giesel (1)

8/4/2019 giesel (1)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/giesel-1 1/6

a report by

Fabian Rengier ,1, 2 Hendrik von Tengg-Kobligk ,1 Christ ian Zechmann ,1 Hans-Ulr ich Kauczor 3 and Frederik L Giesel 1, 3

1. Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ); 2. Research Training Group 1126: Intelligent Surgery,

University Hospital Heidelberg; 3. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg

In the last few years, medical imaging and image post-processing

techniques have rapidly advanced. Today’s multislice computed

tomography (MSCT) and high-performance magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI) can acquire thousands of images within a breath-hold, recording

volumes at incredibly high spatial resolution.1

MRI has experienced improvements in a variety of aspects such as

increasing image quality and reducing acquisition times, thusstrengthening its usefulness in daily clinical routine.2 Both modalities have

their advantages and disadvantages, but thanks to rapid evolution during

the last decades both have grown beyond two dimensions, giving rise to

new opportunities for the medical and bioengineering community.3

Rapid prototyping is one of the most recently evolving techniques in

this field4 and is expected to lead great progress in different industrial

fields, including healthcare. This article will illustrate the pathway from

medical imaging via 3D virtual visualisation to 3D solid objects using

the rapid prototyping technique and discuss the medical applications

and implications.

From Medical Imaging to 3D Solid Objects

The process chain from medical imaging to 3D solid objects can be

divided into three major parts: image acquisition, image post-

processing and rapid prototyping. Images are acquired using CT or MRI,

stored at a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and

transferred to a dedicated image post-processing workstation (see

Figure 1). On the workstation, 3D segmentation and visualisation are

performed and the segmented structures are exported as machine-

readable data with the possibility of further geometric modelling using

computer-aided design (CAD) software. Such data can then be used by

rapid prototyping machines to generate a 3D solid object.

Image Acquisition

3D data volumes of adequate image quality are of vital importance forthe basis of the process chain. To begin with, high spatial resolution

with a reconstructed slice thickness not exceeding 1mm and nearly

isotropic voxel size is essential to minimise partial volume effects and

step artefacts during image reformation,5 as well as to obtain highly

detailed imaging information. In cases of vascular applications, optimal

timing of contrast material injection is required to achieve sufficient

and homogenous enhancement of the arterial vasculature and to

avoid streak artefacts from adjacent veins.6,7 Today, 3D data can be

easily acquired using both CT and MRI. However, CT is still the

preferred imaging modality compared with MRI because isotropy is

easier to achieve and less time-consuming and, fundamentally,

because segmentation algorithms work better with CT data.Nevertheless, MRI offers the possibility of acquiring 3D data of

any structure within the body without radiation exposure.8

Furthermore, 3D data can also be acquired using positron emission

tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography

(SPECT) or ultrasound.

Image Post-processing

The 3D data are stored using the common digital imaging and

communications in medicine (DICOM) format and transferred to a

dedicated image post-processing workstation for image analysis and

reconstruction. By processing and recording extremely large streams of

data, high-performance computers can conduct state-of-the-art imagepost-processing that transforms radiological individual images into 3D

and even 4D worlds (adding synchronised motion). It is a technology

that radiologists and hospital employees have used for some time. In

this context, volume rendering (VR), maximum intensity projection

(MIP) and other techniques are highly appreciated by the clinicians. For

example, minimally invasive vascular surgery is planned and performed

almost exclusively using 3D image post-processing to pinpoint the

extent of the disease and treat it accordingly.9 Furthermore, 3D

reconstruction of complex multifragment fractures is helpful for the

orthopaedic surgeon to plan the operation and choose the correct

osteosynthesis material.

