Giao an 10tron Bo

Tiet theo PPCT: 1, 2

Tuan: 1

Tiet: 1, 2

Ngay soan: 12/08/2014Bai 1. ON TAP AU NAM.

A/-MUC CH YEU CAU :

Giup cho hoc sinh nh lai cac kien thc a hoc nh :

-Nguyen t c cau tao gom may phan

-The nao la nguyen to hoa hoc,hoa tr cua mot nguyen to c xac nh nh the nao?

-Noi dung nh luat bao toan khoi lng

-T khoi cua chat kh,dung dch,nong o dung dch.

-Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc.

B/- PHNG PHAP : am thoai Van ap

C/ LEN LP:

1.On nh lp : kiem tra s so

2.Kiem tra bai cu :

3.Day bai mi :

Tiet 1

Hoat ong 1:

Noi dung lu bangHoat ong cua giao vienHoat ong cua hoc sinh

1/-NGUYEN T:

Nguyen t cua bat k nguyen to nao cung gom cac hat nhan mang ien tch dng va lp vo co mot hay nhieu electron mang ien tch am.

a) Electron :

Electron k hieu la e co ien ch la 1-, khoi lng rat nho khong ang ke so vi khoi lng nguyen t. Electron chuyen ong xung quanh hat nhan

b)Hat nhan nguyen t :Nam tam nguyen t gom Proton va Ntron

Proton k hieu la p, co ien tch la 1+, khoi lng ln hn khoi lng electron rat nhieu (1836lan)

Ntron k hieu la n, khong mang ien co khoi lng bang khoi lng proton

Trong nguyen t so hat proton bang so hat electron

Khoi lng nguyen t c xem nh tong khoi lng proton va khoi lng ntron

Hay nh lai va cho biet nguyen t c cau tao nh the nao?

Neu ban chat cua hat Electron?

Hat nhan nguyen t gom nhng loai hat nao?

Ban chat proton?

Ban chat ntron?

Co the xem khoi lng nguyen t bang tong khoi lng proton va ntron c khong? Tai sao?Nguyen t cua bat k nguyen to nao cung gom cac hat nhan mang ien tch dng va lp vo co mot hay nhieu electron mang ien tch am.

Hoc sinh tra li ban chat cua Electron.

Nam tam nguyen t gom Proton va Ntron

Proton k hieu la p, co ien tch la 1+, khoi lng ln hn khoi lng cua electron rat nhieu lan (1836lan).

Hoc sinh neu ban chat ntron.

Co the xem khoi lng nguyen t bang tong khoi lng proton va ntron.Do khoi lng electron rat nho.

Hoat ong 2:


2/-Nguyen to hoa hoc :

Nguyen to hoa hoc la tap hp nhng nguyen t co cung so proton trong hat nhan

3/- Hoa tr cua mot nguyen to:

Hoa tr cua mot nguyen to ch kha nang lien ket cua nguyen t nguyen to nay vi nguyen t nguyen to khac .Hoa tr mot nguyen to c xac nh theo hoa tr nguyen t H ( mot n v) hoac nguyen t O( hai n v)

ax = byThe nao la nguyen to hoa hoc?

Xac nh hoa tr cac nguyen to : Na, Mg, S, P trong cac hp chat sau: Na2O, MgO, H2S, PH3

Nguyen to hoa hoc la tap hp nhng nguyen t co cung so proton trong nguyen t.

Ap dung cong thc xac nh c hoa tr cua cac nguyen to lan lt la

Na :1; Mg : 2; S :2; P :3

Hoat ong 3:


4/-nh luat bao toan khoi lng :

Trong mot phan ng hoa hoc, tong khoi lng cac chat tham gia bang tong khoi lng cac chat tao thanh

5/-Mol la g :

Mol la lng chat co cha 6.1023 nguyen t hoac phan t cua chat o.

Khoi lng mol mot chat la khoi lng tnh bang gam cua 6.1023 nguyen t hoac phan t chat o

ieu kien tieu chuan 1 mol chat kh co the tch la 22.4 litPhat bieu nh luat bao toan khoi lng?

The nao la mol nguyen t va mol phan t?

Hoi trong 4 gam cacbon co bao nhieu nguyen t cacbon?

Hoc sinh nh lai va neu nh luat bao toan khoi lng

Van dung tra li cau hoi.

Hoat ong 4: Noi dung lu bangHoat ong cua giao vienHoat ong cua hoc sinh

6/-T khoi chat kh :

Cong thc tnh t khoi cua kh A so vi kh B

MA MB lan lt la khoi lng mol kh A va kh B.

T khoi cho biet kh A nang hay nhe hn kh B bao nhieu lan

T khoi cua kh A so vi khong kh

MKK:khoi lng mol trung bnh khong kh = 29

Viet cong thc tnh t khoi cua chat kh?

Tnh t khoi cua kh cacbonnic so vi khong kh.giai thch tai sao ta thoi bong bong buong ra no khong bay len cao. Muon no bay len cao phai bom vao bong bong mot loai kh nh the nao?

;

Ap dung cong thc tnh t khoi cua kh cacbonnic so vi khong kh la

Vay CO2 nang hn khong kh 1.5 lan.

Bong bong khong bay v bong bong cha CO2 nang hn khong kh.

Muon cho bong bong bay phai bom vao bong bong mot loai kh nhe hn khong kh nh H2 , C2H2

( kh a)

Tiet 2

Hoat ong 5:


7/-Dung dch :

a)o tan :

La so gam chat tan co the tan trong 100gam nc moat nhiet o nhat nh tao thanh dung dch bao hoa nhiet o o.

b)Nong o phan tram :

C% =%

c/ Nong o mol/lit

nh ngha nong o phan tram va nong o mol/lit .

Nong o phan tram la khoi lng chat tan co trong 100 gam dung dch

Nong o mol/lit la so mol chat tan co trong 1 lit

Hoat ong 6:


8/-Phan loai cac hp chat vo c:

a) Oxit:

Oxit baz( CaO , Fe2O3 ,MgO .), phan ng vi axit tao muoi va nc.

Oxit axit (CO2, SO2...) phan ng vi dung dch baz tao thanh muoi va nc

b)Axit nh HCl , H2SO4 , HNO3 phan ng c vi baz, oxitbaz , kim loai, va mot so muoi.

c)Baz nh NaOH , Cu(OH)2 .

d/Muoi nh NaCl, K2SO, NaHCO3

9/-Bang he thong tuan hoan :

O nguyen to cho biet so hieu nguyen t, so proton, electron trong nguyen t cua nguyen to o .

Chu k cho biet so lp electron trong nguyen t nguyen to o .

Nhom gom cac nguyen t co so electon ngoai cung bang nhau va bang th t nhom.

Hay cho biet chat vo c c chia thanh nhng loai nao. Cho v du va neu tnh chat ac trng

Neu y ngha bang he thong tuan hoan( so th t, chu k, nhom).

Mot nguyen to chu k 3 phan nhom chnh nhom I, O th 11. Hay tm so proton, so lp electron va so electron lp ngoai cung.

Hoc sinh nh lai tra li lan lt tng phan cau hoi tren.

Hoc sinh lan lt phat bieu y ngha bang tuan hoan.

Van dung y ngha tm c so proton = electron = 11, so lp electron la 3, so electron ngoai cung la 1

4. Cung co:a) Xac nh hoa tr cac nguyen to

Cacbon trong hp chat CH4 , CO , CO2 Sat trong hp chat: FeO , Fe2O3b) Giai thch tai sao

Khi nung canxicacbonat (CaCO3) th khoi lng chat ran sau phan ng giam.?

Khi nung mot mieng ong th kho lng chat ran sau phan ng tang?

c) Tnh the tch cua

hon hp 6.4 gam oxi va 22.4 gam nit (ktc)

hon hp kh gom 0.75 mol CO2, 0.5 mol CO va 0.25 mol nit

d) Lam bay hi 300 gam nc ra khoi 700 gam dung dch muoi 12% th thu c 5 gam muoi ket tinh tach khoi dung dch. Hay xac nh nong o % cua dung dch muoi bao hoa trong ieu kien nhiet o cua th nghiem

e) Trong 800 ml dung dch NaOH co 8 gam NaOH

Tnh nong o mol cua dung dch NaOH.

Phai them bao nhieu ml nc vao 200 ml dung dch NaOH e co dung dch NaOH 0.1M?

5. Dan do:

*Chuan b bai cau tao nguyen t :

- Nguyen t c cau tao bi may phan.

- Cac hat c ban cau tao nen moi phan cua nguyen t?

- Ngi ta tm ra hat nhan nguyen t va cac hat c ban nh the nao?

- Ban chat cua cac hat c ban cau tao nen nguyen t

Tuan: 1

Tiet: 3

Ngay soan: 13/08/2014CHNG 1. NGUYEN T.

Bai 1. THANH PHAN NGUYEN T.

I. MUC TIEU BAI HOC:

1. Ve kien thc : Hoc sinh phai biet c :

Thanh phan c ban cua nguyen t gom vo nguyen t va hat nhan.Vo nguyen t gom cac hat electron,hat nhan gom cac hat proton va ntron.

Khoi lng ien tch cac hat electron, proton. Kch thc khoi lng nguyen t.

2. Ve k nang :

Da vao th nghiem trong SGK, nhan xet va rut ra ket luan.

Hieu va s dung cac n v o lng :u, nm, A0 va giai cac bai tap

B/-CHUAN B : 1. Phng phap : Trc quan dien giang van ap neu van e- am thoai 2. Chuan b : Phong to hnh 1.3 trong SGK ( in tren giay trong roi chieu)

C/- LEN LP : 1. On nh lp : kiem tra s so

2. Kiem tra bai cu :

3. Day bai mi :Hoat ong 1:

Noi Dung Lu BangHoat ong Cua Giao VienHoat ong Cua Hoc Sinh

I/-Thanh phan cau tao nhuyen t :

1. Electron :

a) S Tm Ra Electron :

Nam 1987 nha bac hoc ngi Anh ten la Tom Xn (J.J Thomson),

bang th nghiem phong ien trong chan khong, ong a phat hien ra tia am cc gom nhng chum hat mang ien tch am. Ngi ta goi nhng hat mang ien tch am o la Electron, k hieu la e.

Nhac lai lp 8 cac em a hoc nguyen t c cau tao nh the nao?

Hoan chnh cau tra li cua cac em.

Dan dat vao bai mi

Tra li cau hoi theo s nh lai cua cac em.

Hoat ong 2:


b)Khoi lng va ien tch cua hat Electron :

Bang thc nghiem ngi ta xac nh c

khoi lng me = 9.1094 . 10-31 kg

ien tch : qe = -1.602 .10-19C ( cu long).

Gia tr 1.602 .10-19C c dung lam ien tch n v, k hieu la eo .

Vay ien tch electron k hieu la eo va qui c bang 1- .

(Giao vien gii thieu hnh ve trong sach giao khoa)

Mo ta qua trnh th nghiem

Tai sao man huynh quang phat sang ?

Nhng chum tia nay co phai la vat chat hay khong?

Tai sao nhng chum tia nay b lech ve pha cc dng?

Giao vien dien giang: Do khong tm c gia tr ien tch nao nho hn

1.602 .10-19C nen no c dung lam ien tch n v.

Man huynh quang phat sang la do s tac ong cua cac chum tia phat ra t cc am.

Cac chum tia nay la chum vat chat, v chung lam cho chong chong quay.

Cac chum tia nay b lech ve pha cc dng ,chng to chung gom nhng hat mang ien tch am. Cac hat nay goi la Electron.

Hoat ong 3:


2. S tm ra hat nhan nguyen t: Nam 1911 nha vat ly hoc ngi Anh R D - Pho (E.RutherFord) va mot so cong s a lam mot th nghiem dung hat ban pha vao mot la vang mong . Qua th nghiem a ket luan.

Nguyen t phai co phan mang ien dng co khoi lng ln .

Phan mang ien dng nay co kch thc rat nho so vi nguyen t.

Nguyen t co cau tao rong, phan mang ien dng la hat nhan.

Xung quanh hat nhan la lp vo nguyen t gom cac hat electron. e trung hoa ien, so ien tch dng trong hat nhan phai bang so electron ngoai lp vo. Mo ta qua trnh th nghiem theo hnh 1.3

Tai sao sau khi xuyen qua la vang mong a so cac tia eu b lech ?

