Upload
gigi-tevzadze
View
180
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
gigi TevzaZe
Cveni dro, sfinqsi da Zenonis isari
(cnobierebis estetika)
1993
2
sarCevi:
nawili I. Cveni dro .................................................................................................................... 3
I ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 II ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 III .................................................................................................................................................... 12 IV ................................................................................................................................................... 14 V ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 VI ................................................................................................................................................... 19
II nawili. Cveni adgili ................................................................................................................. 22 I ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 II ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 III .................................................................................................................................................... 29 IV ................................................................................................................................................... 32 V ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 VI ................................................................................................................................................... 36
damateba: TamaSis fenomenologia ................................................................................................. 44 III nawili. mesame elementi ........................................................................................................... 52
I ...................................................................................................................................................... 52 II ..................................................................................................................................................... 57 III .................................................................................................................................................... 63 IV ................................................................................................................................................... 66 V ..................................................................................................................................................... 71 VI ................................................................................................................................................... 75
ilustracia: zRapris esTetika .................................................................................................... 77 bolosityvaobis magivrad .............................................................................................................. 84
3
nawili I. Cveni dro
I platoni `saxelmwifos~ VII wigns _ gamoqvabulis cnobil miTs iwyebs
Semdegi sityvebiT:
µετα ταυτα δη, ειπον, απεικασον τοιουτω παϕει την ηµετεραν φυσιν πειδειαχ τε πε
ρι και απαιδευσιαχ (`amis Semdeg Sen SegiZlia miamsgavso es mdgomareoba
ganaTlebis da gaunaTleblobis Cveneul bunebas~).
~ganaTlebuloba~ aq pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda iyos gagebuli.
berZnuli sityva παιδεια niSnavs erTsa da imave dros aRzrdas, kulturas,
ganaTlebas. aq es sityva yvela Tavisi mniSvnelobiTaa moyvanili da niSnavs
adamianur kulturas, garkveul aRzrdaSi yofnas. maSasadame, winadadebis es
monakveTi Semdegnairad unda ikiTxebodes: garkveul aRzrdaSi (kulturaSi)
yofnis da aryofnis Cveneuli buneba. `ar yofna~ (απαιδευσια) am SemTxvevaSi
niSnavs sxva kulturaSi, sxva aRzrdaSi, sxva ganaTlebulobaSi yofnas. imaze,
rom aq garkveul aRzrdazea laparaki da ara saerTod aRzrdisa da kulturis
Sesaxeb, migviTiTebs fraza _ `Cveneuli buneba~. _ aq igulisxmeba aRzrdis
garkveuli buneba. Tu ratom vaniWebT am winadadebis swored aseT Targmans did
mniSvnelobas, mogvianebiT vnaxavT;
Semdeg sokrate iwyebs TviT miTis moyolas: `warmoidgine rom xedav
adamianebs, romlebic Caketilni arian miwisqveSa gamoqvabulSi, romelSic Suqi
Sedis didi Sesasvlelidan. es adamianebi bavSvobidanve arian borkilebsa da
jaWvebSi CaWedilebi da uZravebs mxolod pirdapir yureba SeuZliaT (amave
gamoqvabulSi _ g. T.). am dros adamianebis zurgs ukan, zeviT da Sors anTia
cecxli; xolo cecxlsa da tyveebs Sori gadis gza, romelzedac TiTqos patara
kedelia (Tejiri _ g. T.) agebuli, rogorc fokusebis ostatebTan
(ϕαυµατοποιοχ). adamianebis win Cndeba (ecema _ g. T.) kedeli (kedlis Crdili,
cecxlis aliT gamowveuli _ g. T. ), romlis zemodanac saocrebebs aCveneben...~
am kedelTan adamianebs miaqvT yvelanairi nivTebi, qandakebebi da sxva cxovelebi,
4
qvis an xis da yvelanairi nakeToba ise, rom Tavs zemoT uWiravT da am nivTebis
(matareblebidan _ g. T.) nawili xmas iRebs da nawili mdumarea saWiroebisda
mixedviT~.
glavkonis gancvifrebis pasuxad sokrate ambobs, rom es xalxi, romlis
Sesaxebac is hyveba, maTi mgavsia da rom gamoqvabulSi yvela myofi xedavs
Crdilebs, maT Soris isinic, visac Tejiris ukan figurebi daaqvs. `aseTebi~, _
ambobs sokrate _ `sxvas aras miiCneven WeSmaritebad, Tu ra xelovnuri sagnebis
Crdilebs~.
Semdeg sokrate hyveba, Tu ra mouva imas, visac gaaTavisufleben da aiZuleben
Sexedos, ra xdeba gamoqvabulSi da zemodan Camomaval sinaTles. mas, ra Tqma
unda, Zalian gauWirdeba da Seecdeba daamtkicos, rom rasac adre xedavda, is
ufro WeSmaritia, vidre is sagnebi da mdgomareoba, romelTac axla xedavs da
Tu mas aiZuleben afofxdes zeviT da miwis zedapirze gamovides, misTvis Zalian
Zneli iqneba uyuros sagnebs da mzes. man jer nel-nela unda miaCvios Tvali
(Crdilebis, Ramis saSualebiT), xolo
Sedeg Sexedos mzes da gaigos, rom sinamdvileSi mze aris weliwadis droTa
monacvleobis da yvelaferis arsebobis safuZveli, mizezi.
yovelive amis damnaxveli, ra Tqma unda, ganTavisufldeba da Tavs bednierad
CaTvlis, xolo Tavis Tanamopatimreebs ki _ ubedurebad. mas didi sirTuleebi
elis maTTan urTierTobaSi, Tuki is dabrundeba.
bolos sokrate xsnis am miTis Tu alegoriis komponentebs: is, rasac Cven
TvaliT vxedavT, gamoqvabulis msgavsia da cexlis ali masSi _ mimsgavsebulia
mzesTan. gareT gamosvla da sagnebis yureba aris gonebiT sawvdom, refleqsiis
samyaroSi asvla, xolo mze anu sikeTis idea _ ukanaskneli safexuri, risi
wvdomac SeiZleba. am ideas unda uyurebdes yvela, visac ki unda moqmedeba,
rogorc pirad, aseve sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
am miTs xsnian, rogorc ideebis Teoriis gadmocemas; magram aris ramdenime
momenti, romelic ganzea datovebuli da aranairi axsna ara aqvs. es aris,
5
upirveles yovlisa, adamianebi, romlebsac Tejiris ukan figurebi daaqvT.
agreTve cecxli, romlis Sesaxebac platoni ambobs, rom ~gamoqvabulSi cecxlis
sinaTles amsgavseben mzis naTels~ (324). Tanac ar unda daviviwyoT, rom is
adamianebic, romlebsac figurebi daaqvT, Crdilebis garda verafers xedaven
(515).
imisaTvis, rom am miTSi gaverkveT, daviwyoT misi dawvrilebiTi ganxilva:
rodesac borkilebidan ganTavisuflebuli adamiani dgeba da gamoqvabuls
moavlebs Tvals, is xedavs, rom rasac adre uyurebda, mxolod Crdilebia da am
Crdilebis wyaro _ raRac speqtaklis msgavsi. platoni ambobs, rom gamoqvabuli
TvaliT xiluli samyaroa. maSasadame, Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Crdilebi,
romlebic gamoqvabuls ecemian, arian sagnebis formebi. maTi materia anu Sinaarsi
ki _ gamoqvabuli. am formebis wyaro aris cecxli. platoni heraklites didi
pativismcemeli iyo da herakliteseul cnebas misive Sinaarsis gareSe ar
gamoiyenebda. cecxli aris logosi, wesrigi. gamformebeli, samyaros ritmi.
cecxli rom gonebaa, amas Tundac is migviTiTebs, rom is sagnebis da, saerTod,
gamoqvabulis formis wyaroa. rogorc anaTebs is gamoqvabuls da rogor
Crdilebsac iZleva, tyveebic ise xedaven.
magram, garda imisa, rom platoni iZleva formis, materiisa da gamformeblis
suraTs, is amave dros gaformebis wessac aRwers; Seborkilebsa da cecxls
Soris aris gza, romelzedac Tejiria da am Tejirs zemod adamianebi aCveneben
sxvadasxva figurebs. am adamianebisaTvis sakuTar moqmdebas azri ara aqvs,
radganac isinic mxolod Crdilebs xedaven. isini moqmedeben garkveuli wesis
`aucileblobis mixedviT~ (515 b), ambobs platoni. maT moqmedebas azri eZleva
ceclis anu gonebis saSualebiT. gonebas maTi uazro moqmedebebidan formebi
gamohyavs da aformebs bnel materias. rogorc unda iwvodes cecxli, figurebis
tarebis wesi igive rCeba. es ori damoukidebeli procesia, romelnic
Tanxvedrisas xilul samyaros qmnian.
6
rodesac ganTavisuflebuli adamiani Tvals SeaCvevs gamoqvabulSi myof
sagnebs, kargad daaTvalierebs maT, is amodis miwis zedapirze da iseTsave
sagnebs naxulobs, oRond mzis SuqiT ganaTebuls. platoni am samyaros gonebiT
sawvdoms uwodebs. aq mTavari is aris, rom iluziebis samyarodan gonebiT
sawvdom anu iluziebidan Tavisufal samyaroSi gadasuls principulad axali
araferi daxvda. _ igive sagnebi, oRond ufro kargad da garkveviT danaxulni. am
danaxvis safuZveli aris yovelgvari miwieri survilebisa da vnebebisagan
ganTavisufleba anu sikeTis idea, rodesac yvelaferi Cans ara gansjisa da
vnebebis safuZvelze, aramed ise, rogorc sinamdvileSia movlenili.
maSasadame, platoni am miTiT ambobs, rom yvelaze ufro maRali, rasac
SeiZleba miswvde, kvlav fenomenebis samyaroa, oRond iluziebisagan
ganTavisuflebuli. amitomac aris gamoqvabulSi cecxlis ali mzesTan
gaigivebuli, radgan igi, romelic aris gansja da romelic faravs, imis magivrad,
rom gamoaCinos, emsgavseba mzes (goneba) Tavisi mowodebiT anu adamianis mier
orives erTi da igive funqcia aqvT dakisrebuli. swored gonebaSi aris sikeTis
idea, romlis saSualebiTac keTili anu dauinteresebeli TvaliT uyureb garemos
da mis namdvil sxeuls da namdvil Crdils kargad amCnev.
am ganmartebis Semdeg Cven miTis erTi nawili gvrCeba gauxsneli: figurebis
matarebeli adamianebi. Cven vTqviT, rom isini garkveuli wesiT moqmedeben, ise,
rom Segnebulad ar ician am wesis mniSvneloba da arc TavianTi moqmedebis azri.
isini fokusebis ostatTa damxmareni arian, romelTac ostati eubneba, Tu ra
unda gaakeTon, xolo saocari Sedegis da ucnauri moqmedebis axsna TviTon
jadosnis garda aravis xelewifeba.
am adamianebis moqmedebis gareSe, bunebrivia, aranairi Crdili ar warmoiSoba.
Crdilic swored imis Crdilia, rasac es xalxi atarebs. amitomac Cven SeiZileba
davuSvaT, rom im sagnebis Sinaarsi, garda TviTon gamoqvabulisa (romelzedac
Crdili ecema), aris am adamianebis moqmdebac. maSasadame, gansjis mier
gaformebul sagans orgvari Sinaarsi aqvs: erTi, romelic miuTiTebs, rom es
7
Sinaarsi bnelia da meore mxare, romelic gviCvenebs, rom es Sinaarsi aris
garkveuli wesi, romelic TviTon adamianebis moqmedebebzea damyarebuli da
maTgan gamodinarea.
cecxli sxvadasxvanair Crdilebs iZleva erTi da imave sagnebidan.
cvalebadoba mxolod Crdilebs Tu SeetyobaT. Tejirs ukan ki mudam daaqvT
figurebi. asruleben raRac wess. misma Semsruleblebma ician raRac wesi da
moqmedeben am wesis saSualebiT, xolo ras da ratom akeTeben, amis xilvis da
codnis saSualeba ar aqvT.
maSasadame, Tuki cecxli aris gansja, cnobiereba, romelic formas aZlevs
mocemul materias, maSin figurebis matareblebi arian adamianuri samyaros
Sinaarsi, romlis gareSec ar iqneba arc sagnebi da arc sagnebis formebi.
kidev erTxel Tavidan rom moviazroT am miTis Sinaarsi, Semdeg suraTs
miviRebT: cecxli aris cnobierebis forma, romelSicaa nebismieri sagnis Tu
moqmedebis safuZveli. figurebis matareblebi da Tejiri aris cnobierebis
Sinaarsi anu is wesi, ra wesiTac Semodis samyaro CvenSi da ra wesiTac arsebobs
is adamianebisaTvis. Crdilebi, romlebic gamoqvabuls ecemian, arian gare
samyaros sagnebi, romelTa aRqma gaSualebulia jer aRqmis wesiT anu
cnobierebis SinaarsiT, xolo Semdeg _ aRqmis unariT anu cnobierebis formiT.
erTaderTi aracvalebadi am suraTSi aris figurebis matarebelTa moZraoba.
danarCeni yvelaferi cimcimebs, moZraobs da sxvadasxva formebs Rebulobs.
maSasadame, cnobierebis Sinaarsi aris mudmivi da ucvleli. cnobierebis
Sinaarsis saSualebiT Semodis samyaro CvenSi. kidev ufro rom gavamartivoT am
miTis Sinaarsi da ufro gasagebi rom gavxadoT, unda vTqvaT, rom platonisaTvis
cnobierebis Sinaarsi aris garkveuli wesi (anu yvelaze zogadi da uSinaarso
moqmdeba, romelmac SeiZleba absoluturad yvelaferi daiSinaarsos), romelsac
sxvadasxva formebi esadagebian. cecxlis yoveli axali aalebisas axali Crdili
Cndeba, Tumca am Crdilis `saxe~, realoba igivea.
8
aseve, aq SegviZlia avxsnaT, Tu ras niSnavs, rom `cecxlis naTels mzis
sinaTles uigiveben~: cecxlis naTeli aris sxvadasxva formebi, romelSic wesia
Camjdari. platonma amiT Tqva, rom cnobierebis es sxvadasxva formebi, marTalia
adamianuria da erTob adamianuri, sinamdvileSi iluziaa da iluziebidan
ganTavsufleba unda iyos Cveni mizani, raTa fenomenebis namdvil samyaros
CavaRwioT, davinaxoT igi yovelgvari bneli da subieqturi wesisagan Tavisufali.
axla unda avxsnaT, Tu dasawyisSi ratom moviTxoveT παιδεια-s maincdamainc
`aRzrdis (kulturis) Cveneul bunebad~ Targmna _ Tuki aseT Targmans miviRebT,
maSin erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba am miTis Sinaarsi da sokrates es sityvebi _ swored
gamoqvabulis miTs anu adamianis bunebas gulisxmobs platoni am winadadebaSi.
amasTanave, am sityvebiT aRiniSneba swored garkveuli forma, romelic yovel
momentSi aqvT Crdilebs gamoqvabulSi, cecxls, romelic adamianis bunebas
konkretul raRac bunebad aqcevs, cnobierebas, romelic Crdils konkretul
formas aRebinebs. swored cecxlia, romelic gansazRvravs aRzrdis, kulturis,
samyaroSi yofnis ama Tu im bunebas. sxvadasxva buneba igivea, rac cnobierebis
sxvadasxva forma, maSin, rodesac Sinaarsi ucvleli rCeba.
Cven SegviZlia gavadevnoT Tvali cnobierebis formebis cvalebadobas da
bolos davadginoT, Tu ra aris `samyaroSi yofnis Cveneuli buneba~ anu gavigoT,
Tu ra droSi vcxovrobT. platonisTvis droebis cvalebadobas
(platonisdroindel berZnul enaSi `dro~ αιων _ niSnavda garkveul xanas,
drois monakveTs, periods) mniSvneloba ar hqonda. _ `ontologiurad~ es
cvlileba ararealuria, _ radganac Sinaarsi ar icvleba, formebis cvalebadoba
ki _ sabolood mxolod iluziaa.
magram am cvalebadobas aqvs eqsistencialuri mniSvneloba. Cveni mizanic
swored am mxriv ganisazRvreba.Û
9
II
rodesac cnobierebis ZiriTad formebze vlaparakobT, unda SevTanxmdeT, rom
cnobierebis forma aris is, ris mixedviTac awyobs Tavis moqmedebis gegmas
adamiani da ris saSualebiTac erkveva is samyaroSi; anu, riTac da rogorc
awesrigebs adamiani samyaros.
samyaros mowesrigebis yvela wesi daiyvaneba sul ramdenimeze: esenia _
upirveles yovlisa, miTi. is Cven gveZlveva, rogorc pirveli wesi. miTi aris
ambavi, romelSic samyaro wesrigdeba RmerTebis da/an adamianebis moqmedebiT
(urTierTmoqmedebiT). es ambavi droSi ar mimdinareobs, zedroulia.
miTs Cven vixilavT rogorc cnobierebis formas: miTi aris swored aRqmis
forma, unari, riTac da rogorc miTis droSi myofi adamiani aRiqvams samyaros.
rogorc uyurebs is garemos da rogor axsnas uZebnis mas. martivad rom vTqvaT,
sxvadasxva droebi samyaros sxvadasxva axsnis wesebia; anu, es is gansxvavebebia,
romlebic gvaSoreben Zveli saberZneTis mcxovrebs da Sua saukuneebis evropels.
rac Seexeba cnobierebis Sinaarss; Cven unda vnaxoT misi Sesatyvisi adamianis
yofierebaSi. rogorc vTqviT, cnobierebis Sinaarsi aris uzogadesi da uSinaarso
moqmedeba, romelmac SeiZleba yvelaferi daiSinaarsos, misi forma gaxdes. _ Cven
unda vipovoT moqmedeba, romelic ganurCevlad axlavs cnobierebis formis
nebismier gamovlenas, romelic misi aucilebeli nawilia.
aseTi zogadi moqmedeba miTis droSi aris rituali. rituali aris
mowesrigebuli simboluri moqmedeba, romelic gulisxmobs raRacaze
mimarTulobas, raRacis gamoxatvas; magram rituali mxolod miTis drois
Sesabamisi ar aris. ritualebs, an raRac maT msgavss, Cven Cvens droSic vxedavT.
erTmaneTis msgavsi ritualebi yvela droSi SeiZleba vnaxoT _ am ritualebs
erTi ram Tu ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan: mimarTuloba. miTis droSi rituali
miTis Sinaarszea mimarTuli, mas asrulebs, Semdgom, ukve sxva droSi, rodesac
10
miTi ukve aRar mTavrobs _ rituali religiur teqstebs (magaliTad
qristianuls) ukavSirdeba da a. S.
maSasadame, Cven SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom cnobierebis Sinaarsis Sesabamisi
realoba aris rituali _ zogadi, uSinaarso moqmedeba, romlesac SeuZlia
yvelaferi daiSinaarsos, yvelaferze mimarTuli gaxdes. Semdgomi droebi
gviCveneben, rom rituali aseTi moqmedebaa da rom ar aris saWiro maincdamainc
miTis struqturis arseboba, ritualma rom imoqmedos. SemdgomSi Cven
cnobierebis Sinaarsis gamovlenas samyaroSi rituals vuwodebT.