This next step in visualisation is achieved by using intricate mathematical

algorithms to derive individual structures from radiological 3D volumes,

transforming those structures and altering them as appropriate and

Beyond the Eye – Medical Applications of 3D Rapid Prototyping Objects

© T O U C H B R I E F I N G S 2 0 0 8

Frederik L Giesel is a Physician and Senior Researcher in the

Department of Radiology at the National German Cancer

Research Centre in Heidelberg. He is also an Honorary

Visiting Lecturer at the University of Sheffield. His research

focuses on image analysis, 3D visualisation and image post-

processing in neuro-imaging. He holds several patents for

contrast media, undertakes various clinical trials and has

broad expertise in industrial co-operation. Recently,

Dr Giesel gained an international MBA to extend his

expertise from medicine to economics and is a lecturer at

the Frankfurt School of Finance and Management.

E: [email protected]

Fabian Rengier is a Research Fellow in the Department of

Radiology at the National German Cancer Research Centre

in Heidelberg. He is a Junior Lecturer in the Institute of

Anatomy and Cell Biology at the University of Heidelberg,

Head of the Concise Anatomy academic project and a

founding member of the Virtual Anatomy working group. Hisresearch focuses on new cardiovascular imaging and image

post-processing techniques. He has received grants from the

German Research Foundation (DFG), the German National

Academic Foundation and the University of Heidelberg.

Dr Rengier attended medical school in Heidelberg.

Digital Radiography

76

8/4/2019 giesel (1)


77E U R O P E A N M E D I C A L I M A G I N G R E V I E W


necessary. Such segmentation ultimately renders radiological imaging

data into a virtual 3D reconstruction of the segmented structures in the

form of slice contours or 3D triangle mesh models.10 This virtual model is

then exported as machine-readable data, the kind of data that is needed

to create models – a procedure the automotive industry calls rapid

prototyping. Outputs are normally saved in initial graphics exchange

specification (IGES), surface tessellation language (STL) or virtual reality

modelling language (VRML) format. These output files can be either

directly transferred to a rapid prototyping machine or further processed

using CAD software. CAD offers powerful geometrical modelling tools

that can be used, for example, to prepare surgical implants or medical

phantoms depending on their purpose.

Rapid Prototyping

In general, rapid prototyping can be defined as an approach or

methodology used to quickly manufacture physical models using 3D

CAD data. Rapid prototyping has also been referred to as solid free-

form, computer-automated or layered manufacturing. Rapid

prototyping has its obvious use as a truly 3D method for visualisationand better haptic impression.

Currently, rapid prototyping is mainly devoted to producing 3D

prototypes and models. The word ‘rapid’ should be interpreted rather

figuratively – producing complex, individual models can take any time

between hours and days. However, complex models would take weeks or

months to produce using traditional approaches. In this way, rapid

prototyping has revolutionised product development in the non-medical

world and opens tremendous opportunities in the medical arena. The

principle of rapid prototyping is to use 3D computer models for the

construction of 3D solid physical models by the addition of layers of

material.11

By building the solid object layer by layer, even complex-shaped structures can be produced that would be difficult or impossible

using conventional methods of material removal.12

Rapid prototyping refers to a number of established manufacturing

techniques and a multitude of experimental technologies either in

development or used by small groups of individuals. Each technique is

based on different materials and offers different possibilities for all kinds

of purposes. Established rapid prototyping techniques include

sterolithography (SLA) based on photopolymers, selective laser sintering

(SLS) based on plastic, metal or ceramic powders, laminated object

manufacturing (LOM) based on paper or plastic films, fused deposition

modelling (FDM) based on thermoplastics or eutectic metals, solid ground

curing (SGC) based on photopolymers, electron beam melting (EBM)

based on metal powders and inkjet printing techniques using different

kinds of fine powders.

Medical Applications and Implications

Medical applications are some of the most compelling applications of

rapid prototyping. In the last decade, rapid prototyping has been used for

a broad variety of medical purposes, including individual patient care,research, education and training. It is useful and beneficial for patients as

it produces even complex solid models of anatomical structures.

