Giao Trinh Tin Dai Cuong

TRNG I HC XY DNG KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

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GIO TRNH

MN HC: NHP MN TIN HC

PHN I NHNG KHI NIM C BN - H IU HNH

Ging vin: O TNG KIM B mn : TIN HC XY DNG

H ni 2011

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Gio trnh Nhp mn Tin hc: Phn I Nhng khi nim c bn GVC: o Tng Kim

B mn Tin hc Xy dng 2

PHN 1

NHNG KHI NIM C BN - H IU HNH

I. NHNG KHI NIM C BN

1. i tng ca Tin hc (TH) 1.1. nh ngha : TH l khoa hc nghin cu v cu trc & tnh cht ca TT, v thu thp,lu tr & truyn tin 1.2. Ngun gc Ton hc ( logic ton ): m bo ton hc,thut ton Vt l ( in t) :Thit b tnh ton, TB lu tr,x l,truyn tin 1.3. Cc ngnh lin quan n TH : - K thut ch to my tnh - Xy dng ngn ng lp trnh - L thuyt thut ton v lp trnh - Cu trc d liu v Qun tr d liu - Mt s lnh vc chuyn su

2. Thng tin & x l thng tin 2.1 Thng tin (TT) - Khi nim: TT rt a dng c th l ch,s, m thanh, hnh nh - Tnh cht thng tin: Xc inh qua nh tnh v nh lng - i tng ca thng tin: TT phc v cho nhiu i tng: khoa hc, x hi , truyn thng, gii tr . . . 2.2 Tin hc : l mn khoa hc lu tr, x l v truyn tin. 2.3 X l thng tin - X l thng tin l qu trnh lu tr, cch lu tr, tm kim v truyn tin. - biu din thng tin ngi ta s dng k thut s (ri rc ri rc ha thng tin thnh hai s 0 &1) T/tin vo X l thng tin T/tin ra Theo tp quy tc xc nh trc 2.4. Lu tr, tm kim & truyn tin Cc kiu d liu :

+ Data l nhng thng tin c th ( cha x l ) + Information l nhng d liu c my tnh x l + D liu thng thng c nhiu kiu khc nhau: nguyn, thc, k t, logic



+ D liu c nhiu cch cu trc: D liu n ; D liu mng; Bn ghi ; Tp ; C s d liu ; H qun tr CSDL 2.5. Cc ng dng chnh ca Tin hc: - X l cc bi ton khoa hc k thut: v cc lnh vc c bn, k thut, cng ngh .. . - X l cc bi ton v x hi: thng k, tm kim, lu tr - Phc v cho cc bi ton v quc phng, v tr - Phc v cc bi ton v thng tin :x l, truyn tin, a phng tin - Cc lnh vc vn ha ngh thut, in nh, truyn hnh . . . - Cc lnh vc gii tr

3. S pht trin v cu trc ca my tnh

3.1. Lch s pht trin ca my tnh:

Cc th h Thit b - Phn cng c im ni bt

Tc Ngn ng- c im

Cc my tnh c trng

Th h th nht: 1950 -

1959

Bng n in t

Ngn FT/s

Ngn ng k hiu

EDVAC STRELA URAL

Th h th hai 1959 - 1963

Bng bn dn C b nh ln Nhiu b x l cng lm vic

Vn FT/s

Ngn ng thut ton FORTRAN,COBO,ALGOL

MINSK-32

Th h th ba: 1964 1980

Mch tch hp C mn hnh mu Thit b ngoi vi H H pht trin

Triu FT/s

Ngn ng bc cao Phn mm chuyn dng, t ng ha thit k

IBM 360, EC-1050, . .

Th h th t 1980 n nay.

