GHG Emissions in Renewable Feedstock Production

www.biosurf.euThis project has received funding from theEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020 researchand innovation programme.

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GHG Emissionsin Renewable Feedstock Production

Accounting and Mitigation

Calculation of GHG emissions and GHG mitigationrelated to biomethane production

23 May 2017, Brussels

Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V.

European Biogas Association


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BIOSURF (BIOmethane as SUstainable and Renewable Fuel)aims to increase the production and use of biomethane(from animal waste, other waste materials andsustainable biomass), for grid injection and as transportfuel by removing non-technical barriers and by paving theway towards a European biomethane market.

The project BIOUSRF (within WP5) aims to reduce theuncertainties related to the calculation of GHG emissionsfor biomethane value chains in order to provide assistanceto economic operators in their day-to-day work.


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sou

rce:

BIO

SUR

FD

5.1

• Deliverable 5.1:

Discussion of main Issues, specialities and challenges for GHG-accounting of Biomethane

Methodological recommendations


comprehensive database on emission savings in relation tonutrient recycling, use of agricultural by products and wastestreams


Calculation of GHG-emissions for various biomethane pathways


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Motivation

• In the recent years, the demonstration of GHG mitigation effects from theproduction and use of biofuels has gained significant importance:

• RED (Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC):

10% target for energy from renewable sources in the transport sectorby 2020

Sustainability requirements for biofuels

• FQD (Fuel Quality Directive 2009/30/EC):

Definition of a GHG reduction target in the national “mixture” oftransportation fuels


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Basic calculation methodologyGHG-mitigation potential

According to Annex V of the EU RED, three possibilities exist forbiofuel producers to prove that the GHG-mitigation potential oftheir biofuel meets the defined requirements and thresholds

1. The use of the default values for the biofuels included inAnnex V of the EU RED

2. An individual calculation based on actual values

3. A combination of actual values and disaggregated defaultvalues from EU RED Annex V.


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GHG calculations according to RED

cultivation processing transport use CO2-capture surplus electricity

According to EU RED Annex V

GHG-Emissions from: GHG-Emission savings from:

eec = the extraction or cultivation of raw materials esca = soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural

management

el = the carbon stock changes caused by land-use change eccs = carbon capture and geological storage

ep = processing eccr = carbon capture and replacement

etd = transport and distribution eee = excess electricity from cogeneration

eu = the fuel in use

6


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Effects of Manure Treatments

untreated separation drying digestion

m

a

n

u

r

e

Avoiding uncontrolledGHG emissions

No If immediately treated

Destroying weed seeds No

Destroying Plant Offshoot(invasive species)

No

Destroying PlantPathogens

No

Carbon Recovery to Soil

Energy Recovery


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Biomethane from slurry/manure

Source: BIOSURF D5.2


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• Significant emission savingsfrom avoided slurry/manurestorage

• Impact of process energysupply

Source: DBFZ; BIOSURF D5.3



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Source: Solid and gaseous bioenergy pathways: input values and GHG emissions calculated according tothe methodology set in COM(2010) 11 and SWD(2014) (.JRC 2015)



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Sensitivity analysis

Most sensitive parameter:

- (gastight) storage of the digestate,

- Energy supply,

- Plant operation/management methane emissions

Source: DBFZ; BIOSURF D5.3


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Expected emissions from untreatedstorage of manure in the EU

0

2.000.000

4.000.000

6.000.000

8.000.000

10.000.000

12.000.000

AT BE BG CY CZ DK DE EE ES FI FR GR HR HU IE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK UK

[t CO2 equi]


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Expected GHG Emission Mitigation

• If 33% of European manure was treated via AD

Total Amount of Manure Anaerobic Digestion

Amount of manureEmissions fromuntreated totalamount manure

GHG Emissionmitigation via ADof 33% of manure

GHG emissioncompared to oil

combustion

Total GHGemission

mitigation

[t VS a-1] [t CO2-equ] [t CO2-equ] [t CO2-equ] [t CO2-equ]230 000 000 47 000 000 16 000 000 40 000 000 56 000 000

Total EU emissions in 2014: 4.4 bio t CO2eq


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The variety of technological pathways


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Effects of Treatment of Catch Crops

Bare fallowRotting on

FieldHarvesting and

Digesting

C

a

t

c

h

c

r

o

p

s

Avoiding uncontrolled GHGEmissions

no no

Avoiding Nutrient and CarbonDegassing

no no

Safe Nutrient Storage no partly

Avoiding Soil Erosion no

Carbon Recovery to Soil no

Energy Recovery no no


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Carbon Cycling: Catch Crops

Digesting: brings nearlythe same amount ofCarbon back to soil (10– 15 % difference


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Nutrient Cycling: Catch Crops

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Growth yield of Nitrogen Remained Nitrogen afterrotting process

Nitrogen in biogas Nitrogen in digestate

measurement serie 1 measurement serie 2 measurement serie 3

Carbon path if digested

Degassing and Nleakage intoground water

Digestions:Savenutrientstorage

Nutrient Path if digested


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Open topics on European Policy

• If application of digestate to soil• Allocation of nutrients within digestate

• Fertilisers Regulation 2003/2003

• Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC)

• Allocation of carbon within digestate

• Allocation of added value of digestate• Destroying of pathogens, weed seeds

• GHG savings from source-separated biodegradable fraction inmunicipal waste (biowaste)

• Account GHG savings from nutrient recycling (NPK) and organiccarbon recycling which would be lost otherwise (e.g. incineration,landfilling)

• Cross reference RED objectives with Landfill Directive and WasteFramework Directive objectives


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Summary of Benefits

Many Advantages of Treatment of Manure and AgriculturalResidues via Anaerobic Digestion:

• Mitigation of uncontrolled GHG emissions

• Destroying Plant Pathogens and Seed Weeds

• Carbon Recovery to Soil

• Nutrient Recovery to Soil

• Energy recovery

• Protection of soil erosion


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Renewable Energy House

Rue d'Arlon 63-65

B - 1040 Brussels

+32 24.00.10 – [email protected]

European Biogas AssociationBruno Deremince, [email protected] Scheidl, [email protected] Majer, [email protected]


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GHG Mitigation by AD of Manure

• GHG emissions of livestock contribute to 18% to global warming more than transpor sector

• 9% of worldwide CO2 emissions,• 37% of worldwide CH4 emissions and• 65% of worldwide N2O emissions (FAO, 2006)

• Treatment of manure in focus of European and national legislation(environment, climate, waste treatment, renewable energies)

• Italy (37%), Greece (35%) and Germany (15%) treat most of theirmanure (not only AD)

• Manure treatment: European average 8%(Foged, Flotats, Blasi, Palatsi, Magri, & Schelde, 2011)


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Effects of Manure Treatments

untreated separation drying digestion

m

a

n

u

r

e

Avoiding uncontrolledGHG emissions

No If immediately treated

Destroying weed seeds No

Destroying Plant Offshoot(invasive species)

No

Destroying PlantPathogens

No

Carbon Recovery to Soil

Energy Recovery

Documents

GHG Emissions in Renewable Feedstock Production