Individual Patient Care

Anatomical Information for Surgery and Radiation Therapy

Rapid prototyping objects can improve and facilitate diagnosis, pre-

operative planning of surgical procedures and intra-operative

orientation. This is especially helpful in craniofacial and maxillofacial

surgery,13–18 but is also beneficial in many other applications ranging

from pelvic surgery,19,20 neurosurgery (see Figure 2)21 including spine

surgery,22 cardiovascular surgery23,24 and visceral surgery.25 Studies

dealing with these applications have demonstrated significant

improvements in diagnosis and pre-operative planning due to better

3D appreciation of the pathology and increased accuracy of

Figure 1: The Process Chain from Medical Imaging to3D Solid Objects

The process chain from medical imaging to 3D solid objects can be divided into three major

parts. Images are acquired using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging,

stored in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and transferred to a

dedicated image post-processing workstation. On the workstation, 3D segmentation and

visualisation are performed and a computer-aided design (CAD) model of the segmented

structures can be generated. Such data can then be used by rapid prototyping machines tocreate the 3D solid object.

Figure 2: The 3D Visualisation of the Ventricular System of aChild with Dandy-Walker Malformation

A: Image was exported and transferred to a rapid prototyping printer. A 3D print of the 3D

ventricular system was created (B). 3D prints offer the unique possibility of a truly 3D

appreciation and palpation of the complex ventricular morphology. Both 3D visualisation and

3D prints are invaluable to help parents of children with structural brain abnormalities and

their clinicians to understand the exact nature of a child’s anatomical abnormalities.

A B

Image acquisition Image post-processing Rapid prototyping

In general, rapid prototyping can be

defined as an approach or methodology

used to quickly manufacture physical

models using 3D computer-aided

design data.

8/4/2019 giesel (1)


78 E U R O P E A N M E D I C A L I M A G I N G R E V I E W

Digital Radiography

measurements and the possibility of planning, preparing and

simulating the surgical procedure in advance.15 Furthermore, 3D

replicas of the surgically treated structures can be intra-operatively

viewed side by side to the patient and thus facilitate orientation and

navigation particularly in complex cases. These advantages are

associated with reduced operating times, allowing for cost-effective

use of operating rooms.26 In this way, the advantages exceed the

limitations of the technique, namely the time and costs for creating

rapid prototyping objects. Moreover, rapid prototyping is a helpful

tool for radiation treatment planning and simulation27,28 and can be

used to create individual radiation shields.29

Prostheses and Implants

In addition to being useful for surgical planning and navigation, the rapid

prototyping technique can serve for producing medical prostheses and

implants, in particular for bone reconstructions. The great potential of

the rapid prototyping technique lies within the possibility of customised

prostheses and implants. Commercially available standard-sized bone

replacement parts may be sufficient for most surgical procedures and

cases, but not for all cases of any given procedure.

There are three reasons emphasising the need for individually producedprostheses. First, there are patients outside the standard range with

respect to size or other special requirements caused by disease or genetics.

Second, surgical outcome may be improved using customised devices

because standard prostheses or implants do not always adequately match

the individual anatomy. Third, customised prostheses and implants allow

for minimisation of the amount of resected patient tissue. Hence, the time

and costs for the production of customised rapid prototyping prostheses

and implants seem to be reasonable in selected patients.

The rapid prototyping technique has been applied to the reconstruction

of a variety of anatomical structures, showing the potential of this

technique in a time where individual patient care is becoming more andmore important. Customised prostheses and implants using rapid

prototyping have been successfully used for skull reconstructions,13,30 hip

replacements,31 femoral reconstructions,32 hemi-knee joints33,34 and

dental restorations.35

The rapid prototyping technique is beneficial not only for bone

reconstructions but also for replacing soft tissues, as rapid prototyping can

be applied to a variety of materials. Individual auricular prostheses36,37

probably provide the most vivid impression on the possible usefulness of the

technique. In patients with a missing ear, a mirrored scan of the remaining

ear is used for manufacturing a flesh-like rapid prototyping ear model.