Mch tch hp ln Cc b vi x l Intel, Motorola, Pentium

T FT/s

Ngn ng tr tu nhn to H x l TT t ng

My mini My vi tnh Mng cc b & din rng

3. 2. Cu trc c bn ca my vi tnh: Phn cng l cc thit b, my mc lu tr, x l & truyn tin

Cu trc bn ngoi : - Mn hnh - Cy (CPU) - Bn phm - Thit b ngoi vi S cu to chc nng :

B nh

B iu khin v x l TT

B s hc Lgic

Thit b nhp

Thit b xut



3.3. Cc b phn chc nng: B ngun - Cung cp ngun in cho mi b phn trong dn my - Chuyn i ngun in ph hp vi bo m - n nh dng in - Cung cp cc u ni ngun - Thng gi cho thnh phn nm trong v my Bo m - L bo chnh (bng mch ) l mt thnh phn rt quan trng, l ni kt ni cc b phn

ca my tnh . - Cc b phn trong bo m: cm cho CPU ; cm thm b nh truy xut nhanh; cm

cc thanh RAM; Cc rnh cm cho cc thit b ngoi vi; Cc cng giao tip vi thit b ngoi vi.

- Mi loi bo thch hp vi mt b VXL & loi RAM B x l trung tm -CPU - L b no ca my tnh,c nhim v thi hnh chng trnh lu trong b nh chnh. - CPU gm: - B iu khin - B s hc v lgic (ALU) - Cc thanh ghi (Register):l b nh tc cao ( b m chng trnh, thanh ghi lnh...) - Cc loi vi x l ca Intel: - 4004 -8088 (my PC); 80286 - 80486 (my XT & AT);

Pentium - PentiumIV (my Pentium ) B nh - B nh trong - B nh trong: ROM, RAM, Cache - Tc truy cp nhanh, gn cht trong my, lu li thng tin gn nht, tt my b mt

DL - RAM :b nh truy nhp ngu nhin ,lu d liu, chng trnh, kt qu ( tm thi ) - ROM : b nh tnh,ci sn trong my,lu cc thng tin ca cc CT & s liu c bn

cho hot ng h thng MT. Tc truy cp cao, khng b mt khi tt my, khng bin i c .

- PROM,EPROM,EEPROM :ch c c ,sn xut sn ci thm - B nh m rng (cache) : t trn bo m tng tc x l ca my B nh - B nh ngoi - B nh ngoi : Lu tr lu di cc d liu, chng trnh, Phc v cho cc mc ch c

nhn, C thn gn vo my hoc ngoi, C th sao chp, thay i, xa - Cc loi: Bng t, a cng, a mm, my in, my v CD ROM, USB H thng vo/ra: Chc nng: Trao i d liu gia vi x l v h thng bn ngoi. - Cc thnh phn:



+ Cc thit b ngoi vi. + Cc bn mch ghp ni. ng truyn :L cc dy dn song song khc trn bng mch ni gia cc b phn

vi nhau trong my tnh. Cc loi ng truyn: Bus vo ra ; Bus b x l; Bus a ch; Bus b nh ( ni gia CPU & RAM ). . .

Cng l ni ni my tnh vi cc thit bi bn ngoi.C 2 loi cng l cng ni tip & cng song song ( theo kiu truyn )

3.4. Nguyn l lm vic : - Lm vic theo chng trnh - Thi hnh cc lnh

4. Cch biu din s trong my tnh - Cc h m: 4.1 Cc h c s m: Trong mt my tnh thng dng cc h c s 10, 8, 16 v 2.

H c s 60 (c i ): pht, giy . . . H 16 (hexa): t 0-10, A-F H 12 (t ) : thng, gi H 10 (thp phn): cho cc ngnh khoa hc H 8 (bt phn): dng 0-7 H 2 (nh phn ):0 & 1

4.2.Chuyn i cc h : chuyn i mt s h 10 sang h bt k c th theo cng thc : - H 10 : abcd ( n s) - H bt k : h x Cng thc chung : a*x n-1 + b* x n-2+ d*x0 - V d: T h 2 -10 : Dng cng thc : a.23 + b.22 + c.21 + d.20 S 1AD (16) = 1*162 + 10*161 +13*160 = 429(10)