Tai sao co vai tia khong xuyen qua la vang mong ma b ay ngc tr lai?

Suy ra ieu g ve so ien tch dng trong hat nhan va so electron lp vo?

Chng to trong nguyen t co phan mang ien tch dng co khoi lng ln.

Co vai tia khong xuyen qua la vang mong ma b ay ngc tr lai, chng to phan mang ien tch dng co kch thc rat nho.

Suy ra so ien tch dng trong hat nhan bang so electron lp vo

Hoat ong 4: Noi Dung Lu BangHoat ong Cua Giao VienHoat ong Cua Hoc Sinh

3.Cau tao cua hat nhan nguyen t: a) Tm ra proton :

Nam 1918 khi ban pha hat nhan nguyen t nit bang hat R--Pho a phat hien ra mot loai hat co khoi lng 1.6726 . 10-27 kg, mang mot n v ien tch (eo ,qui c1+). o chnh la hat proton , k hieu la p

b) Tm ra ntron : Nam 1932 chat uych ( cong tac vien cua R--Pho ) cung dung hat ban pha hat nhan nguyen t beri,a tm ra mot loai hat co khoi lng gan bang khoi lng hat proton nhng khong mang ien, c goi la hat ntron, k hieu la n

*Ket luan:Thanh phan cau tao nguyen t gom:

- Hat nhan nam tam nguyen t c tao thanh bi cac proton va ntron.

- Vo nguyen t gom cac hat electron chuyen ong xung quanh hat nhan.

Mo ta th nghiem cua R--Pho

Ket luan g ve khoi lng hat proton so vi khoi lng electron?

Dien giang:

EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Hay rut ra ket luan ve cau tao nguyen t ?

Hat proton co khoi lng rat ln so vi hat electron.

Hat nhan nguyen t c tao thanh bi cac proton va ntron.V ntron khong mang ien nen trong hat nhan so proton bang so electron lp vo nguyen t

Vay trong nguyen t so proton bang so electron

Hoat ong 5:


II/- Kch thc khoi lng nguyen t:

1. Kch thc : e bieu th kch thc nguyen t ngi ta dung n v nanomet (nm) hoac angstrom(Ao)

1nm = 10-9 m, 1Ao = 10-10m

1nm = 10 Ao.

Neu hnh dung nguyen t la mot khoi cau th no co ng knh khoang 10-10m = 1Ao Nguyen t co kch thc nho nhat la hyro (ban knh 0.053nm )

Hat nhan con co kch thc nho hn nguyen t rat nhieu ( 10.000 lan), ng knh khoang 10-5 nm

Electron va proton con co kch thc nho hn (ng knh khoang 10-8nm). Dien giang: neu hnh dung hat nhan nguyen t la mot qua cau co ng knh la 10 cm th nguyen t co ng knh la 1km

Ket luan g ve lp vo nguyen t?

Hay th so sanh kch thc cua nguyen t va kch thc cac loai hat

Nh vay cac electron nho be chuyen ong trong khong gian rong xung quanh hat nhan

Hoc sinh so sanh

Hoat ong 6:


2.Khoi lng :

e bieu th khoi lng nguyen t, cac hat proton, ntron, electron ngi ta dung n v khoi lng nguyen t k hieu la u con c goi la (vC)

1u =

19,9265 .10-27 kg la khoi lng mot nguyen t cua ong v cacbon 12

nguyen t hyro co khoi lng nho nhat la 1.6738 . 10-27kg 1.008u

( Cho hoc sinh xem bang 1)

Dien giang: nguyen t co khoi lng rat nho, c 1 gam bat k mot chat nao cung eu cha rat nhieu nguyen t ( hang t t)

Co nhan xet g ve khoi lng nguyen t hyro?

Vay nguyen t hyro nay co bao nhieu ntron?

Phong to bang 1 cho hoc sinh xem lp.cho hoc sinh ve nha ve bang 1.1 Nguyen t hyro co khoi lng bang khoi lng mot hat proton .

Vay nguyen t hyro nay khong co ntron

4.Cung co :

at cau hoi cho hoc sinh e hnh thanh s o sau:

Nguyen T

5.Dan do :

Chuan b cau hoi bai Nguyen To Hoa Hoc

Khoi lng nguyen t bang so khoi ung khong?Neu khong tai sao trong tnh toan ngi ta tnh khoi lng nguyen t cua cac nguyen to chan han nh oxi la 16 bang so khoi?

Bai tap 1 en 5 trang 08.

Tuan: 2

Tiet: 4

Ngay soan: 16/08/2014Bai 2. HAT NHAN NGUYEN T

NGUYEN TO HOA HOC .

I. MUC TIEU BAI HOC: 1.Ve kien thc :

Hoc sinh phai biet c :

-ien tch hat nhan, so khoi

-Nguyen t khoi, cach tnh nguyen t khoi, nh ngha nguyen to hoa hoc

-So hieu nguyen t, k hieu nguyen t, ong v, nguyen t khoi trung bnh

2.K Nang :

-Ren luyen k nang giai cac bai tap cho hoc sinh

B/-CHUAN B : 1.Phng phap : Dien giang- am thoai van ap trc quan 2.Chuan b: Hnh 1.5 phong to, hoc sinh chuan b k cac cau hoiC/-LEN LP :

1.On nh lp : Kiem tra s so

2.Kiem tra bai cu :

-Nguyen t c cau tao bi may phan ?

-Neu thanh phan, ban chat cac hat cau tao nen hat nhan nguyen t, vo nguyen t?

-Nguyen t khoi cua nguyen t neon la 20.179. Hay tnh khoi lng mot nguyen t neon theo kg.

3.Day bai mi :Hoat ong 1:


I/- Hat nhan nguyen t:

1.ien tch hat nhan: THN = Z+

Z: la so proton cung chnh la so n v ien tch hat nhan.

Trong nguyen t trung hoa ien, tong so proton trong hat nhan bang tong so electron trong nguyen t .

Proton = Electron = So n v THN

V du: Xac nh so Proton, electron cua nguyen t oxi, biet THN la 8+?

Hat nhan nguyen t co cac hat proton mang ien tch dng 1+. Vay hat nhan mang ien tch g?

So ien tch dng trong hat nhan c xac nh nh the nao?

Trong mot nguyen t trung hoa ien th ien tch dng phai bang ien tch am, vay suy ra ieu g?

V du: Xac nh so Proton, electron cua nguyen t oxi, biet THN la 8+?

Hat nhan mang ien tch dng .

So ien tch dng trong hat nhan bang so proton. Nguyen t trung hoa ien th tong so proton bang tong so electron

Proton la 8, Electron la 8

Hoat ong 2:


2. So khoi: A = Z + N

A : so khoi

Z : tong so proton

N : tong so hat ntron

Tnh so khoi nguyen t Na biet Na co 11 proton, 12 Ntron

So khoi A cua nguyen t va gia tr THN (Z) la ac trng cho nguyen t cua mot nguyen to . Khi biet c Z va A th biet c so Ntron va electron Ap dung cong thc tnh

A =Z + N

So khoi cua Na:11+12 = 23

Hoat ong 3:


II/- Nguyen to hoa hoc:

1.nh ngha:

Nguyen to hoa hoc la nhng nguyen t co cung THN

V du :

Tat ca cac nguyen t co THN la 11+ eu thuoc nguyen to Na.

Hay oc SGK va cho biet nguyen to hoa hoc la g?cho v du?

en nay ngi ta a biet c 92 nguyen to hoa hoc ton tai trong t nhien va khoang 18 nguyen to nhan tao c tong hp trong phong th nghiem hat nhan.

Nguyen to hoa hoc la nhng nguyen t co cung THN.

V du: tat ca cac nguyen t co THN la 11+ eu thuoc nguyen to Na.


2. So hieu nguyen t: So n v THN nguyen t cua mot nguyen to c goi la so hieu nguyen t cua nguyen to o, k hieu la Z.

Z=So n v THN = Proton=Electron

THN cua nguyen t Na la 11+ th so hieu nguyen t Na la 11. Hay rut ra nh ngha so hieu nguyen t ?

Dien giang k hieu nguyen t:Hoc sinh tra li cau hoi.

Hoat ong 5:


3. K hieu nguyen t: Mot nguyen t c k hieu ay u di dang :

X la k hieu nguyen to.

A so khoi

Z so hieu nguyen t.

V du:

Co k hieu cho biet

Trong hat nhan nguyen t Al co 13 proton, 14 ntron, lp vo nguyen t co 13 electron. ien tch hat nhan la 11+ ( co 11 n v ien tch hat nhan)

Cho k hieu hay xac nh so proton, ntron va so electron, THN cua nguyen t Al?

Hoc sinh phai tra li c

Trong hat nhan nguyen t Al co 13 proton, 14 ntron, lp vo nguyen t co 13 electron. ien tch hat nhan la 11+ (co 11 n v ien tch hat nhan)

4. Cung co :

a)Cho nguyen t K co 19 proton va 20 ntron. Hay xac nh TH, so Electron, k hieu nguyen t cua nguyen to K?

b)Cho cac nguyen t ; cac nguyen t nao thuoc mot nguyen to hoa hoc ?

Lam tai lp bai tap 1, 2

5. Dan Do :

-Ve lam bai tap 1-6 trang 11 SGK

-Chuan b bai ong V

-The nao la ong v, cach tnh nguyen t khoi trung bnh?

Tuan: 2

Tiet: 5

Ngay soan:17/08/2014Bai 3. ONG V NGUYEN T KHOI

NGUYEN T KHOI TRUNG BNH .

I. MUC TIEU BAI HOC:

1. Ve kien thc :

Hoc sinh phai biet :

-Khai niem ong v , nguyen t khoi , nguyen t khoi trung bnh .

-Cach xac nh nguyen t khoi trung bnh .

2. Ve k nang:

-Tnh nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua cac nguyen to hoa hoc mot cach thanh thao

B/- CHUAN B :

1.Phng Phap : Dien giang - Van ap 2. Chuan b : Tranh ve cac ong v cua hyro

C/- LEN LP:

1. On nh lp : Kiem tra s so

2. Kiem tra bai cu:

-Can c vao au ma ngi ta biet gia nguyen to hyro ( Z =1) va nguyen to Urani( Z= 91) ch co 90 nguyen to.

-Nguyen to Ytri (Y) dung lam vat lieu sieu dan, co so khoi la 88. Da vao bang tuan hoan hay cho biet so Proton, N tron, Electron cua nguyen t nguyen to Y?

3.Day bai mi :

Hoat ong 1:


III/- ong v :

Cac ong v cua cung mot nguyen to hoa hoc la nhng nguyen t co cung so proton nhng khac nhau so ntron, do o so khoi cua chung khac nhau.

V du: la ba ong v cua nguyen to hoa hoc hyro.

Hau het cac ong v co so hieu nguyen t ln hn 83 (Z>83) la khong ben con c goi la ong v phong xa.

Cho cac nguyent:

co nhan xet g ve cac nguyen t nay?

Cac nguyen t nay goi la ong v. Vay ong v la g?

Trong t nhien co khoang 340 ong v, ngi ta a tong hp c hn 2400 ong v nhan tao. Nhieu ong v c ng dung trong y hoc, nong nghiep, nghien cu khoa hoc.

V du: dung chan oan va ieu tr benh tuyen giap. Tia cua ong v la tac nhan tiet trung, chong nam hu hieu trong bao quan lng thc, thc pham Chung giong nhau Proton nhng khac nhau so ntron

ong v la nhng nguyen t co cung so proton nhng khac nhau so Ntron do o so khoi khac nhau.

Hoat ong 2:


IV/- Nguyen t khoi va nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua cac nguyen to hoa hoc :

1. Nguyen t khoi :

Nguyen t khoi cua mot nguyen t cho biet khoi lng cua nguyen t o nang gap bao nhieu lan n v khoi lng nguyen t .

Do khoi lng cua electron qua nho nen khoi lng nguyen t coi nh bang tong khoi lng cac proton va ntron trong hat nhan nguyen t. Vay nguyen t khoi coi nh bang so khoi

V du: Khoi lng nguyen t cua la 31 ( bang so khoi) Mot n v khoi lng nguyen t la bao nhieu kg?

Khoi lng cua nguyen t c tnh nh the nao?

Khi khong can o chnh xac cao. Co the xem khoi lng nguyen t bang to khoi lng proton va ntron c khong?

V du: cho hay xac nh proton, ntron, electron,khoi lng nguyen t .

