War the constriction of European Empires by American gave rise to the term Americanization of Europe and for the rest of the world it was westernization. This was removed by a new term, which was required for a global reference. In response to this the term ‘modernization’ evolved (Sills, 1968). Since the process of modernization touches as every aspect of social and cultural life of the people it is not surprising that various terms have been used to denote this (multifarious) and complex process. A popular term “westernization” points to the change of culture due to the European culture superiority. The term individualization points to the changing attitude of the individual in his social group, the term rationalization to the changing way of thinking the term industrialization to the swift from agricultural economy to an economy based on the industry of mass production, the secularization exposing the shift in the total social and cultural orientation from the holy external sphere of religion towards the profane life in this world.

Modernization in Tamil

Tamil has written from the century B.C onward. The earliest extant specimen of written Tamil - Brahmi inscriptions (inscriptions written in Brahmi script). The fist work available in literacy language is a grammar (Tolkappiyam 2nd century B.C) and literacy works are found from a data somewhat latter than this.

Western influence on the Tamil language from the 16th century through the work of Christian missionaries. Two important contributions were made 1. The introduction of printing and 2. The development of prose, which has formerly been employed only in commentaries of grammatical of literacy works as an independent genre, however, the modernization of Tamil seems to have started only from the beginning of this century (Irschick, 1969:30-31).The following results may be cited as evidence of the tendency towards modernization. The fist daily newspaper was published in 1899. In 1919 a Tamil scientific terms society was forwarded, and in the same year, Tamil has to be employed as a comparison (i.e. political comparison) language. The use of Tamil in the radio and cinema dates from the first quarter of third century. Tamil become the official language of the state in 1965. It was also introduced in 1960 as an alternative medium of instruction at collage level. This was responsible for the publication of books in Tamil on various science and arts subjects, and of glossaries of technical and administrative terms. However it is to be pointed out that fundamental things for planned development of the vocabulary in a systematic way are yet to be carried out.


Modernization of language

The term modernization is a borrowing in linguistics. This term has come into linguistic science through the western concepts, like industrialization, urbanization, etc. modernization taking place in the social level. Cultural and other advancements eventually paves way for language modernization. Modern mass media like movies. radio, newspaper, television etc play a vital role in shaping societies by direct cultural contacts. As common experience shows the cultural borrowing subsequent absorption of material and non- material values often tend to be linked with linguistic borrowing and hence linguistic change in taken place. Language is considered as the most essential means of communication in society as well as the most elaborated system symbols for the expression of cultural concepts. In order to understand modernization of language the social and cultural process of modernization must be analyzed. Ferguson (1966) has pointed out that languages in general and lexical terms in particular are expected to undergo the process of standardization and modernization. Standardization and

Modernizations are the two main processes of language planning. They are employed in order to make use of language and lexical items simple, easy, efficient and rational, in various formal domains of language use in a society. For the expansion of vocabulary, processes like,

I. Loan translation II. Loan blends

III. Loan words IV. Loan shift are employed.

Loan Translation

When there is a need for using native terms for a loan word due to the language attitudes of the speakers of a language, the usual practice is to take the technical terms and to translate them literally. What we arrive at in this process is known as loan translation. The structure and meaning of the loan translated words will be the same here.

Give below are some of the examples of loan translation in Tamil:

1. i�akkumti urimam - ‘import license’ 2. ulaka va�ki - ‘world bank’ 3. pa��a�ai utaviya:� - ‘ workshop attender’ 4. potu maruttuva manai - ‘general hospital’ 5. ci�aittu�ai - ‘jail department’ 6. ci�ai nu:lakam - ‘jail library’ 7. karuttara�ka a�ai - ‘seminar hall’ 8. cemma� - ‘red soil’ 9. ka:��u i�aive�i - ‘air gap’ 10. maiya va:yil - ‘main gate’ 11. viru�tinar illam - ‘guest house’ 12. tolaipe:ci - ‘telephone’ 13. tolaino:kki - ‘telescope’ 14. netunja:lai - ‘highway’

Loan blends

A loan blend is new idioms developed in the borrowing situation, in which both the word and loan shift mechanism are involved. The borrower imports part of the model and replaces part of it by something already in his own language. In loan blends both Tamil and tongue words are mixed. This can be seen in English and Sanskrit.