- T h 10 sang h 2: chia cho 2, ly cc phn d (0,1) t di ln trn.V d: 25 2 1 12 2 H 10 :25 0 6 2 H 2 :11001 0 3 2 1 1 2 1 0 4.3 n v o thng tin: - Dng hai k t 0 v 1 lu tr v x l cc thng tin, c gi l bit. - Cc n v o: byte, Kb, Mb, Gb... Trong : 1 Byte (B) = 8bit ; 1 kilo byte (KB) = 1024 byte ; 1Giga byte (GB) = 1024 KB ; 1 Tita byte (TB) = 1024 GB



5. M ha thng tin - M ha l dng cc con s chuyn i mi thng tin, d cho lu tr, x l, tm kim - Morse:dng cc nt chm, gch m ha - Telex : dng cc k t thay cho cc du ( x: ~; s:... ) - ASCII: l b m tiu chun ca M trao i thng tin,c th m ha 256 k t - UNICODE: c th m ha 65536 k t (cho mi k t & mi loi ch vit) (16 bit).

6. Tng quan v phn mm: 6.1 Phn mm v phn loi phn mm:

Khi nim: Phn loi: + Phn mm h thng : MS-DOS,WINDOWS... + Phn mm ng dng

- B phn mm: c vit theo yu cu chung,c bn quyn, s lng ln v d: Word, Excel, AutoCAD, SAP, NC . . .

- Phn mm t vit : p ng cho nhu cu c th ,khng c bn rng ri, khng kim duyt.

6.2. Lnh v chng trnh Lnh: l nhng qui c ca ngn ng lp trnh m ngi lp trnh phi tun theo, my tnh c th nhn din c nhm thc hin mt thao tc c trong qu trnh x l bi ton. N l t hp ca hai trng thi ng v ngt mch (k hiu 0 &1 ) Chng trnh: L mt chui cc lnh m t cch thc hin mt nhim v no . Cc loi chng trnh: - Chng trnh ngun: (source): vit bng ngn ng lp trnh: Pascal, Basic, C++ - Chng trnh dch: bin dch v thng dch. Bin dch l thay th tt c cc lnh ca chng trnh ngun thnh chui lnh ca ngn ng my v c th lu tr c trong my. Thng dch ngha l tin hnh kim tra tng lnh ca chng trnh ngun ri thi hnh thng chui lnh ngn ng my v khng lu li c chng trnh dch. - Chng trnh thc hin: (execute): l chng trnh c dch sang ngn ng my v c th thc hin c c lp vi phn mm ca ngn ng. 6.3. Ngn ng lp trnh Ngn ng: L tp hp cc qui nh, cc cu lnh, a vo my cho my tnh nhn din v thi hnh c. Cc loi ngn ng: - Ngn ng my:da trn qui c ca mch in - Ngn ng k hiu: Assembly - Ngn ng thut ton : Fortran - Ngn ng lp trnh: lp trnh cp thp -> LT cao:



7. Khi nim v mng Internet V c bn, v mng my tnh l mt s cc my tnh c ni kt vi nhau theo mt

cch no v c th trao i thng tin cho nhau. 7.1. Cc loi mng:

LAN: Local Area Network: : ni kt cc my tnh trong mt phm vi hp, theo ng truyn tc cao hoc cp quang.

MAN: Metropolitan Area Network : : ni kt cc my tnh trong cng thnh ph theo ng truyn tc cao.

WAN: Wide Area Network : ni kt cc my tnh trong mt quc gia hay cc quc gia trong cng chu lc

GAN: Global Area Network : ni kt cc my tnh cc chu lc vi nhau thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh. 7.2. Internet v cc dch v

- Khi nim mng Internet : Internet l mt lin mng, mng ca cc mng con c c im cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau thng qua mt mng duy nht; Internet khng thuc quyn qun l ca bt k ai.