TandaTan gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom moZraoben gamoqvebulis miTSi
maincdamainc adamianebi da ara raime meqanizmi, romlezedac figurebi iqnebodnen
damagrebulni. cnobierebis Sinaarsis buneba rom gasagebi gaexada, platons unda
eCvenebina, rom am wesis Semsruleblebi swored adamianebi arian, rom cnobierebis
Sinaarsi marto cnobierebaSi ki ar arsebobs, aramed cxovrebaSic vlidneba
swored mravali ritualis saxiT. _ is ritualebi, romliTac platoni
garSemortymuli iyo, swored Zireulis, cnobierebis Sinaarsis gamovlinebaa,
xolo am ritualis mimarTulobis obieqti _ cecxlis alis sxvadasxvanairi
TamaSi _ am ritualis gaformeba.
miTis Sedeg Semomxvedri samyros mowesrigebis momTavre wesi aris
JamTaaRmwerloba (Zveli da axali aRTqma, qronikebi da sxva). maTSi samyro
wesrigdeba JamTaaRmwerlurad anu samyaro maTSi drouli (Jamieri) xdeba.
moTxrobili ambavi droSi iSleba da RmerTis Careva xdeba `istoriis~
msvlelobaSi. am droSi momxdari ritualizaciiT miiReba, magaliTad,
qristianuli religia.
principulad, Tavisi formis mixedviT, miTiuri rituali da Tundac
qristianuli rituali _ ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. metic _ principulad
SesaZlebelia ipovo maTSi ori rituali, romlebic absoluturad daemTxvevian
erTmaneTs. maT ganasxvavebs mimarTuloba anu Tu romeli ambis ritualizaciad
gvevlineba isini _ miTis Tu JamTaaRmwerlobis.
11
amitomac vambobT Cven, rom erTaderTi mudmivi, rac narCundeba droTa anu
cnobierebis formaTa cvalebadobaSi, aris cnobierebis Sinaarsi, romlesac
SeuZlia nebismier formas miesadagos, misTvis Sinagani gaxdes.
samyaros mowesrigebis Semdegi wesi, romelic JamTaaRmwerlobas mosdevs,
unda iyos istoria. istoria JamTaaRmwerlobisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom ambavi,
romelic masSia moTxrobili, `zustad~ dadgenili da Semowmebulia. garda amisa,
JamTaaRmwerlobis gmiri yovelTvis konkretuli adamiania, istoriis gmiri _
subieqti ki _ yovelTvis zogadia, is warmoadgens an saxelmwifos an xalxs.
istoriis forma aris is dro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. Tu ra miiReba
istoriis ritualizaciiT, aris amjerad Cveni kvlevis sagani.
heraklites cecxli aaldeba da iRvelfeba. Cven vaZlevT Tavs uflebas platonis
miTSi heraklites cecxli davinaxoT. ra aris am aalebis da CaRvelfebis mizezi,
Tu ara Tavad cecxlis arseba. arafers garedan ar SeuZlia masze zemoqmedeba. es
xdeba mxolod Signidan. samyros mowesrigebis wesi universaluria, xolo
cnobierebis Sinaarsi _ imdenad yovlismomcveli, rom SeuZlebelia garegani
zemoqmdebiT moxdes Secvla. amitomac cvlileba xdeba TviTon formis Signidan.
marTalia, samyros mowesrigebis yoveli wesi universaluria, is mainc formaa da
mkacrad zis Tavis sazRvrebSi. ase rom, am sazRvrebis nebismieri gafarToeba
unda iwvevdes am formis daSlas da axlis warmoqmnas. clileba xdeba maSin,
rodesac forma Tavis Tavs Tavis sazRvrebSi amowuravs.
formis sazRvrebis gafarToeba, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs am formis
hiperobolizacias. hiperbolizaciis mizezi SeiZleba iyos formis sazRvrebis
dazustebisaken swrafva, winaaRmdegobis, romelic formis or gamovlenas Soris
warmoiSoba, moxsnis survili, formis totalurad gavrcelebisken mimarTuloba
da a. S.
12
III
axali, `mesame~ drois dasawyisad Cven migvaCnia periodi, rodesac frangma
ganmanaTeblebma, TavianT ucxoel winamorbedebze dayrdnobiT, wamoayenes
mecnieruli istoriis Seqmnis moTxovna; anu, maTi survili iyo zustad da
gansazRvrulad eqciaT is, rac adre winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. _ maT daadgines
istoriis subieqti _ eri, xalxi da amiT daupirispirdnen `mefeebis da omebis
istorias~ (e. i. JamTaaRwerlobas). _ faqtobrivad, JamTaaRmwerlobis dazustebam
da misi momcvelobis gafarToebis survilma gamoiwvia istoriis, rogorc axali
cnebis Seqmna. niSandoblivia, rom ganmanaTleblebidan zogierTi RmerTis ideis
winaaRmdegac gamodioda, magram, saeWvoa, xvdebodnen Tu ara istoriis
struqturis damuSavebasa da aTeizms Soris organul kavSirs.
erTi aucilebeli naSanic, romelic mudam Tan axlavs erTi drois meoreTi
Secvlas, aris apokalifsuri cnobierebis warmoSoba. _ adamianebi, romlebic jer
kidev cnobierebis Zveli formiT cxovroben, ver xedaven axal formas da
hgoniaT, rom moiSala samyaros mowesrigebis safuZveli. droTa mijnaze TaobaTa
uTanxmoebis mizezi swored es aris, _ Rirebulebebis dakargva; magram am `dros~
xdeba ara dakargva, aramed gadafaseba, axali Rirebulebebis warmoSoba.
swored ase daxvdnen ganmanaTleblebs da aseTive reaqcia iyo miTiuri
rwmenidan religiaze gadasvlis periodSi. Cven ar migvaCnia, rom erTi dro
mTavrdeba sadRac da meore iwyeba. drois yofna niSnavs, rom raRac principi
totalurad aris da ara absoluturad. wina drois formebi narCundeba da
msWvalaven axals, TandaTan axali drois niSnebs iZenen, sxvaferdebian.
axla ukve SeiZleba dazustebiT davaxasiaToT, Tu ra aris is istoria,
romelsac Cveni drois ganmsazRvrelad vTvliT. es cneba naTeli xdeba
JamTaaRmwerlobasTan dapirispirebaSi; JamTaaRmwerloba aRwers mxolod
konkretuli pirovnebis _ mefis an gmiris _ cxovrebas. ganmanaTleblebma ki
13
Temad, upirveles yovlisa, mTeli kacobriobis istoria dasaxes. am miznis
misaRwevad maT Semdegi gza airCies; es gza niSnavda deduqciis meTodis gadatanas
istoriis kvlevaze. ganmanaTleblebis msjeloba istoriis sagnis, Temis Sesaxeb
Semdegnairad unda wasuliyo: imisaTvis, rom kacobriobis istoria miRweul
iqnes, jer unda Seiqmnas kacobriobis nawilebis istoria. Semdeg es nawilebi
SeerTdeba da miviRebT kacobriobis istorias. amitom, kacobriobis nawilad unda
SerCeuliyo is fenomeni, romelic, jer erTi, nawilad ivargebda (Zalian bevri
ar unda yofiliyo) da Tanac, gansazRvrebadi, myari erTeuli iqneboda da
araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ SemTxveviTi. amitomac istoriis sagani, subieqti gaxda
ara romelime erTi adamiani, aramed saxelmwifo an xalxi, romelic am
saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs da garkveuli erTianoba axasiaTebs.
es `istoriuli deduqcia~ SeiZleba evropuli kulturis mecnieruli
orientaciis gamovlenad CavTvaloT: istoriis mecnierebad dafuZnebaSi SeiZleba
davinaxoT mecnierebis saboloo gatotalureba, misi yovlismomcvelad gadaqceva
(ganmanaTleblebis moTxovna JamTaaRmwerlobisadmi iyo mecnierebad yofna.
mecnieruli JamTaaRmwerloba ki ukve istoriaa).
kidev erTi niSani, romlic istorias aucileblobiT axasiaTebs, aris
progresisa da istoriis msvlelobis gaigiveba. _ istoria ze-aRmavali
mimarTulebaa. swored ganmanaTleblebis wreSi warmoiSva debuleba (bekoni,
volteri), rom berZnuli kultura kacobriobis bavSvobaa, maTi dro ki _
simwife.
(`istoriis filosofiis~ cnebac volteris Semotanilia. is masTan niSnavs
istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis wakiTxvas. istoriis filosofia, romelsac Cveni
saukunis goneba uyurebs rogorc raRac mistikurs da saidumlo mkvlevars,
warmoiSva rogorc meta-mecniereba, romlesac istoriisaTvis kontroli unda
gaewia, _ rom is mecnierebis sazRvrebs ar daSoreboda da zRaprad an Tqmulebad
ar qceuliyo).
14
amrigad, yalibdeba istoriis oTxi principi: istoriis miznad mTeli
kacobriobis istoriis dasaxva (1). istoriis subieqtad xalxis, eris gamocxadeba
(2). istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis ganxilva (3). istoriis da progresis
gaigiveba (4). rac Seexeba pirvel niSans; nebismieri istoria xazs usvams
istoriis ama Tu im subieqtis kavSirs sxva xalxebTan, saxelmwifoebTan, e. i.
sxva istoriebis subieqtebTan. es niSnavs, rom yvela istoriaSi Zevs es niSani,
romelic Tavis TavSi winaaRmdegobrivia (Tu ratom, amas qvemoT vnaxavT).
IV
imisaTvis, rom Cveni debulebis siswore SevamowmoT, vcados empiriuli
mocemulobis daxmarebiT gaverkveT, Tu ra udevs Tanamedrove adamianis
msoflmxedvelobas safuZvlad.
Cven ar SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es safuZveli miTia da amiT yovelgvar
SesaZlebel garTulebas ganveridoT. miTi anu gamiTeba, garitualeba _ yvela
drois aucilebeli nawilia; Cven veZebT, Tu risi `miTia~ Cven Tavs.
msoflio aRar iZvris religiur safuZvelze momxdari omebiT da adamianebis
urTierTobisas wina planze aRmsarebloba aRar dgas.
Cvens droSi omebs nacionalisturi safuZveli aqvT. msoflioc arasodes ar
yofila ise mZafrad dayofili qveynebad da erovnebebad, rogorc axla.
adamianebis urTierTobaSi xazi esmeba, Tu romeli erovnebis arian an, rom
saerTod arc erT erovnebas ar ekuTvnian. aRmosavleTSic ki, sadac yovel
moqmedebas religiuri motivi hqonda, bolo omis safuZveli aSkarad
nacionalisturi iyo. ra Tqma unda, ar unda daviviwyoT meore msoflio omic,
romlis nacionalistur fonsac mtkiceba ar sWirdeba.
Cven gvinda wamovayenoT hipoTeza: imdenad, ramdenadac omis mizezi yvelaze
kargad unda gamoxatavdes epoqis arsebas da es arseba miT ufro damtkicebulad
15
unda CavTvaloT, Tuki adamianebis yoveldRiur urTierTobebSic vnaxulobT mis
Sesatyvis moqmedebebs, Cven vcxovrobT nacionalizmis droSi.
magram jer-jerobiT es mxolod metaforuli gamoTqmaa da garkveuli
mtkiceba esaWiroeba.
sityva `nacionalizms~ nacia, eri udevs safuZvlad. eris gansazRvrebisas Cven
amovdivarT konkretuli adamianidan da vambobT, rom adamiani mxolod maSin aris
romelime eris warmomadgeneli, rodesac mas Tavi am eris Svilad miaCnia.
SeiZleba vinme romelime eris warmomadgenlad Tvlides adamians, romelsac amis
cnobiereba ar gaaCnia, _ aseTi pozicia eyrdnoba eris, rogorc biologiur-
socialuri kategoriis gansazRvrebas. am mimarTulebis mixedviT eri aris erT
teritoriaze mosaxle, erTi sisxlis, kulturis da enis mqone xalxi da meti
araferi. aq xdeba erisa da eTnosis cnebebis aRreva, maTi urTierTgaigiveba.
eTnosi swored monaTesave xalxia, romelTac aqvT erTi sisxli. cxadia, rom
xSirad eri erTi eTnosis warmomadgenlebisagan Sedgeba, magram yofila
SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi eTnosi ramdenime erSi ganawilebula, an _ ramdenime
eTnoss erTi eri SeuqmniaT.
eris gansazRvrebis biologiuri fesvis Zieba Cven cud usasrulobaSi
wagviyvans da amitomac es gansazRvreba uSualod cnobierebis sferoSi unda
veZioT.
ras niSnavs, rodesac adamiani romelime ers ekuTvnis anu rodesac am eris
Svilad miaCnia Tavi? upirveles yovlisa, imas, rom igi Tavis Tavs Tvlis am
eris produqtad, am eris tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad, am eris itoriaSi myofad.
e. i. eris arseboba, upirveles yovlisa, aris am eris istoriis arseboba; _ eri
istoriuli kategoriaa. istoria ers aniWebs im aucilebel niSans, romlis
gareSec am cnebis warmodgena SeuZlebeli iqneboda _ erTianobas. mxolod
istorias SeuZlia eri erTian organgizmad dagvanaxos anu moupovos mas arsebobs
ufleba.
16
faqts, rom eri erTiani organizmia, kidev ufro Sors mimaval Sedegebamde
mivyavarT; erTian organizms, cnobilia, aqvs nawilebi, magram is avtonomiuri
nawilebisagan ki ar Sedgeba, aramed erTmaneTze kargad misadagebuli da
uerTmaneTod arsebobis verSemZle elementebisagan. amaves gveubneba isic, rom
istoriaSi istoriis subieqtis adgili ers ukavia; anu eri aris erTaderTi
moqmedi. es ki migviTiTebs, rom konkretuli adamiani kargavs Rirebulebas eris
cnobierebis gverdiT.
magram Cven xom viciT istoriis iseTi saxeebi, sadac konkretuli adamianebi
arian istioriis subieqtebi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es aris JamTaaRmwerloba,
romlis adgili Cvens samyaroSi istoriam daikava.
es yvelaferi gviCvenebs, rom eris cneba mxolod garkveul droSia
warmoSobili da mudam ar arsebobda. _ Cven vaCveneT, rom eris cneba
ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli istriasTan, istoria ki Tavad mxolod garkveul
etapzea Seqmnili.
eris cnebac, iseve rogorc istoriisa, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi gaCnda. mis
warmoSobasac mecnieruloba udevs safuZvlad; ganmanaTleblebis survili iyo
erTxel da samudamod daegdinaT istoriis sagani anu subieqti da radganac maTi
saboloo mizani kacobriobis mTliani istoriis Semqna iyo deduqciuri meTodiT
(jer nawilebis istoriis Seqmna da Semdeg am istoriebis gaerTianeba), mkacrad
unda yofiliyo gansazRvruli kacobriobis Semadgeneli nawili. radganac uari
iyo naTqvami mefeebis da omebis istoriaze, istoriis subieqtad irCies xalxi,
romelic im dros saxelmwifoTi da kulturiT iyo erTiani. amiT ki safuZveli
Cauyares am xalxebis istoriebis daweras anu eris cnebis Seqmnas.
Cven zemoT vTqviT, rom kacobriobis erTiani istoria, rogorc yovel
istoriaSi dafaruli mizani, Tavis TavSi winaaRmdegobrivia. axla ukve SegviZlia
avxsnaT, ratom; am mizanma ganapiroba kacobriobis nawilebis gamoyofa da
avtonomiurad qceva. amis Semdeg, bunebrivia, arc erTi damoukidebeli,
individualobis mqone organizmi ar moindomebs gaxdes raimes nawili. piriqiT,
17
yovel maTganSia Cadebuli miswrafeba sxva gaixados Tavis nawilad (amtomacaa
nacionalizmis radikaluri formis socialuri gamovlena imperiis Seqmna).
maSasadame, erTi mxriv is mizani narCundeba, radganac yvela eris istoriaSi aris
am eris sxva erebTan (saxelmwifoebTan) urTierobis momentebi. meores mxriv ki
_ TviTon istoriaSi Cadebuli miswrafeba gansakuTrebulobisaken da
mniSvnelovnebisaken.
yoveli istoria miiswrafvis iqiTken, rom rac SeiZleba `Zvelad~ anu
safuZvelTan axlos myofad warmoaCinos Tavisi subieqti. eris istoria bevrad
ufro did dros moicavs, vidre Tavad eris cnobiereba anu eris cneba. rogorc
wesi, yoveli eris realur erovnul cnobierebas gacilebiT ufro mcire istoria
aqvs, vidre am eris istorias. Tanac, isini erTmaneTTan araviTar kavSirSi ar
arian. SeiZleba eris istoria 25 saukunes iTvlides, erovnuli cnobiereba ki
sul 10-15 wlis iyos.
V
Cven mivediT istoriasTan meore bolodan _ nacionalizmidan. manamde
gavlili gvqonda cnobierebis forma-Sinaarsi-istorias Soris mdebare sivrce.
amiT Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina, rom is Sedegi, romlis miRebac Cven vcadeT
platonis miTis analiziT da Teoriuli msjelobiT, empiriidan amosuli
ganazrebebiT gagvemeorebina. SevecadeT dagvedgina, rom Cven istoriis droSi
vcxovrobT, romelsac amave dros nacionalizmis droc SeiZleba ewodos.
axla ukve SegviZlia vTqvaT, Tu ras niSnavs istoriis droSi ritualizacia
_ erad yofnas. Tavad rituali ganapirobebs eris, rogorc msoflmxedvelobis
grZnobadi elementis warmoSobas. rituali anu cnobierebis Sinaarsi
warmogvidgeba erisa da erovnulobis saxiT. yvela im rituals anu samyaros
aRqmis wess, romelsac adamiani taZarSi atarebda, Tanamedrove adamiani atarebs
18
iseT adgilas, sadac mas eris simbolo eguleba, _ sul erTia, iqneba es nivTi,
RmerTi Tu adamiani.
rodesac nacionalizmis droze vlaparakobT, SeiZleba SegvewinaaRmdegon, rom
arsebobs nacionalizmisadmi dapirispirebuli msoflmxedveloba da am
ukanasknelis matarebeli xalxis ricxvi aranaklebia nacionalisturi
msoflmxedvelobis mqoneebze. es marTlac rom ase iyos, saqmis viTareba mainc ar
Seicvleba. _ saqme imaSia, rom es dapirispirebuli msoflmxedveloba marTlac
mxolod dapirispirebulia da sxva araferi, _ da amitomac yovelmxriv
gansazRvrulia nacionalizmT. Tanac mas damoukidebeli Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia, is
uaryofiT niSans uyenebs imas, rac nacionalizmSi dadebiTi niSniT figurirebs.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani movlena, romelic istoriis droSi xdeba:
istoriis subieqtad eris gamocxadebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli xdeba laparaki eris
misiaze (JamTaaRmwerloba mxolod konkretuli adamianis misiaze laparakobda).
am SemTxvevaSi istoriis aucilebloba eris cnobierebisaTvis kidev ufro
mZafrdeba, radgan SesaZlebeli xdeba eris misiis gaazreba mTeli misi istoriis
manZilze da am misiis damadasturebeli magaliTebis istoriaSi povna.
Cven davasaxeleT Cveni dro anu cnobierebis forma, romelic axla totalurad
aris da isic, Tu ra miiReba konkretulad am formis da cnobierebis Sinaarsis
TanxvedriT. Cven ar viciT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara ganvWvritoT Semdgomi drois
arseba da xana. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isic `ambis~ erT-erTi modifikcia unda iyos,
rogorebic iyo miTi, JamTaaRmwerloba da istoria. yvela dros Tavisi Sesabamisi
ritualizacia anu Sesabamisi Sinaarsi aqvs, riTac Sedis is kulturaSi (an
socialur sistemaSi); ase _ istoriis dros moaqvs nacionalizmi,
JamTaaRmwerlobas _ religia, miTs ki tradicia _ ritauli am SemTxvevaSi
samyaroze tradiciuli (ara mecnieruli da ar religiuri, Cveni TvaliT)
warmodgenaa da miTis epoqis adamiani da kultura iseve srulad isazRvreba
tradiciiT _ gadmocemuliT, erTxel dadgeniliT, rogorc sxva droebis
adamianebi Tavisi Sesabamisi mimarTebebiT.