The following items are some of the examples for loan blends in Tamil use:


English Loan Blends

Nouns

1. po:lis + ka:rar ‘policemen’ 2. prayve:� + va��i ‘ private bus’ 3. ran + ka� ‘runs’ 4. va:�akai + bil�i�gu ‘ented building’

Verbs

1. are��u + pa��u ‘arrest’ 2. ork + cey ‘work’ 3. bihe:v + pa��u ‘behave’ 4. �e:ks + po:�u ‘tax’

Sanskrit Loan blends

Nouns

Sanskrit + Tamil

1. avasare + a�aippu ‘emergency call’ 2. parivarttanai + ma:��am ‘reciprocal transfer’ 3. prata:na + aluvalar ‘ chief officer’

Verbs

Sanskrit + Tamil

1. arccanai + pa��u ‘chant’ 2. paradam + a:�u ‘dance’ 3. viniyo:kam + cey ‘distribute’

Loan words

In loan words, the borrower may adopt the word along with the object or practice concerned. Here, the word may be adopted in the borrowing language according to its phonological structure.

English words

1. inspek�ar ‘inspector’ 2. ay ko:r��u ‘high court’ 3. o:��al ‘hotel’ 4. bo:nas ‘bonus’ 5. da:k�ar ‘doctor’ 6. �airak�ar ‘director’ 7. cinema: ‘cinema’ 8. ceyar ‘chair’ 9. kampani ‘company’ 10. relive: s�e:�an ‘railway station’ 11. reji:s�ra:r ‘registar’ 12. re:�iyo: ‘radio’ 13. sku:l ‘school’ 14. helika:p�ar ‘helicopter’


Sanskrit words

1. atika:ri ‘officer’ 2. a:�ce:pam ‘objection’ 3. piratiniti ‘representative’ 4. piratama ma�tiri ‘prime minister’ 5. mukya vi�ayam ‘impartant matter’ 6. niti amaiccar ‘finance minister’ 7. na�cattiram ‘star’ 8. na��am ‘lose’ 9. lo:k saba: ‘lok sabha’ 10. ra:��rapati “president” 11. sangi:tam ‘music’ 12. stalam ‘place’

Loan shift

When confronted with a new object or practice or concept for which words are needed to express the same, the borrower may not accept the donor’s words along with the new cultural item. Instead, he she may somehow adapt materials already in his her own language. The precise adaptation may be in one way or another patterned on the donor’s verbal behavior. In Tamil, the items given below are some of the examples for loan shift.

1. pe:ru�tu ‘bus’ 2. pu:�ka: ‘park’ 3. ka:lu�ai ‘socks’ 4. ka:lca��ai ‘pants’ 5. mitiva��i ‘cycle’

Conclusion

It is evident from the foregoing that lexical items of a language are constantly under flux according to the changing needs of the society. Also, it is evident that there are innumerable ways of enriching the vocabulary items of a language through processes such as loan adoption. loan translation and loan blending.

References

1. Fishman, J. -1972,Sociology of language in language and social context” ed. By pier Paola Giglioli, Penguin books Ltd, Harmandsworth.

2. Gumperz, J.J - 1972, Speech community in language and social context” ed. By pier Paola Giglioli, Penguin books Ltd, Harmandsworth.

3. Hudson, R.A. - 1980, Sociolinguistics, Bats ford Ltd, London. Hymes, D.H.1966 Lang uage in culture and society, A Harper Introduction Edition, New York.

4. Karunakaran, k - 1978, Studies in Tamil Sociolinguistics, Department of Linguistics, Annamalai Nagar.

5. Shanmugam, S.V. - 1980, Aspects of language development in Tamil, ITLA, Annamalai nagar.

6. Ramamoorthi,L - 1986, Modernization of Tamil Administration unpublished Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar.

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� sv{<bi! '!Lhivg<! nzqsv{<bi! '!Lhivg<! nzqsv{<bi! '!Lhivg<! nzqsv{<bi! '!Lhivg<! nzq?! 3118?! klqp<! dVheqbz<?! olipqbqbz<! dvib<U! jlbl<?!n{<{iljz!hz<gjzg<!gpgl</!!

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� Athithan A., 1989, Linguistic Structure in Tamil – A Historical Study, Publication Division, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.

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LOTUS DECORATION OF JAIN SCULPTURE IN TAMILNADU

*P.Andal, PhD. Research Scholar, School of Historical Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-21.