- Cc dch v : + Th tn in t - Email + Dch v trao i cc tp d liu File transfer + Dch v siu vn bn :- Hypertext -World Wide Web + Phc v cc hi tho chuyn - News Group- Usenet + Truy cp thng tin t xa Remote Login :hi tho, hc trc tuyn + Dch v tm kim ti nguyn

II. H IU HNH

1. Khi nim v H iu hnh: H iu hnh l mt b cc cng c phn mm nhm tr gip c lc cho con ngi

v cc phn mm ng dng khc tn dng ti u cc tnh nng ca my tnh. Ty tng th h my tnh m c nhng HH khc nhau. C mt s nhm chnh : H

iu hnh cho cc my tnh ln c th l h iu hnh n nhim ( ch thc hin mt nhim v ti mt thi im ) hoc h iu hnh a nhim ( tin hnh ng thi nhiu nhim v khc nhau trong cng mt thi im ) . . .

2. Chc nng v nhim v ca h iu hnh Nhim v chnh ca h iu hnh l qun l b nh, qun l cc qu trnh x l tin

trong h thng, qun l cc thit b ngoi vi, cu hnh h thng . . . Theo kha cnh khc, h iu hnh c cc chc nng nh: kim sot v lm cho my tnh hot ng, lin kt gia phn cng, phn mm v con ngi, t chc a mm v a cng .



My tnh ch c th lm vic c sau khi c np h iu hnh. H iu hnh c th np vo my t a mm hoc ci sn trong a cng (t ng np sau mi ln bt my ).

C hai kiu khi ng my : Cold Boot bt my : nhn nt Power cho bt u lm vic vi my , lc ny ROM

dng POST l chng trnh kim sot b nh v cc b phn khc sau tm kim phn MS-DOS trn cc a mm hoc a cng v c vo b nh gi l np h iu hnh . Thng thng , u tin tm kim h iu hnh trn a A , hi c n no bt sng , n u kt qu tm kim c kt qa , h iu hnh c np v my sn sng lm vic , nu khng my s thng bo Non System error . . . v ngng hot ng .

Warm Boot : khi ng li my trong nhng trng hp my ang lm vic th b treo hoc b dng bi mt chng trnh no , nhng dng in vn cn duy tr trong my , lc ny khi ng li my bng cch nhn ng thi ba phm Ctrl + Alt + Del . Khi ng theo cch ny th mi d liu trong b nh vn b xo sch , tuy nhin n khng lm cng vic ca POST m ch np li h iu hnh , bi vy tn t thi gian hn v hao mn my .

3. Mt s khi nim c bn: 3.1. t tn thit b

Trong qu trnh lin kt gia phn cng, phn mm v con ngi , thng truy nhp d liu, thng tin qua mt s thit b c bn sau :

Mn hnh , bn phm : k hiu CON . Cng ghp ni vo ra ni tip v song song : k hiu AUX , COM1 . Cc my in : k hiu PRN , LPT1, LPT2, LPT3 .

3.2. B ch vit Trong cc lnh ca h iu hnh s dng h ch ci la tinh A-Z , c th ch thng

hoc ch in v mt s k hiu nh / , * ,\ , ? . . . 3.3. Tp v thuc tnh ca tp Tp l tp hp ca cc d liu lin quan n nhau c cha trn mt vng a v t

mt tn. V d mt cun sch hoc mt chng sch, mt h s, mt chng trnh, mt bn v . . . u c th cha trong mt tp. phn bit gia cc tp vi nhau, mi tp phi c tn khc nhau .