19
VI
Cven SevecadeT dagvedgina cnobierebis Sinaarsis da cnobierebis formebis
arsebobis wesi. cnobierebis Sinaarsi iracionaluria, magram ara Seumecnebadi.
rodesac Cven iracionalurze vlaparakobT, vgulisxmobT germaneli filosofosis
emil laskis interpretacias (`moZRvreba kategoriebis Sesaxeb da filosofiis
logika~), rom iracionaluroba niSnavs sazRvris principul uqonlobas, xolo
racionalurobiT _ piriqiT. ar arsebobs arc erTi sagani, an moqmedeba
samyaroSi, romelic ar moeqceva Cvens mier daxasiaTebul cnobierebis SinaarsSi.
Tavad forma male amowuravs Tavis Tavs, radgan, ra farTo sivrceebic unda
ekavos mainc sasrulia da odesme aRwevs Tavis sazRvars da miiswrafvis misi
gadalaxvisaken. am dros warmoiSoba axali forma, Sinaarsi ki cvlilebisadmi
indiferentulia.
rodesac fsiqologebi aracnobierze laparakoben, isini swored cnobierebis am
iracionul Sinaarss gulisxmoben, iqneba es aracnobieri Tu arqetipuli
mexsiereba. radganac isini Sinaarsis sazRvrebs ver amCneven, SeuZlebeli miaCniaT
masSi racionaluri operireba da mas Seumecneblad acxadeben.
`sinamdvileSi~ ki cnobierebis Sinaarsi ara Tavisi arsebiT, aramed Tavisi
funqciiT anu moqmedebiT aris iracionaluri; mis moqmedebas ara aqvs sazRvrebi,
yvelafris momcvelia. xolo is, rac Tavad am Sinaarss warmoadgens, savsebiT
wvdomadia.
am safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom realurad araniari
aracnobieri da Seucnobeli ar arsebobs. albaT sartri amas gulisxmobda,
rodesac ambobda, rom adamiani yvelafers cnobierad akeTebs. zogjer es
debuleba ise esmodaT, TiTqos sartris mixedviT _ adamiani gacnobierebulad
akeTebda imas, rasac froidi aracnobier safuZvels uZebnida. sartri albaT
gulisxmobda, jer erTi imas, rom aracnobieri ar arsebobs da yvelaferi, rasac
20
aracnobiers miaweren cnobierebaSi xdeba da meore _ adamianis mier Tavisi
moqmedebis principul gacnobierebadobas. _ arsebobs mxolod cnobierebis
Sinaarsi da cnobierebis formebi.
is, rac saerToa yvela da yvela drois adamianSi, aris cnobierebis Sinaarsi.
adamianebs ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan am SinaarsTan damokidebuleba: adamiani
Tavisufali xdeba refleqsiiT sakuTar cnobierebaze. es platonis miTis
analizmac gviCvena. ar aris aucilebeli, rom es marto filosofosis saqme iyos.
yvela mojanyes aqvs saSualeba fenomenTa samyaro im iluziebis gareSe dainaxos,
romlebiTac misive cnobiereba mosavs maT.
Cven aqamde platonis monaTxrobs `miTs~ vuwodebdiT. es ucnaurad SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, radganac es ambavi ar gavs im miTebs, Cven rom wignebSi vxvdebiT
xolme da mainc, tradiciulad, `saxelmwifos~ am monakveTs `gamoqvabulis miTi~
hqvia. SesaZlebeli axsna am faqtisa albaT is aris, rom am ambavSi gadmocemulia
miTis funqcia anu cnoberebis Sinaarsi, romelic struqturiT aramiTsac ki
miTad aqcevs.
yoveli mojanye cdilobs jer Tavi daaRwios cnoberebis arsebul formas,
xolo Semdeg, Tu moTmineba da gamZleoba eyo, cnobierebis Sinaarssac. mxolod
formisagan Tavis daRwevisaken swrafva, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mTavrdeba axali
formis SeqmniT. amaze gaCereba adamians socialur moRvawed aqcevs. rodesac
mojanye ar kmayofildeba mxolod formis gadalaxviT da cdilobs Sinaarssac
daaRwios Tavi, es ukve Sinagani Tavisuflebaa, romelsac veranairi gamoqvabulis
borkilebi veRar SezRudavs. ras niSnavs Tavisufleba, Tu ara upirveles
yovlisa sakuTari Tavisagan ganTavisuflebas _ am sityvebiT SeiZleba gadmoices
gamoqvabulis miTis arseba.
mxolod sakuTari Tavidan ganTavisuflebiT moipoveb sakuTar Tavs _ es aris
meore daskvna gamoqvabulis miTidan. ras niSanvs sakuTari Tavis mopoveba, Tu ara
ganTavisuflebas im saerTodan, rac cnobierebis Sinaarsia da amitom
SeuzRudaobas imisagan, rasac cnobierebis formebi hqvia.
21
Semdeg TavebSi Cven vnaxavT, Tu rogor gaiSleba adamianis bedi, _ adamianis,
romelic Tavisuflebis aseTi amaRlebuli da gabedulebiT savse gansazRvrebis
mqonea _ romelsac aseTi Tavisufleba unda.
22
II nawili. Cveni adgili
I yvelasaTvis cnobilia oidiposis miTi: avbediTi winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis
Tavi rom daeRwia, oidiposi mamam moiSora da is samSoblodan Sors gaizarda
ise, rom Tavis warmoSobaze araferi icoda. Tebesken gzaze mimaval, ukve
davaJkacebul oidiposs sakuTari mama Semoakvda. Semdgom man Tebe sfinqsisagan
ixsna da madlierma moqalaqeebma is mefed airCies. oidiposma sakuTari deda
colad SeirTo. rodesac tiresiasis saSualebiT misTvis cnobili gaxda, Tu ra
Caidina, oidiposma Tvalebi daiTxara. aRsrulda, rac uwinaswarmetyveles
oidiposis mamas.
es miTi TvalsaCinos xdis im ormagobas, romelic berZnul miTebs axasiaTebs
_ Sesabameba adamianis Tavisuflebasa da RmerTebis nebas Soris; magram es ar
aris ormagobis erTaderTi saxe, romelic am miTebSi gvxvdeba; am principis
naTeli gamoxatvaa miTebis orbunebovani personaJebi; pani, kentavrebi, sfinqsi.
metic: miTebi Tavisi SinaarsiTac ar arian erTni: maTSi xSirad gaerTianebulia
sxva miTebi, romlebsac, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT ganuyofel nawils
warmoadgenen, damoukidebeli arseboba da mniSvneloba gaaCniaT.
aseTi `meore~ oidiposis miTSi aris sfinqsis ambavi. am miTis ormagoba kidev
ufro mniSvnelovani imiT xdeba, rom am miTis personaJi _ sfinqsi _ erT
formaSi ornairi arsebobis _ cxoveluris da adamianuris Sesabamebaa.
sfinqsi RmerTebis mier Tebes sasjelad iyo movlenili. is qalaqis
WiSkarTan ijda da amvlel-Camvlels erT gamocanas ekiTxeboda: ra aris is, rac
dilas oTx fexze dadis, SuadRisas orze, xolo saRamos samze? mas, vinc
arasworad upasuxebda, sfinqsi klavda. oidiposma swori pasuxi uTxra da
sfinqsi ufskrulSi gadaeSva.
sfinqsis yofierebaSi adamiani da cxoveli erTad dganan. miTis ormagoba
masac iseve exeba, rogorc oidiposs. amitom sfinqsis TviTmkvlelobis mizezi
23
oidiposis pasuxSi unda veZeboT. erTi SexedviT sfinqsis gamocana da masze
pasuxi _ `adamiani~ _ bavSvur Tavsatexad warmogvidgeba. miTis struqtura
gvaeWvebs _ aqac xom ara aqvs adgili ormagobas _ Sesabamebas bavSvur Tavsatexsa
da raime siRrmiseuls Soris.
winadadeba _ `vinc dilas oTxze dadis, SuadRisas orze, xolo saRamos
samze~ _ aRniSnavs cvalebadobas. mTlianad igi warmoadgens gansazRvrebas,
romlisTvisac sfinqsi subieqtis dasaxelebas moiTxovda. oidiposis pasuxma
daasrula es definacia. sfinqsi cvalebadobis Sesaxeb kiTxulobs; Tanac es
Cveulebrivi cvalebadoba ar aris: es ukiduresi cvlaa. cvalebadoba erTi dRis,
erTi αιων-is ganmavlobaSi. ase rom, sfinqsis kiTxva SeiZleba Semdegnairad
`vTargmnoT~: ra aris is, rac Tavisi arsebobis manZilze maqsimalurad icvleba,
cvlis Tavisi arsebobis wess, formas? pasuxi igive rCeba: `adamiani~.
maSasadame, sfinsqi da oidiposi erTad adamianis axal gansazRvrebas
ayalibeben. axali rom ar iyos Tebes nebismieri ganaTlebuli moqalaqe gascemda
pasuxs da qalaqsac gadaarCenda. es gamocana ara marto rogorc gansazRvreba,
rogorc Tavsatexic ki _ axalia, es gansazRvreba sfinsqssac iseve exeba,
rogorc oidiposs. sfinqsis yofna Tanabradaa gansazRvruli rogorc adamianuriT,
aseve cxoveluriT. yofierebis es ori saxe masSi zust SesabamebaSia (iseve
rogorc yvelaferi ormagi berZnul miTSi) erTmaneTTan. pasuxis gacemis Semdeg
sfinqsi Tavs iklavs. am TviTmkvlelobis erTi mxare _ RmerTebis neba _
gasagebia CvenTvis. meore mxare _ Tavisufleba _ asaxsneli.
sfinqsi arsebobs adamianiviTac. ase rom, adamianis axali gansazRvreba misi
gansazRvrebacaa; magram sfinqsi am gansazRvrebis SemoRebas sikvdiliT xvdeba.
amas mxolod erTi pasuxi SeiZleba moeZebnos: adamianis axali arseba misTvis
miuRebelia da miuRebelia albaT imis gamo, rom misi arsebobis wesi, romelic
gulisxmobs adamianuri da cxoveluri yofnis wesis urTierTSexamebas, amis
sawinaaRmdegoa.
24
Tebes WiSkarTan adamianis axali arseba _ cvalebadoba dgindeba da yvela,
vinc ki adamiania, am gansazRvrebaSi eqceva. sfinqsi, romelSic adamianuri da
cxoveluri SesabamebaSia erTmaneTTan, Tavs iklavs. kvdeba imis gamo, rom
SeuZlebelia ukve urTierTsawinaaRmdego arsebebis Sesabameba.
Cven gavarkvieT sfinqsis sikvdilis ormagoba, magram am miTSi kidev erTi
SeumCneveli da auxsneli faqti darCa: RmerTebis sasjeli. erTi SexedviT,
sasjeli sfinqsis sikvdiliT mTavrdeba; magram amis Semdeg Tebes moqalaqeebi
TavianT sicocxles omebSi da ZmaTa kvlaSi atareben. oidiposis miTi antigones
ambavSi gadadis. ra aris sfinqsis miTSi iseTi, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs
RmerTebis sasjelis dasrulebaSi eWvi SevitanoT?
ise da isev adamianis axali gansazRvreba. es axali gansazRvreba sasjelis
nawilia. is sfinqsis Tebes WiSkarTan yofnis iseTive aucilebeli komponentia,
rogorc oidiposi. aqedan mxolod erTi ram gamomdinareobs: adamianis axali
gansazRvrebis dadgeniT RmerTebi sjian adamianebs, Tanac ise, rom TviTonve
aZebnineben sasjels. Cveni mizania gaverkvioT, Tu raSi mdgomareobs am
gansazRvrebis sasjeloba da saSineleba.
adamianis axali gansazRvrebis ZiriTadi principi aris cvalebadoba. fraza _
is vinc dilas oTxze dadis, SuadRisas orze, xolo saRamos samze _ ukiduresi
cvalebadobis unaris ilustraciaa. Tuki es axali gansazRvreba ewinaaRmdegeba
Zvels, maSin is gansazRvreba, romelSic adamiani da cxoveli SesabamebaSi dganan,
aris ucvleloba.
yovelive es migviTiTebs, rom oidiposis Semdeg adamiani da cxoveli erTad
veRar iqnebian da maT Soris gansxvaveba Zevs samyaroSi yofnis cvalebadoba-
ucvlelobaSi. am miTis mixedviT adamianisaTvis cvalebadia samyaros aRqmis kuTxe
anu misi moqmedebis mimarTuloba. e. i. Tavis moqmedebebs adamiani saWiroebisamebr
ucvlis mimarTulebas da sxvadasxva mxares mimarTavs. adamiani, romelic
oidiposis pasuxis Semdeg dgindeba, icvlis samyaros suraTs (samyaros aRqmis
25
kuTxes) _ raTa ukeTesad igrZnos Tavi da am suraTis mixedviT cvlis samyaros,
TviTon ki ucvleli rCeba.
amazeve dayrdnobiT, cxovelis SemTxvevaSi sawinaaRmdego unda vivaraudoT;
albaT mas aqvs samyaros aRqmis ucvleli kuTxe, moqmedebis ucvleli
mimarTuleba anu samyaros ucvleli suraTi. e. i. Tuki Seicvleba garemo, xolo
cxovels ar SeuZlia Secvalos Tavisi moqmedebis mimarTuloba, maSin is TviTon
Seicvleba, raTa, rogorc iyo, iseTsave SesabamebaSi darCes bunebasTan.
ase viRebT Cven cvalebadi adamianisagan mouqnel da xist sistemas, romelic
am mouqnelobis gamo angrevs garemos da kvlav aSenebs mas axali suraTis
mixedviT da ucvleli cxovelisagan _ moqnil da harmoniul struqturas,
romelic miiswrafvis mudam erT SesabamebaSi iyos bunebasTan da ara cvalos es
Sesabameba, anda samyaro iyolios SesabamebaSi, rogorc amas adamiani akeTebs.
RmerTebis sasjeli dafaruli iyo: adamianebi romc mimxvdariyvnen axali
gansazRvrebis gaCenas, gana ifiqrebdnen, rom cvalebadobiT dawyevla ucvlelobad
da istoriis saSinelebad SemoubrundebodaT.
amiT Cven vwvdebiT RmerTebis sasjelis `meore gvars~. sfinqsis gamogzavniT
RmerTebi adamians da cxovels aSoreben erTmaneTs da adamians saSinel cxovrebas
umzadeben: brZolebiT, kaciskvliT da bevri cvlilebiT, mxolod da mxolod
ukeTesad yofnis iluziis gamo. oidiposis pasuxSi aris kacobriobis Semdgomi
bedi _ istoria Tavisi revoluciebiT da gadatrialebebiT.
RmerTebis sasjelis am mxaresac axasiaTebs Tavisi `orgvaroba~: is adamians
akargvinebs normalur urTierTobas da awyvetinebs kavSirs sxva cocxal
arsebebTan. uzarmazar ufskruls aCens maT Soris da adamians martod tovebs
samyaroSi. RmerTebis sasjeli martoobiTa da sasowarkveTilebiT `dasaCuqrebaa~
da niSandoblivia, rom es yvelaferi iwyeba erTianobis, Sesabamebis simbolos
sikvdiliT. es sasjeli miTidan agdebs adamians, ukargavs arsebul orientirs,
samyaros da aiZulebs axlis Ziebas _ Sesabamisobis mospobiT. amiT is spobs im
mTavar princips, romlis mixedviTac aris adamiani miTis personaJi da miTi
26
adamianis samyaro _ orgvarobas. adamiani erTgvari xdeba da platoniseul Suaze
gakveTili androginis msgavsad, mTel Tavis istorias meore nawilis ZebnaSi
atarebs.
RmerTebis sasjelis meore mxare mxolod sfinqsis sikvdilis Semdeg iwyebs
ganxorcielebas _ maSin, rodesac yvelas hgonia, rom sasjeli damTavrda da mas
mxolod ramdenime adamianis sicocxle Seewira.
oidiposis miTis es meore mxare bevrad ufro saSinel tragediad
warmogvidgeba, vidre misi gagrZeleba: am miTis meore nawili mxolod
dadastureba da ganxorcielebaa im sasjelisa, romelic RmerTebma adamianebs
dauweses.
Tebes WiSkarTan adamianis ori gansazRvreba dgas: Zveli _ miTis personaJi _
sfinqsi, romelic erTianobis, samyaros daurRvevlobis da harmoniis niSania,
romlis mixedviTac adamiani samyaros Cveulebrivi nawilia sxva nawilebis
gverdiT da axali _ istoriis subieqti _ oidiposi, romelic TviTon xdeba
axali gansazRvrebis matarebeli da misi Semdgomi bedic, swored arsebobis
axali wesis gamo, saocrad cvalebadi da ubeduria.
II
es miTi migviTiTebs Cvens adgils samyaroSi. is ar aTavsebs adamians arc mis
periferiaze, arc mis centrSi. Cveni mizani im adgilis povnaa, romelic mouZebna
adamianma Tavis Tavs. adgils, romelic mas misive konstituciiT ekuTvnis. Cven
unda movnaxoT is wesi, romliTac adamiani cxovrobs garemomcvel saymroSi, ise,
rom garemo misgan damoukidebelia, ise, rom is da buneba samyros or,
damoukidebel wevrs warmoadgenen. aseT arsebobas adamianSi Rrma safuZveli unda
hqondes. amitomac aris Cveni mizani gavarkvioT adamianis da bunebis mdgomareoba;
anu, is kanoni, romlis mixedviTac adamianis yofierebas adamianSive aqvs
gamarTleba. Cveni mizania movnaxoT adamianis da bunebis is aRwera, romelic
27
safuZvlad udevs yvela arsebul aRweras anu romelic yvela drois Sesabamisi
iqneba. aqamde Cven vaCvenebdiT adamianis arsebobis wesis (ritualis) ucvlelobas
droTa cvalebadobaSi. amjerad unda vipovoT aseTive igiveobis safuZveli
arsebobis formaSic; anu is aRwera, romelsac mivyvebiT, unda ikiTxebodes yvela
metafizikaSi, yvela Teologiur sistemaSi, yvela TeoriaSi samyaros Sesaxeb.
es ar aris arc ekologiuri (raki bunebis da adamianis urTierTobaze
vlaparakobT) da arc fsiqologiuri sakiTxi. es filosofiuri sakiTxia, Tuki
filosofias gavigebT, rogorc arsebobis sazRvriT cnebebze azrovnebas.
arsebobis sazRvriTi cnebebi ki, romlebic ganisazRvrebian an erTmaneTiT, an
yofierebiT, arian buneba da adamiani.