Mot n v khoi lng nguyen t la 1.6605 10-27 kg.

Khoi lng nguyen t bang tong khoi lng proton va ntron va electron.

Do khoi lng electron rat nho nen khoi lng nguyen t co the xem la tong khoi lng proton va ntron.(khi khong can o chnh xac cao).

Hoat ong 3:


2. Nguyen t khoi trung bnh :

X nguyen t khoi cua ong v X

Y nguyen t khoi cua ong v Y

a: Phan tram so nguyen t cua ong v X.

b: Phan tram so nguyen t cua ong v Y.

Trong t nhien cac nguyen to hoa hoc ton tai nhieu ong v , nen nguyen t khoi cua cac nguyen to nay la nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua cac ong v o .

V du: Tnh khoi lng nguyen t trung bnh cua nguyen to clo biet trong t nhien clo co hai ong v ben la

EMBED Equation.DSMT4 chiem 75.77% va chiem 24.23%Ap dung cong thc tnh

(Cl) =

4.Cung co : - Nguyen to Cu co hai ong v la va . Biet khoi lng nguyen t trung bnh cua Cu la 63.54 . Tnh phan tram moi ong v.

- Cho cac nguyen t ;cac nguyen t nao la ong v? 5.Dan do :

Lam bai tap 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 trang 14. chuan b bai s chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t

Tuan: 2

Tiet: 6

Ngay soan: 20/08/2014Bai 4. S CHUYEN ONG CUA ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN T OBITAN NGUYEN T

A/- MUC TIEU BAI HOC :

1. Ve kien thc:

Hoc sinh biet :

- Trong nguyen t cac elctron chuyen ong khong theo mot qu ao xac nh xung quanh hat nhan

- Khu vc xung quanh hat nhan ma xac suat tm thay electron la 90% c goi la obitan nguyen t

2. Ve k nang: Van dung kien thc lam cac bai tap sach giao khoa

B/- CHUAN B :

1. Phng phap: Dien giang Van ap Trc quan.

2. o dung : Mau hanh tinh nguyen t R Pho, hnh anh cac obitan s ,pC/- LEN LP :


2. Kiem tra bai cu:

- Tnh nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua Kali , biet rang trong t nhien Kali co cac ong v : chiem 93,258%, chiem 0,012% va chiem 6,73 % .

- Nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua Ag bang 107.02 lan nguyen t khoi cua Hyro . Nguyen t khoi cua Hyro la 1.008. Tnh nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua Ag .

3.Day bai mi :

Tiet 1

Hoat ong 1:


I/-S chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t :

1.Mo hnh hanh tinh nguyen t:

(Cho hoc sinh oc qua SGK )

Theo mo hnh nguyen t cua R - Pho va Zom m Phen th cac electron chuyen ong tren nhng v ao tron hay bau duc xac nh xung quanh hat nhan.

Yeu cau hoc sinh oc sach giao khoa phan nay

Cho hoc sinh xem hnh 1.6 phong to .

Mo hnh nguyen t cua R - Pho va Zom M Phen khong phan anh ung trang thai chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t, nhng co tac dung rat ln en s phat trien l tuyet cau tao nguyen t.

Rut ra ket luan ve nhng u khuyet iem cua mo hnh nguyen t cua R - Pho va Zom M Phen.

Hoat ong 2:


2. Mo hnh hien ai ve s chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t, Obitan nguyen t .

a) S chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t:

Cac electron chuyen ong rat nhanh ( van toc hang nghn km/s) khong theo mot qu ao xac nh trong mot khu vc xung quanh hat nhan .

Phong to hnh 1.7 ( am may electron hnh cau cua nguyen t hyro.

Cac electron chuyen ong rat nhanh, ta khong nhn thay ng i cua no. am may electron khong phai do nhieu electron tao nen ma do 1 electron xuat hien nhieu v tr khac nhau.

May electron mang ien tch g? Quan sat hnh 1.7

Nghe s mo ta cua giao vien

Rut ra ket luan ve s chyen ong cua electron.

Cac electron chuyen ong rat nhanh, khong theo mot qu ao xac nh.

May electron mang ien tch am do electron mang ien tch am.

Hoat ong 3:


b) Obitan nguyen t :

Obitan nguyen t la khu vc khong gian xung quanh hat nhan ma tai o xac suat co mat ( xac suat tm thay) electron la 90%

Obitan nguyen t k hieu la AO (Atomic Obitan).

Electron co mat khap moi ni trong khong gian nguyen t bao quanh hat nhan, nhng kha nang o khong ong eu. Chan han trong nguyen t hyro kha nang electron co mat ln nhat la trong khu vc cach hat nhan mot khoang 0.053 nm, khu vc nay goi la obitan nguyen t, ngoai khu vc nay kha nang co mat electron thap hn.

oc nh ngha obitan nguyen t .

Hoc sinh tra li v du:

Ngi ta noi obitan nguyen t hyro la mot khoi cau ng knh khoang 1.06 nm ngha la g ?

Ngha la trong khoi cau ng knh 1.06 nm kha nang co mat electron la 90%. Con ben ngoai khoi cau kha nang co mat electron la 10%.


II/- Hnh dang Obitan nguyen t :

Da vao s khac nhau ve trang thai cua cac elecron trong nguyen t ngi ta phan loai thanh cac obitan s, obitan p, obitan d, obitan f

Obitan s dang hnh cau

Obitan p gom ba obitan px, py, pz hnh so 8 noi. Obitan px nh hng theo truc x, Obitan py nh hng theo truc y, obitan pz nh hng theo truc z Obitan d va f co hnh dang phc tap hn.

V du:

Trong nguyen t hyro ch co 1 electron, electron nay thng xuyen co mat khu vc gan hat nhan nhat tao thanh obitan co 1s co dang hnh cau, khoi cau obitan 1s co kch thc nho nhat, cac obitan 2s, 3s, 4s cung dang khoi cau nhng co kch thc ln hn.Dien giang:

Khi chuyen ong trong nguyen t cac electron co the chiem nhng mc nang lng khac nhau ac trng cho trang thai chuyen ong cua no.Nhng electron gan hat nhan hn chiem nhng mc nang lng thap hn(ben hn),nhng electron xa hat nhan hn co nang lng cao hn. Da vao s khac nhau ve trang thai cua cac elecron trong nguyen t ngi ta phan loai thanh cac obitan s, obitan p, obitan d, obitan f.

Trc quan:

Cho hoc sinh xem tranh phong to hnh dang cac obitan . Nhan xet hnh dang cac obitan.

Obitan s dang hnh cau

Obitan p dang hnh so 8 noi

Obitan p gom ba obitan px , py, pz hnh so 8 noi. Obitan px nh hng theo truc x, Obitan py nh hng theo truc y, Obitan pz nh hng theo truc z .

4. Cung co :

-Khai niem ve obitan?

-Trnh bay hnh dang cua obitan s, p neu s khac nhau cua chung trong khong gian? 5. Dan do :

- Lam bai tap 1 en 6 trang 20

-Xem lai tat ca cac bai tap cua bai Thanh Phan Cau Tao Nguyen T , Nguyen To Hoa Hoc , Obitan Nguyen T chuan b luyen tap.Tuan: 3

Tiet: 7, 8

Ngay soan: 22/08/2014LUYEN TAP: THANH PHAN NGUYEN T

OBITAN NGUYEN T

A/-MUC TIEU BAI HOC : 1.Ve kien thc :

Hoc sinh phai hieu va van dung kien thc :

-Thanh phan cau tao nguyen t

-So khoi, nguyen t khoi, nguyen to hoa hoc, so hieu nguyen t, k hieu nguyen t, ong v, nguyen t khoi trung bnh, obitan nguyen t

2. Ve k nang :

Lam cac bai tap van dung:

-Xac nh so proton, nron electron, so khoi, khoi lng nguyen t khi biet k hieu nguyen t

-Tnh nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua cac nguyen to hoa hoc.

B/-CHUAN B : 1.Phng Phap : am thoai Van ap 2.o dung : Khong s dung phng tien trc quan, hoc sinh chuan b trc bai luyen tap.

C/-LEN LP :


2.Kiem tra bai cu:

-Co the mo ta s chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t bang cac qu ao chuyen ong c khong?

-Theo thuyet hien ai s chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t c mo ta bang hnh anh g?

3.Day bai mi :Tiet 1

Hoat ong 1:


I/- Kien thc trong tam : Nguyen t c cau tao bi ba loai hat: electron (e) lp vo, proton (p)va ntron(n) hat nhan.

qe = -1,602 .10-19C = 1-

me ( 0,00055u

qp = 1,602 .10-19C = 1+

mp ( 1u

qn = 0, mn ( 1u

Trong mot nguyen t trung hoa ien, so n v ien tch hat nhan bang so proton va bang so electron.

So khoi A =Z + N

Trong tnh toan gan ung co the xem nguyen t khoi bang so khoi.

Nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua nguyen to co nhieu ong v.

K hieu nguyen t:

Thao luan thanh phan cau tao nguyen t .

Nguyen t c cau tao bi cac loai hat nao?

Khoi lng va ien tch cac hat o ra sao?

Gia tr THN c xac nh nh the nao ?

Cach tnh so khoi?

The nao la ong v? Nguyen to hoa hoc ?

Cach tnh nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua cac ong v?

Mot nguyen t c k hieu ay u nh the nao?

Nguyen t c cau tao bi ba loai hat: electron (e) lp vo, proton (p) va ntron(n) hat nhan

qe = -1,602 .10-19C = 1-

me ( 0,00055u

qp = 1,602 .10-19C = 1+

mp ( 1u

qn = 0, mn ( 1u

So khoi A =Z + N

ong v la nhng nguyen t co cung proton, khac ntron

Nguyen t khoi trung bnh

Mot nguyen t c k hieu ay u:

Tiet 2Hoat ong 2:


II/- Bai Tap: Bai 1:Theo so lieu bang 1 trang 8

a) Tnh khoi lng nguyen t nit ra gam, biet nguyen t nit co 7 proton, 7 ntron va 7 electron.

b) Tnh t so khoi lng cua electron so vi khoi lng toan nguyen t .

Ap dung giai bai tap?

Tnh tong khoi lng cua proton

Tnh tong khoi lng cua Ntron

Tnh tong khoi lng cua electron

Tnh khoi lng toan nguyen t

Hay neu ket qua sau khi tnh xong bai toan?

a) Tong khoi lng proton

= 11,7082.10-27kg

=11,7082 .10-24g (1)

Tong khoi lng ntron

= 11,7236.10-27kg

= 11,7236 .10-24 g (2)

Tong khoi lng electron

= 0,0064.10-27kg

= 0,0064.10-24g (3)

Khoi lng nguyen t nit la

(1)+(2) +(3) = 23,4382.10-24g

b) T so khoi lng electron so vi khoi lng nguyen t la :

Hoat ong 3:


Bai 2: Tnh ban knh gan ung cua nguyen t canxi.?

Biet the tch cua 1 mol canxi tinh the la 25,87 cm3

Biet rang trong tinh the cac nguyen t canxi ch chiem 74% the tch, con lai la khe trong.

Giai

The tch thc cua mot mol canxi:

V(1mol) =25,87 .= 19,15cm3

The tch cua mot nguyen t canxi:

Mot mol canxi co cha 6,02.1023 nguyen t canxi

Vay 1 nguyen t canxi co the tch la:

V=

Xem nguyen t canxi la mot khoi cau co ban knh la R

Ta co

=

Hng dan hoc sinh:

Tnh the tch thc cua1 mol canxi?

Tnh the tch cua 1 nguyen t canxi?

Tnh ban knh nguyen t canxi da vao cong thc tnh the tch hnh cau ( xem nguyen t canxi nh mot khoi cau )

The tch thc cua mot mol canxi:

V(1mol)=25,87.

= 19,15cm3

The tch cua mot nguyen t canxi:

Mot mol canxi co cha 6,02.1023 nguyen t canxi.

Vay 1 nguyen t canxi co the tch la:

V=

Xem nguyen t canxi la mot khoi cau co ban knh la R

Ta co

=


Bai 3 :Biet nguyen to argon co 3 ong v ng vi so khoi la 36, 38, A. Phan tram so nguyen t cac ong v lan lt la 0,34%, 0,06%, va 99,6%. Nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua argon la 39,98. Tnh so khoi A cua ong v con lai?