Tn tp gm hai phn, phn tn v phn m rng ( ui ), gia hai phn phi ngn

cch bng mt dm chm (. ) V d Decuong.Doc , Ketcau.Dat , GPT.exe

Tn tp c th bao gm c ch, s v cc du vit bng ch hoa hoc ch thng. S cc k t trong tn v cch vit chng c th khc nhau trong cc phn mm h thng. Thng thng tn khng nn qu 8 k t v khng s dng du cch gia cc k t.Tuy



nhin trong mt s phn mm, s lng cc k t trong tn khng hn ch v c th s dng c du cch (trong Word Perfect ). Phn tn c th t bt k, tu theo thch ca ngi to tp, phn ui tp thng thng phi theo qui c ca cc phn mm to ra n. Bi vy trong hu ht cc trng hp, nhn vo ui tp, ngi s dng c th on bit n l loi no. V d :

- Cc loi tp c phn m rng l COM v EXE (vit tt ca Command v Executable) cho bit cc tp ny ch cha cc mnh lnh dn dt cho my tnh thi hnh v ni dung ca n vit di dng m my

- Cc tp chng trnh , phn ui thng l tn tt ca ngn ng lp trnh v l chng trnh ngun : TINH.PAS , DATN.BAS , TONG. FOR . . .

- Cc tp c phn m rng l Sys l nhng tp h thng : Config. Sys , Himem.sys - Cc tp c ui l TXT, DOC, DAT thng l cc tp vn bn - Cc tp c ui l Bat ( Bacth File ) thng cha mt nhm cc lnh sp xp theo

mt th t no thc hin mt dy lnh lin tip nhau ,n l mt loi chng trnh , trong li cha cc chng trnh khc .

Thuc tnh ca tp : Trong mt s trng hp, ngi s dng c th mun tp ca mnh c nhng tnh

nng khc vi cc tp thng thng nh oc bo v, lu tr hoc n . . . th c th khai bo mt trong cc thuc tnh sau trong qu trnh to hoc ct tp:

- Ch c c ( Read only ): nhng tp khai bo thuc tnh ny ch cho php c cc thng tin trong tp m khng sa cha hoc ghi thng tin mi vo tp.

- n ( Hidden ): cc tp c thuc tnh n s khng hin tn trong danh sch tn tp v th mc nhng vn c ct du tn a .

- Dnh cho h thng ( System ): cc tp ch phc v trc tip h thng my tnh, iu khin v qun l h thng .

- Lu gi ( Archive ) : i vi cc tp cn bo ton cc gi liu , trnh sai st trong qu trnh sao chp , s dng thuc tnh ny , my s thng bo tnh trng d liu c b thay i hay khng sau mi ln truy nhp n tp .

3.4. Th mc Trong qu trnh lu tr d liu trn a, t chc sao cho ngi s dng d tm

kim thng tin l mt vn cn thit. Trong a, vi kh nng lu tr ln, nu t cc chng trnh, d liu vo s gy nn s chng cho v xo khng c cc tp khc nhau c cng tn. Th mc l mt hnh thc t chc a theo ch , ni dung v chc nng , thun li cho qu trnh truy cp thng tin .

Th mc l mt min cha cc tp hoc cc th mc con c b nh khng hn ch v c t mt tn. Th mc c mt s tnh cht sau :

- Mi th mc c mt tn vi s k t ty theo HH. V d MS-DOS, Tn ca th mc ch c t 1-8 k t..



- Th mc c th lng nhau ( trong mt th mc li c th cha nhiu th mc khc vi nhiu cp khc nhau ).

- Kch thc ca th mc (s byte m n chim trn a ) ph thuc vo s lng v ln ca cc tp lu tr trong n .

- Trong mt th mc, tn ca cc tp phi khc nhau, cn nhng th mc khc nhau, tn tp c th ging nhau .

- Th mc c cu trc dng cy. - Th mc ang lm vic gi l th mc hin thi .

3.5. Mt s khi nim khc Tn a: Theo qui nh ca MS-DOS , mi a c k hiu bng mt k t v

du : , trong vi a mm k hiu l A, B, vi a cng k hiu l C,D, vi CD k hiu l E . V d A: hay C:

Du mi h thng: Sau khi khi ng my v np h iu hnh, tt c cc lnh khc ch thi hnh c sau khi xut hin du mi h thng, n c th khc nhau trong cc phn mm HT. Trong MS-DOS, du mi h thng l mt tp hp ca mt nhm k t do ngi dng t t, c th l tn ca a, tn th mc hin thi, ngy, thng . . . Vi Window du mi h thng l mi tn.

ng dn (Path): l a ch ( tn a, cc th mc ) dn n v tr thc hin cc lnh.