Cven vnaxeT, rom adamianis arseboba xasiaTdeba, rogorc cnobiereba. vnaxeT,
rom adamiani TviTonve iqmnis sakuTari cnobierebis formas da saWiroebisamebr
cvlis mas ise, rom cnobierebis Sinaarss ucvlelad tovebs. adamianTan
vpoulobT yofierebis Semdeg formulas: ucvleli moqmedebis wesi (cnobierebis
Sinaarsi) _ moqmedebis cvalebadi orientiri (cnobierebis forma).
sfinqsis miTma migviTiTa, rom aris `sxvanairi yofierebac~; am SemTxvevaSi
cnobierebis formis funqcias asrulebs garemo da am dros cnobierebis Sinaarssa
da formas Soris mimarTeba erTmniSvnelovania; Tuki Seicvleba garemo pirobebi,
Seicvleba yofierebis moqmedebis wesic (rituali); e. i. es yofieri pirdapir
mimarTebaSia sakuTari cnobierebis formasTan.
bunebis yvela formaSi, mis yvela gamovlenaSi SeiZleba msgavsi formula
amovikiTxoT: magaliTad _ Tuki mcenaris arsebobis wess (mis zrdas,
ganviTarebas), ganvixilavT rogorc rituals, maSin formis anu ritualis
orientiris rols Seasrulebs buneba. am SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba es situacia
warmovidginoT, rogorc calke gamoyofili qceva, romelic uSualod miemarTeba
garemos _ icvleba ra garemo, icvleba TviTonac; aseve, magaliTad, qvis
SemTxvevaSi, mis konkretul arsebobas, swored imis gamo, rom is konkretulia,
SeiZleba davarqvaT rituali, radganac aseTi arseboba aris misi moqmedebis e. i.
28
arsebobis wesi da im garemos, romelSic is aris _ ritualis orientiri. ase
SeiZleba mivyveT da arsebobis yvela tipi ganvixiloT da yvelgan miviRebT
Semdeg formulas: icvleba ra buneba (garemo), icvleba arsebobis (moqmedebis)
wesic. aseTi aRwera sxvas arafers gveubneba, garda imisa, rom buneba aris raRac
sistema. masSi yvelaferi SesabamebaSia erTmaneTTan. magram, buneba garda imisa,
rom Tavad aris sistema, Sedgeba kidec uamravi sistemebisagan, romlebsac
bunebaSi arsebulebi qmnian. bunebaSi calke araferi ar arsebobs _ yvelaferi
aris garkveul sistemaSi da sistemis ZaliT. yoveli konkretuli orientirdeba
jer sakuTar sistemaze, am sistemis gavliT ki mTel bunebaze anu im garemoze,
romelSic es sistema arsebobs. es sistematuroba _ konkreturad, realurad _
gamoixateba erTi mxriv sociumiT, xolo meore mxriv cnobierebiT. cnobiereba
SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc arsebobis (socialuri) forma, xolo
socialuroba rogorc arsebobis SesabamebiTi, sistemuri wesi, iq, sadac
sociumia, arsebobs cnobierebac. _ zog SemTxvevaSi cnobiereba aris
damaxasiaTebeli mTeli sociumisaTvis _ aseTi cnobierebis Sinaarsia is
konkretuli qceva, is rituali, romelsac sociumis wevrebi asruleben mTliani
sociumis SenarCunebisaTvis. maSasadame, SeiZleba warmovidginoT buneba, kosmosi,
_ cnobierebad, romelsac axasiaTebs garkveuli Sinarsi _ konkretul fenomenTa
arseboba, maTi konkretuli moqmedeba, rituali da forma _ erTianoba, romelsac
mTlianad buneba, kosmosi warmoadgens. erTi SexedviT, am ukiduresad harmoniul
suraTSi ar Tavsdeba adamiani. imisaTvis, rom aseT safuZvels CavwvdeT, unda
SevadaroT erTmaneTs adamianis cnobiereba da buneba da es rom CvenTvis
moxerxebuli iyos, bunebis magivrad unda ganvixiloT maRalorganizebuli
cxovelis cnobiereba, romelic Tavisi yofierebiT adamianis gverdiT dgas,
adamianTan aris yvelaze ufro, sxva yofierTa Soris.
29
III
miTi gveubneba, rom cxovelis cnobiereba Semdegi struqturis unda iyos; mas
unda axasiaTebdes cnobierebis Sinaarsi _ ris safuZvelzec is arsebobs da
urTierTobas amyarebs anu qceva, romliTac cxoveli miemarTeba im sazogadoebas,
romelSic cxovrobs. am sistemis _ sociumis gavliT is esabameba bunebas da
mudmiv, ucvlel mimarTebaSia masTan. es migviTiTebs, rom cxovelis cnobierebis
forma unda iyos sociumi. cxovelis cnobierebis Sinaarsi mimarTulia uSualod
sociumze da misi rituali emsaxureba sociumSi urTerTobis garkvevas da
garkveuli adgilis dakavebas. ra Tqma unda, es mimarTuloba ar `cnobierdeba~
cxovelTan. safrTxe (daSla), romelic bunebis anu garemo pirobebis Secvlisas
emuqreba sociums, individSi gardaisaxeba konkretuli arsebobis safrTxed,
radgan sociumi is sistemaa, romelSic is arsebobs da romlis gareSec mas
daRupva emuqreba. sociums ki garemo pirobebis Secvlisas daSla emuqreba imis
gamo, rom is rituali, romelic mis sicocxlisunarianobas apirobebs, aRar
Seesabameba im garemos, romelSic sociumi arsebobs. am ormxrivi damokidebulebis
gamo cxoveli iZulebulia Secvalos Tavisi rituali ise, rom mimarTeba
cnobierebis Sinaarssa da formas Soris igive datovos. maSasadame, cxoveli
SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc ukiduresad socialuri arseba: imisaTvis, rom
sociumi (rac misi arsebobis formaa) ar daingres, is (rogorc gvari)
absoluturad cvlis Tavis Tavs. maSasadame, cxovelis cnobierebis Sinaarsi, misi
qceva aris sociumze orientirebuli. swored amis gamo es avtonomiuri
cnobiereba ar vardeba bunebis erTiani sistemidan da mis nawilad rCeba. rodesac
cxoveli qcevas icvlis, amas unda mohyves socialuri struqturis Secvlac,
magram amiT harmoniuloba ar irRveva: Sesabameba _ cxoveli-sociumi-buneba igive
rCeba (cxoveli `realurad~ orientirebulia sociumze, `fsiqologiurad~ ki _
Tavis Tavze. swored imitom, rom is `individualistia~, is aris socialuri da
cxovrobs `harmoniul~ sazogadoebaSi). cxovelis arsebobis wesi aris ucvleli;
30
bunebaSi yovel cvlilebas Seesabameba cxovelis ritualis da sociumis
cvlilebebi, anu mimarTebaTa rigi ucvleli rCeba. igives vambobT bunebaze _
buneba, rogorc mimarTebaTa garkveuli sistema, xasiaTdeba mudmivobiT.
magram rogor aris am SemTxvevaSi adamianis saqme, romelic, rogorc
aRvniSneT, yofierebaSi cxovelTan erTad dgas. am dros dgomis gamo maTi
arsebobis (yofierebis) wesi erTi unda iyos. ekologiuri katastrofebi erTi
mxriv, meore mxriv ki adamianisve brZola maTi Tavidan acilebisaTvis
migviTiTebs, rom adamianisa da bunebis urTierToba `harmoniulobisagan~
(Sesabamebidan) Sors dgas. Tuki adamiani Tavisi cnobierebis SinaarsiT aris
buneba (cxovelTan erTad dgomis gamo), gansxvaveba adamiansa da bunebas Soris
cnobierebis fomraSi unda veZioT.
rogorc aRvniSneT, adamianis cnoberebaSi ucvlelia cnobierebis Sinaarsi
(rituali) da icvleba cnobierebis forma. adamiani maqsimalurad gamijnulia
bunebas da sakuTar TavSi cdilobs Seqmnas igiveobrivi struqtura. amitomac
misTvis cnobierebis forma aris ara Tavad buneba, samyaro, aramed samyros xati
_ metasamyaro (meta-samyaro aq niSnavs moZRvrebas samyaros Sesaxeb, samyaros
Sesaxeb Teorias, bunebis Sesaxeb codnis qonas, rac niSnavs codnis saganze
garedan dakvirvebas). zemoT aRwerili struqturis Sesabamisad, rodesac icvleba
samyaros konkretuli xati (raRac meta-samyaro), icvleba is socialuri
struqtura, romelic arsebobs mocemul momentSi; magram radganac adamiani
TviTon axorcielebs am cvlilebas, arsebobis sakuTar wess ucvlelad tovebs.
es imitom xdeba, rom adamiani arsebul meta-samyaros cvlis mxolod da mxolod
`dazustebis~ da arsebuli, `namdvili~ samyarosadmi `ukeTesi Sesabamebis~
droSiT. xolo, radganac misTvis arsebuli, bunebrivi samyarodan yvelaze axlos
myofi aris sakuTari arsebobis wesi anu cnobierebis Sinaarsi (rituali), igi mas
warmoudgeba rogorc ucvleli, romelsac man unda Seusabamos sakuTari
warmodgenebi samyaroze. amitomac, adamianis SemTxvevaSi, icvleba ra bunebis xati
(cnobierebis forma) da sociumi (cnobierebis formis proeqcia), cnobierebis
31
Sinaarsi anu adamianis arsebobis wesi igive rCeba; anu, es bolo fraza gasagebad
gaxdomisaTvis arsebuli meta-samyaros enaze rom vTargmnoT, miviRebT, rom
adamiani, rogorc biologiuri (an Tundac zoologiuri) saxeoba, ucvlelia.
rogoric iyo pirveli adamiani iseTiveni varT Cvenc. iseve rogorc pirvelyofil
adamianTa Soris socialuri struqtura isazRvreba im miTebiT, romlebsac isini
hyvebian xolme (klod levi-stroisi), aseve Cveni socialuri struqturac, is
sistemebi, romlebSic vcxovrobT, isazRvreba im warmodgenebiT samyaroze,
romlebic Cven gvaxasiaTebs.
adamiani miiswrafvis cnobierebis formis dazustebisaken; anu, misi survilia
rogorme gaxados is sakuTari Tavis (adamianisve) igiveobrivi. mas imedi aqvs, rom
odesme Seqmnis iseT formas, romlis Sesabamisi socialuri struqtura iqneba
`bunebrivi~ da harmoniuli (e. i. misi sakuTar arsebobis wesis, misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ritualis Sesabamisi). adamiani miiswrafvis gaxdes maqsimalurad
socialuri. _ am Tavis miswrafebiT is maqsimalurad scildeba mizans da
ngrevaTa monacvleobis garda verafers aRwevs. adamiani Tavisi arsebobiT aris
ganwiruli mouwyobel sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis.
cnobierebis forma, rasac tradiciulad gonebas an gansjas uwodeben, Tavis
safuZvelSi erTnairia yvelasaTvis, vinc aseT yofierebaSi dgas. misTvis
aucileblobiTaa damaxasiaTebeli cvalebadobisaken swrafva; magram amasTan erTad
cnoiberebis Sinaarsis cvalebadobis unari da uunaroba apirobebs im sxvadasxva
gzas, romelsac erT yofierebaSi, arsebobis erT wesSi myofni adganan (mag.
cxoveli da adamiani);
cnobierebis formis am saerTo safuZvels Cven SeiZleba gageba vuwodoT,
romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc cnobierebis formis unari. es is unaria,
romelic im garemos gaazrebis saSualebas iZleva, romelSic esa Tu is
konkretuli individi cxovrobs. es is unaria, romelic konkretul arsebuls
agebinebs Tavis garemos: zogs im cvlilebis Sesabamisad, romelic samyaroSi
xdeba, zogs _ sakuTari Tavis mixedviT, sakuTari Tavis `xatad da msgavsad~. es
32
gageba anu samyaros agebis unari udevs safuZvlad adamianis gonebas _
sxvadasxva, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli fenomenebiT.
amitomac, rodesac Cven cxovels vuyurebT da gvesmis, roca is siyvaruls,
dedobriv grZnobas, sibrazes an sxva raimes gamoxatavs, aris imis `brali~, rom
Cven samyaros erTanairi gageba gvaqvs; anu, empiriul samyaroSi Cven erTnairad
varT, erTanairad vazrovnebT. gansxvaveba amis Semdeg safexurze iqmneba, rodesac
Tavis naklulobis da mTlianad cvlis uunarobis gamo, adamiani iwyebs Tavis
TavSi sxvadasxva samyaroebis agebas. magram, es samyaroebic iseTive
winaaRmdegobrivia, rogorc maTi Semqmneli. es nakluloba adamians daZlevadi
hgonia, radganac, ar icis, rom winaaRmdegobrioba TviTon mis, rogorc cnobieri
arsebis safuZvelSi Zevs.
IV
amis Semdeg, ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia CamovayaliboT evoluciuri suraTi
anu vaCvenoT, Tu rogor warmoiSvi adamiani cxovelisagan, Tu ra daedo
safuZvlad cnobierebis axali tipis warmoqmnas. es SeiZleba axsniliyo enis
warmoSobiT; enis anu saxeldebis, bunebis dasaxelebis Seqmna ukve samyaros
suraTia, meta-samyaroa. xolo Tavad aseTi fenomenis warmoSoba SeiZleba
emyarebodes cxovelis miswrafebas maqsimalurad Seeguos bunebas, erTxel da
samudamod daafiqsiros igi sakuTar TavSi, raTa sul cvalebadoba ar mouxdes;
magram aseTi suraTis ageba ar Seesabameba Cvens miznebs da arc aqamde agebul
daskvnebs; rogor I nawilSi aRvniSneT, dro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT,
istoriis niSniT, `istoriiis~ specifikuri gagebiT xasiaTdeba. rasac emyareba
mecnierebis warmoSoba im formiT, rogorsac dRes vxedavT. Tanamedrove
mecnierebaSi WeSmaritebis dadgenis, sagnis arsebis garkvevis erT-erTi yvelaze
ufro gavrcelebuli meTodia sagnis istoriis kvleva da Seqmnilia warmodgena,
rom sagnis warmoSobis codna dagvexmareba gavigoT sagnis raoba (loki: sagnis
33
arsebis codna sagnis genezisis codnaa). Cven Tavs vikavebT yvelanairi
RirebulebiTi midgomisagan; magram Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina, rom is
istoriuli cnobiereba, romelic Cven dros axasiaTebs, ar aris absoluturi da
amitom, masze damyarebuli meTodebi mxolod Sexedulebebis da warmodgenebis
Sesaqmnelad Tu gamodgeba. evoluciuri Teoriac, swored axali droisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli istoriis gagebis Sedegia (TiTqos codna, Tu rogor warmoiSva
adamiani, rames gvetyvis imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris adamiani). amitomac Cven
veridebiT evoluciur anu istoriul (es iseTi istoriaa, romlis subieqtic
aris an saerTod sicocxle, an adamianis gvari) midgomas. Cven vdilobT avagoT
`yvelanairi msoflmxedvelobis~, samyaros suraTis safuZveli, `istoriuli~
midgoma ki mxolod erT-erTia.
msjelobis procesSi, rogorc vxedavT, cnobierebis gza dadginda rogorc
arsebobis (socialuri) forma. dazustda misi Sanaarsic _ rituali, rogorc
konkretuli arsebobis wesi.
aseve zustdeba Tavisuflebis sakiTxic.
aqamde Cven Tavisufleba gansazRvruli gvqonda, rogorc swrafva cnobierebis
formisa da Sinaarsis daZlevisaken. amjerad amas emateba Tavisuflebis, rogorc
mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTeblis, dadgena, _ mxolod adamians SeuZlia
TviTon Secvalos cnobierebis forma. rac Seexeba cnobierebis Sinaarss,
Tavisuflebisaken Tanmimdevruli swrafva ritualis, rogorc arsebobis wesis
uaryofasac moicavs, magram, gansxvavebiT bunebisagan, adamians ara aqvs unari
sakuTari arsebobis wesi cvalos. is, rom adamiani garemo pirobebs da viTarebebs
xSir-xSirad icvlis, cnobierebis Sinaarsidan ganTavisuflebisaken swrafvas
gamoxatavs. amazea damyarebuli, erTis mxriv, adamianis swrafva mogzaurobisaken
(adgilis cvla), xolo meore mxriv, gandegiloba _ sasicocxlo
aucileblobebze TandaTan uaris Tqma, magram am orives bolomde ganxorcielebas
Tavisuflebis uaryofisaken mivyavarT: Tuki erT-erTi maTgani mawanwalobad
34
iqceva, meore _ TviTmkvlelobad; orive maTgani xdeba ganTavisufleba anu
TavisuflebasTan gan-Soreba.
Tuki cnobierebis formisagan ganTavisuflebas cnobierebis axali formis
Seqmnisaken mivyavarT, cnobierebis Sinaarsidan ganTavisuflebisaken swrafva _
sabolood iseT cnobierebis SinaarsiT ufro meti gansazRvrulobiT mTavrdeba
(`adamiani dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT~ _ sartri).
ase rom, Tavisufleba dgindeba mxolod rogorc uaryofa.
formis cvalebadoba Tavidan `awyobs~ sazogadoebas. es `gadawyoba~ aris
istoria. Sinaarsis cvalebadobisaken swrafva aris im SemTxvevebis, ambebis,
`istoriebis~ safuZveli, romlebic istorias udevs safuZlad. adamianic, gonebiT
xedavs ra amas, `istoriis ~ sxvadasxva gagebebze afuZnebs cnobierebis formas.
ZiriTadi principi, romelic adamians sxva arsebulTagan ganasxvavebs, aris
nawilobrivi da amitomac radikaluri cvalebadoba. cvalebadoba mtkivneuli da
mZafri mxolod maSin aris, rodesac raRac mTeli miiswrafvis cvalebadobisaken,
magram mxolod mis nawili icvleba, meore nawili ki ucvleli rCeba.
V
SeiZleba darCes STabeWdileba, rom cnobierebis cnebam dakarga konkretuli
mniSvneloba da yovlismomcveloba da amitomac uSinaarso gaxda; magram es ase ar
aris; cnobierebis, rogorc yofierebis raRac formis, romelic totalurad
aris, gageba, jer erTi, gansazRvravs cnobierebas, rogorc damoukidebels da
Tavidan icilebs misi gonebasTan an gansjasTan anda fsiqikasTan gaigivebas. meore
mxriv, am gagebiT Sinaarsi eZleva debulebas `cnobieri arsebobis~ Sesaxeb.
amitomac, bunebis (samyaros) is aRwera, romelic Cven gadmoveciT, SeiZleba
ganixilos ara rogorc raRac TviTneburi da SemTxveviTi, aramed rogorc
aucilebeli da erTaderTi mun-yofierebisaTvis.
