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8/11/2019 Giacomelli Technology Levels.ppt
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Designing the Greenhouse toMeet Your Expectations: Whats
Your Technology Level?
Dr. Gene Giacomelli, Director
Controlled Environment Agriculture CenterCEAC
The University of Arizona, Tucson
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You and your crop against the world!
Changing weather affecting greenhouse climate
Changing plant response to changing climate
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Accept these facts! Meet these demands!
Monitor the greenhouse environment, know conditions,
respond quickly and appropriately
Control the air conditions around the plantneed climate control for the air environment
Control the root zone conditions of the plantneed climate control for the root environment
Determine your production demand and marketing perioddefine seasonal environments that you must manage
Select Technology Level to meet your needs!
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For every complex problem there is a solutionthat is simple, neat and wrong.
H.L. Mencken
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Why Greenhouses ?Why Greenhouses ? Increased independence from outside climateIncreased independence from outside climate
Grow year round and outGrow year round and out--of seasonof season
Usage of unproductive landUsage of unproductive land
Better usage ofBetter usage of irrigationirrigation water & fertilizerswater & fertilizers
More control over pests & diseasesMore control over pests & diseases
Year round jobsYear round jobs create career professionalscreate career professionals
Significant production & quality increaseSignificant production & quality increase
Greater Profits!Greater Profits!
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__________________________________
Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality
EnvironmentAir temperature, humidity, sunlight
CultureNutrients, EC, pH, cultivarPlant growing system
ManagementExperience, trainingKnowing when to get help
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__________________________________
Environment
Natural climate [outside]
+Greenhouse design+
Management
creates
Greenhouse climate
[inside]
Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality
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__________________________________
Environment
Natural climate [outside]
+Greenhouse design+
Management
creates
Greenhouse climate
[inside]
Controllable?
No?
Yes
Yes?
Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality
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__________________________________
Greenhouse Design
StructureCover
Environmental control
systems
Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality
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__________________________________
Greenhouse Design
StructureCover
Environmental control
systems
Affects Environment?
YesYes
Yes
Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality
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__________________________________
Environmental Control
AerialCooling HeatingCO2 VPD
Root ZoneNutritionOxygen
Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality
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__________________________________
Environmental Control
CoolingShading
Natural VentilationEvaporative Cooling
Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality
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__________________________________
In summary...
Selection of greenhousedesign and its environmental
control systems
affectsProduction Quality and Yields
Greenhouse Crop Production and Quality
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How do Technology Levels helpdetermine success(or the dreaded alternative)
Consider Technology Levels as the amount
of control systems and managementcapabilities that you provide for the
greenhouse
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Climatic factors (yearly radiation, Temp, Humidity)
Level of technology (High, Medium, Low)
Knowledge of target market (orientation, pricefluctuation, location)
Strategic Planning (cultivar, density,
season) Crop management (education, experience)
How do Technology Levels helpdetermine success(or the dreaded alternative)
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Levels of Technology
High Plant-based environmental control to
optimize plant growth, maximizeproductivity and fruit quality.
Computer automated control oftemperature, irrigation and shading basedon integrated light, CO2 enrichment.
Hydroponic systems with closed irrigation. High cost ($100-$200 per m2).