4. H iu hnh MS-DOS 4.1. Khi nim

MS-DOS l vit tt ca ch MicroSoft Disk Operating System , l h iu hnh n nhim 16 bit dng cho cc my vi tnh. Phin bn u tin l PC DOS ra i 1980 v lin tc nng cp, ci tin gip cho vic s dng my vi tnh ngy cn d v hiu qu hn.

Nh trnh by trn, h iu hnh l b phn lin kt gia phn cng, phn mm v con ngi, c th hin qua hai giai on sau : - Lin kt gia h iu hnh vi phn cng: khi bt my, h iu hnh lin kt vi phn cng, mi cng vic u t ng bi mt chng trnh nh nm trong ROM, khng c s can thip ca con ngi, ROM kim sot v c tp Command.com. - Lin kt gia cc phn mm ng dng vi phn cng: cc thng tin lin lc gia my v con ngi ch thc hin thng qua phn mm v im u tin con ngi lin lc c vi cc phn mm l sau khi c du mi h thng. Tuy nhin tn dng tt cc chc nng ca my cng nh khai thc tt cc phn mm, con ngi phi bit v ng dng c cc lnh ca h iu hnh. Mt s b phn chnh ca h iu hnh MS-DOS:

ROMBIOS l phn mm c gi sn vo linh kin ROM trn vi mch chnh ca my vi tnh, diu khin cc thao tc vo ra sau khi bt my nh : kim ta phn cng, b nh, kim tra thit b v s ng b ca my tnh . . . v c h thng t a mm



hoc a cng. Trong ROM c cha cc on chng trnh c s phc v cc hot ng khc nhau ca h thng nh ng h, mn hnh, bn phm, a cng . . . Boot sector Cung khi ng : cung ny cha on chng trnh phc v vic np

cc tp h thng cn thit ch COMMAND.COM, MSDOS.SYS, IO.SYS vo my lc khi ng, n cha cc tham s a v lnh chuyn ti chng trnh khi ng. Mt s k hiu s dng trong cc dng tng qut ca lnh:

- K hiu d: tn ca a, trong cc cu lnh c th, k hiu ny phi thay th bng cc nhm A: , B: , C: . . .

- K hiu path : tn ca ng dn , l mt nhm gm tn ca cc th mc m dn n th mc lm vic, ngn cch nhau bi du \ .

- K hiu dng th hin cho nhng i tng nm trong ngoc l khng bt buc trong mi cu lnh.

- K hiu < > th hin cho nhng i tng nm trong ngoc l bt buc trong mi cu lnh.

- Du ? thay th cho mt k t ti v tr m n xut hin. - Du * thay th cho mt nhm k t. S lng cc k t thay th ph thuc vo v

tr v thnh phn cn thay th ( du * c th thay th cho t 1-8 k t nu n xut hin phn tn ca tp v thay th cho t 1-3 k t nu n ng phn m rng ca tp ). V d *. Pas : du * c th thay th cho t 1-8 k t trong phn tn ca tp;

H1. * : du * thay th cho t 1-3 k t ca phn m rng 4.2. Mt s lnh c bn

Khi nim v lnh ni tr v ngoi tr: Khi h iu hnh np vo my, ch c mt s lnh c np vo b nh trong v c th dng bt k lc no, n l nhng lnh thng dng v c gi l lnh ni tr. a s cc lnh khc ca DOS khng np vo b nh trong tn vng b nh lm vic , cc lnh ny cng t khi dng v khi dng , phi khai bo v tr lu tr lnh ( tn a , th mc . . . ). Cc lnh ny gi l cc lnh ngoi tr, thng nm trong th mc DOS v c ui .Com hoc .Exe .