Visualisation and Perception

Medical images most often clearly depict the pathology and its

patient-specific characteristics. However, medical images may be

Figure 3: Rapid Prototyping Can Be Used to Produce Models of Living Organs from High-resolution In Vivo ImagesRepresenting the Actual Structure in 3D

Humans are considered to be the most evolved and complicated organisms, yet we are still uncertain about many human physiological processes because in vitro models are used to mimic

in vivo processes. In this work, a rapid prototyping model of the human trachea and bronchial tree was constructed from in vivo human computed tomography images (A) and remodelled 1:1

(B). The resulting model was then used as a flow phantom for gas-flow experiments with hyperpolarised helium (3He) magnetic resonance imaging to study the flow pattern of gas through

the bronchial tree (C).

A B C

Figure 4: 3D Visualisation (A) and Rapid Prototyping Model (B)of the Aorta in a Patient with Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

A

B

Rapid prototyping is helpful in illustrating complex pathological structures. The rapid prototyping object of the aorta and its branches clearly depict the thoracic aortic aneurysm

and the severe aortic kinking. It may be useful for vascular surgeons to discuss the best

treatment strategy. Furthermore, the model can help the patient to understand the

pathology and facilitate the informed consent for surgical procedures.

8/4/2019 giesel (1)


79E U R O P E A N M E D I C A L I M A G I N G R E V I E W


difficult to grasp for the patients themselves because they most often

do not have any previous knowledge for interpreting medical images,

and radiologists or surgeons may have difficulties in explaining the

patient his or her disease. The expression ‘grasp’ has a double

meaning: rapid prototyping may help the patient to understand the

pathology by providing a real, touchable model.19 Consequently,

patients will feel more comfortable giving informed consent for

surgical procedures,26 especially parents having to decide for their

children (see Figure 2).

Research

Rapid prototyping offers new opportunities for scientific research. On the

one hand, research with phantoms produced by rapid prototyping can help

to elucidate physiological processes that are not yet fully understood (see

Figure 3).38–41 On the other hand, rapid prototyping objects may contribute

to a better understanding of complex pathologies.24,38,42 Complex

pathologies are characterised by either complex morphology or functional

consequences. Complex morphologies may be better to depict 3D solid

objects than 2D medical images or 3D visualisations.24

Functionalconsequences can be assessed with patient-based phantoms simulating in

vivo conditions38 and can provide new insights into haemodynamic or

aerodynamic aspects of cardiovascular or airway diseases. By using the

established CAD techniques from the automotive industry, medical data can

be post-processed in terms of deformation or pressure processes as well.

Moreover, rapid prototyping offers the possibility to evaluate medical

imaging and post-processing techniques43 and to develop artificial organs.44

Current research also focuses on tissue11 and neural engineering.42

Education

Both surgical and minimally invasive procedures require a thorough

knowledge of anatomical structures and their topographical relations.This comprehensive knowledge is traditionally learned through the

preparation of human cadavers during pre-clinical studies at medical

school, and then put into practice and consolidated during actual

surgeries. However, gaining greater experience in the special area of

interest before operating on a patient is desirable. 2D medical images or

3D visualisations on a 2D screen are insufficient for obtaining an intuitive

understanding of complex anatomical details.24,45 Rapid prototyping

objects enhance 3D learning especially in challenging anatomical and

pathological conditions (see Figure 4).

Training

Furthermore, the possibility of surgical training procedures in general

and patient-specific procedures in complex cases improves the abilities

and results of surgeons.46 Rapid prototyping objects allow for intensive

training of young surgeons mimicking in vivo situations and real tissues

without the risk of damage to the patient.47,48 Trainees do not hesitate

to perform difficult procedures on rapid prototyping objects as they

may do in patients. After being trained, they will feel more

self-confident when going to the operating room. Furthermore, the

pre-operative simulation of a specific, complex and sensitive surgery

provides the unique opportunity to employ surgical instruments

identical to those used in the actual procedure, in order to determine

the best operating strategy.15 Hence, it increases the surgeon’s

confidence in the operation.