35
maSasadame, samyaro aRiwereba, rogorc cnobiereba, romelsac axasiaTebs
sakuTari Sinaarsi da forma. samyaros, rogorc cnobierebis, Sinaarsad miReba is
konkretulobebi, romlebic masSi arseboben, xolo formad ki mTlianad samyaro,
buneba. am mimarTebaSi arsebobs, rogorc wesi, mesame, Sualeduri wevri _
sociumi, romelic erTgvar gardamaval safexurs warmoadgens konkretul
arsebulsa da samyaros (bunebas) Soris.
es sistema xasiaTdeba rogorc ucvleli, radganac mimarTebebi am sam
komponents Soris mudmivia, xolo samive wevri _ Tanabrad cvalebadi: rodesac
modis Secvlis impulsi garemodan, emuqreba daSla sociums, radgan axal
pirobebSi is ver uzrunvelyofs Tavisi wevrebis sicocxlisunarianobas. es
saSiSroeba gaigeba, rogorc konkretuli arsebobis safrTxe da icvleba
konkretuli arsebobis wesi (rituali) da Semdeg, am Secvlili, axali
ritualis Sesabamisad _ sociumic.
adamiani emijneba am sistemas, Tumca masze amboben, rom is bunebis nawilia
da masTan Tavisi arsebobiT axlos dgas. am siaxloves ganapirobebs is, rom
cnobierebis Sinaarsi (rituali) anu arsebobis wesi erTia adamianisaTvis da
bunebisaTvis; anu, adamiani bunebrivad aris, bunebrivad cocxlobs. gansxvaveba da
gamijvna gamowveulia cnobierebis struqturis specifikurobiT.
gansxvavebiT bunebis nawilisagan, adamianis cnobierebis formas warmoadgens
ara mTlianad buneba, samyaro, aramed samyaros aRweriloba, codna samyaros
Sesaxeb, meta-samyaro. adamiani Semdegi struqturiT arsebobs: konkretuli
arsebuli _ sociumi _ meta-samyaro. adamianis cdilobs meta-samyaro gaxados
adekvaturi samyarosi, romelic mas sakuTari arsebobis wesis saxiT eZleva;
amitomac is ucvlelad tovebs rituals (arsebobis wess, cnobierebis Sinaarss)
da cvlis meta-samyaros da, Sesabamisad, sociums, magram Tavis mizans verasodes
ver aRwevs. amitomac, gansxvavebiT bunebisagan, adamiani xasiaTdeba radikaluri
cvalebadobiT. struqtura icvleba ara mTlianad, aramed nawilobriv, rac
yovelTvis mtkivneulia (amiT erTgvarad marTldeba nicSes sityvebi: `adamiani
36
aris avadmyofi cxoveli~, Tuki avadmyofobas gavigebT, rogorc Seusabamobas
mTelis nawilebs Soris).
magram marto es ar aris adamianis `avadmyofoba~, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
cnobierebis Sinaarsi (rituali, arsebobis wesi) ucvlelia, adamiani miiswrafvis
misi Secvlis unaris mopovebisaken, raTa absolutur Tavisuflebas miaRwios
(araferi rom ar vTqvaT amave mizniT cnobierebis formis daZlevisaken
swrafvaze). amis ganxorcieleba ki SeuZlebelia, ris gamoc is sxvadasxva
ukiduresobebSi vardeba, romlebic ufro metad acileben sanukvar mizans.
Cven SevecadeT SegvemuSavebina is principi, romliTac gadmoicema samyaros
nebismieri aRwera da romelsac, nawilobriv an mTlianad, sxvadasxva saxiT,
samyaros yoveli gageba imeorebs. mimarTebebi, romlebis Sesaxebac vlaparakobdiT,
Tanabrad gadmocemadia rogorc SesabamebiT, aseve sistemuri principebiT. e. i.
isini Seesabamebian samsave dros, romlebic aqamde movniSneT: miTs,
JamTaaRmwerlobas, istorias. is, rom Cven vxmarobdiT iseT terminebs da cnebebs,
romlebic `wina~ droebSi ar SeimCneva, gamowveulia im drois specifikurobiT,
romelSic vcxovrobT. maTi Canacvleba ki Tavisuflad SeiZleba Sesabamisi
cnebebiT sxva droidan.
Semdegi safexuri, romelic Cven unda gaviaroT, mdgomareobs am zogadi
principis, romlis Sesaxebac amdeni vilaparakeT, adfiqsirebaSi; anu, Cven unda
movnaxoT adamianSi is fenomeni, romelic saSualebas iZleva es principi mudam
Tan axldes adamians da yovelgvari `drois~ miuxedavad gansazRvros misi yofna.
VI
mTeli Cveni msjelobis ganmavlobSi Cven vambobdiT, rom adamianis yofiereba
tragikulia da mogvyavda Sesabamisi ilustraciebi; magram ar gviTqvams, Tu ras
vgulisxmobdiT `tragikulSi~. es sulac ar aris martivi sakiTxi da rogorc
erTi SexedviT Cans, RirebulebiTi midgomis paTetikuri da bundovani iarliyi.
37
rodesac Cven raime fenomenis tragikulobaze vlaparakobdiT, viTvaliswinebdiT
sakuTariv tragediis, rogorc damoukidebeli fenomenis agebulebas.
tragediis ZiriTadi elementebia: siuJeti, roli, personaJi anu, moqmedi
subieqti. moqmed subieqts siuJeti anu garemo asrulebinebs raRac rols. am sam
elements Soris urTierToba mTavrdeba katastrofiT, rac niSnavs moqmedi
subieqtis sikvdils, gaqrobas, _ rac amave dros siuJetis da rolis gaqrobacaa.
tragedias kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli aqvs aucileblobiT: tragediis ganmavlobaSi
personaJi gaurbis Tavis rols da maSasadame, katastrofasac, rogorc am rolis
dasrulebas _ anu, moqmedi subieqti gaurbis im cxovrebas, romelic misTvisaa
momzadebuli im garemoTi, romelSic is aris. tragediis personaJi cvdilobs
gadalaxos is mdgomareoba, romelSic mas roli aqcevs. cdilobs arasodes ar
gaCerdes da ar dafiqsirdes romelime wertilSi _ gaCereba misTvis rolTan
gatolebis tolfasia. moqmedebis bolos ki irkveva, rom tragediis gmiris
moqmedeba, survili, gadaelaxa Tavisi roli, mimarTuli yofila katasrofaze;
anu mimarTuloba rolis uaryofaze damTavrda uaryofiT. magram ise, rogorc es
rolSi iyo nagulisxmebi da ara ise, rogorc es personaJs undoda (tragediis
struqturis es aRwera ekuTvnis b-n mamuka lekiaSvils).
imisaTvis, rom tragediis agebulebis kavSiri adamianis yofierebasTan
gasagebi gaxdes, Cven Zenonis isris aporias unda movuxmoT dasaxmareblad; magram
sanam aporiis interpretacias daviwyebdeT, manamde TviT Zenonis filosofias
gadavavloT Tvali da warmovidginoT misi aporiebi parmenides da qsenofane
kolifonelis tradiciis, aristoteles `fizikis~ da am wignis komentatorebis
gareSe.
Zenonis yoveli aporia gulisxmobs realobas, empiriul mocemulobas. yoveli
misi aporia SeiZleba orad gavyoT: pirveli nawili _ es sayovelTaod miRebuli,
`realuri~ mocemulobaa, meore ki _ am mocemulobis, realobis analizi,
gaazreba. yvela misi aporia Seexeba es siCqares, simravles Tu moZraobas, _
mTavrdeba daskvniT, rom es fenomenebi winaaRmdegobrivi bunebisani arian _ isini
38
arian raRac da Tanac sxva arian. Cven viciT Zenonis ramdenime aporia, romelTac
aristoteles `fizikidan~ vicnobT, rogorc moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
argumentebs; sididis aporia emyareba sivrcis dayofadobas da yoveli sididis
sazRvrulobas: Tuki arsebobs sidide, maSin sididis nawilebs Soris arsebobs
zRvari, romelic Tavis mxriv SeiZleba ganxiluli iqneba, rogorc sidide. aqedan
gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom sidide usasrulod didia. meore mxriv, sidide
Sedgeba nawilebisagan, romlebic aseve Sedgebian da a. S. Zenoni askvnis, rom
sidide usasrulod mcirecaa. simravlis aporiac msgavs argumentebs emyareba da
miiReba, rom simravle erTsa da imave dros gansazRvrulicaa da ganusazRvrelic,
sasruloc da usasruloc. siCqaris aporia (`stadiumi~) eyrdnoba movlenas,
romelsac Semdgom fardobiToba ewoda. _ rodesac erTi sagani gaCerebulia, sxva
oris ki sxvadasxva (urTierTsawinaaRmdego) mimarTulebiT moZraobs, moZravi
sagnis siCqare gaCerebuli sagnis mimarT ufro mcirea, vidre meore moZravis
mimarT. aqedan ki gamomdinareobs, rom moZravi sagnis siCqare erTsa da imave
dros sxvadasxva sididea. moZraobis aporias (`aqilevsi~) Semdegi saxe aqvs:
aqilevsi unda daewios kus, romelic misgan 100 nabijiTaa daSorebuli. aqilevsi
gaivlis am 100 nabijs da kumde darCenili aqvs 1 nabiji. im droSi, romelsac
aqilevsi andomebs am erTi nabijis gadadgmas, ku gadis nabijis 1\100-s da a. S.
anu, aqilevsi kus verasodes daeweva.
jerjerobiT, Cvens mier CamoTvlili yvela aporia miuTiTebs yofierTa
samyaros winaaRmdegobriobaze da maTSi ucnauri araferi ar aris. Zenonis
droisaTvis berZnulma filosofiam ukve icis am ideis Sesaxeb (heraklites da
parmenides saSualebiT); sxva saqmea, rogor xdeba misi interpretacia _
heraklite winaaRdegobas samyaros kanons, logoss uwodebs, parmenide ki mas
arsebulTa ararealurobis da aranamdvilobis sabuTad Tvlis da maT `ukan~
namdvil arsebuls eZebs. mxolod es aporiebi rom iyos darCenili Zenonis
memkvidreobidan, Cven Tavi unda migvenebebina misTvis, rogorc mowafisaTvis,
39
romelmac maswavleblis gavlenas Tavi ver daaRwia da ukve arsebuli azris
maxvil-gonivruli forma moifiqra.
es marTlac ase iqneboda, rom ara Zenonis kidev ramdenime gamonaTqvami da aporia
`isari~, romelic aristotelels fizikis leqciebma Semogvinaxa (`fizika~ Z.2.
223 A 21)
∆ιο και ο Ζηνωνοχ λογοχ φευδοχ λαµβανει το µη ευδεθεσϕαι τα απειρα δειλϕειν η
αφασϕαι των απειρον καϕ εκαστον εν πεπερασµενω θρονω _ `amitomac Zenonis
mcdari msjeloba mohyavT xolme, rom ar SeiZleba usasrulo rameebSi gavla, an
kidev, usasrulo rameebis cal-calke Sexeba, warsul, gardasul droSi~. Zenonis
sxva aporiebze dayrdnobiT am fragmentis axsna advilad SeiZleba; sivrce Zenonis
mixedviT Sedgeba usasrulod bevri `adgilisagan~, `ramisagan~ anu is usasruloa.
amitomac rodesac sagani moZraobs, is unda Seexos sivrcis yovel wertils, e. i.
unda gaiaros usasrulobaSi. amitom, Tu sagani moZraobs, man ar SeiZleba
moZraoba daamTavros (ar SeiZleba `ukve namoZravebi~ aRmoCndes, anu mis Sesaxeb
ar SeiZleba iTqvas warsul droSi (gram.), rom man moZraoba daamTavra.
maSasadame, raime manZilis gavla (ukve gavla) anu moZraobis damTavreba _
SeuZlebelia. _ logikurad anu mxolod gonebis mixedviT, Tu sagani moZraobs,
misi gaCereba gamoricxulia.
am mcire Sesavlis Semdeg, raki gavarkvieT Zenonis damokidebuleba moZraobasTan,
SeiZleba pirdapir gadavideT aporiaze `isari~ : (`fizika~
Ζηνων δε παρσλογιζεται ει γαρ αει, φησιν, ηρεµει παν η κινειται, ηρεµει δ οταν η κ
ατα το ισον, εστι δ αει το φεροµενον την φεροµενην ειναι οιστον _ `Zenoni ki
cruobs: radgan Tu mudam _ ambobs is _ yvelaferi an mSvidadaa (ηρεµει), an
iZvris (κινειται), roca Tanabarzea (Tavis Tanabar adgilze _ g. T.), xolo
gaSvebuli mudmivad aris axalSi, maSin gaSvebuli isari aris uZravi (ακινετον _
aumoZravebeli)~. am fragmentSi kargad Cans Zenonis aporiis ormagoba _
dapirispireba, romelsac igi naxulobs empiriasa da gonebas Soris. yvelaferi an
gaCerebulia, wynaradaa, an moZraobs; magram gonebis mixedviT gaSvebuli, moZravi
40
isari aumoZravebelia. amis gasagebad Zenonis kidev erTi fragmenti dagvexmareba
`fizikidan~:
ουτοι µεν ουν οι δυο λογοι τριτοχ δ� ο νυν ρηϕειχ. οτι η οισοχ φεροµενη εστηκεν. Σ
υµβαινεν δε παρα το λαµβανειν τον θρονον: συγκεισϕαι εκ των νυν µη διδοµενον γ
αρ τουτου, ουκ σται ο συλλογισµοχ _ `mesame, romelic axla iTqva, rom
gaSvebuli isari dgas _ miRebul iqna imis gamo, rom gaziarebuli iqna, rom dro
aris axlaebis mibjra (συγκεισϕαι) Tu amas ar davuSvebT, ar iqneba silogizmi~.
dro aris axlaebis jami. amitomac isari, romelic moZraobisas (es usasrulo
sivrceSi xdeba) yovelTvis aris raRac adgilas, _ yovelTvis aris axla-Sic.
amitomac axla _ isari, romelic gaSvebulia, gaCerebulia. imitom, rom is aris
drois wertilSi (axlaSi) da sivrcis wertilSic.
amrigad, am nawyvet-nawyveti fragmentebiT rom SevecadoT aporiis `isari~
mTliani suraTis Seqmnas, miviRebT rom, isarma, romelic gasrolilia, verasodes
ver unda daamTavros moZraoba da ver unda mivides mizanSi, radganac, jer erTi,
gasavleli manZili usasruloa da meorec, isari, romelic moZraobs, yovelTvis
(yovel axlaSi) gaCerebulia, oRond yovel `Semdeg~ axlaSi is sxva wertilSia.
aporiis `meore mxarem~ unda gviTxras: isari kidec moZraobs da kidec xvdeba
mizanSi. logikurad, gonebis mixedviT, _ es moxvedra, rodesac isari Cerdeba, _
anadgurebs im or daskvnas, romelsac goneba emyareboda, rodesac isris gaCerebis
SeuZlebloba aRiara: gaCerebul isarze vambob, rom man manZili gaiara (warsul,
gardasul droSi) da imave dros, vambobT, rom is drois or axlaSi sivrcis
erTsa da imave wertilSia. gonebis, adamianuri logikis mixedviT _ an yvelaferi
moZraobs, an yvelaferi gaCerebulia. orives erTad arsebuls _ goneba ver
moicavs.
ase rom irkveva, rom Zenonis mizani aris realobis da gonebis daumTxvevlobis,
araTanxvedrobis, am mimarTebis absurdulobis Cveneba; anu, Zenoni ki ar ambobs,
rom realoba `ar aris~, an kidev, rom realoba winaaRmdegobrivia. _ is ambobs,
rom logikurad, `transcendentalurad~ _ realoba mouazrebelia da cnobiereba,
41
romelic masze anu realobazea mimarTuli, yovlad ganusazRvrel Sedegs unda
elodos Tavisi mimarTulobidan, sakuTari Tavis uaryofasac ki (iseve rogorc
isris mizanSi moxvedra uaryofs moZraobis orive Teorias).
cnobierebis gzac, iseve rogorc isris gasavleli manZili _ usasrulod aRiqmeba
da gvgonia, rom adamianis cnobiereba mudam iarsebebs anu mudam idgeba (εστηκεν),
mudam iqneba meta-samyaroSi da rom misi gza am `axlas~ da sivrcis wertilis
daZlevaa da sxva axlaSi gadasvla. Cven gvgonia, rom samyaro amouwuravia,
usasruloa, cnobiereba ki _ `aumoZravebeli~, ucvleli, igive da Tavisi Tavis
toli; magram Tuki isris moZraobas CavTvliT adamianis cnobierebis, misi gagebis
mimarTulebad, maSin unda davuSvaT gaCerebac _ Sesabamisad _ misi sasrulobac
da am dasasruliT samyaros da maSasadame, cnobierebis mier sakuTari Tavis
uaryofac. qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT am formulis Sinaarsis monaxvas.
tragediis struqturasTan cnobierebis analogiac naTeli gaxda. am SemTxvevaSi
tragediis personaJis, subieqtis rols asrulebs adamianis cnobiereba; misi
roli aris meta-samyaroebSi yofna (axla-dro-sivrceSi) da am meta-samyaroebis
cvla, wina gaCerebulobis uaryofa axali gaCerebulobiT. xolo katastrofa
aris is uaryofa, romelsac cnobiereba Tavis TavSi damTxveviT aRwevs, rodesac
is ukve yovelTvis (yovel axlaSi) erT wertilSi (sivrceSi) iqneba. _ anu,
cnobierebis mimarTuloba samyaros Semecnebaze, misi sxvadasxva gamovlenis,
sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seswavlaze gvirgvindeba am samyaros da, maSasadame, am
cnobierebis uaryofiT.
am interpretaciiT Zenoni gamovida eleatebis rigidan da calke dadga. Zenoni ar
miuTiTebda yofierTa winaaRmdegobriobaze. yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi mTavari
mizani es ar iyo. Zenonma gviCvena is gza, romelsac adamianis cnobiereba adgas
da is garemo, romelSic adamiani cxovrobs. misi aporiebi ki, imis gamo, rom
winaaRmdegobrioba, ZenonisTvis iyo xerxi, romliTac igi cdilobda gonebis da
realobis absurduli kavSiris danaxvebas, Zenonis interpretatorebma meqanikurad
`miawebes~ parmenides moZRvrebas. qsenofane kolofonelma da parmenidem pirveli
42
nabijebi gadadges `metafizikis~ filosofiis sazrunavad gaxdomisaken. metafizika
anu samyros mowesrigebuli suraTi mxolod gonebaSi Tu SeiZleba Seiqmnas da
mas realobasTan kavSiri ver eqneba. `metafizika~ _ samyaros, bunebis `iqiT~ maTi
safuZvlis Zieba da misi suraTis gadmocema manamde mxolod brZenTa xvedri da
wili iyo: amis sabuTi induri vedebi da Cinel `filosofosTa~ wignebia. Zenonis
filosofiis parmenides `damatebad~ qceviT kidev ufro ganmtkicda filosofiis
da metafizikis igiveoba da filosofiamac samyaros wesrigis aRwerad daiwyo
qceva. swored amis gamo _ metafizikis da filosofiis igiveobis rwmeniT Seqmnes
`platonis mimdevrebma~ (rogorc maT aristotele uwodebs) `platonis ideaTa
Teoria~. ase rom, Sua saukuneebis filosofiis `metafizikurobaSi~ lomis wili
Zenonis araswor gagebas miuZRvis. parmenide filosofias ar werda. is
aRmosavlur sibrZneze iyo orientirebuli da metafizikasac amitom qmnida.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zenonis mkacri da filosofiuri msjelobebis
`gametafizikurebam~ (anu, absurdulobaze miTiTebis winaRmdegobaze miTiTebad
qcevam) gaxada filosofia arsebobis, yofierebis sazRvriTi cnebebis, adamianis
garemos (sazRvrebis) moazrebidan (rogorc es heraklitesTan da platonTanaa),
gamxdariyo metafizika. samyaros `iqiT~ eZebna saazrovno obieqtebi da Tavis
amocanas daSoreboda. gzas, romelic Zenonis interpretatorebma moxazes, axal
dromde adgnen filosofosebi da mxolod kantma `wminda gonebis kritikaSi~ Tqva
uari filosofiisa da metafizikis gaigivebaze da metafizika msoflmxedvelobis
da rwmenis sferoSi daabruna.
oriode sityviT unda SevexoT Zenonis aporiebis uarmyoflebsac, romelTa did
rigs aristotele iwyebs; erTaderTi sfero, romelzedac dayrnobiT SeiZleba
Tqva, rom Zenoni arasworia, aris realoba anu Tu argumentad realur sagnebs
moiyvan. aristotelec swored amas akeTebs `fizikaSi~ _ sadac mas msgavsi
argumentebi mohyavs da gvarwmunebs, rom Zenoni realobas uaryofda da ara
realobis moazrebis SesaZleblobas.