Cc lnh i vi th mc : MD, CD, RD, DIR Cc lnh i vi tp: COPY, DEL, REN, TYPE

5. H iu hnh Window Windows l mt h iu hnh dng trong mi trng ho, c th chy nhiu ng dng (chng trnh) mt lc v chuyn i t ng dng ny sang ng dng khc . Trong Windows, mn hnh coi nh mt bn lm vic c th m cc ng dng v thao tc trn chng nhanh chng, thun tin.

5.1. Khi ng Window v mn hnh giao tip

Khi ng : Bt my tnh v ch cho mn hnh giao tip ca Windows hin ra.



Gii thiu v giao din ca Windows : - Cc biu tng ca cc trnh ng dng trn mn hnh nn Windows l i din cho cc ng dng hay s dng, chn t a cng do vy d khi ng v truy cp nhanh. C th sp xp li cc biu tng theo mnh . - Thanh Office Tool: fm tt ca cc trnh ng dng cho cc cng vic vn phng nh cc phn mm Microsoft Word, Excel , Power Point . . . lun hin trn gc phi mn hnh - Nt Start : cha cc me nu la chn , nm cui mn hnh bn tri

- Thanh cng c Quick lauch : thu nh cc trnh ng dng (nm cui mn hnh bn tri) c th chuyn gia cc trnh ng dng qua biu tng ny.

- Menu tnh hung :x l nhanh cc tnh hung khc nhau ( nh sao chp, di chuyn, xo, xem cc thuc tnh . . . ).

5.2. Cch s dng chut v chc nng: Chut c th c cc loi thao tc sau:

Nhn n chut tri: chn i tng, chn mt chc nng no , chn menu v sub menu . . .

Nhn n chut phi: hin cc menu tt Nhn p chut: m mt trnh ng dng Bm v R cht tri: chn biu tng hoc cc i tng trn mn hnh v ko n

v tr mi di chuynv tr hoc sao chp cc i tng Bm v R cht phi dng ct hoc sao chp,hin cc menu tt

5.3. Nt Start v Start Menu Bm vo nt Start hin Start menu, trong c nhiu menu con vi mt s chc nng v cc biu tng ca cc trnh ng dng hay dng . Trong Start menu gm: - Program : cha ng danh mc cc chng trnh ang c trong my tnh ca bn hay trn mng - Settings : t cu hnh my ,hin th mn hnh - Documents : Hin khong 15 cc ti liu m bn truy cp gn nht - Run : Ci t chng trnh mi hoc chy mt chng trnh c ui EXE - Shutdown : Thot khi Windows 5.4. Thot khi Window: ra khi Windows, nhn vo nt Start Shut down Chn Shutdown OK ( hoc OFF )

6. Lm vic vi mt trnh ng dng 6.1 Khi ng mt trnh ng dng : c th dng mt trong cc cch sau : Nhn p chut vo biu tng trn mn hnh ,thanh cng c ( nu c ) Vo nt Start Program Chn chng trnh cn khi ng



Vo nt Start Run Chn v tr a v th mc cha chng trnh Chn tp chy chng trnh ( ui .exe hoc .com )

6.2. Mt s chc nng c bn trn cc trnh ng dng :( s gii thch k trong Microsoft Word)

- Thanh tiu : gm tn ca chng trnh (bn tri )v cc nt kim sot mn hnh: - Thanh Menu : cha cc menu chnh v menu con cho trnh ng dng

- Thanh cng c cha cc chc nng c bn hay dng , c th s dng trc tip - Thanh nh dng - Vng lm vic - Thanh cun dc v ngang di chuyn mn hnh ln xung v sang tri, sang phi - Thanh trng thi - Cc phm tt : thu nh mn hnh Phng to mn hnh Thot ra khi ng dng