Giai

So khoi A cua ong v con lai cua nguyen to argon la:

= 40

Hng dan hoc sinh :

Da vao cong thc tnh nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua cac ong v .

Ta co cong thc tnh nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua nguyen to argon la

=39,98

So khoi A cua ong v con lai cua nguyen to argon

= 40

4.Cung co :

- The nao la nguyen to hoa hoc, ong v?

- Cach tnh nguyen t khoi trung bnh cac ong v?

- K hieu nguyen t cho ta biet c ieu g?cho v du ?

5.Dan do :

- Chuan b bai Lp Va Phan Lp Electron

- Electron vo nguyen t nh the nao c xep cung mot lp?

- Trong mot lp cac electron nh the nao c xep cung mot phan lp?

- Trong moi phan lp co the cha toi a bao nhieu electron?

Tuan: 3

Tiet: 9

Ngay soan: 25/08/2014Bai 6. CAU TAO VO NGUYEN T.

A/- MUC TIEU BAI HOC : 1.Ve kien thc :

Hoc sinh hieu :

-Trong nguyen t cac electron chuyen ong quanh hat nhan tao nen lp vo nguyen t.

- S chia lp electron, phan lp elecron, so electron trong moi phan lp, moi lp.

2. Ve k nang:

- Ren luyen cho hoc sinh k nang giai cac bai tap lien quan en lp electron, phan lp electron, so obitan trong lp, phan lp.

B/-CHUAN B : 1.Phng phap: Dien giang am thoai Van ap

2. Chuan b: Phong to hnh dang cac obitan

C/-LEN LP :


2.Kiem tra bai cu:

3.Day bai mi :

Hoat ong 1:


I/- Lp electron : Cac electron tren cung mot lp co mc nang lng gan bang nhau.

Theo th t mc nang lng t thap en cao, cac lp electron c ghi la : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Ten : K, L, M, N, O, P, Q

Lp 1 la lp gan hat nhan nhat, cac electron lp nay lien ket vi hat nhan chat che nhat, chung co nang lng thap nhat, dan dan en cac lp tiep theo (2, 3, 4) xa hat nhan hn, co nang lng cao hn.

Tai sao cac electron co mot vung u tien trong lp vo nguyen t ( obitan)?

Trong lp vo nguyen t cac electron c sap xep nh the nao ?

trang thai c ban cac electron trong nguyen t lan lt chiem cac mc nang lng t thap en cao va sap xep thanh tng lp.

Lp electron nao co nang lng thap nhat, cao nhat

Do moi obitan co mot trang thai nang lng khac nhau .Cac electron co mc nang lng gan bang nhau xep chung mot lp

Lp electron gan hat nhan co nang lng thap nhat, dan dan en cac lp tiep theo (2,3,4) xa hat nhan hn, co nang lng cao hn. Lp electron ngoai cung co nang lng cao nhat.

Hoat ong 2:


II/- Phan lp electron :

Moi lp chia thanh nhieu phan lp:

Cac electron tren cung mot phan lp co mc nang lng bang nhau.

Cac phan lp c k hieu bang cac ch cai thng s, p, d, f

Lp 1(K) co 1 phan lp 1s

Lp 2(L) co 2 phan lp 2s, 2p

Lp 3(M) co 3 phan lp 3s, 3p, 3d

Lp 4(N) co 4 phan lp 4s, 4p, 4d va 4f

So phan lp trong moi lp bang so th t cua lp.Tuy nhien trong tat ca cac nguyen to trong bang he thong tuan hoan, cac electron trong nguyen t cua chung ch ien vao bon phan lp s, p, d, f.

Moi lp c chia thanh nhieu phan lp.Vay phan lp electron c chia nh the nao?

Cac obitan trong cung phan lp co ac iem g chung ?

Tuy theo ac iem tng lp ma moi lp co the co 1 hay nhieu phan lp.

Dien giang

Lp 1(K) co 1 phan lp 1s

Lp 2(L) co 2 phan lp 2s, 2p

Lp 3(M) co 3 phan lp 3s, 3p, 3d

Lp 4(N) co4 phan lp 4s, 4p, 4d va 4f

Rut ra ket luan g ?

Moi lp chia thanh nhieu phan lp

Cac electron tren cung mot phan lp co mc nang lng bang nhau.

So phan lp trong moi lp bang so th t cua lp.

Hoat ong 3:


III/- So obitan nguyen t trong mot phan lp electron : Phan lp s ch co 1 obitan oi xng cau trong khong gian.

Phan lp p co 3 obitan px, py, pz, nh hng theo cac truc x, y,z. Phan lp d co 5 obitan nh hng khac nhau trong khong gian

Phan lp f co 7 obitan nh hng khac nhau trong khong gianDien giang

Cac obitan trong cung mot phan lp co cung mc nang lng, so lng va hnh dang obitan phu thuoc vao ac iem cua moi phan lp.

Mac du trong cac obitan p, d, f co nhieu obitan nh hng theo cac hng khac nhau nhng cac obitan trong cung mot phan lp co nang lng bang nhau.

Xem tranh ve cac obitan cua phan lp s va phan lp p

Nhan xet so obitan trong cac phan lp eu la sole:1,3, 5 ,7.


IV/- So obitan nguyen t trong mot lp electron :Lp

So phan lp

So obitan

1(K)

1s

1

2(L)

2s 2p

4

3(M)

3s 3p 3d

9

4(N)

4s 4p 4d 4f

16

T ket qua tren ta co so obitan toi a trong lp th n la n2. V du: Nguyen to Na, nguyen t gom co 3 lp electron, lp th 3 co 9 obitan

Da vao so obitan trong moi phan lp va so phan lp trong moi lp hay suy ra so obitan trong moi lp electron .

Rut ra ket luan ve so obitan trong moi lp electron?

ieu nay ch ung en lp 4

Lp 1 co 1 oitan 1s

Lp 2 co 4 obitan ( 1obitan 2s va 3 obitan 2p)

Lp 3 co 9 obitan ( 1obitan 3s va 3 obitan 3p va 5 obitan 3d)

Lp 4 co 16 obitan ( 1obitan 4s va 3 obitan 4p va 5 obitan 4d va 7 obitan 4f)

T ket qua tren ta co so obitan toi a trong lp th n la n2 .

4. Cung co :

- The nao la lp va phan lp electron,s khac nhau gia lp va phan lp electron?

- Tai sao lp N cha toi a 16obitan, hnh dang cua cac obitan trong lp N?

5. Dan do :

- Bai tap 4, 5, 6 trang 25. Lam tai lp bai 1, 2, 3

- Chuan b bai Nang Lng Cac Electron - Cau Hnh Electron Cua Nguyen T

-Da vao au e viet cau hnh electron cua mot nguyen t?

- Biet c Electron ngoai cung co y ngha g?

- Van dung cach viet cau hnh Electron co the viet c cau hnh electron cua ion n nguyen t c khong ? Tai sao ?

Tuan: 4

Tiet: 10, 11

Ngay soan: 27/08/2014Bai 7. NANG LNG CUA CAC ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN T CAU HNH ELECTRON

A/- MUC TIEU BAI HOC: 1 Ve kien thc:

Hoc sinh phai biet:

-So electron toi a trong mot lp va phan lp.

-Cac nguyen l, quy tac sap xep electron trong nguyen t .

Hoc sinh phai hieu:

-Cach viet cau hnh electron.

-Hieu ac iem electron lp ngoai cung.

2.Ve k nang :

-Viet cau hnh electron nguyen t cua cac nguyen to thuoc cac chu k nho

B/- CHUAN B : 1. Phng phap: Dienbigiang am thoai Van ap Trc quan 2. Chuan b : Phong to hnh 1.11 (s o phan bo mc nang lng)

Bang cau hnh electron cua 20 nguyen to au

C/-LEN LP :

1.On nh lp : Kiem tra s so.

2.Kiem tra bai cu:

Hay cho biet ten cua cac lp electron ng vi gia tr n = 1, 2, 3, 4 va cho biet cac lp o co cha bao nhieu obitan?

3. DayBai Mi :Tiet 1

Hoat ong 1:


I/-Nang lng cua electron trong nguyen t :

1. Mc nang lng obitan nguyen t:

Trong nguyen t cac electron tren moi obitan co mot mc nang lng xac nh, c goi la mc nang lng obitan nguyen t ( nang lng AO). Cac electron tren cac obitan khac nhau cua cung mot phan lp co nang lng nh nhau .

V du:

Phan lp 2p co 3 obitan 2,. Cac electron cua ba obitan nay co nang lng bang nhau .

Cac electron cua cac phan lp khac nhau co mc nang lng nh the nao?

Trng hp nao electron co nang lng bang nhau?

Cac electron tren cac obitan khac nhau cua cung mot phan lp co nang lng nh nhau .

V du:

Phan lp 2p co 3 obitan 2,. Cac electron cua ba obitan nay co nang lng bang nhau. Cac electron cua cac phan lp khac nhau co mc nang lng khac nhau.

Cac electron trong cung mot phan lp co mc nang lng nh nhau .

Hoat ong 2:


2. Trat t cac mc nang lng obitan nguyen t:

Th t sap xep theo chieu tang cua mc nang lng c xac nh bang thc nghiem va ly thuyet:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d . . .

Cho hoc sinh xem hnh 1.11(mc nang lng cua cac obitan trong nguyen t)

Nang lng cac electron bien oi nh the nao gia cac lp va cac phan lp?

Giai thch s chenh lech mc nang lng gia 4s va 3d la do khi ien tch hat nhan tang co s chen mc nang lng ( hnh 1.11)

T trong ra ngoai nang lng cac lp tang t 1 en 7, nang lng cac phan lp tang theo th t s, p, d, f.

Xem hnh 1.11 phong to.

Hoat ong 3:


II/- Cac nguyen l va qui tac phan bo electron trong nguyen t:1.Nguyen l Pau Li: a) O lng T:

e bieu dien obitan nguyen t mot cach n gian ngi ta dung o vuong nho goi la o lng t. Mot o lng t ng vi mot obitan.

Cho hoc sinh ve nha ve cac o lng t vao tap ( hnh 1.12)

Dien giang o lng t .

Cho hoc sinh ve cac o lng t cua obitan 2s va 2p

Hoc sinh ve cac o lng t

2s 2px 2py 2pz


b) Nguyen l Pau Li :

Trong mot obitan ch cha nhieu nhat la 2 electron va hai electron nay chuyen ong t quay khac chieu nhau xung quanh truc rieng cua moi electron

Khi mot obitan a co 2 electron th 2 electron o c goi la electron ghep oi, khi mot obitan ch co 1 electron th e o c goi la e oc than

Dien giang nguyen l pau li.

Ngi ta bieu th chieu t quay khac nhau quanh truc rieng cua hai electron la hai mui ten : mot mui ten hng len, mot mui ten hng xuong.

Bieu dien electron oc than va electron ghep oi cua cua obitan 1s ?

Hoc sinh ve hai o lng t va bieu dien electron vao obitan.

Tiet 2

Hoat ong 5:


c) So Electron toi a trong mot lp va phan lp :

* Trong mot lp :

Lp n co n2 obitan. Moi obitan cha nhieu nhat 2electron, vay lp n se co nhieu nhat 2n2 electron.

Lp

So obitan

So electron

1(K)

1

2

2(L)

4

8

3(M)

9

18

4(N)

16

32

Nhac lai so obitan trong moi lp electron?

ieu nay ch ung ti lp th 4 ( n 4). So electron to a trong lp 5 6,7 giong lp th 4.

Theo nguyen l Pau Li hay tnh so electron toi a trong moi lp?

Lp 1 co 1 oitan 1s

Lp 2 co 4 obitan ( 1obitan 2s va 3 obitan 2p)

Lp 3 co 9 obitan ( 1obitan 3s va 3 obitan 3p va 5 obitan 3d)

Lp 4 co 16 obitan (1obitan 4s va 3 obitan 4p va 5 obitan 4d va 7 obitan 4f)

Hoc sinh tnh so electron toi a trong moi lp electron.

Hoat ong 6:


* Trong mot phan lp :

Phan lp

So AO

So electron

s

1

2

p

3

6

d

5

10

f

7

14

V du: Phan lp 2s co 2 electron, phan lp 3p co 5 electron ngi ta bieu dien la 2s2, 3p5. Hoac cung co the bieu dien vao o lng t

Cho hoc sinh xem hnh 1.14 (so electron toi a trong cac phan lp)

Cho biet so obitan trong moi phan lp?