43
Zenonis filosofia metafizikis safuZvlad gadaaqcies. am faqtSic gamovlinda
Zenonis mier dadgenili arsebulis absurduloba; Zenonma dawera filosofia,
romelic mkacrad Seesabameboda misi sagnis amocanebs da miznebs da albaT,
swored imitom, rom es naweri yvelaze naklebad Seicavda aRmosavluri sibrZnis
minarevebs, gaxda SesaZlebeli misi gadaqceva antifilosofiad da amis gamo
filosofiam didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tavi ver daaRwia damfarav gagebas.
Tumca saqmis ase Setrialeba im droisaTvis garkveuli azriT kanonzomieric iyo;
heraklites da Zenons naxevari saukunec ar aSorebs erTmaneTisagan; warmoiSva
axali sityva _ `filosofia~, romelic jer uSinaasroa, usazRvroa, magram
Zalian hgavs imas, rasac Zenoni fiqrobs da akeTebs, amave dros, Zenonis
nafiqrali TiTqos parmenides sibrZnesac emTxveva. filosofiam faqtobrivad
warmoSobidanve daiwyo sxvaSi gauCinareba. igi iyo kidec raRaR da Tan sxva iyo.
adamianis yofierebis (cnobierebis) gansazRvrebis da tragediis agebulebis
damTxveva ar niSnavs RirebulebiT, SefasebiT midgomas. aseTi midgoma
msoflmxedvelobis da rwmenis saqmea. es damTxveva samyaros aRweris Sedegia,
romelic SeiZleba Semdeg Sefasdes da am Sefasebas filosofiasTan saqme aRar
eqneba.
garda imisa, rom adamianis cnobiereba daemTxva tragediis struqturas, is, amave
dros, daemTxva dekartes debulebasac: (cogito, ergo sum) _ azrovneba aris
(niSnavs) arsebobas. rac CvenTvis niSnavs: azrovnebis, cnobierebis (e. i. isris
moZraobis) Sewyveta arsebobis uaryofaa, misi gaqrobaa. _ sanam moZraobs
cnobiereba manamdea arsebobac, _ anu, cnobierebis (rogorc zmna) Sewyveta
niSnavs yofierebisadmi, arsebobisadmi daSorebas, masTan kavSiris gawyvetas.
es jerjerobiT mxolod formaluri gansazRvrebaa. Cven axali amocana
dagvesaxa; unda vipovT am gansazRvrebis Sinaarsi anu unda moviazroT, Tu
realurad rogor moxdeba am formulis ganxorcieleba.
44
damateba: TamaSis fenomenologia
Cven ar daviwyebT msjelobas imis dafuZnebiT, Tu ratom amovarCieT TamaSi im
aqtivobebs Soris, romelic adamians (da ara marto adamians) axasiaTebs. es
ganisazRvreba msjelobis boloSi. erTaderTi, risi warmoCeniTac unda daviwyoT,
aris is, rom TamaSi yovelgvari Zaldatanebisa da spekulaciis gareSe SeiZleba
warmovidginoT, rogorc garkveuli wesi. sul erTia, vis an ra TamaSze
vilaparakebT. yvela TamaSs aqvs erTi saerTo: raRac wesis Sesruleba mxolod
da mxolod imisaTvis, rom es wesi Sesruldes. aranair TamaSs, TavisTavad
ganxiluls, ar aqvs raime mizani da orientiri TviTon am TamaSis garda. is, rom
zogierTi TamaSi mogebiT an wagebiT mTavrdeba, aris ara TamaSis gareT mdgomi
raRac mizani, aramed TamaSis dasrulebis forma.
TamaSis dros moTamaSe CarTulia am TamaSSi, masSi cxovrobs. ase rom, TamaSi
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc arsebobis garkveuli forma; magram es iseTi
formaa, romelic mxolod arsebobis wesisagan Sedgeba da romelsac forma anu
orientiri anu mimarebis obieqti ar gaaCnia. is aris arsebobis wesi amave
arsebobis wesisaTvis. Cvens mier aqamde SemoRebuli cnebebiT rom vTqvaT, TamaSi
aris rituali orientiris gareSe. e. i. TamaSi rogorc cnobiereba aris mxolod
cnobierebis Sinaarsi, ritualis rituali. amdenad TamaSs SeiZeba meta-rituali
vuwodoT anu rituali, romelic gasulia ritualis `iqiT~, `gareT~, _
ritualis Sesasruleblad.
TamaSi zogadad, rom ar davyoT igi cal-calke konkretul TamaSebad,
gulisxmobs raRac wess, mraval rituals, romlebic sruldeba moTamaSeebis
mier. TamaSi (zogadad) aris meta-ritualebis erTnairoba, kompleqsi.
am safuZvelze SeiZleba warmovidginoT TamaSi, erTi mxriv, rogorc arsebobis
modeli, xolo meore mxriv, rogorc momzadeba arsebobisaTvis. Cvens mier
zemoTavazebuli samyaros aRweris safuZvelze. es orive aspeqti gasagebi xdeba;
cxovelisaTvis (igulisxmeba cxoveli, romelsac sociumisagan damoukidebeli
45
cnobiereba gaaCnia) TamaSi aris misTvis damaxasiaTebeli arsebobis wesis modeli:
cxovels aqvs unari cvalos Tavisi arsebobis wesi, mas potenciurad mravali
arsebobis wesi aqvs. TamaSi _ amis ilustraciaa.
adamianisTvis TamaSi aris misTviT damaxasiaTebeli arsebobis xati: rogorc
zemoT vaCveneT, adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi miiswrafvis cvalos
Tavisi arsebobis wesi (rac Tavisuflebisaken swrafvaa), uari Tqvas ara marto
cnobierebis formaze, aramed Sinaarszec. TamaSi, rogorc meta-ritualebis
kompleqsi, amis ilustraciac aris; ase rom, formalurad, TamaSs adamianisaTvis
da cxovelisaTvis erTi da igive funqcia aqvs.
rac Seexeba TamaSs, rogor arsebobisaTvis momzadebas: am SemTxvevaSi meta-
rituali (TamaSi) unda ganvixiloT rogorc ritualis anu arsebobis wesis
Semowmeba. TamaSis dros xdeba im ritualis gameoreba, romelic ukve arsebobs,
xdeba ritualebis gaTamaSeba. amiT moTamaSe swavlobs ritualis gamoyenebas da
amowmebs mis SesaZleblobebs. garda amisa, TamaSi, rogorc socialuri
cxovrebisaTvis momzadeba ambobs: nebismieri urTierToba sociumSi damyarebulia
garkveul wesze. amave wesebze aris damokidebuli adgili, romelic sociumis
wevrebs ukaviaT. TamaSi, rogorc ritualis Semowmeba, emsaxureba socialuri
statusis safuZvlis Seqmnas, avlens im upiratesobebs Tu naklovanebebs,
romelic yoveli moTamaSis arsebobis wess axasiaTebs.
maSasadame, Cven mivediT debulebamde, rom TamaSi aris meta-rituali da
momzadeba arsebobisaTvis (1) da rom TamaSi aris arsebobis modeli imisaTvis,
vinc TamaSobs (2).
TamaSi SeiZleba axasiaTebdes mxolod iseT arsebas, romelsac sakuTari
damoukidebeli cnobiereba aqvs; anu iseTs, romelsac konkretuli cnobierebis
forma aqvs da ara iseTs, romelic Tavisi arsebiT mxolod cnobierebis
Sinaarsis nawils, erT aspeqts warmoadgens;
mxolod avtonomiuri cnobierebis mqone arsebas sWirdeba TamaSi, ritualis
morgeba, Semowmeba. mxolod aseT arsebebs Sorisaa saWiro `SeTanxmeba~ moqmedebis
46
wesze. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iseTi subieqtisaTvis, romelic mozard
asakSi TamaSobs, TamaSi aris is fenomeni, romelzedac realurad efuZneba
sazogadoeba, sociumi. TamaSis gareSe ar moxdeboda arsebobis wesis aranairi
morgeba-Semowmeba, rac gamoiwvevda sazogadoebis arastabilurobas da
arasicocxlisunarianobas.
maSasadame, TamaSi aris is, rac individs amzadebs cnobierebis formisaTvis, da,
sabolood, TamaSi exmareba cnobier individs bolomde cnobieri gaxdes.
magram Cven vxedavT da viciT, rom TamaSi (metaritualuri) marto mozardis
TamaSiT ar amoiwureba. Cven vxedavT, rm TamaSs zrdasruli individis
cxovrebaSic sakmao adgili uWiravs. aseT SemTxvevaSi TamaSi unda iyos
dakavSirebuli an raime socialur cvlilebasTan (cxovelis SemTxvevaSi), an
cnobierebis formis daviwyebisaken swrafvasTan (adamianis SemTxvevaSi); anu,
zrdasruli individi TamaSobs socialur stresTan (yvelaze farTo azriT)
kavSirSi.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, meta-ritualis mizezi aris sul ori: TamaSi,
romelic amzadebs individs srulyofili arsebobisaTvis (1) da meta-rituali,
romelic xdeba socialuri stresisagan gansatvirTavad anu rodesac xdeba
rituals `iqiT~ gasvla, raTa Tavi aaridon am ritualis Sesabamis meta-samyaros,
anu TamaSi gamoiyeneba cnobierebis arsebuli formisagan Tavis dasaRwevad (2).
es orive motivi SeiZleba erTze iyos dayvanili. rogorc vnaxeT, TamaSis orive
forma mimarTulia cnobierebis formaze (I mizezi imitom, rom mxolod arsebobis
wesis anu cnobierebis Sinaarsis Camoyalibebis Semdeg SeiZleba SemuSavdes
cnobierebis forma). am safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TamaSis mizezi, mizani
aris mimarTebis, an dadebiTi mimarTebis SemuSaveba sociumTan: _ I mizezis
(miznis) mixedviT, ar arsebobs aranairi mimarTeba da TamaSi mowodebulia am
mimarTebis Sesaqmnelad. II miznis mixedviT _ arsebobs uaryofiTi mimarTeba da
TamaSi mowodebulia mis dadebiTad gardasaqmnelad.
47
rac ufro izrdeba sazogadoebaSi meta-ritualebis raodenoba, miT ufro
mowodebulia sazogadroeba TamaSad aRiqvas yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi, miT ufro
iklebs cnobierebis formis radikaluri Secvlis SesaZlebloba.
rogorc I nawilSi vnaxeT, omebi da ubedurebebi swored cnobierebis yovel axal
formasTan erTad mZafrdeba. swored TamaSebis anu meta-ritualebis gamo
mcirdeba cnobierebis formis (meta-samyaros) hiperbolizaciis, misiT
ukmayofilebis da misi Secvlisaken swrafvis impulsi. TamaSi bevrad ukeTesad
asrulebs revoluciiis (e. i. ganmanTavisufleblis) rols, vidre TviTon
revolucia. TamaSi an aTavisuflebs adamians cnobierebis formisagan, an axal
rituals uqmnis cnobierebis formas. es ki gamoricxavs formis cvalebadobas,
radgan axali ritualis SeqmniT iqmneba warmodgena, rom cnobierebis Sinaarsia
Secvlili da formis Secvlis aucilebloba ixsneba.
aq TamaSis kidev erTi motivi gamoCnda: cnobierebis formaze mimarTuli axali
rituali. am SemTxvevaSi TamaSi, romelsac araferi saerTo ara aqvs cnobierebis
arsebul formasTan, Tavisi SedegiT (mogeba-wagebiT da sxva) moqmedi, praqtikuli
subieqtis mier miemarTeba arsebuli cnobierebis formas da misi gamomxatveli
xdeba (e. i. xdeba namdvili, unaklo rituali. aq xdeba ritualis anu
cnobierebis Sinaarsis Canacvleba meta-ritualiT anu cnobierebis meta SinarsiT).
meta-ritualis aseTi gavrcoba ki mxolod Cvens droSi gaxda SesaZlebeli.
mecniereba, rogorc I nawilSi vnaxeT, aris droebis cvalebadobis da aqedan
gamomdinare, im `ubedurebaTa~ mizezi, romelic Cvens Tavs xdeba. meore mxriv ki,
mecniereba, amis sawinaaRmdegod, qmnis cnobierebis axali formis CamxSob
meqanizms. radganac mecniereba TavisTavad aris meta- anu codnis mopovebaze
mimarTuli. ase rom, swored adamianis yofierebis mecnierulobidan logikurad
gamomdinareobs samyaros meta-samyaroTi, xolo ritualis meta-ritualiT
Canacvleba. dResdReobiT TandaTan mTeli msoflio iwyebs TamaSs. TandaTan dro
aRar rCeba cnobierebis axali formis Sesaqmnelad. TamaSi auqmebs amis
moTxovnilebas.
48
es bolo debulebebi rom ganvmartoT, saWiroa vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ramdenadaa
SesaZlebeli cnobierebis axali formis warmoSoba? axali formis
SesamuSaveblad, Tuki Cvens mierve dadgenili, am fenomenTa mimdevrobis logikiT
vimsjelebT, unda moxdes istoriis axali gagebis dazusteba. am dazustebaze
arafris Tqma ar SeiZleba, garda imisa, rom albaT amis SesaZlebloba arsebobs.
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ar arsebobs istoriis arsebuli gagebis gadalaxvis
SesaZlebloba da rom yoveli gadalaxva ukan dagvabrunebs; magram swored am
gagebis gareT, ara cnobierebis formaSi, aramed cnobierebis SinaarsSi arsebobs
imis winamZRvrebi, rom cnobierebis forma aRar Seicvleba; amis safuZvelia
mecnierebis is kursi, romelic mas dRes aqvs aRebuli: dazustebisaken swrafva,
rogorc vnaxeT, aris mecnierebisa da axali drois Seqmnis safuZveli. meore
mxriv, dazustebisken swrafva iWreba adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi, maT
Soris TamaSSic. meta-ritualis dazusteba ki gamoixateba, upirveles yovlisa,
meta-ritualis wesis dazustebiT; amis Sedegad TamaSis wesi iseTive zusti da
gansazRvruli xdeba, rogorc arsebobis wesi; anu, meta-rituali iseTive zusti
xdeba, rogorc rituali. amdenad, TamaSi isev emsgavseba arsebobis wess, imdenad
zustad baZavs mas, rom TandaTan SeuZlebeli xdeba maTi erTmaneTisagan
gansxvaveba. Tanamedrove adamianic, romelic TandaTan totalurad erTveba
TamaSis procesSi da TamaSobs (TiTqmis mTeli cxovreba) an, rac aseve
totalurad xdeba, cxovrobs ise, TiTqos TamaSobs, Tavisi arsebobiT TandaTan
emsgavseba im arsebobas, romelic Cven aRvwereT, rogorc maRalorganizebuli
cxovelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli; oRond mxolod emsgavseba da ar xdeba
adekvaturi: aseTi cxovreba gulisxmobs, rom yovel konkretul adamians aqvs
SesaZlebloba Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi maqsimalurad cvalos arsebobis
wesebi, xolo cxovels es SesaZlebloba aqvs, rogorc gvars.
adamiani, meta-ritualebis monacvleobiT, ise, rom ukve SeuZlebeli xdeba
arsebobis wesis da TamaSis gansxvaveba (orive ritualia), aRwevs arsebobas,
romelsac aRar Wirdeba cnobierebis formis cvalebadoba. is arsebuli
49
cnobierebis formis farglebSi icvlis TamaSebs, _ meta-ritualebis
monacvleobiT, ise, rom ukve SeuZlebeli xdeba arsebobis wesis da TamaSis
gansxvaveba (orive ritualia), aRwevs arsebobas, romelsac aRar Wirdeba
cnobierebis formis cvalebadoba. is arsebuli cnobierebis formis farglebSi
icvlis TamaSebs, _ meta-ritualebs, yovelTvis sxvanairad TamaSobs da am
Secvlebs usabamebs cnobierebis formas. aq ukve aSkaraa, rom cxovelis arsebobis
wesTan mxolod zedapiruli msgavsebaa, gansxvaveba ki kvlav Zireulia _ adamianis
cnobierebis forma ucvleli rCeba da icvleba mxolod cnobierebis Sinaarsi. aq
kvlav ZalaSi rCeba adamianis is gansazRvreba, romelic oidiposis da sfinqsis
dialogiT Camoyalibda; maqsimaluri, radikaluri cvalebadoba. oRond aq cvlas
meta-ritualebi iwyeben. adamianis cvalebadobis am axal ganzomilebaSi
sainteresod gardaisaxeba Tavisuflebis problema: rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
Tavisufleba cnobierebis formisa da Sinaarsis uaryofisken mimarTulobaSi
mdgomareobs. am SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cnobierebis Sinaarsis adgils TamaSi
ikavebs, xolo cnobierebis forma ucvlelia, sakiTxi Semdegnairad warmoCndeba:
cnobierebis forma uaryofilia meta-ritualiT, rogorc mxolod Tavis Tavze
mimarTuliT. meore mxriv, TamaSi, rogorc cnobierebis `aranamdvili~, meta-
Sinaarsi, am ukanasknelis uaryofacaa; magram rogorc is meta-rituali ikavebs
ritualis adgils, is imavwams xdeba arsebuli cnobierebis formis _ meta-
samyaros Sesabamisi. _ Tavisufleba kvlav uqmdeba. aqac Cans, rom Tavisufleba
wamieria da mouxelTebeli. aseT fonze Tavisufleba moipoveba meta-ritualis
anu arsebobis im wesis, romelic Tanamedrove adamianis axasiaTebs, maradiuli
uaryofiT kvlav meta-ritualiTve. aq SeiZleba Segveqmnes warmodgena, rom
miRweulia Tavisuflebis mopovebis `advili~ mdgomareoba; magram es ase ar aris:
adamianis arsebobis am periodSi ganTavisuflebis procesi iseTive rTulia,
rogor nebismier sxva droSi; Tanac es mdgomareoba jer miRweuli ar aris,
Tundac imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove kacobriobis didi nawili mxolod Sedis
cnobierebis im formaSi, romelic istoris niSniTaa dabeWdili da romelic
50
safuZvlad udevs Cvens mier am TavSi aRweril mdgomareobas. realurad,
cnobierebis es forma jer totalurad ar aris. aseve, mecnierebis da ekonomikis
ganviTarebac jer ar aris iseT doneze, rom TamaSis gatotalureba gamoiwvios;
jerjerobiT amis mxolod Canasaxebi arsebobs da kidev: rac ufro zusti da
damuSavebulia TamaSis wesi, miT ufro Znelia masze uaris Tqma da axali TamaSis
dawyeba. rac ufro zustia TamaSis wesi, miT ufro aris is cnobierebis Sinaarsi,
rituali, miT ufro kargad esabameba is cnobierebis arsebul, Cveneul formas
da miT ufro SeuZlebeli da mouazrebeli xdeba masze uaris Tqma. rodesac
moxdeba cnobierebis Cveneuli formis gatotalureba da amasTan erTad, TamaSi
totalurad gardaiqmneba arsebobis wesad (jerjerobiT es sakmaod Soreuli,
Tumca ukve SesamCnevi mdgomarebaa), Seicvleba adamianis mun-yofierebac. mun-
yofiereba Seicvleba ara principulad: radikaluri cvalebadoba misi
maxasiaTebeli kvlav iqneba. Seicvleba misi mdgomareoba anu misi cnobierebis
forma (meta-samyaro) ucvleli gaxdeba.