6.3. Gii thiu v mt hp thoi : cc loi nt trong hp thoi - Nt la chn ( check box ) : chn hoc b la chn ny ch c chn mt

phng n trong cc phng n bng cch tch vo vung ghi chc nng phng n ny - Nt la chn ( radio button ) : chn mt phng n trong cc phng n bng cch tch vo hnh trn ghi chc nng phng n nntong s cc la chn c sn . - Lit k danh sch chn ( Drop down listbox ) : nhn vo hin danh sch cc kh nng la chn , nhn vo dng mun chn. - Cc phm OK YES (command button) khi chp nhn cc thao tc v d liu va vo; nhn CANCEL hu cc la chn hoc d liu . - Cc vo d liu : thng trng c a thng tin hay d liu vo . 7. Qun l tp v th mc trn WINDOWS EXPLORE 7.1. Cc thao tc i vi tp v th mc :

- To th mc - Sao chp - Di chuyn - Xo - i tn - Xem danh sch

7.2. M trnh ng dng Explorer : - Cch 1 : nhn p vo biu tng trn mn hnh nn hoc thanh Office , Quick

lauch. - Cch 2: Vo Start \ Program\ Windows Explorer

7.3. Cc ca s ca Windows explore :



Thanh cng c : - Back : quay li thao tc va lm - Foward : n thao tc tip - Folder : chuyn ni dung trong ca s 1 - Search : tm kim

Address : tn ca a v th mc ang lm vic Ca s 1 ( ca s tri) : hin cy th mc, tng qut cho c my tnh Xem cc th mc hoc cc tp trong trnh Explorer :

- Dng chut di chuyn trn thanh trt dc ca ca s tri c th xem cy th mc ca cc a ci t trong my . - Nhn p vo mt th mc no , danh sch cc th mc con v cc tp ca th mc ny (bn trong mt mc s hin ln trong ca s phi . - Nhn vo du + trc mt th mc no ( bn ca s tri ) xem danh sch cc th mc con ca th mc ny (bn trong mt mc ) - Nhn vo du - trc mt th mc no s tr v trng thi c ( ra ngoi mt mc) Ca s 2 : chi tit cho mt th mc chn : tn v cc thuc tnh Desktop v cc thao tc:

- Khi nim - Cc thnh phn - Thay i biu din Desktop - Cc thao tc vi ICON - La chn biu tng - Khi ng chng trnh ng dng - Thay i mt s thuc tnh trn biu tng

Folder v cc thao tc: - To th mc - i tn th mc - Di chuyn th mc - Sao chp th mc - Hu th mc - Phc hi th mc b hu Shortcut v cc thao tc - Khi nim - Chc nng - To Short cut - Loi b Short cut - Sp xp cc biu tng trn mn hnh

8. Gii thiu My Computer: Chc nng:

L mt cng c qun l tp tin, cho php qun l cc a cng, a mng c nh x, a ngoi vi, th mc.



Cc thao tc biu din Khi ng, M a/th mc, M tp tin, Di chuyn, Sao chp, i tn, Xo th mc hoc tp tin, ...

Cc thao tc trn a Thao tc tm kim tp tin hoc th mc Thao tc khi phc

9. Internet Explorer L mt trnh duyt Web ca Microsoft gip ngi s dng truy cp Internet. Dch v tn min a ch Website Protocol://host.domain/directory/filename Trnh duyt

10. Microsoft Outlook L mt trnh ng dng chy cc my trm son tho th, gi v nhn th in t km theo d liu gi km.

Cc hp th Hin nay c nhiu trang web cho php ngi dng lp cc hp th. V d:

http://mail.yahoo.com http://www.hotmail.com http://vol.vnn.vn

a ch EMail C dng: Username@mailname Trong :

- Username: Tn ngi s dng ng k hp th (c chp nhn nu trong hp th cha c tn ny).

- mailname: Tn hp th. Cc thao tc c bn - Khi ng v ci t Outlook Express - S dng phn mm Outlook Express