Da vao nguyen l Pau - Li xac nh so electron toi a trong moi phan lp ?

Trong mot phan lp a cha ay electron goi la phan lp bao hoa (s2,p6, d10) Ngc lai goi la phan lp cha bao hoa

Dien giang s bieu dien electron trong phan lp.

Phan lp s ch co 1 obitan

Phan lp p co 3 obitan px, py, pz. Phan lp d co 5 obitan

Phan lp f co 7 obitan

Xac nh so electron toi a trong moi phan lp.

Hoat ong 7:


2. Nguyen l Vng Ben:

trang thai c ban cac electron trong nguyen t chiem lan lt nhng obitan co mc nang lng t thap en cao.

V du: Be( Z=4) 1s2 2s2

B( Z= 5) 1s2 2s2 2p1( cho hoc sinh xem s bieu dien vao o

lng t) Trnh bay nguyen l

V du:

Nguyen t H( Z= 1), co mot electron chiem obitan 1s

Nguyen t Li (Z = 3 ) co 3 electron, trong o 2 electron chiem obitan 1s,1 electron chiem obitan 2s ( 1s2 2s1).

Phan bo electron vao cac obitan cua nguyen t

Na( Z = 11).

Hoat ong 8:


3. Qui tac Hun: Trong cung mot phan lp, cac electron se phan bo tren cac obitan sao cho so electron oc than la toi a va cac electron nay phai co chieu t quay giong nhau.

V du: trong nguyen t C ( Z= 6) cac electron phan bo vao cac obitan nh sau:

1s2

C ( Z= 6)

Dien giang qui tac Hun

Phan tch cho hoc sinh hieu qui tac hun, t o hoc sinh nam c cach phan bo electron vao trong obitan

Nhan xet trong nguyen t C co bao nhieu electron oc than?

e n gian khong can viet cac o lng t cao thap.

Phan bo electron vao obitan cua nguyen t

N( Z= 7)

Hoat ong 9:


III/- Cau hnh electron: 1.Cau hnh electron nguyen t:

Cau hnh electron cua nguyen t bieu dien s phan bo electron tren cac phan lp thuoc cac lp khac nhau.

* Qui c So th t lp electron c ghi bang so (1, 2, 3, 4)

Phan lp ghi bang ch cai thng (s , p ,d ,f )

So electron ghi bang so pha tren ben phai cua phan lp. Neu lai cach k hieu cac lp electron?

Cach k hieu cac phan lp electron.

Lp electron c k hieu bang so 1, 2, 3, 4

Cac phan lp electron c ghi bang ch cai thng s, p, d , f.

V du :

1s2 2s2 2p6

Hoat ong 10:


2.Viet cau hnh Electron cua nguyen t :

Bc 1 :Xac nh so electron.

Bc 2: Phan bo cac electron vao cac phan lp theo chieu tang mc nang lng va theo cac qui tac

Bc 3:Viet cau hnh electron lai theo tng lp khac nhau.

V du: Viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t sau:

H(Z=1) 1s1He(Z=2) 1s2N(Z=7)1s2 2s2 2p3Ne(Z=10) 1s2 2s2 2p6Cl(Z=17) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5Hoac 3s2 3p5Ar(Z=18) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6Fe( Z=26) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d64s2Hoac 3d64s2 *Ghi chu: ( giang cho hoc sinh )e ngan gon ngi khi viet cau hnh electron cua nhng nguyen to co so hieu nguyen t ln, ngi ta thay the bang cau hnh electron cua nguyen t nguyen to Heli (He) hoac nguyen to Argon ( Ar)

Dien giang cho hoc sinh tng bc thc hien

Viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t sau:

H(Z=1), He(Z=2), N(Z=7), Cl(Z=17) , Fe( Z=26)

Giao vien sa sai cho hoc sinh, hng dan cho hoc sinh thay cai sai, ch cho hoc sinh cach lam ung .

la cau hnh electron cua nguyen t Neon(Ne)

la cau hnh electron cua nguyen t Argon ( Ar)

Cho hoc sinh viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen to con lai cua 20 nguyen to au, giao vien sa sai.

S dung bang cau hnh electron cua 20 nguyen to au ( phong to) cho hoc sinh so sanh vi ket qua mnh lam.

Viet cau hnh electron theo lp cua cac nguyen to tren?

Chu y theo doi thay giang

Van dung viet cau hnh electron ung cua cac nguyen t tren.

H(Z=1) 1s1He(Z=2) 1s2N(Z=7)1s2 2s2 2p3Cl(Z=17) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Fe( Z=26) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d64s2 Hoc sinh viet cau hnh electron cua 20 nguyen to au .

Hoat ong 11:


3. ac iem electron lp ngoai cung: Cac nguyen t co 8 electron lp ngoai cung ( ns2 np6) va nguyen t Heli (1s2) khong tham gia phan ng hoa hoc, v chung co cau hnh electron rat ben, chung la nhng kh hiem, phan t cua chung ch gom mot nguyen t.

Cac nguyen t co t 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoai cung (tr H, He, B) th rat de nhng electron, chung la nhng kim loai.

Cac nguyen to co 5,6, 7 electron lp ngoai cung th de nhng electron, chung la nhng phi kim.

Mot so nguyen to co 4 electron lp ngoai cung la kim loai, cung co mot so la phi kim.

Qua cau hnh electron cua 20 nguyen to au hay rut ra ket luan ve so electron toi a trong lp ngoai cung

Viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen to Mg(Z=12), K(Z=19),O(Z=8) , P(Z=15), Ar(Z=18). Cho biet nguyen to nao la kim loai ,phi kim hay kh hiem?

Xac nh electron lp ngoai cung cua cac nguyen t va viet cau hnh? Nguyen t cua tat ca cac nguyen to hoa hoc eu co toi a 8 electron lp ngoai cung

Mg(Z=12) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 la kim loai

K(Z=19)1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 la nguyen to kim loai.

O(Z=8) 1s2 2s2 2p4 la nguyen to phi kim

P(Z=15) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 la nguyen to phi kim

Ar(Z=18) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6la kh hiem

4.Cung co :

- Co bao nhieu electron lp ngoai cung cua cac nguyen t co so hieu lan lt la : 3, 6, 9, 20?

- Cho hoc sinh tra li tai lp bai tap 1, 2 , 3.

5.Dan do :

- Bai tap 4, 5, 6, 7 trang 32

- Chuan b bai luyen tap.Tuan: 4, 5.

Tiet: 12, 13.

Ngay soan: 29/08/2014Bai 8. LUYEN TAP CHNG I .

A/- MUC TIEU BAI HOC: 1.Ve kien thc Cung co kien thc:

- Thanh phan cau tao nguyen t.

- S chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t.

- S phan bo electron trong cac phan lp, lp Viet cau hnh electron.

2.Ve k nang:

- Van dung kien thc lam cac bai tap cau tao nguyen t.

- Van dung cac qui tac, nguyen l e viet cau hnh electron cua nguyen t.

- Phan biet kim loai, phi kim va kh hiem.

B/-CHUAN B: 1.Phng phap : am thoai Van ap Thao luan.

2.o Dung : Bang tom tac kien thc c ban can nam.C/-LEN LP:

1. On nh lp : Kiem tra s so .

2. Kiem tra bai cu:

-Viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t : Mg( Z = 12 ), K (Z = 19 ), P (Z= 15 ), Ne(Z = 10). Cho biet nguyen t nao thuoc nguyen to kim loai , phi kim hay kh hiem?

3.Day bai mi:

I/ KIEN THC CAN NAM: Tiet 1

1. Cau tao nguyen t:

Nguyen t

2. Cau truc vo nguyen t:

Qui tac Hun

3. Nguyen to hoa hoc:

Tiet 2

Hoat ong 1:


Giao vien at cau hoi:

Nguyen t c cau tao bi may phan?

Cac hat c ban cau tao nen tng phan va ban chat cua cac loai hat o?

The nao la lp electron? Phan lp electron? Obitan?

Cho biet so obitan, so electron trong tng phan lp, tng lp?

Da vao nhng qui tac, nguyen l nao e viet cau hnh electron ?

Khai niem nguyen to hoa hoc, ong v, nguyen t khoi trung bnh?

Cho tng nhom hoc sinh thao luan va tra li tng cau hoi.

Hoat ong 2:


II/- BAI TAP:

Bai 1: Viet cau hnh electron cua nguyen t Fe, biet nguyen t Fe co

Z = 26, khi nguyen t Fe mat i 2 electron, 3 electron th cau hnh electron tng ng nh the nao?

Bai lam :

Theo mc nang lng

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s2 3d6Cau hnh electron cua nguyen t Fe

( Z = 26 )

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d64s2

Yeu cau hoc sinh viet cau hnh electron cua Fe

(Z = 26)

Hng dan

Viet theo mc nang lng trc .

Sau o viet lai theo tng lp. Fe :3d6 4s2Khi mat 2 electron th cau hnh electron tng ng la

3d6Khi mat ba electron th cau hnh electron tng ng la

3d5

Hoat ong 3:


Bai 2: Viet cau hnh electron nguyen t cua nguyen to co Z = 21, Z = 31,

Z = 35.

Bai lam

Z = 21

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d14s2Z = 31

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d104s2 4p1

Z = 35

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d104s2 4p5

Yeu cau 3 hoc sinh len bang viet cau hnh, cac em khac cung phai t viet,xong rut ra ket luan.

Co nhan xet g ve qua trnh viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t nay?

Khi nao can sap xep lai theo tng lp ?

Cac em hoc sinh t viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t .

Nhan xet:

Cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t nay eu co cha phan lp d .Khi viet phai qua hai giai oan : Viet theo mc nang lng , sau o sap xep lai theo tng lp.

Hoc sinh thao luan tra li cau hoi nay.

( khi so hieu nguyen t cua nguyen to > 20 )


Bai 3 : Nguyen t R mat i 1 electron tao thanh cation R+ co cau hnh electron lp ngoai cung la 2p6. Viet cau hnh electron nguyen t R va s phan bo electron vao obitan ?

Bai Lam:

Theo e bai :

R = R+ + 1e.

Cau hnh electron cua R la :

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1Phan bo vao obitan

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Da vao bai 1 ( cau hnh electron cua nguyen t Fe ) e lam bai nay, nhng bai nay ngc vi bai 1

Hng dan cho hoc sinh

R = R+ + 1eHoc sinh phai lam c

Cau hnh electron cua R la :

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1Phan bo vao obitan

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

4. Cung co:

-Da vao s o kien thc can nam, cung co lai mot lan na cho hoc sinh nam .

5. Dan do:

- Chuan B Bai : Bang Tuan Hoan Cac Nguyen To Hoa Hoc

- Bang tuan hoan c xay dng tren nguyen tac nao ?

- Bang tuan hoan c cau tao nh the nao?

Tuan: 15

Tiet: 14

Ngay soan: 03/09/2014KIEM TRA VIET SO 1 .

Mon: Hoa Hoc 10 Nang Cao.

Thi gian: 45 phut.

I/-TRAC NGHIEM :

Cau 1 : Thanh phan cau tao nguyen t gom : A.Proton va Electron C.Electron , Proton va Ntron

B.Electron va Ntron D.Ntron va Proton

Cau 2 : n v khoi lng nguyen t (u) co gia tr tng ng la:

A.1,6726.10-27kg C.1,6748.10-27kg

B.1,6605.10-27kg D.1,6738.10-27kg

Cau 3 : So ien tch hat nhan (THN) bang so :

A.Proton va Electron C.Electron va Ntron

B.Proton va Ntron D.Pro ton , Electron va So hieu nguyen t

Cau 4 : K hieu cho biet nguyen t nguyen to o co :

A.19 electron va 20 proton C.19 proton va 19 ntron

B.19 electron , 19 proton va 20 ntron D.19 electron , 19 proton va 19 ntron

Cau 5 : Khi khong can o chnh xac cao th khoi lng nguyen t coi nh bang :

A.Tong khoi lng proton va electron C.Tong khoi lng proton , ntron va electron

B.Tong khoi lng proton va ntron D.Tong khoi lng ntron va electron

Cau 6 : Cac nguyen t nguyen to co 1,2,3 electron lp ngoai cung la nhng nguyen to:

A.Kim loai C.Phi kim

B.Kh hiem D.Mot so la phi kim, mot so la kim loai

II/-T LUAN :

Cau 1 :

Hay tnh khoi lng nguyen t Oxi ( gom 8 proton , 8 ntron va 8 electron ) (phep tnh gan ung ). T o hay tnh t so khoi lng electron trong nguyen t Oxi so vi khoi lng cua toan nguyen t .