Discussion

Rapid prototyping has grown beyond its initial use in industrial sectors,

such as the automobile industry, and today can be regarded as one of

the most promising techniques to be associated with medical imaging.

A variety of rapid prototyping applications have recently emerged and

will probably find their way into the clinical arena, in medical

education, training and medical research. Although the medical

applications are relatively young, their enormous potential has already

been demonstrated in several studies.16,19,26

The application of rapid prototyping techniques in surgery is beneficial for

diagnosis, treatment planning and intra-operative navigation, especially in

complex cases where 2D source images or 3D virtual visualisations are

insufficient to give a complete understanding of the pathology. 13–25

Furthermore, rapid prototyping objects are useful for training surgeons

because they allow surgical procedures to be simulated in a realistic

manner.15 Additionally, customised prostheses and implants can be

manufactured using the presented process chain.30–37 Finally, 3D solid

objects are highly beneficial for communication between doctors, patients

and family members. These applications will probably gain further

importance when more attention is paid to individual patient care.

Medical research has already profited by rapid prototyping giving

new insights into physiological and pathological processes.38,39 Efforts

have been made on the development of artificial organs and tissues

using rapid prototyping.11,42,44 Much of the medical research using

rapid prototyping directly focuses on patients due to the individuality

of the technique itself; therefore, we predict that the knowledge

gained will eventually be transferred to the clinics and subsequently

the benefit to the patients themselves.

The traditional approach of teaching anatomy mainly focuses on normal

anatomy without considering its variation and pathological changes.

Medical students will only experience a greater variety when dealing with

patients. Rapid prototyping could serve as the medium to bring

anatomical variations from clinics to pre-clinical studies in order to

improve the understanding of anatomy. By adapting the transparency or

A variety of rapid prototyping

applications have recently emerged and

will probably find their way into the

clinical arena, in medical education,

training and medical research.

Rapid prototyping could serve as the

medium to bring anatomical variations

from clinics to pre-clinical studies in

order to improve the understanding

of anatomy.

8/4/2019 giesel (1)


80 E U R O P E A N M E D I C A L I M A G I N G R E V I E W

Digital Radiography

rigidity of the used material, certain aspects can be emphasised for the

trainee or medical student as well.

The process chain from medical imaging to 3D solid objects involves

knowledge from a variety of fields, ranging from the acquisition of raw

data to image post-processing and the manufacturing of the

final models. Radiologists are the most important players in this

process chain as they combine expert know-how in both image

acquisition and post-processing. Nevertheless, the process chain only

runs smoothly if radiologists, computer scientists and material

scientists work closely together.

The greatest limitation to rapid prototyping is that it can only be applied

to objects not exceeding a certain dimension because the printers are not

yet able to handle extremely large objects. Future developments may

overcome this limitation. The costs and time needed for rapid

prototyping should not be regarded as limitations because they are due

to the individuality of each rapid prototyping object.

Conclusions

Rapid prototyping has established a variety of medical applications

such as surgical and interventional planning and training, bone

reconstructions or medical education. A tremendous growth in

utilisation as well as application development can be anticipated in the

field of individual patient care, medical education and training, as well

as medical research. ■

Acknowledgements

We greatly appreciate the support by VitalRecon Ltd, Frankfurt,

Germany, in providing image analysis, segmentation and

manufacturing of rapid prototyping models. Fabian Rengier received a

grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG) under the auspices

of the ‘Research training group 1126: Intelligent Surgery –

Development of new computer-based methods for the future

workplace in surgery’. We further acknowledge the support by the

Klaus Tschira Foundation and by 4D concepts, Gross Gerau, Germany,

in particular Rainer Neumann.