Tanamedrove adamianis cnobierebis struqtura Semdegi xdeba; meta-Sinaarsi _
meta-forma anu meta-rituali _ meta-samyaro. meta-rituali cvalebadia, meta-
samyaro _ ucvleli. es, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavs, rom cnobiereba Tavis TavSi
xdeba Tavisi Tavis toli da iqceva meta-cnobierebad; anu is xdeba meta-
yofiereba, e. i. ganeyeneba arsebobas, yofnas, scildeba mas. yofierebis gareT
gadis. riT dagvirgvindeba yofierebasTan es ganSoreba _ adamianis cnobierebis
mospobiT, Tu yofierebasTan daSoreba maradiuli iqneba, es Cveni gagebis
sazRvrebs miRmaa darCenili da arc aris saintereso. amiT Cven vipoveT is
realuri Sinaarsi, romelmac Zenoniseuli formaluri gansazRvreba Seavso da
xelSesaxebi gaxada. maSasadame, cnobiereba, iseve rogorc Tavisufleba, dgindeba
rogorc negacia da, maSasadame, identuria Tavisuflebis. aseT SemTxvevaSi
germanuli klasikuri filosofiis, kerZod kantis da fixtes SemoTavazebuli
sqema _ kacobrioba, rogorc sazogadoeba, miiswrafvis Tavisuflebisaken _
51
realur safuZvels iZens da niSnavs, rom adamianis cnobiereba miiswrafvis Tavisi
Tavis uaryofisaken.
maSasadame, cnobierebis `mdgomareoba~ ganisazRvra rogorc Tavisufleba. aqac
gamovlinda is winaaRmdegobrioba, romelic adamianis samyaros axasiaTebs;
Tavisufleba, romlis gansazRvreba daiwyo, rogor adamianis gansakuTrebuli
Zalisxmevis, daemTxva cnobierebas (rogorc zmnas).
cnobierebis meta-cnobierebad gadaqceva arc siwynares da uomrobas niSnavs _
SeiZleba kataklizmi gamoiwvios TamaSis anu meta-ritualis erTmaneTisaTvis
Tavze moxvevis survilma, rac aseve TamaSad iqneba aRqmuli. mTavari is aris, rom
`kacobriobis~ yoveli Semdeg nabiji iqneba arsebobis, yofierebis an sruli
uaryofa, an masTan TandaTanobiT daSoreba. `paradoqsuli~ is aris, rom am
daSorebas (anu uaryofas) mivyavarT TavisuflebasTan anu im idealTan, romelsac
saukuneebis manZilze etrfodnen kacobriobis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi.
Zenonis mier gasrolili isari mizans miuaxlovda. Cven Segveqmna STabeWdileba,
rom meta-samyaroebis cvalebadoba maradiuli iqneboda da rom yovel meta-
samyaros axali meta-samyaro Secvlida. es asec unda yofiliyo logikis,
azrovnebis mixedviT. Tumca, amave logikisa da azrovnebis mizedviT, gasrolili
isari mudmiv moZraobaSi unda iyos da mizanSi verasodes mivides. cnobierebis
gaqroba, uaryofa, iseve, rogorc isris mizanSi moxvedra _ `warmoudgenelia~;
magram adamiani pirvels SiSiT uyurebs, meores ki ise aRiqvams, rogorc
Cveulebriv movlenas. amaSi kidev erTxel vlindeba adamianis cnobierebis
(yofnis) is winaaRmdegobrioba, romelzec Zenonma migviTiTa.
52
III nawili. mesame elementi
I Zvel aRTqmaSi gvxvdeba ambavi babilonis godlis Sesaxeb: Tavidan adamianebi erT
enaze laparakobdnen. mTel dedamiwaze gansaxlebis dawyebamde maT gadawyvites
aeSenebinaT qalaqi da am qalaqSi godoli, romelic cas miswvdeboda. rodesac RmerTma
Sexeda maT saqmianobas, dainaxa, rom adamianebi TavianT gadawyvetilebas ar Secvlidnen
da marTlac daamTavrebdnen koSkis mSeneblobas. amis Tavidan asacileblad RmerTma
gadawyvita ena aeria adamianebisaTvis _ amis Semdeg isini erTmaneTs ver gaugebdnen da
mSeneblobac CaiSleboda. asec moxda: sxvadasxva enaze molaparake xalxma Tavi daaneba
koSkis mSeneblobas da gaifanta mTel dedamiwaze.
es ambavi iseve ZiriTadia bibliisaTvis, rogorc samoTxidan gamoZevebis istoria:
anu gveubneba, Tu ra varT Cven _ ra aris Cveni aseTad yofnis safuZveli. amasTanave,
swored imis gamo, rom samoTxidan gamoZeveba sasjelia, babilonis godlis ambavic,
romelic mniSvnelobiT edemis baRis datovebis tolia, aRiqmeba rogorc sasjeli. es
gageba, romelic sayovelTaodaa miRebuli, gveubneba: babilonis godolis aSenebis Semdeg
adamianebi cas miswvdebodnen da e. i. RmerTis sworni gaxdebodnen; es rom am
momxdariyo, RmerTma erTis magivrad bevri ena misca xalxs.
magram, TviT es miTi sulac ar gangvawyobs RmerTis moqmedebis sasjelad
aRsaqmelad. miTumetes, rom teqstSi RmerTis mrisxanebaze sityvac araa naxsenebi.
imisaTvis, rom saqmis namdvil viTarebas CavwvdeT, unda ganvixiloT es miTi
interpretatoruli danaSrevebis gareSe; miTi gviyveba, rom _ rodesac adamanebi erT
enaze laparakobdnen, maT hqondaT saSualeba cas miwvdenodnen. mas Semdeg, rac
adamianebma mraval enaze daiwyes laparaki, amis SesaZlebloba aRar arsebobs. aqedan
cxadia, rom `cis miwvdena~ raRacnairad ukavSirdeba enas, oRond ara im enas,
romelzedac axla vlaparakobT, aramed imas, romelic `manamde iyo~.
aqve unda vTqvaT, rom am ambavSi babilonis godoli niSnavs enas, enis simboloa,
_ im enisa, romelic masze molaparake xalxs saSualebas aZlevs `cas miswvdes~.
53
babilonis godolis Seneba sasruloa. dasruleba ki ar unda RmerTs. Tanac mas
swored babilonis godoli anu babilonis ena ar surs _ da sulac ar aris
winaaRmdegi sxva enebis _ anu sxva godolebis, romlebsac sxvadasxva xalxi sxvadasxva
adgilebSi aaSenebs. RmerTisaTvis sxva godolebi aqtualuri ar aris _ radganac isini
cas ver miswvdeba. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva: ra aris im enaSi iseTi, romelic krZalavs
im enis koSks anu im koSkis Senebas? da aqve, bunebrivia, meore kiTxvac iCens Tavs: ra
darwmunebulebi varT imaSi, rom RmerTma saerTod ki ar `gaauqma~ Tavisi
gadawyvetilebiT koSkebis mSenebloba, aramed maincdamainc am koSkis, am enis winaaRmdeg
imoqmeda? imis sabuTi, rom RmerTs swored babilonis godoli ar moswons, unda iyos
is, rom RmerTi saerTod ki ar auqmebs enas, aramed urevs mas da ena amitom mraval
enad iyofa. maSasadame, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mraval enaze molaparake xalxma
aaSena Tav-Tavisi koSkebi, magram is Sedegi, romelsac RmerTi ufrTxoda, babilonis
godolis damTavrebis SemTxvevaSi rom unda ganxorcielebuliyo _ ar momxdara.
amrigad, enis buneba anu `koSkoba~ _ principulad ar Secvlila. amis
damadasturebeli Tundac is aris, rom ena darCa salaparakod anu laparakSi da
laparakiT gadmocemulad. koSki, romelsac Cven enas vuwodebT, aris metyvelebac; magram
principulad ucvlelobis miuxedavad enam `aRreva-gamravlebisas~ dakarga raRac
mniSvnelovani, romelic mas, rogorc erTaderTs axasiaTebda.
ena, romelzedac bibliis personaJebi babilonis ambamde laparakoben, aris
pirveli ena _ RmerTis, adamis ena _ romelSic da romliTac dasaxelda samyaro,
romelmac pirvelma `moiqcia~ TavSi yoveli arsebuli da am azriT erTianoba SesZina
mas da, amave dros, es is enaa, romliTac RmerTi samyaros qmnida. amrigad, am enis
codna niSnavs samyaros codnasac, radganac misi sityvebi im sagnis arsebebia, maTi
gamomxatvelebia, romelsac isini aRniSnaven (es is idealuri enaa, romelsac platoni
`kratilosSi~ eZebs). rodesac ena `ireva~ da mis magivrad bevri ena warmoiSoba, maT
rCebaT ZiriTadi niSani _ metyveleba da, amave dros, aqedan gamomdinare _ samyaros
dasaxelebis, mocvis unari, magram `WeSmariteba~ anu imis codna, rom es sityva,
romelic am sagans aRniSnavs, marTlac am sagnis arsebaa, daikarga. daikarga swored
54
gamravlebis gamo. amis gaTvalsaCinoebisaTvis Semdegi magaliTi mogvyavs: warmovidginoT,
rom samyaro/enis urTierToba iseTivea, rogorc cnebis da gansazRvrebis; davuSvaT, rom
arsebobs raRac cnebis yovlismomcveli gansazRvreba. Cven SegviZlia es gansazRvreba
mraval Semadgenel nawilad davSaloT _ patar-patara gansazRvrebebad. Semdeg Cven verc
erT maTganze ver vityviT, rom mxolod es aris am sagnis (cnebis) amomwuravi
gansazRvreba da ara sxva. Tu ufro Sors wavalT da warmovidgenT, rom am patar-
patara gansazRvrebebis gaerTianebis wesi ucnobia an dakarguli _ maSin ukve
SeuZlebeli xdeba namdvili gansazRvrebis kvlav mopoveba _ romc avawyoT, vin
gangvisazRvravs, rom igi WeSmaritia da namdvili? ase ki, ara erT, aramed `swori
awyobis~ usasrulod bevr gansazRvrebas miviRebT, romlebic isev da isev im cnebis
ganmsazRvrelebi iqnebian da kvlav maTi gaerTianebis saSualebis Zebna mogvixdeba. asec
moxda, albaT, enis ZiriTadi niSnebis SenarCuneba _ ris gamoc enebi enebad darCnenda
ZiriTadis, gadamwyvetis dakargva _ ris gamoc `raRac~ ver ganxorcielda. amjerad am
`raRacisken~ unda mivmarToT yuradReba.
RmerTis moqmedeba gamoiyureba rogorc sasjeli; _ adamianebi flobdnen WeSmarit
enas da amis gamo iyvnen brZenni da yovelive im sikeTis mqone, rac WeSmaritebis
flobidan SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes.
Cven viciT, rom erTi, `is~ ena camde asvlis saSualebas iZleva. es asvla
gamoixateba koSkis SenebiT, romelic rogorc isari damiznebulia caze da misken adis.
rodesac koSkis Seneba damTavrdeba, mizani ganxorcieldeba anu isari moZraobas
daamTavrebs.
wina TavSi Cven vaCveneT, Tu rogor emTxveva cnobierebis moZraoba Zenoniseuli
isris moZraobas _ oriveni ki tragediis struqturas, tragediis, romelic mTavrdeba
katastrofiT. aqac msgavsi suraTi xom ar ixateba da babilonis godlis Seneba
katastrofisken svlas xom ar niSnavs?
es miTi berZnuli miTi ar aris, sadac adamiani SeiZleba RmerTs gautoldes.
Zvel aRTqmaSi es SesaZlebloba Tavidanve (samoTxidan gamoZeveba) erTxel da
55
saboloodaa aRkveTili. xolo am mcdelobisaTvis sasjeli adamis mTel modgmas
gasdevs.
Ûamitomac, RmerTis `Sewuxebis~ erTaderTi `realuri motivi~, rogorc Cans,
aris survili adamianebs katastrofa aaridos. maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
WeSmtarit enas adamiani mihyavs katastrofamde; am katastrofis acileba xdeba erTi
enis mraval enad daSliT, rac marTalia, bevri koSkis agebas niSnavs, magram etyoba,
Tavisi SedegiT WeSmariti ena-godoli _ bevrad ufro globaluri da yovlismomcvelia.
imas, rom `Cveulebrivi~ enis koSki aSenebulia, gveubneba enis ZiriTadi niSnebis
SenarCunebis faqti _ metyveleba metyvelebad darCa anu Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
katastrofa mainc moxda, magram adamiani ar daRupula da enis katasrofulobis
miuxedavad mainc ganagrZobs arsebobas. maSasadame, `pirveli~ ena axdens iseT
katastrofas, romelic adamianis arsebobas emuqreba.
RmerTis moqmedeba ukve aRar aRiqmeba rogorc sasjeli. is, rac yvelas sasjeli
egona, sinamdvileSi adamianebis bedis dainteresebulobiT da maTi arsebobis
SenarCunebisaken swrafviT iyo gamowveuli. iseve rogorc sfinqsis miTSi RmerTebis
sasjelis damTavreba sinamdvileSi misi dawyebaa, aseve, babilonis godolis ambavSi _
RmerTis sasjeli sinamdvileSi _ daxmareba da daRupvis aridebisaken mimarTuli
moqmedebaa.
es miTi Cven ori enis suraTs gvaZlevs: `WeSmariti~, `samyaros mcodne~ enisa,
romelic iwvevs adamianis daRupvas, radganac es ena erTi xmriv cnobierebis, meore
mxriv ki samyaros tolfasia, maTi damTxvevisas ki, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, xdeba
moZraobis Sewyveta da katastrofa da meore _ erT-erTi ena, romelic, marTalia,
moicavs samyaros, metyvelebs, magram WeSmariti ar aris da amitomac, mxolod
formalur doneze rom vimsjeloT, misi, cnobierebis da samyaros damTxveva ar xdeba da
amitomac mTlianad adamianis globaluri katastrofa aridebulia.
am miTis ganxilvisas ar unda dagvabnios e. w. `ganviTarebis~ arsebobam anu im
faqtma, rom koSki Sendeba. koSkis `Seneba~ _ tragikulobis da saSiSroebebis
gasamZafrebelia da ara TavisTavadi, TviTkmari fenomeni. mTavaria is, rom koSki
56
damTavrebadia. koSkis `Senebis~ faqti ufro migviTiTebs enis tragikulobasa da
katasrofulobaze, vidre enis katastrofisken moZraobis droSi gaSlilobaze. iseve
rogorc sfinqsis miTi, babilonis godolis ambavi gveubneba, Tu ra iyo `win~, `manamde~,
sanam gavxdebodiT, rac varT; magram droc xom mas Semdegaa, rac Cven Cven gavxdiT.
yovel SemTxvevaSi is dro, romelic `uwin~-s da `manamde~-s Tqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
meore mxriv, imis Tqma, rom `koSki aSenebulia~, gamoricxavda tragikulobaze
miTiTebas, radgan tragikuloba moZraobis damTavrebaSia da ara saerTod
gaCerebulobaSi. Tanac am miTSi gadmocemuli azris gamoxatva `gaCerebuli koSkiT~
SeuZlebelia; gaCerebuli es koSki, erTi mxriv, gamoricxavs adamianis arsebobas, xolo,
meores mxriv, Tu es arseboba mainc aris, aucileblad gulisxmobs RmerTis sajels.
miTis ase dawera ki moiTxovs cnobierebis aratragikul, sxvanair struqturas, vidre
Cven gvaqvs.
sabolood Semdegi suraTi miviReT: WeSmariti enis flobis SemTxvevaSi adamians
Tavs atydeba katastrofa, romelic wyvets misi, rogorc cnobierebis arsebobas. am
katastrofis Tavidan acileba xdeba erTi, `WeSmariti~ enis mraval enad daSliT,
romlebSic enis `WeSmaritoba~ ikargeba da ifanteba; magram raki enis sxva, ZiriTadi
niSnebi SenarCunebulia, cnobierebaSi katastrofa mainc xdeba (Sendeba koSki-ena).
miuxedavad amisa, adamianis arseboba narCundeba da cnobiereba agrZelebs moZraobas _
miuxedavad Tavis TavSi katastrofuli fenomenis qonebisa.
tragedia, romelic wina nawilSi aRvwereT, am fonze gamoixateba, rogorc yovel
enaSi mocemuli samyaros da `namdvili samyaros~ daumTxvevloba, Seusabamoba; amitomac,
cnobierebis moZraoba SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc im, `namdvili~ enis Zieba. amis
saukeTeso gamoxatvaa kulturaSi arsebuli Targmnis fenomeni, romelic gulisxmobs
enebis saerTo safuZvlis arsebobas da am mosazrebiT sxvadasxva enebis teqstebs
Targmnadad Tvlis. aseve _ cnobierebis mimarTuloba sayovelTao da zusti enebis
Seqmnisaken, rac gegvlineba xan zust, logikur meta-enebad, xan esperantod, xan ki
maTematikis universalur enad gamocxadebad. es yvelaferi _ babilonis godolis
maSenebeli enis Zebnaa.
57
garda imisa, rom am miTma migviTiTa im fenomenze, romlis Zebnac wina nawilSi
davisaxeT miznad _ enaze, romelic droebis cvalebadobas Tan sdevs da maTi
cvlilebis miuxedavad mudam Tan axlavs cnobierebas da sazRvravs mis aseTad yofnas,
am miTma kidev erTi problema dagvisaxa, romlis garkveviTac unda daviwyoT Semdegi
msjeloba: ra aris is `raRac~ katastrofa, romelic yvela enaSi momxdaria da romlis
moxdenac `pra-enaSi~ cnobierebis daRupvas gamoiwvevda.
II
wina TavebSi Cven cnobiereba ganvsazRvreT, rogorc garkveuli forma da
Sinaarsi. cnobierebis arsebad dadginda moZraoba. es struqtura Cven sxvadasxva doneze
SevamowmeT. amjerad Cvens mier gamoyvanili `formulebi~ `mesame elements~ unda
mivuyenoT, raTa Cveni droisa da adgilis gamaerTianebelSic iseve movnaxoT cnobierebis
nacnobi kvali, rogorc droisa da adgilis Zebnisas wavawydiT.
amjerad Cven enis fenomeni gvainteresebs. enis bunebas umartivesi winadadebac
unda gamoxatavdes, magaliTad, `skami aris~. am winadadebaSi `skami~ miuTiTebs im
formaze, romelic raRac arsebuls miRebuli aqvs, xolo `aris~ _ arsebobis im wesze,
romelic mocemul formas axasiaTebs. aq, rogorc vxedavT, gamoikveTa struqturuli
elementebi da enac cnobierebis tipis fenomeni aRmoCnda. ase danaxuli ena gveubneba,
rom `aris~ _ Sinaarsi anu ritualia da, maSasadame, `yofiereba~-`yofna~ aris rituali,
romelsac `asrulebs~ skami. ase gagebuli saqmis viTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom ena
marTlac `yofierebis saxlia~, rom yofiereba aris arsebobis, yofnis wesi da a. S.