Cau 2 :

Tnh nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua nguyen t Kali, biet rang trong t nhien thanh phan phan tram cac ong v cua Kali la : 93,258% ; 0,12% va 6,730% .

Cau 3 :

Hay viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t sau va cho biet chung la nhng nguyen to kim loai, phi kim hay kh hiem ?

a) A (Z = 17 ) b) B ( Z = 24 ) c) C ( Z = 15 ) d) D ( Z = 18 )

Cau 4 :

Cho Fe tan hoan toan vi lng va u 100 gam dung dch HCl. Sau phan ng thu c 4,48 lit kh ( o ktc ) .

a)Viet phng trnh phan ng hoa hoc xay ra .

b)Tnh nong o phan tram dung dch thu c. ( Cho Fe = 56; Cl = 35,5; H = 1 ) .Tuan: 5, 6.

Tiet: 15,16.

Ngay soan: 04/09/2014Chng 2. BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC. NH LUAT TUAN HOANBai 9. BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOAHOC.


Hoc sinh biet :

-Nguyen tac xay dng bang tuan hoan.

Hoc sinh hieu :

-Cau tao bang he thong tuan hoan.

-Moi quan he gia cau hnh electron va v tr trong bang tuan hoan

2.Ve k nang :

-Lam cac bai tap ve he thong tuan hoan

B/ CHUAN B : 1. Phng phap : Dien giang Van ap Neu van e Trc quan.

2. Chuan b : Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc

C/ LEN LP :


2. Kiem tra bai cu:

3. Day bai mi :Tiet 1

Hoat ong 1:


I/- Nguyen tac sap xep cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan : Cac nguyen to c sap xep theo chieu tang cua THN nguyen t.

Cac nguyen to co cung so lp electron trong nguyen t c xep chung mot hang.

Cac nguyen to co cung so electron hoa tr c xep chung mot cot.

Da vao bang tuan hoan cho biet ien tch hat nhan cua cac nguyen to trong cung hang ngang t trai sang phai nh the nao ?

Suy ra qui tac th nhat

So lp electron cua nguyen t cac nguyen to trong cung mot hang ?

So electron hoa tr cua cac nguyen to trong cung mot cot? ien tch hat nhan cua cac nguyen to trong cung hang ngang t trai sang phai tang dan .

Bang nhau

Bang nhau

Hoat ong 2:


II/- Cau tao bang tuan hoan: 1. O nguyen to :

So th t cua o nguyen to bang so hieu nguyen t cua nguyen to o. Cho hoc sinh xem hnh ve o nguyen to hyro va nhom

Neu y ngha cua cac thanh phan trong o nguyen toCho biet y ngha o nguyen to Ca ( da vao bang tuan hoan)

Tiet 2

Hoat ong 3:


2. Chu k: Chu k la day cac nguyen to ma nguyen t cua chung co cung so lp electron.

So th t chu k bang so lp electron

Bang he thong tuan hoan co 7 chu k, chu k 1 ,2, 3 la chu k nho, chu k 5, 6, 7 la chu k ln .

Lap bang gii thieu cac chu k .

Dien giang s phan bo electron vao cac chu k

Chu y khi xay dng chu k 4 va chu k 5.

Nhan xet cac nguyen to trong moi chu k? Viet cau hnh electon cua nguyen to au va nguyen to ket thuc .

Ket luan: bat au moi chu k la mot kim loai kiem va ket thuc chu k la kh hiem

Hoat ong 4:


3. Nhom nguyen to:

La tap hp cac nguyen to ma nguyen t co cau hnh electron tng t nhau, do o tnh chat hoa hoc gan giong nhau va c xep thanh mot cot

Nhom IA va nhom IIA gom nhng nguyen t co electron cuoi cung ien vao phan lp s (goi la nhom nguyen to s)

V du: Na( Z = 11)1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Mg(Z= 12) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2Nhom IIIA en nhom VIIIA ( tr He) goi la nhom nguyen to p

V du O ( Z = 8) 1s2 2s2 2p4 Cl( Z = 17) 1s2 2s2 2p63s2 3p5Cac nhom IB en nhom VIIIB la nhom nguyen to d va f

V du

Fe( Z = 26) 1s2 2s2 2p63s2 3p64s2 3d6 Nhom nguyen to la g?

Nhom nguyen to chia lam may loai?

Co bao nhieu nhom A? ac iem cau tao nhom A?

Co bao nhieu nhom B? ac iem cau tao nhom B?

Phan bo electron cua cac nguyen to theo mc nang lng: Na( Z = 11), Mg(Z= 12), O ( Z = 8), Cl( Z = 17), Fe( Z = 26). Nhan xet electron cuoi cung .

Dien giang cac nguyen to f. Tham khao giao khoa tra li

Nhom A va nhom B

Co 8 nhom A gom cac nguyen to co electron ngoai cung ien vao phan lp p va s .

Co 8 nhom B. Gom nhng nguyen to co electron ngoai cung ien vao phan lp d va f

Cac em hoc sinh phan bo electron theo mc nang lng (da vao cach viet cau hnh electron).

4.Cung co :

V sao chu k 2 va chu k 3 moi chu k co 8 nguyen to

Viet cau hnh electron cua nguyen to co Z= 35 va nguyen to co Z =19. cho biet v tr trong bang tuan hoan

5.Dan do:

Bai tap 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,7 trang 39. SGK

Chuan b bai S Bien oi Tuan Hoan Cau Hnh Electon Cua Cac Nguyen

Tuan: 6

Tiet: 17

Ngay soan: 06/08/2014Bai 10. S BIEN OI TUAN HOAN CAU HNH ELECTRON NGUYEN T CUA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC.

A/- MUC TIEU BAI HOC : 1.Ve kien thc: Hoc sinh hieu :

-S bien oi tuan hoan cau hnh electron nguyen t cua cac nguyen to.

-Moi quan he gia cau hnh eletron nguyen t cac nguyen to vi v tr cua chung trong bang tuan hoan. 2.Ve k nang : -Ren luyen k nang giai cac bai tap , nam c qui luat bien oi tuan hoan cau hnh electron dan en s bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to.

B/-CHUAN B :

1. Phng phap : Trc quan Dien giang Van ap.

2. Chuan b : Bang Tuan Hoan, cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen to trong cung chu k.

C/- LEN LP :

1. On nh lp : Kiem tra s so.

2. Kiem tra bai cu :

- Trnh bay nguyen tac sap xep, cau tao bang tuan hoan?

- Neu ac iem cua cac nguyen to trong cung chu k, nhom?

- The nao la nguyen ro s, p, d, f cho v du?

3. Day bai mi :

Hoat ong 1:


I/-Cau hnh electron nguyen t cua cac nguyen to nhom A : Nhom A gom cac nguyen to s va nguyen to p (cho hoc sinh xem bang cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen to nhom A ).

So th t cua nhom A bang so electron lp ngoai cung.

Trong moi chu k i t trai sang phai so electron lp ngoai cung tang dan t 1 en 8.

S bien oi tuan hoan ve cau hnh electron lp ngoai cung cua nguyen t cac nguyen to khi ien tch hat nhan tang dan la nguyen nhan cua s bien oi tuan hoan ve tnh chat cua cac nguyen to

Nguyen to s gom nhng nhom nao?

Nguyen to p?

Neu nhan xet ve cau hnh electron cua nguyen t cac nguyen to trong cung mot nhom A.

Trong moi chu k i t trai sang phai so electron lp ngoai cung bien oi nh the nao? S bien oi nay co lap lai sau moi chu k khong?

Nhom IA va IIA

Nhom IIIA en nhom VIIA

Cac nguyen to trong cung nhom A co so electron ngoai cung bang nhau va bang so th t cua nhom.

Tang dan t 1 en 8, lap lai sau moi chu k.

Hoat ong 2:


II/- Cau hnh electron nguyen t cua cac nguyen to nhom A: Nhom B gom nhng nguyen to d va nguyen to f.Chung c goi la cac kim loai chuyen tiep.

Cau hnh Electron nguyen t cua cac nguyen to nay co dang (n-1)da ns2Trong o a = 1 en 10

*Trng hp ngoai le

Neu a = 4 th cau hnh electron cua chung tr thanh (n-1)d5 ns1Neu a = 9 th (n-1)d10 ns1So electron hoa tr cua cac nguyen to nay la

a+ 2 ( neu a 6)

8( neu a = 7 ,8)

1 hoac 2 ( neu a=10)

V du :

Fe: 3d64s2 co 8 electron hoatr

Cu :3d104s1 co 1 electron hoatr

Cr : 3d54s1 co 6 electron hoatrDa vao bang tuan hoan cho biet v tr cua cac nguyen to nhom B .

Viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen to Fe (Z = 26), Cu(Z=29),Cr(Z=24), Mn(Z=25), Zn (Z=30)

Nhan xet g ve cau hnh electron cua chung ?Cac nguyen to nhom B cac chu k ln ( chu k 4 tr len)

Hoc sinh viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t tren .

Fe: 3d64s2Cu :3d104s1Cr : 3d54s1Mn: 3d54s2Zn: 3d104s2Hoc sinh neu nhan xet ve cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t thuoc nguyen to nhom B.

4.Cung co :

Cho cac nguyen t co Z = 8 , Z= 17 , Z= 19 , Z =18. Xac nh so electron ngoai cung cua cac nguyen t nay?

Viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t co Z = 20 , 21 , 24 ,29 ,30.Nhan xet cau hnh electron cua chung co ac iem g? Xac nh nhom cua cac nguyen to nay trong bang tuan hoan.

5.Dan do :

Bai Tap 2 6 Trang 44

Chuan b bai S Bien oi Mot So ai Lng Vat Ly Cua Cac Nguyen T

Giai thch tai sao trong chu k i t trai sang phai ban knh nguyen t giam dan trong khi so lp electron giong nhau?

Tuan: 6

Tiet: 18

Ngay soan: 08/09/2014Bai 11. S BIEN OI MOT SO AI LNG VAT L CUA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC .


Hoc sinh biet : cac khai niem : nang lng ion hoa , o am ien ,

Hoc sinh hieu : Qui luat bien oi ban kinh nguyen t, nang lng ion hoa, o am ien cua cac nguyen to trong he thong tuan hoan

2.Ve k nang :

Van dung d oan tnh chat cua cac nguyen to khi biet v tr cua chung trong bang tuan hoan

B/- CHUAN B : 1. Phng phap : Trc Quan Dien Giang Van ap

2. Chuan b: Bang 2.1( ban knh nguyen t) va bang 2.2( nang lng ion hoa), bang 2.3 ( o am ien cac nguyen to )

C/- LEN LP : 1.On nh lp : Kiem tra s so

2.Kiem tra bai cu:

- Do au ma tnh chat cua cac nguyen to trong moi chu k lap i lap lai?

- So electron ngoai cung trong moi chu k bien oi nh the nao?

-Viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t co Z = 35, 17, 27, 29 . Xac nh v tr cua chung trong bang tuan hoan .

3. Day Bai Mi :

Hoat ong 1:


I/- Ban knh nguye t :

Trong mot chu k i t trai sang phai theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan, ban knh nguyen t giam dan Trong cung nhom A i t tren xuong theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan ban knh nguyen t tang dan

Vay: ban knh nguyen t cua cac nguyen to nhom A bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan .

Cac nguyen to trong cung chu k co ac iem g giong nhau?

Trong cung chu k i t trai sang phai ien tch hat nhan bien oi nh the nao?

Dan en lc hut cua electron lp ngoai cung vi hat nhan nh the nao?

Tai sao?

Cac nguyen to trong cung chu k co cung so lp electron Trong cung chu k i t trai sang phai ien tch hat nhan tang dan

Do o lc hut cua electron lp ngoai cung vi hat nhan tang len, v vay ban knh nguyen t giam dan .

Trong cung nhom A i t tren xuong so lp electron tang nen ban knh nguyen t tang (mac du ien tch hat nhan tang).

Hoat ong 2:


II/- Nang lng ion hoa : Nang lng ion hoa th nhat (I1) cua nguyen t la nang lng toi thieu e tach electron th nhat ra khoi nguyen t trang thai c ban.