Jainism is one among the ancient religion in the world. It was believed to have been founded by the twenty four Theerthankara from Athinatha to Mahavira. Jainism was accepted as the religion of the people and king in south India. Jainism spread here and there all over Tamil Nadu during Sangam Age. More than huandred tamil inscriptions to found engraved either on the rock beds or at it’s surrounding of the natural caverns where the Jain monks stayed.1

Cave remains in Tamil Nadu and Kerala date the first two centuries of BCE. . Jain sculptures ancient tamillagam wit nerd svetambara and Digambara depiction in tamilnadu. Both the sects depicted among them Parshvanatha, Risbhanatha and Mahavira where prominent. This paper aims to bring tolight the lotus decoration found in jain sculpture across ancient and medieval tamil lagam.2

The Jain idols are mostly represent deities male - with the exception of Malli who is a female Jina. The Tirthankara are represented either seated in yoga posture or standing in the Kayotsarga posture. Parshvanatha statues are usually depicted with a snake crown on head, Bahubali statues are usually depicted covered with creepers. However, there are a few differences in Digambara and Svetambara depiction of sculptures. Digambara images are naked without any beautification whereas Svetambara are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments.3

LOTUS DECORATION OF JAINISM

Lotus is the national flower as well Vietnam . It was elevated to the

Level of symbol of worship Hindusm, Buddhism, and Jainism lt was also used as eminent motif of decoration. It greatest entered in to other culture japan ,Malaysia, Egypt, Nepal and mexico. In the influence lotus then prominently been scan in India. Literature, art, architecture, sculpture, philosophy, paintings and arts in India through the ages .

The greater pallavas (6th to 9th) century A.D pallava sculptures retain the same elongated, slender, pliant and graceful seen at Amaravati but the figures have become more sublime and disciplined.

The pallavas lay sublime greater stress on natural simplicity, which give their caving’s an immediate charm. They do not rely on subtleties Such as deep mysterious caves with their all or a sculptures of the same period. The earliest individual pallava statues are found at Mandagapattu, but the first narrative relief is the Gangadhara panel in the upper rock-cut cave at Ticuchirapali a noble creation of Pallava art.4


The front façade is supported on four pillars and two pilasters, thus forming five openings. The pillars are in usual Mahendra style, cubical top and bottom with intermediate octagonal shaft. The lower cubical part of the pillars are adorned with lotus medallions. However the upper cubical parts are having various designs in circles, instead of lotus medallions. This feature is seen only in this cave temple of temple of Mahendra.5 The faces of lower cubical part has lotus medallions while the faces of upper cubical part have various designs in circles. In these designs we find females, animals like, swan etc. The arrangement of this inner row is same as of the façade row of pillars.

The cave temple has simple pillars and sculptures of Jain Tirthankaras.6 The entry into the garbha-grihais flanked by two niches, which also have smaller size pilasters similar to the pillar design, with bold relief of lotus medallions carved on them. In the southern and northern sides of the ardhamantapam, niches are provided where the 23rdTirthankara parsvanatha and a Jain Acharya (teacher) are respectively carved in bas-relief Parsvanatha is shown seated in “the dhyana (meditative) pose cross-legged with the hands placed one over the other palms upwards resting on the folded legs”, a five-hooded serpent sheltering his head.

Above the three images in Aseena Mudhra (seated posture), paintings are also seen which are surmised to represent a canopy which is carved with carpet designs with striped borders and squares and circles of different sizes with lotus flower designs inscribed within the squares. The circles depict crosses with bulbous ends; the horizontal arm of the cross has depictions of human and lion figures. In the other areas, the ceiling has similar paintings as the lotus pond in the ardhamanata.7

An image of Tirthangara is chiselled out the niche of the panmalai cave. It is representedin ardapadmasana pose. His hand is found in dhyna madra. An inscription of Nanthivarman is dated in the 50th regal year found with Tirthangara image. This image is depicted in ardapadmasanana pose on the lion pedestal in the unfathomable devakosta with three umbrella above his head. Cauris are found in the both side of the image.

The ruined Jaina temple at chettippatti near Pudukkottai contains loose sculptures of Mahavira, parsvanatha,Chauri-bearers etc. Among them are the figure of Mahavira and the head of Parsvanatha are noteworthy. Mahavira is shown seated on a pedestal in dhyana posture, but without the usual creeper design, prabhavali and triple umbrella. The head of Parsvanatha is an exquisite 10th century specimen of early Chola workmanship having a smiling countenance, half-closed eyes, curly hair arranged in small circles, prominent nose and an elegant canopy of five hooded serpent above the head.10