1. Kido T, Kurata A, Higashino H, et al., Cardiac imaging using

256-detector row four-dimensional CT: preliminary clinical

report, Radiat Med , 2007;25:38–44.

2. Meaney JF, Goyen M. Recent advances in contrast-enhanced

magnetic resonance angiography, Eur Radio l , 2007;17

(Suppl. 2):B2–B6.

3. Doi K. Diagnostic imaging over the last 50 years: research

and development in medical imaging science and technology,

Phys Med B io l , 2006;51:R5–27.

4. McGurk M, Amis AA, Potamianos P, Goodger NM, Rapid

prototyping techniques for anatomical modelling in medicine,

Ann R Col l Surg Engl , 1997;79:169–74.

5. Mahesh M, Search for isotropic resolution in CT from

conventional through multiple-row detector, Radiographi cs,

2002;22:949–62.

6. Johnson TR, Nikolaou K, Wintersperger BJ, et al.,Optimization of contrast material administration for

electrocardiogram-gated computed tomographic angiography

of the chest, J Comput Ass ist Tomogr , 2007;31:265–71.

7. Suzuki S, Furui S, Kaminaga T, Yamauchi T, Measurement of

vascular diameter in vi t ro by automated software for CT

angiography: effects of inner diameter, density of contrast

medium, and convolution kernel, AJR Am J Roentgenol , 2004;

182:1313–17.

8. von Tengg-Kobligk H, Weber TF, Rengier F, et al., Imaging

modalities for the thoracic aorta, J Cardiovasc Surg (Tor ino),

2008;49:429–47.

9. von Tengg-Kobligk H, Weber TF, Rengier F, et al., Image

postprocessing of aortic CTA and MRA, Radio loge, 2007;

47:1003–11.

10. Hahn HK, Millar WS, Klinghammer O, et al., A reliable and

efficient method for cerebral ventricular volumetry in pediatricneuroimaging, Methods Inf Med , 2004;43:376–82.

11. Peltola SM, Melchels FP, Grijpma DW, Kellomaki M, A review

of rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering

purposes, Ann Med , 2008;40:268–80.

12. Webb PA, A review of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques in

the medical and biomedical sector, J Med Eng Technol ,

2000;24: 149–53.

13. D'Urso PS, Earwaker WJ, Barker TM, et al., Custom

cranioplasty using stereolithography and acrylic, Br J Plast

Surg , 2000;53: 200–204.

14. Faber J, Berto PM, Quaresma M, Rapid prototyping as a tool

for diagnosis and treatment planning for maxillary canine

impaction, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop , 2006;129:583–9.

15. Mavili ME, Canter HI, Saglam-Aydinatay B, et al., Use of

three-dimensional medical modeling methods for precise

planning of orthognathic surgery, J Craniofac Surg,

2007;18:740–47.

16. Muller A, Krishnan KG, Uhl E, Mast G, The application of

rapid prototyping techniques in cranial reconstruction and

preoperative planning in neurosurgery, J Craniofac Surg,

2003; 14:899–914.

17. Poukens J, Haex J, Riediger D, The use of rapid prototyping

in the preoperative planning of distraction osteogenesis of

the cranio-maxillofacial skeleton, Comput Aided Surg , 2003;8:

146–54.

18. Wagner JD, Baack B, Brown GA, Kelly J, Rapid 3-dimensional

prototyping for surgical repair of maxillofacial fractures: a

technical note, J Oral Maxi l lofac Surg, 2004;62:898–901.

19. Guarino J, Tennyson S, McCain G, et al., Rapid prototyping

technology for surgeries of the pediatric spine and pelvis:

benefits analysis, J Pediatr Orthop , 2007;27:955–60.

20. Hurson C, Tansey A, O'Donnchadha B, et al., Rapid

prototyping in the assessment, classification and preoperative

planning of acetabular fractures, Injury , 2007;38:1158–62.