Nang lng ion hoa c tnh bang n v kJ/mol

V du : e tach mot mol electron ra khoi 1 mol nguyen t hyro theo phng trnh

H H+ + e

Th phai tieu ton motnang lng la 1312kJ/mol.

Trong mot chu k i t trai sang phai, nang lng ion hoa cua cac nguyen t tang dan

Trong cung nhom A i theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan, nang lng ion hoa giam dan.

*Ket luan:

Nang lng ion hoa th nhat cua cac ngiuyen to nhom A bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan Dien giang cac mc nang lng ion hoa th 2 th 3.

Cho hoc sinh xem bang 2.2 (nang lng ion hoa cac nguyen to)

Da vao bang 2.2 cho biet s bien oi nang lng ion hoa cua cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan ng vi chu k va nhom

Giai thch s bien oi nang lng ion hoa da vao s bien oi lc lien ket gia hat nhan va electron ngoai cung? Trong mot chu k i t trai sang phai ,nang lng ion hoa cua cac nguyen t tang dan

Trong cung nhom A i theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan, nang lng ion hoa giam dan.

Hoc sinh van dung kien thc a hoc e giai thch

Hoat ong 3:


III/- o am ien : o am ien cua mot nguyen t ac trng cho kha nang hut electron cua nguyen t o khi tao thanh lien ket hoa hoc.

Trong mot chu k theo chieu tang dan cua ien tch hat nhan, o am ien cua nguyen t cac nguyen to thng tang dan.

Trong cung nhom A, theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan, o am ien cua nguyen t cac nguyen to thng giam dan

*Ket luan: Vay o am ien cua nguyen t cac nguyen to nhom A bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan. o am ien co lien quan nh the nao vi tnh kim loai va phi kim.

Cho hoc sinh xem bang o am ien cac nguyen to

Da vao bang o am ien cac nguyen to cho biet s bien oi o am ien nh the nao trong moi chu k va nhom?

T nhng van e tren co ket luan ieu g? o am ien t le thuan vi tnh phi kim va t le nghch vi tnh kim loai.

Hoc sinh phai tra li c

Trong mot chu k theo chieu tang dan cua ien tch hat nhan, o am ien cua nguyen t cac nguyen to thng tang dan .

Trong cung nhom A, theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan, o am ien cua nguyen t cac nguyen to thng giam dan.

o am ien cua nguyen t cac nguyen to nhom A bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan.

4.Cung co :

- Trong mot chu k i t trai sang phai ban knh nguyen t bien oi nh the nao?

- Trong mot nhom A i t tren xuong ban knh nguyen t bien oi nh the nao?

- Cho biet s bien oi nang lng ion hoa th nhat cua cac nguyen t trong cung chu k va nhom, giai thch? Trong bang tuan hoan nguyen t cua nguyen to nao co o am ien ln nhat?

5.Dan do : Hoc bai lam bai tap :4-7 lam tai lp bai 1 - 3

Chuan b trc bai Bien oi tnh Kim loai. Phi kim

Tuan: 7

Tiet: 19, 20

Ngay soan: 10/09/2014Bai 12. S BIEN OI TNH KIM LOAI, TNH PHI KIM CUA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC.

NH LUAT TUAN HOAN.


Hoc sinh hieu :

-The nao la tnh kim loai, tnh phi kim, qui luat bien oi tnh kim loai phi kim trong bang tuan hoan.

-Qui luat bien oi mot so tnh chat : axit, baz cua cac oxit va hyroxit tng ng.

-Noi dung nh luat tuan hoan.

2.Ve k nang :

- So sanh tnh kim loai, phi kim, tnh axit, baz cua cac nguyen to va hyroxit tng ng cua chung.

B/- CHUAN B :

1. Phng phap : Trc quan - Dien giang Van ap

2. Chuan b: Bang 2.4 (bien oi hoa tr cac nguyen to ) bang 2.5( bien oi tnh axit, baz)

C/- LEN LP :


2. Kiem tra bai cu:

-Trnh bai qui luat bien oi ban knh nguyen t cua cac nguyen to trong cung chu k va cung nhom A?giai thch?

-Nang lng ion hoa la g?cho v du?Bien oi nang lng ion hoa cua cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan nh the nao?

-Neu khai niem o am ien?biet c o am ien cua mot nguyen to co the d oan tnh chat cua nguyen to o c khong?cho v du?

3. Day bai mi :

Tiet 1

Hoat ong 1Noi Dung Lu BangHoat ong Cua Giao VienHoat ong Cua Hoc Sinh

I/- S bien oi tnh kim loai, tnh phi kim cua cac nguyen to :

1. Tnh kim loai:

La tnh chat cua mot nguyen to ma nguyen t cua no de nhng electron e tr thanh ion dng.

2. Tnh phi kim:

La tnh chat cua mot nguyen to ma nguyen t cua no de thu electron e tr thanh ion am

Viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t :

Na(Z=11), Mg(Z= 12) ,

Al(Z= 13).

e at ti cau hnh electron ben vng nh kh hiem th cac nguyen t nay co xu hng g?

So sanh kha nang nhng electron cua cac nguyen t?

Cac nguyen t cang de nhng electron th tnh kim loai cang manh

Tng t viet cau hnh electron cua N(Z=7), O(Z=8), F( Z=9). So sanh kha nang nhan electron cua cac nguyen t tren.

Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Mg:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2Al: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 e at ti cau hnh electron ben vng nh kh hiem th cac nguyen t nay co xu hng nhng electron

Na de nhng hn Mg ,Mg de nhng electron hn Al.

Hoc sinh viet cau hnh electron cua cac nguyen t N(Z=7), O(Z=8), F( Z=9), nhan xet kha nang nhan electron cua cac nguyen t

Hoat ong 2:


3. S bien oi tnh kim loai, phi kim:

a) Trong cung mot chu k:

-Trong cung mot chu k i t trai qua phai theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan, tnh kim loai cua cac nguyen to giam dan ong thi tnh phi kim tang dan .

V du:

Trong chu k 3

Tnh kim loai Na > Mg >Al

Tnh phi kim Si < P < S < Cl

So sanh tnh kim loai phi kim cua cac nguyen to chu k 3

Trong chu k 3 i t trai sang phai .

Na( Z=11) 3s1 la kim loai kiem rat manh,

Mg ( Z=12) 3s2 la kim loai manh nhng yeu hn Na

Al (Z=13) 3s23p1 la mot kim loai yeu hn Mg, hyroxit cua no co tnh chat lng tnh.

Si (Z=14) 3s2 3p2 la mot phi kim. . .

Qui luat nay lap lai sau moi chu k

Giai thch ?

Da vao bien oi ban kinh nguyen t giai thch bien oi tinh kom loai phi kim trong cung chu k.Trong chu k 3

Tnh kim loai Na > Mg >Al

Tnh phi kim Si < P < S < Cl

Hoc sinh da vao bien oi ban knh nguyen t e giai thch.

T trai sang phai trong cung chu k ban knh nguyen t giam dan.

Ban knh nguyen t cang nho th kha nang nhng electron cang kho va kha nang nhan electron cang de.

Trong cung chu k i t trai sang phai tnh kim loai giam ong thi tnh phi kim tang dan .

Hoat ong 3:


b) Trong cung nhom A :

- Trong mot nhom A theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan ,tnh kim loai cua cac nguyen to tang dan ong thi tnh phi kim giam dan.

V du

Trong nho IA

Tnh kim loai

Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs

Trong nhom VIIA

Tnh phi kim

F > Cl > Br > I

* Ket luan :

Tnh kim loai, phi kim cua cac nguyen to nhom A bien thien tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan. Hay so sanh ban knh nguyen t cua cac nguyen to trong cung nhom ?

S khac nhau ve ban knh nguyen t o anh hng nh the nao en kha nang nhan eletron cua cac nguyen t thuoc cac nguyen to trong cung nhom?

Qui luat nay lap i lap lai trong moi nhom A va trong moi chu k.

Trong cung nhom theo chieu tang ien tch hat nhan ban knh nguyen t tang dan.

Ban knh nguyen t cang ln th cang de nhng electron va kho nhan electron vao.

Trong cung nhom A i t tren xuong tnh kim loai tang dan ong thi tnh phi kim yeu dan .

Tiet 2Hoat ong 4: Noi Dung Lu BangHoat ong Cua Giao VienHoat ong Cua Hoc Sinh

II/-S bien oi hoa tr cua cac nguyen to :

Trong mot chu k i t trai sang phai theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan hoa tr cao nhat cua cac nguyen to trong hp chat vi oxi tang lan lt t 1 en 7, con hoa tr cua cac phi kim trong hp chat vi hyro giam t 4 en 1

Cho hoc sinh ve nha chep noi dung bang bien oi tuan hoan hoatr cac nguyen to ( Bang 2.4 SGK nang cao trang 53)

Nhac lai s bien oi tuan hoan electron lp ngoai cung cua cac nguyen to nhom A trong cung chu k ?

Cho v du ve cac hp chat vi oxi cua cac nguyen to chu k 3 nh : Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, SO3, Cl2O7. Xac nh hoa tr cac nguyen to trong cac hp chat tren ?

Cho v du hp chat vi hyro cua cac nguyen to chu k 3 nh: SiH4, PH3, H2S, HCl

Xac nh hoa tr cua cac nguyen to Si, P, S, Cl trong cac hp chat tren ?

Nhan xet g ve s bien oi hoatr cua cac nguyen to trong hp chat vi oxi va hyro?

Trong cung chu k i t trai sang phai theo chieu tang ien tch hat nhan so electron lp ngoai cung tang dan t 1 en 8.

Hoc sinh xac nh hoa tr cac nguyen to trong chu k 3 trong cac hp chat vi oxi.

Na(1), Mg(2), Al(3), Si(4), P(5), S(6), Cl(7).

Hoa tr cua cac nguyen to Si, P, S, Cl trong cac hp chat vi H lan lt la: 4, 3, 2, 1.

Hoc sinh neu nhan xet s bien oi hoa tr cac nguyen to trong hp chat vi oxi va cac phi kim vi hyro.

Hoat ong 5:


III/- S bien oi tnh axit Baz cua oxit va hyroxit tng ng :

Trong mot chu k i t trai sang phai theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan, tnh baz cua cac oxit va hyroxit tng ng giam dan ong thi tnh axit cua chung tang dan.

- Trong mot nhom A theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan, tnh baz cua cac oxit va hyroxit tng ng tang dan ong thi tnh axit cua chung yeu dan.

* Ket Luan Tnh axit, baz cua cac oxit va hyroxit tng ng cua cac nguyen to bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan.

(Cho hoc sinh chep lai bang 2.5 SGK nang cao trang 54)

IV/- nh luat tuan hoan :

Tnh chat cua cac nguyen to va n chat, cung nh thanh phan va tnh chat cua cac hp chat tao nen t cac nguyen to o bien oi tuan hoan theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan. Viet cac oxit va hyroxit tng ng cua cac nguyen to chu k 3?

Tnh baz cua cac oxit va hyroxit bien oi giong nh tnh kim loai trong mot chu k.

Tnh axit cua cac oxit va hyroxit bien oi giong nh tnh phi kim trong mot chu k

Cho hoc sinh xem bang 2.5(s bien oi tnh axit baz).

Ket luan ve nh luat tuan hoan?

Hoc sinh phai viet c Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2,

P2O5 , SO3 , Cl2O7 t o suy ra cong thc hyroxit tng ng.

D oan s bien oi tnh axit baz cua cac oxit va hyroxit tng ng cua cac

nguyen to nhom A trong cung mot chu k theo s hng dan cua giao vien.

Rut ra ket luan ve s bien oi tuan hoan tnh chat cac nguyen to, n chat cung nh thanh phan tnh chat cac hp chat do chung tao nen .

4.Cung co :

Cho biet qui luat bien oi tnh kim loai , phi kim cua cac nguyen to trong mot chu k va trong mot nhom A?

Cho biet s bien oi tnh axit baz cua cac oxit va hyroxit tng ng cua cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan.

Cho cac nguyen to X , Y , Z co so hieu nguyen t lan lt la : 9 , 16 ,17.

Xac nh v tr cua chung trong bang tuan hoan?

Sap xep cac nguyen to nay theo chieu tang tnh phi kim?