That temple facing north has a garbhagriha, antarala, a navaranga and mukhamandapa. It is also provided with an entrance on the east. The door fame of the garbhagriha shows purna-ghatas and a full-blown lotus as the lalatabimba. The door frame of the antarala is having a jaina figure as the lalatabimba and dwarapalakas with bows in their hands at the bottom. The antarala has plain pillars remind chola style. The worship of Sarawati was equally popular among the Brahmins, Buddhists and jains. In jainsm, she is the Yakshini or Sasanadevi of Padmaprabha, the sixth Tirthankara. Thus, the worship of Saraswati is equally popular among jains. The sculpture of parsvanatha and padmavati are found erected in the navaranga. The sculpture of parsvanatha is quite identical with the presiding deity in depiction and sculptural style. The other one is identified Sasanadevi of parsvanatha. Some jaina texts give her a snake and cock as her vehicle, other give her a lotus seat. The sculpture is gracefully


carved. In Jainism, the legend of padamvati is associated with snakes. Her serpent and lotus symbols are well manifested in sculpture and. According to Bhattacharya, lotus is responsible for the origin of t her name, Padmavati.11 The Pandiyas of the Sangam age were liberal in their religion outlook and therefore, all religions including Jainism flourished their rule also. This evident from Maduraikkanchi and Silappadikaram referring to the existence of monasteries (caves) at the outskirts of Madurai. The Silappadikaram also mentions a shrine of a yakshi worshipped by the cowherdressmadari at Madurai. Most of the early Jaina caves, already referred to continue to there with religion activities under the Pandya’s. The history of Jainism in the Pandiya country can be traced back to a few centuries before the advent of the Christian era. Historical tradition is that at the close of the 4th century B.C king Chandragupta Mauraya of Magadha and a large gathering of the monks under the leadership of subsequently Bhadrabahu migrated to south into Tamil country and sowed the seeds Jainism.

There were more than 1000 Jaina in the pandya country. Kazhugumalai is a treasure trove of indescribably beautiful jain sculptures. An amazing sight confronted us we clambered up the hill. On a long rock surface were three rows of bas- reliefs of Tirthankaras, all seated in pedestals made of two of lotus flower. Blossomed lotuses formed the upper row while inverted lotuses formed the lower row. From nature caverns to rock-cut and structural temple; the changing context of jain religious tradition I TamilNadu. This bas- relief at Kazhugumalai has three rows of jain Tirthankaras seated on lotus pedestals.

These sculptures many assignable to know graphically be 7th- 8th centuries A.D From 8th century onwards a greater number of Tirthankara figures appeared especially in Pandiya Nadu. The advent of Jainism first appeared in Tamil Nadu during 5th to 4th century B.C. Tamil Nadu is one of the high yielding states of as sculptures, bronzes, copperplates, coins etc. Recently a few images have Jain images have been discovered from different parts of Tamil Nadu ranging from 1st-2 century to 13th century A.D. The use of the scroll as a decorative motif, the iconography of the god’s goddesses, the disposition of from and even minor details such as jewellery are common and interrelated features. It is also significant to note that both painting and sculptures of Karnataka and Tamilnadu of medieval period are inspired by the ideals and tradition of the jains.1 The latter was seen holding a lotus in her hand and surrounded by elephants performing Abhishek (ritual of pouring sacred water) to her jains consider a full- blown lotus as an auspicious symbol. As far as art and architecture are concerned, the lotus is extensively sculpted on stone.12 One such is a famous white statue of jain Sarasvati from pali that shows her standing on a lotus. The architectural features of the Sittanvasal cave include the painting and sculptures found within its precincts. The painting have been painted in fresco-secco technique with many mineral colours. The painting depict beautiful lotus pond with lotus flowers, people collecting lotuses from the pond, two dancing figures, lilies, fish and elephants. Lotuses spring up from imaginary ponds amid variegated greenery, under abluish sheen. In addition, inscriptions of the 9th and 10th century are also seen .the ceiling of the Ardhamandapam is decorated with murals from the 7th century. The cave temple has simple pillars and sculpture of jain Tirthankaras.13The decoration paintings in the ceiling of the sanctum and ardhamandapam of Aravirkoil through compared to the classical painting styles used in the Ajanta Caves but have minor variations in use of the materials for creating the paintings and also reported to provide a link between the Ajanta painting (4th- 6thcentury AD) and the chola painting of 11th century at Thanjavur. The ceiling have depiction of a lotus tank with nature looking images of men. Animals, flowers and birds representing the Samavasarana faith of Jainism.14 Many of them are typical of the 9th century Pandyan period and include detailed pictures of elephants, buffaloes, fish, geese, jain gathering lotuses from a bond and dancing girls. These frescoes are considered to be some of the best frescoes of medieval India next to frescoes of Ajanta caves and Bagh Caves.

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- http://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/je;ij_nghpahh;_rpe;jid/3_nkhop_gw;wpa_rpe;jidfs;

- http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/fw;gpj;jy;_Kiw

- http://yarl.com/forum3topic/141604_,yf;fzk;_fw;gpj;jy;_Mrphpa_mDgtk;

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