21. Wurm G, Tomancok B, Pogady P, et al., Cerebrovascular

stereolithographic biomodeling for aneurysm surgery.

Technical note, J Neurosurg, 2004;100:139–45.22. Paiva WS, Amorim R, Bezerra DA, Masini M, Application of

the stereolithography technique in complex spine surgery, Arq

Neuropsiquiatr , 2007;65:443–5.

23. Armillotta A, Bonhoeffer P, Dubini G, et al., Use of rapid

prototyping models in the planning of percutaneous

pulmonary valved stent implantation, Proc Ins t Mech Eng [H] ,

2007;221: 407–16.

24. Kim MS, Hansgen AR, Wink O, et al., Rapid prototyping: a

new tool in understanding and treating structural heart

disease, Circulat ion , 2008;117:2388–94.

25. Hiramatsu H, Yamaguchi H, Nimi S, Ono H, [Rapid

prototyping of the larynx for laryngeal frame work surgery],

Nippon J ib i i nkoka Gakkai Kaiho , 2004;107:949–55.

26. D'Urso PS, Barker TM, Earwaker WJ, et al., Stereolithographic

biomodelling in cranio-maxillofacial surgery: a prospective

trial, J Craniomaxi l lofac Surg, 1999;27:30–37.27. Kalet IJ, Wu J, Lease M, et al., Anatomical information in

radiation treatment planning, Proc AMIA Symp , 1999;291–5.

28. Sun SP, Wu CJ, Using the full scale 3D solid anthropometric

model in radiation oncology positioning and verification, Conf

Proc I EEE Eng Med B io l Soc , 2004;5:3432–5.

29. Zemnick C, Woodhouse SA, Gewanter RM, et al., Rapid

prototyping technique for creating a radiation shield,

J Prosthet Dent , 2007;97:236–41.

30. Singare S, Liu Y, Li D, et al., Individually Prefabricated

Prosthesis for Maxilla Reconstuction, J Prosthodont , 2008;

17:135–40.

31. Dai KR, Yan MN, Zhu ZA, Sun YH, Computer-aided custom-

made hemipelvic prosthesis used in extensive pelvic lesions,

J Arthroplasty , 2007;22:981–6.

32. Harrysson OL, Hosni YA, Nayfeh JF, Custom-designed

orthopedic implants evaluated using finite element analysis

of patient-specific computed tomography data: femoral-

component case study, BMC Musculoskelet D i sord , 2007;8:91.

33. He J, Li D, Lu B, et al., Custom fabrication of composite tibial

hemi-knee joint combining CAD/CAE/CAM techniques, Proc

Ins t Mech Eng [H] , 2006;220:823–30.

34. Wang Z, Teng Y, Li D, [Fabrication of custom-made artificial

semi-knee joint based on rapid prototyping technique:

computer-assisted design and manufacturing], Zhongguo Xiu

Fu Chong J i an Wai Ke Za Zhi , 2004;18:347–51.

35. Lee MY, Chang CC, Ku YC, New layer-based imaging and

rapid prototyping techniques for computer-aided design and

manufacture of custom dental restoration, J Med Eng Technol ,

2008;32:83–90.

36. Subburaj K, Nair C, Rajesh S, et al., Rapid development of

auricular prosthesis using CAD and rapid prototyping

technologies, Int J Oral Maxi l lofac Surg, 2007;36:938–43.

37. Ciocca L, Mingucci R, Gassino G, Scotti R, CAD/CAM ear

model and virtual construction of the mold, J Prosthet Dent ,

2007; 98:339–43.

38. Canstein C, Cachot P, Faust A, et al., 3D MR flow analysis in

realistic rapid-prototyping model systems of the thoracicaorta: comparison with in vivo data and computational fluid

dynamics in identical vessel geometries, Magn Reson Med ,

2008;59: 535–46.