5.Dan do:

Lam bai tap 3,4,6,7 trang 55 SGK nang cao trang 55

Chuan b bai 13 Y Ngha Bang Tuan Hoan

Biet c v tr cua motnguyen to trong bang tuan hoan cho ta biet c g?Tuan: 7.

Tiet: 21.

Ngay soan: 12/09/2014Bai 13. Y NGHA CUA BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC.


Hoc sinh biet:

- Y ngha bang khoa hoc cua bang tuan hoan oi vi cac nguyen to hoa hoc.

Hoc sinh van dung: - T v tr trong bang tuan hoan suy ra cau tao nguyen t, tnh chat cua cac nguyen to, so sanh tnh chat cua cac nguyen to lan can trong bang tuan hoan.

2.Ve k nang :

-Van dung lam cac bai tap ve cau tao nguyen t, v tr trong bang tuan hoan.

-Biet d oan tnh chat cua cac nguyen to da vao v tr trong bang tuan hoan.

B/-CHUAN B : 1. Phng Phap : Dien giang Van ap am thoai

2. Chuan b:

- Giao vien chuan b bang tong ket ve tnh chat cua cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan.

- Bang he thong tuan hoan.

- Cach viet cau hnh electron.C/-LEN LP :


2.Kiem tra bai cu:

-Trong bang tuan hoan cac tnh chat nao bien thien tuan hoan?

Cho cac nguyen to X, Y, Z co so hieu nguyen t lan lt la : 11, 13, 19

Xac nh v tr cua chung trong bang tuan hoan?

Sap xep cac nguyen to nay theo chieu tang tnh kim loai. 3.Day bai mi : Tiet 1

Hoat ong 1:


I/- Quan he gia v tr va cau tao nguyen t :

Biet c v tr trong bang tuan hoan co the suy ra cau tao nguyen t va ngc lai.

So th t nguyen to = so Proton, Electron.

So th t chu k = so lp electron

So th t nhom A = so electron lp ngoai cung

Neu lai qui tac sap xep bang tuan hoan?

Cho hoc sinh lam v du tren?

Giao vien cho v du 2

Mot nguyen t co cau hnh electron la1s22s22p63s2Hay suy ra v tr cua nguyen to nay trong bang tuan hoan?

Hoc sinh neu lai qui tac sap xep bang tuan hoan.

Hoc sinh da vao qui tac sap xep bang tuan hoan ,lam v du tren .

Nguyen t A co 19 Proton, 19 electron, 4 lp electron

1 electron lp ngoai cung.

Cau hnh electron cua nguyen t A .

1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Hoc sinh t lam v du

Hoat ong 2:


II/- Quan he gia v tr va tnh chat cua nguyen to:

Hoa tr cao nhat oi vi oxi bang th t nhom A.

Hoa tr cao nhat cua cac phi kim vi hyro = 8 a

(a la hoa tr cao nhat oi vi oxi, a4)

V du:

Nguyen to S o th 16, nhom VI, chu k 3 trong bang tuan hoan. Suy ra tnh chat cua S.

Biet v tr trong bang tuan hoan co the suy ra tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua no.

Nhom IA, IIA, IIIA la kim loai ( tr H va Bo)

Nhom VA, VIA, VIIA la nhng phi kim Nhng nhom nao la kim loai, nhng nhom nao la phi kim?

Nhan xet ve hoa tr cao nhat cua cac nguyen to vi hyro.

Tra li v du

Lu huynh la mot phi kim

Lu huynh co 6 electron lp ngoai cung, vay hoa tr cao nhat cua S oi vi oxi la 6, oi vi hyro la 2

Hp chat vi oxi co cong thc SO3, vi hyro co cong thc : H2S

SO3 la oxit axit, H2SO4 la axit manh.

Hoat ong 3:


III/- So sanh tnh chat hoa hoc cua mot nguyen to vi cac nguyen to lan can :

V du

a/So sanh tnh chat cua cac nguyen to P( Z= 15),Si (Z = 14), S( Z= 16).

b/So sanh tnh chat cua cac nguyen to Na (Z = 11) , Mg (Z=12) , Al(Z=13), K( Z= 19) .

Bai Lam

a/Tnh phi kim tang t Si< P < S

b/ tnh kim loai cua Na > Mg>Al

va K>Na

Suy ra tnh kim loai giam dan t

K >Na >Mg >Al tnh baz cua cac hyroxit tng ng giam t

KOH >NaOH >Mg(OH)2 >Al(OH)3 Nhac lai s bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan?

Da vao s bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan co the so sanh tnh chat hoa hoc cua cac nguyen to.

Dien giang

Nhan xet : Cac nguyen to

P( Z= 15), Si (Z = 14),

S( Z= 16), Nam trong cung chu k 3

Cac nguyen to Na (Z = 11), Mg (Z=12) , Al(Z=13),

K( Z= 19).Trong o Na, Mg Al cung chu k 3, Na, K lai cung nhom IA.

Ket hp s bien oi tnh chat trong chu k va nhom e giai thch.

Hoc sinh nhac lai bien oi tnh chat cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan.

Hoc sinh lam cac v du tren

Cac nguyen to P( Z= 15), Si (Z = 14), S( Z= 16), Nam trong cung chu k 3 trong bang tuan hoan .Theo chieu tang cua ien tch hat nhan , th tnh phi kim tang dan t Si< P < S.

Cac nguyen to Na (Z = 11), Mg (Z=12) , Al(Z=13),

K( Z= 19)

Tnh kim loai bien thien nh sau:

K> Na > Mg >Al

4.Cung co :

Trong bang tuan hoan, nguyen to nao la phi kim manh nhat, kim loai manh nhat?

Nguyen to kim loai c phan bo trong khu vc nao cua bang tuan hoan?

Co hai nguyen t co Z = 25 va Z = 35. Xac nh v tr cua chung trong bang tuan hoan?

5.Dan do :

Bai tap 2 10 trang 58 chuan b luyen tap.

Tuan: 8.

Tiet: 22, 23.

Ngay soan:13/09/2014Bai 14. LUYEN TAP CHNG II .


Hoc sinh can nam lai kien thc

-Nguyen tac sap xep trong bang tuan hoan

-Cau tao bang uan hoan

-Bien thien tnh chat cac nguyen to trong bang tuan hoan. 2.Ve k nang :

-Van dung y ngha bang tuan hoan e lam bai tap ve moi quan he gia v tr, cau tao nguyen t va tnh chat cua cac n chat, hp chat

B/- CHUAN B :

1.Phng Phap : am Thoai Van ap Hng Dan

2.o dung : Bang he thong kien thc can nam phong to cho hoc sinh xemC/ LEN LP : 1.On nh Lp : Kiem tra s so

2.Kiem tra bai cu :

Co cac nguyen t co Z = 26 va Z = 35, Z=20 .Xac nh v tr cua chung trong bang tuan hoan?

So sanh tnh kim loai cua cac nguyen t thuoc cac nguyen to co so hieu Z= 14, Z=15, Z=16, Z=8, Z=9.

3.Day bai mi :

Tiet 1

I/- KIEN THC C BAN :

1. Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc :

Hoat ong 1:

2. Bien Thien Tuan Hoan :

Hoat ong 2:

Hoat ong 3:


Nhac lai nguyen tac sap xep bang tuan hoan?

The nao la nguyen to s, p, d, f ?

Nhom A gom nhng nguyen to nao?

Hoc sinh nh lai tra li cac cau hoi tren .

Hoat ong 4:


Trong bang tuan hoan, cac ai lng va cac tnh chat nao bien thien tuan hoan? Hoc sinh tra li cac ai lng va tnh chat bien thien tuan hoan.

Hoat ong 5:


II/- VAN DUNG :

Bai tap 1

Tong so hat proton, ntron, electron trong mot nguyen t mot nguyen to thuoc nhom VIIA la 28

a) Tnh nguyen t khoi.

b) Viet cau hnh electron nguyen t. cua nguyen to o?

Giai

a) Goi N la tong so ntron

Z la tong so proton

Vay tong so electron la Z

Theo e ta co: 2Z + N = 28(1)

Nguyen to nhom VIIA co cac so hieu nh 9, 17, 35.

Khong the chon Z = 17 hoac 35 v bieu thc (1) sai

Vay nguyen t nguyen to nay co so hieu la 9 ngha la co 9 proton 9 electron.

Vay nguyen t nay co 10 ntron.

Nguyen t khoi cua nguyen t nay la 9 + 10 = 19 u

b) Cau hnh electron cua nguyen t nguyen to o: 1s22s22p63s23p5Hng dan hoc sinh, mot nguyen to ben th

Da vao hng dan hoc sinh lam bai toan nay?

D oan trong cac nguyen to nhom VIIA th nguyen to nay Z co the la 9.

Hoc sinh co the giai theo cach khac

Goi N la tong so ntron

Z la tong so proton

Vay tong so electron la Z

Theo e ta co

2Z + N = 28 (1)

(2)

T (1) suy ra N = 28 2Z

Thay vao (2) ta c

Tnh c 8 Z9.3

chon Z = 9 v nguyen to nay nhom VIIA

Vay N = 10

Nguyen t khoi la 19 u

b) Cau hnh electron cua nguyen t

1s22s22p63s23p5


Bai tap 2

Oxit cao nhat cua mot nguyen to la RO3. Hp chat cua no vi Hyro co 5,88% hyro ve khoi lng. Xac nh nguyen to o?

Giai

Ta co cong thc hp chat cua nguyen to R vi Hyro la H2R

Thanh phan phan tram theo khoi lng cua H trong hp chat.

%H=.100 = 5.88

= 32

Vay nguyen t khoi cua R la 32

Do o R la nguyen to lu huynh(S)

Hng dan hoc sinh xac nh cong thc hp chat cua nguyen to nay vi hyro (H2R)

Hng dan hoc sinh cach tnh phan tram cua nguyen t hydro trong hp chat.

%H =(R la nguyen t khoi cua nguyen to R)

Da vao ay tnh R roi suy ra nguyen to R la nguyen to nao ng vi nguyen t khoi tm c.

Ta co cong thc hp chat cua nguyen to R vi Hyro la H2R

Thanh phan phan tram theo khoi lng cua H trong hp chat.

%H=.100 = 5.88

= 32

Vay nguyen t khoi cua R la 32

Do o R la nguyen to lu huynh(S)

Tiet 2

Hoat ong 7:


Bai tap 3

Cho 0,6 gam mot kim loai nhom IIA phan ng hoan toan toan vi H2O tao ra 0,336 lt kh H2 (ktc). Xac nh kim loai o

Giai

Goi kim loai nhom IIA la R Co nguyen t khoi la MRSo mol H2 =

Phan ng

R+2H2O R(OH)2 + H21 1

0.015 0.015

Vay so mol R la 0.015mol

Nguyen t khoi cua R la

MR =

Vay R la nguyen to Ca.

Hng dan hoc sinh viet phng trnh phan ng.

Da vao phng trnh phan ng bien luan tm so mol kim loai.

T so mol kim loai tnh nguyen t khoi cua kim loai o

T nguyen t khoi suy ra kim loai o.

Goi kim loai nhom IIA la R Co nguyen t khoi la MRSo mol H2 =

Phan ng

R+2H2O R(OH)2 + H21 1

0.015 0.015

Vay so mol R la 0.015mol

Nguyen t khoi cua R la

MR =

Vay R la nguyen to Ca.

Hoat ong 8:


Bai tap 4

Cho 8,8 g hon hp hai kim loai hai chu k lien tiep nhau va thuoc nhom IIIA trong bang tuan hoan phan ng vi HCl d th thu c 6,72 lt kh H2(ktc). Da vao bang tuan hoan cho biet ten cua hai kim loai o?

Giai

Goila khoi lng mol trung bnh cua hai kim loai.

MA MBSo mol H2 =

Phan ng

2 + 6HCl 2Cl3 + 3 H2

0.2 0.3

Ta co khoi lng mol trung bnh cua hai kim loai la

=

Vay ta chon hai kim loai o la Al (MAl= 27) va Ga (MGa= 69,72) . Hng dan hoc sinh goi khoi lng mol trung bnh cua hai kim loai

Hng dan hoc sinh lap phng trnh toan hoc theo phng trnh hoa hoc.

Giai phng trnh toan hoc tm nguyen t khoi trung bnh cua hai kim loai

T nguyen t khoi trung bnh va bang tuan hoan suy ra ten hai kim loai oGoi kim loai th nhat la A co khoi lng mol la M

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