* Classification according to Pardossi et al., 2004
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Multi-span, gutter-connected saw-tooth design with
rigid single-layer polycarbonate covered,truss-frame greenhouseNatural ventilation and fan & pad evaporative
cooling
HIGH TECH Greenhouse
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HIGH TECH Greenhouse
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HIGH TECH Greenhouse
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HIGH TECH Greenhouse
Fan ventilationEvaporative Cooling
Heating
CO2 EnrichmentSoilless Root Zone
EuroFresh Farms
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Traditional Dutch Venlo styleglass greenhouse with ridge ventilation
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100-200+50 - 75
High wireculture
Fully
computerizedfertigation
Recirculation
Hydroponics
SoilesssubstrateRockwool,coir, other
Drip
irrigationwith fullautomatedcontrol
(EC control
according tolightintensity)
Forcedventilation+evaporativecooling + hotwater pipeheating + CO2
enrichment +shading f (light) + energyblanket
Steel orAluminumframe
Glass,
polyethylene orPolycarbonate
High
InvestmentCosta
$/m2
Expectedyield
kg/m2/yr
Culturemethod
RootCanopyStructure& Glazing
Environment
HIGH TECH Greenhouse
For TomatoProduction
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Levels of Technology
Medium Combinations of Low & High Tech
Passive or Active cooling
With or without heaters Basic environmental control
Soil or soilless substrate
Cost ($30-$100 per m2)
* Classification according to Pardossi et al., 2004
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MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse
Natural ventilation orFan ventilation
Heating
Soil grown orSoilless root zone
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MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse
Natural ventilation orFan ventilation
Heating
Soil grown orSoilless root zone
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Retractable Roof Greenhouse Technologyfor vegetable production
MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse
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MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse
Retractable Roof Greenhouse Technologyfor vegetable production
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Exhaust Fan withPlastic Tube Air
Distribution Duct
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30 - 10020 - 50
High wireculture
Longerseason
Usuallycomputerized
fertigation
Soil orsoilesssubstrate
Dripirrigation
some control
Passive/Activecooling (vents
+pad /fan)
with or
without airheating
basic level ofcomputer
control
Steel frame
Double PEfilm or rigid
plastic
Medium
InvestmentCosta
$/m2
Expectedyield
kg/m2
/yr
Culturemethod
RootCanopyStructure& Glazing
Environment
MEDIUM TECH Greenhouse
For TomatoProduction
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Levels of Technology Low
Minimal modification of the GHenvironment
GH environment greatly dependent onoutside
Passive ventilation (roof, side wall vents)
No heaters
Soil root zone Low cost ($25-$30/m2)
* Classification according to Pardossi et al., 2004
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Natural ventilation
No heating
Soil grown
LOW TECH Greenhouse
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LOW TECH Greenhouse
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LOW TECH Greenhouse
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LOW TECH Greenhouse
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LOW TECH Greenhouse
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Basic
Air TemperatureMonitoring
Inexpensive
Accurate
Manual
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25-3010-20Med-highwire
Soil ortezontlesand
Dripirrigation
withmanualcontrol
Passivecooling
(roof and
side wallvents)
no heating
Wood orSteelframe
Single
layer PEfilm
Low
InvestmentCost$/m2
Expectedyield
kg/m2/yr
Culturemethod
RootCanopyStructure& Glazing
Environment
LOW TECH Greenhouse
For TomatoProduction
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What is level of technology? Combination of systems/equipment that
modifies canopy and root environment
Selection of technology depend on desiredlevel of independence from outside climateand expected productivity and quality
Link between crop environmental needsand local climate limitations
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Levels of Technology
High Medium
Low
* Classification according to Pardossi et al., 2004
Increased insulation from outside condition
Increased importance of training
Increased cost per unit areaIncreased Yields per unit area
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Questions to consider before selectingGreenhouse Technology
Crop? (Market?)
Climate?Capital?Grower Experience?
Expected (Desired) Yields?Harvest Window?Technology for environmental control
of upper part of plant
Technology for environmental controlof root zone
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Challenges Selection of most suitable level of
technology for the different climates and
target market
Plastic film or glass covering
Passive or active cooling
heating
Soil or soilless cultivation
Good understanding of the technology Consistent Technical Support
Continuous labor training
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Summary N. America has variety of climates & greenhouse levels
Big challenge is to reasonably match both for your crop
High Tech is not necessarily the best solution
High Tech GH is particularly suitable for locations withhigh production potential, close to highly demandingmarkets
Low Tech GH is a good solution for regions where highsummer temperatures or cold winter temperatures canbe avoided
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1. Glass
2. Plastic films
3. Rigid plastic panels
Three categories of coveringsused for commercial greenhouses
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Rigid plastic structured panels fiberglass reinforced polyester (FRP)
polycarbonate (PC), acrylic (PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate) polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Thin films low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polyvinylchloride (PVC),
ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)
Manufactured in single, double and triple layers
Modern Plastic Alternatives
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Plastic Thin Films
minimum useful life of 24 monthsthree and four year films available
Manufacturingco-extruding and multi-layering
Additives ethyl vinyl acetate [EVA]
cracking resistance in cold temperaturestear strength (at folds)
ultra-violet radiation [UV] inhibitors infrared [IR] barrier condensate control wavelength selective transmission [filter]
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The Beauty of Glass
GLAZING
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GLAZING
Polyethylene Film
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Double wall, acrylic-coated polycarbonate
GLAZING
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Single wall, corrugated polycarbonate sheets
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Is there any hope for improvement..Give me some perspective
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Thank you very much
Muchas gracias