39. Chung SK, Son YR, Shin SJ, Kim SK, Nasal airflow during

respiratory cycle, Am J Rhinol , 2006;20:379–84.

40. Giesel FL, Mehndiratta A, Tengg-Kobligk H, et al., Rapid

prototyping raw models on the basis of high resolution

computed tomography lung data for respiratory flow

dynamics, Acad Radiol , in press.

41. Giesel FL, Hard A, Hahn HK, et al., 3D-Reconstructions of the

cerebral ventricles and volume quantification in children with

brain malformations, Acad Radiol , in press.

42. Tek P, Chiganos TC, Mohammed JS, et al., Rapid prototyping

for neuroscience and neural engineering, J Neurosci Methods,

2008;172:263–9.

43. Winder RJ, Sun Z, Kelly B, et al., Abdominal aortic aneurysmand stent graft phantom manufactured by medical rapid

prototyping, J Med Eng Technol , 2002;26:75–8.

44. Taga I, Funakubo A, Fukui Y, Design and development of an

artificial implantable lung using multiobjective genetic

algorithm: evaluation of gas exchange performance, ASAIO J ,

2005;51:92–102.

45. Suzuki M, Ogawa Y, Kawano A, et al., Rapid prototyping of

temporal bone for surgical training and medical education,

Acta Otolaryngol , 2004;124:400–402.

46. Knox K, Kerber CW, Singel SA, et al., Rapid prototyping to

create vascular replicas from CT scan data: making tools to

teach, rehearse, and choose treatment strategies, Catheter

Cardiovasc Interv , 2005;65:47–53.

47. Bruyere F, Leroux C, Brunereau L, Lermusiaux P, Rapid

prototyping model for percutaneous nephrolithotomy

training, J Endourol , 2008;22:91–6.

48. Sulaiman A, Boussel L, Taconnet F, et al., In vi t ro non-rigid

life-size model of aortic arch aneurysm for endovascular

prosthesis assessment, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg ,

2008;33:53–7.

8/4/2019 giesel (1)


20TH

ANNUAL MEETING AND POSTGRADUATE COURSEJUNE 23 – 26

VALENCIA / ESESGAR 2009

EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF GASTROINTESTINAL AND ABDOMINAL RADIOLOGY

OFFICERS OF THE

ESGAR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

PRESIDENT

B. Marincek (Zurich/CH)

PRESIDENT-ELECT

Y. Menu (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre/FR)

VICE PRESIDENT

F. Caseiro-Alves (Coimbra/PT)

SECRETARY

S. Jackson (Plymouth/UK)

TREASURER

A. Palkó (Szeged/HU)

PAST PRESIDENT

C. Bartolozzi (Pisa/IT)

BY-LAWS COMMITTEE

C. Matos (Brussels/BE)

EDUCATION COMMITTEE

A. Laghi (Latina/IT)

MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE

J.S. Laméris (Amsterdam/NL)

MEETING PRESIDENT

L. Marti-Bonmati (Valencia/ES)

PRE-MEETING PRESIDENT

M. Laniado (Dresden/DE)

PRE-PRE-MEETING PRESIDENT

G. Morana (Treviso/IT)

FELLOWS REPRESENTATIVES

L.H. Ros Mendoza (Zaragoza/ES)

W. Schima (Vienna/AT)

CENTRAL ESGAR OFFICENeutorgasse 9/2a

AT – 1010 Vienna, Austria

Phone: +43 1 535 89 27

Fax: +43 1 535 70 37

E-Mail: [email protected]

MEETING PRESIDENTDr. Luis Martí-Bonmatí

Dr Peset University Hospital

Resonancia Magnetica. Servicio de Radiologia

Gaspar Aguilar, 90

ES – 46017 Valencia, Spain

Abstract submission and registration open on October 31, 2008.

www.esgar.org

Documents

giesel (1)