TiTqosda Cveni saqmec damTavrebulia _ mesame elements adgili mieCina da Semdgomi
Cveni moqmedebac TiTqos am kuTxiT unda gaiSalos anu unda aRvweroT, Tu ras niSnavs,
rom yofiereba aris Sinaarsi, rituali da rom is formas, rogorc aseTs ar moicavs.
magram aseTi gzis winaaRmdeg ramdenime faqti Tu SemTxveva metyvelebs: jer erTi
is, rom `yofiereba~, romelic filosofosebis mier iZebneboda, yovelives momcveli iyo
da ara mxolod erTi, marTalia, ganmsazRvreli, magram mainc, mxaris. meorec _ xSirad
58
xdeboda da es gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, yofierebisa da RmerTis gaigiveba. meore
xriv, Cvens mier gamoyvanili debulebis sasargeblodac metyvelebs filosofiis
istoria: kanti ambobda, rom arseboba aris transcendentaluri apercefciis
mdgomareoba (pozicia) da aseve haidegeric _ Tavisi filosofiis im periodSi, rodesac
yofierebas dros, dros ki _ munyofierebis arsebobis wess uigivebda. rogorc vxedavT,
Cven gveubnebian, rom yofiereba aris momcveli, yvelaferi _ forma da Sinarsi da
Tanac, amave dros, gamodis, rom yofiereba aris mxolod Sinaarsi (rituali).
amjerad Cven unda vnaxoT, Tu ra aris filosofiis am ZiriTad sakiTxSi iseTi,
rac erTi mimarTulebis filosofosebs (mag: kanti, hegeli) urTierTgamomricxavi
pasuxebis gacemas aiZulebs.
imaze, rom yofiereba Sinaarsia da ara forma, enis agebulebam migviTiTa. amitom
unda vnaxoT, enis struqturaSive xom ar aris mocemuli meore mimarTulebis
safuZvelic; enaSi, garda winadadebis awyobis da yofnis wesebisa, aris kidev erTi wesi,
romelic Cven Zalian mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba; es aris zmnis gaarsebiTeba. faqtobrivad,
is, rom `yofiereba~ yofierebaa da yovelives momcvel cnebad iTvleba, aris zmna,
romelic mxolod moqmedebis ritualis aRmniSvnelia, arsebiTdeba da xdeba, amave dros,
formis aRmniSvnelic. aq, rogorc vxedavT, adgili aqvs formisa da Sinaarsis
gaigivebas, rac TviTon enis safuZvelSive Zevs. es wesi saSualebas iZleva zmna `obas~
an `ebas~ damatebiT arsebiT saxelad vaqcioT da Tanac masSi moqmedeba nagulisxmevi da
`Tanamyofi~ davtovoT.
rodesac cnobierebis da tragediis struqturul igiveobaze vlaparakobdiT,
maSin katastrofis _ tragediis struqturuli elementis _ aRwerisas vTqviT, rom
katastrofa aris mdgomareoba, rodesac moqmedebasa (Sinaarsi) da saqmis viTarebas
(forma, siuJeti) Soris winaaRmdegoba ixsneba da xdeba forma-Sinaarsis gaigiveba anu
rodesac moqmedeba mTavrdeba da es damTavreba emTxveva siuJutis moTxovnas.
rogorc vxedavT, enaSi katastrofis niSnebi ikveTeba. es ki unda niSnavdes, rom
ena ukve tragediaa, ukve dasrulebulia da katastrofuli.
59
magram rogor xdeba am katastrofulobis gamoxatva cnobierebis modusebSi? amis
martivi magaliTia RmerTisa da cnobierebis gaigiveba; rogorc ki xdeba zmna yofnis,
rogorc yofierebis moazreba, is imavwams uigivdeba RmerTis cnebas, radganac
gaarsebiTebis Semdeg maTi Sinaarsebi emTxveva erTmaneTs. es ukve hgavs im mdgomareobas,
romelic Cven `TamaSis fenomenologiaSi~ aRvwereT; Cven vTqviT, rom ritualis da
formis damTxveva cnobierebaSi iwvevs mis gaCerebas, Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivad
gaxdomas, aqtobrivad gaqrobas da `namdvil arsebobasTan~ sabolood daSorebas.
amdenad, is filosofia, romelic yofierebas da RmerTs ikvlevs da aucilebel Sedegad
maT gaigivebas iRebs (rogorc haidegerma dauSva es sicocxlis bolo wlebSi) _ Tavis
TavSi gaCerebulia da realur Temasaa dacilebuli, radganac mTlianad enaSi aqcevs
Tavs.
magram RmerTisa da yofierebis cnebebis gaigiveba axali ar aris
filosofiisaTvis, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es Tviseba mas Tavidanve mosdgams; upirveles
yovlisa, amis niSani aris yofierebis anu ontologiuri problematikis anu
ontologiis filosofiis sazrunavad gaxdoma. es ki, rogorc SevecadeT gveCvenebina,
filosofiis dasawyisidanve moxda; am dros filosofia cdilobs sazRvriT cnebebze
daiwyos laparaki. meore mxriv ki _ xdeba yofnis arsebiT saxelad qceva da maSasadame,
filosofiaSive, formisa da Sinaarsis damTxveva, rac unda iwvevdes filosofiis
`gaqrobas~, mis gaCerebas da gauCinarebas; magram am SemTxvevaSi filosofias tragediis
personaJoba adgeba; raki is metafizikasTanaa gaigivebuli, yofierebis, rogorc sakvlevi
problematikis gandevna xdeba da amiT, anu gaCerebis Tavidan acilebiT, narCundeba misi
sicocxle; magram katastrofa dasawyisidanve gansazRvrulia _ Tavis rigs elodeba da
bolos cxaddeba, rom yofierebis cneba, sakiTxi daviwyebulia saukuneebis manZilze,
xolo filosofiis valia es sakiTxi win wamoswios da mTavar sakiTxad gamoacxados.
amis Semdeg gamudmebiT imarTeba yofierebis sakiTxis garSemo triali. Tanac
triali dausruleblad, radgan TviTon sakiTxi dgas arasworad: sakiTxis dasmis
uazroba rom TavlsaCino gavxadoT, kiTxva ra aris yofiereba?~ wavikiTxoT rogorc
`ra ris «skami aris»? da Sesabamisad, usasrulod bevri (e. i. arc erTi) pasuxi unda
60
miviRoT: winadadeba, gansazRvruloba, mocemuloba, arsebobis modusi, yofierebis
laparaki da a. S. rodesac yofierebis sakiTxi miCqmaluli iyo, e. i. rodesac is jer
(ukve) ar idga, rodesac is aucilebel postulatad Tu aqsiomad iyo miRebuli,
metafizika da (anu) ontologia Tavs kargad grZnobdnen; magram kantis Semdeg TiTqmis
yvelam Tavi aarida metafizikis Seqmnas, ramac sabolood yofierebis sakiTxis dasma
gamoiwvia. rogorc metafizikis, aseve ontologiis Seqmnas yvela ufrTxoda, magram
TviTon enis struqturis mixedviT, sadac raime winadadebas ambob, iq SeuZlebelia
raime struqtura ar gamoCndes. _ sistemidan ki samyaros agebulebis amokiTxvamde erTi
nabijia.
aqamde Cven vaCveneT, Tu rogor xdeba enaSi forma-Sinaarsis urTieTrdamTxveva da
es situacia davaxasiaTeT cnobierebis erT-erTi modusis Suqze; magram modusi mxolod
erT-erTi gamovlenaa da sxva araferi. Cven unda vnaxoT, Tu rogor aris cnobierebis
saqme; Cven gvaqvs ena, romelSic SesaZlebelia zmnisa da arsebiTi saxelis
urTierTdamTxveva; anu, enaSi xdeba formisa da Sinaarsis gaigiveba. es ki niSnavs, rom
enaSi tragedia ukve momxdaria, tragedia damTavrebulia da mocemulia. es marto
`mofilosofose~ _ civilizebul enebs ar exeba _ nebismieri ena, romelic saSualebas
iZleva gruxunze, rogorc arsebiT saxelze anu myari formebiT arsebulze imsjelos
da zogjer Tqvas xolme `es RmerTia~ anu moqmedebas, romelic xdeba da romelic zmnaa,
daarqvas arsebiTi saxeli, _ ukve katastroful mdgomareobaSia, gaCerebulia da Tavis
TavSia Caketili.
aq ki ucnauri suraTi gvexateba: ena _ TiTqosda adamianis cnobierebis ucvleli
da mniSvnelovani elementia, mudam Tan axlavs mas _ miuxedavad amisa, cnobiereba
moZraobs, ena ki ukve (da `didi xania~) gaCerebulia da damTavrebuli.
mTlianobaSi aRebuli ena samyaros xatia. yvela empiriuli, realuri samyaros
xati, romelic CvenSi da Cvens garSemo arsebobs, am xatidanaa amokiTxuli. amave dros,
ena, rogorc metyveleba, moqmedebasTanaa kavSirSi da ritualia. rogor vxedavT, ena
Sinaarsobrivi bunebisacaa; anu, ena erTsa da imave dros formacaa da Sinaarsic;
gramatika, rogorc viciT, formaluria da aris enis, rogorc formis gamoxatva; magram
61
swored gramatika iZleva saSualebas zmnis Sinaarsi arsebiTi saxelis Sinaarsi gaxdes
_ es ki ukve enis Sinaarss gansazRvravs, radganac am gadaqcevaSi enis Sinagani arseba
ikiTxeba.
enis Sinaarsi ki, metyveleba, romelic mxolod Sinaarsia da sxva araferi, Tavis
mimarTebebSi ZiriTadad formaluri wesebiT xelmZRvanelobs da aseve maqsimalurad
iyenebs enis formalur unars moqmedeba (realuri) miznad an mizezad gadaaqcios, rac,
Tavis mxriv, rogorc vTqviT, enis Sinagani arsebidan gamomdinareobs da, saerTod,
samyaros xatis, rogorc adamianis moqmedebaTa orientiris, warmoSobas udevs
safuZvlad.
aq Cven SegviZlia daveTanxmoT debulebas, rom `ena yofierebis saxlia~; magram am
saxlSi mxolod is yofiereba saxlobs, romelic enas unda, amitom es saxli SeiZleba
carieli iyos.
am fonze Cndeba enis, rogor idolas sakiTxi, enis, rogorc idolas daxasiaTebas
emateba kidev erTi: sazRvriTi cnebebis Seqmnis unari. amiT ena samyros TviTneburad
(Tumca, erTi SexedviT, sinamdvilesTan Sesabamis) mTlianobas da gansazRvrulobas
aZlevs.
sazRvriT cnebebze da maT Soris urTierTmimarTebebze Cven qvemoT vilaparakebT.
amjerad ubralod aRvniSnavT, rom maTi Seqmnis safuZvels ganapirobebs formisa da
Sinaarsis gaigiveba _ enis unari.
enis erT-erTi funqcia (romelic SeiZleba ZiriTadic aRmoCndes), rogorc
vxedavT, aris sazRvriTi cnebebis Seqmna _ sazRvriTi cneba igeba zmnis arsebiT
saxelad anu moqmedebis _ moqmedebis miznad (an mizezad) gadaqceviT. es ki sxva
araferia, Tu ara cnobierebis `arqetipuli~, struqturuli formebis Seqmna.
`arqetipuli~ imitom, rom am gadaqceviT, gadasxvaferebiT, miiReba is ZiriTadi
mimarTuloba, romlis nayofia Semdeg meta-samyaroebis ageba. amis TvalsaCinod
sakmarisia CvenTvis nacnobi movlena moviyvanoT magaliTad: moqmedebis (zmnebis) ambad
(arsebiT saxelad _ miTad, istoriad) gadaqceva, rogorc vnaxeT, safuZvlad udevs
yvelanair dros. garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom es gadaqceva, amave dros, aris drois
62
gaCerebac, Tavis TavTan gaigivebis mniSvnelobiT _ wminda moqmedebas, moZraobas,
TavisTavad, sazRvrebi ara aqvs. ena ki moZraobas anawevrebs, diskretuls xdis, saxelis
darqmeviT sazRvrebSi moaqcevs da amiT, anu sazRvriTobis SemoRebiT, moqmedebas
uigivebs moqmedebis saxels, qmnis igiveobas maT Soris da amiT midis katastofamde.
amis Semdeg ufleba gveZleva vTqvaT, rom ena marTlac sazRvriTi fenomenia; jer erTi,
imitom, rom is sazRvris damdebia, gansazRvrulobis Semqmnelia, xolo, amave dros, is
SemosazRvravs adamianis moqmedebis sferos da sazRvrebSi aqcevs mas. jer erTi, imitom,
rom ena aris cnobierebis formebis anu meta-samyaroebis warmoSobis safuZveli; garda
amisa, enaSi, amave dros, gveZleva cnobierebis Sinaarsis gaCerebulobis, mudmivobis
suraTic, rac, rogorc wina nawilSi vnaxeT, sfinqsisa da oidiposis urTierTobaSi
dadginda.
ena, rogorc SevecadeT gveCvenebina, moicavs mTel adamianur yofnas; anu, igi
mTeli adamianuri cnobierebis momcvelia. enaSi xdeba samyaros saxeldeba da ara marto
nivTebis, aramed moqmedebebisac. maSasadame, ena saxels arqmevs anu sazRvravs iseTs,
rasac ar SeiZleba saxeli daerqvas da daisazRvros, radganac is principuli
winaaRmdegia gaCerebis anu ena rituals uigivebs formas; anu ena cnobierebis Sinaarss
aformebs, rac ara marto cvalebadobas, nebismier moZraobaze mimarTulebas spobs. axla
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianis cnobiereba marTlac cxovrobs enaSi, magram ena ufro
misi sapyrobilis funqcias asrulebs.
amjerad gansaxilveli sakiTxia, Tu mainc ratom moZraobs cnobiereba, Tuki masSi
imTaviTve mocemulia uZraobis formula da TviTonac am formulaSia Casaxlebuli. am
sakiTxis kvleva ori mxriT SeiZleba warimarTos; erTi _ mainc ritualSi movnaxoT
moZraobis safuZveli da meore _ igive safuZveli cnobierebis formaSi anu sazRvriTi
cnebebis urTierTmimarTebaSi davinaxoT.
moZraobis safuZveli Tanabari ZaliT SeiZleba orive sferoSi arsebobdes; magram,
warmoiSoba kiTxva, ramdenad moZraobaa is, rac cnobierebas axasiaTebs? es moZraoba,
rogorc Zenonis aporiebis ganxilvisas aRvniSneT, sazRvris gadalaxviT mimdinareobs,
63
xolo sazRvris qona ki ukve enis arsebobaze migviTiTebs. enis arseboba ki _
gaformebul Sinaarsze.
III
Cven vxedavT, rom enis uZraobis da katastrofulobis miuxedavad cnobierebas
mainc axasiaTebs moZraoba, rac gamoixateba misi formebis cvalebadobiT. es cvalebadoba
ki, rogorc vnaxeT, adamianis konkretul cxovrebas udevs safuZvlad. bunebrivia, rom
warmoiSoba kiTxva: Tuki ena, romelSic faqtobrivad aris cnobereba, uZravia, _ ra
aris TviTon cnobierebaSi iseTi, rac aiZulebs mas imoZraos? Cven Semdeg am kiTxvaze
pasuxs cnobierebis formebis urTierTobebSic movZebniT, magram jer cnobierebis
Sinaarsi unda vnaxoT, masSic xom ar aris rame _ moZraobisaTvis biZgis mimcemi?
rodesac Cven cnobierebis moZraoba aRvwereT, vTqviT, rom moZraoba xdeba e. w.
`daukmayofileblobis~ gamo, radganac mocemuli cnobierebis forma yovelTvis formaa
da SeuZlebelia gaxdes Sinaarsis Sesabamisi. swored amaSia saqme _ rac unda iyos enaSi
mocemuli formisa da Sinaarsis igiveoba, rac unda aformos enam Sinaarsi, mainc
arsebobs raRac `realoba~, romelic swored Tavisi ~realurobis~ gamo forma ar aris
da cnobierebasac jer aqvs masTan Sexeba. axla SevecadoT avxsnaT es yvelaferi: ena,
rogorc vnaxeT, Sinaarss aformebs. mocemuli cnobierebis forma ambobs, rom is
yovlismomcvelia da rom Sinaarsic Sedis masSi, Tanac ise, rom es rituali mas ar
ewinaaRmdegeba. enac amasve ambobs (da es enis poziciidan marTlac asea) rituali enis
Suqze `ritualia~ da maSasadame _ forma. e. i. enobriv doneze SeuZlebelia
cnobierebis forma `gamoiWiro~. magram realuri Sinaarsis arseboba, romelzedac
cnobierebas jer kidev aqvs gasavleli, sanam is TamaSis wreSi ar Cavardeba, _
sxvagvarad metyvelebs: realuri Sinaarsi arasodes ar aris forma da cnobierebac amas
grZnobs Tu xedavs da amitomac arRvevs enis mier dawesebul sazRvars (rac formiT
gamoixateba) da cdilobs Seqmnas axali, yovlismomcveli forma.
64
aq warmoiSoba winaaRmdegoba cnobierebis formasa da enas Soris _ erTi mxriv,
xolo meore mxriv _ metyvelebasa da enas Soris; cnobierebis forma, raki is mxolod
formaa, ar Seesabameba enas, raki es forma enaSi gamoixateba. ena mas `ufro mets~
aZlevs, ufro yovlismomcvels xdis, vidre es Tavad meta-samyaros suraTSi iyo
Cadebuli. metyveleba ki, romelic mowodebulia ritualis dasayofad, yovelTvisaa
mimarTuli Tavisi enobrivi xasiaTis gamovlenisaken, rasac `realuri Sinaarsi~ _
`wminda moqmedeba~ ewinaaRmdegeba. amave dros metyveleba, romelic ritualia,
yovelTvis cdilobs Cados Tavis TavSi is Sinaarsi, rac enaSi ver gamoixateba, misi
ukiduresi damsazRvravi xasiaTis gamo.
maSasadame, aq vxedavT, rom cnobierebis formebi enis gamovlinebebia da
cnobierebis yovel Zalisxmevas Tavi daaRwios arsebul formas, ena upirispirdeba
axali formiT. es viTareba ufro gasagebi rom gavxadoT, unda moviSvelioT tragediis
analogia: ena aZlevs cnobierebas aramc Tu saerTod rols, aramed rolis yovel
epizodsac ki umzadebs katastrofas. cnobiereba ebrZvis Tavis epizodebs, xolo imas,
rom am epizodebs is katastrofisaken mihyavT da ufro umtkiceben rols, yuradRebas
ver aqcevs. ena aris is tragedia, romelSic cnobiereba mTavar rols asrulebs. aqamde,
rodesac cnobierebis Sesaxeb tragediis analogiiT vmsjelobdiT, Tav-Tavisi adgilebi
mivuCineT personaJs, katastrofas, magram sruli es analogia mxolod axla xdeba
tragediis, rogorc mTliani fenomenis analogiis monaxviT: cnobiereba asrulebs mTavar
rols; ena _ tragediaa, tragediis siuJeti. cnobierebis forma _ aris epizodebi,
scenebi, romlebSic siuJetis mixedviT vardeba mTavari gmiri da saidanac cdilobs Tavi
daaRwios.
es tragediac, rogorc yvela, mTavrdeba katastrofiT _ es katastrofa Cven
aRvwereT `TamaSis fenomenologiaSi~. aq xdeba ara marto cnobierebis formisa da
Sinaarsis gaigiveba, aq xdeba enisa da cnobierebis anu tragediisa da personaJis
gaigiveba. aseTi igiveoba tragediisaTvis Cveulebrivi ambavia _ SemTxveviTi ar aris,
rom klasikur tragediebs personaJebis, mTavari gmirebis saxelebi hqviaT: `otelo~,
`hamleti~, `antigone~. es niSnavs, rom mTlianad tragedia (rogorc forma),
65
gaigivebulia, Tanxvdenilia sakuTar personaJTan, xolo tragedia, rogorc moqmedeba
(rogorc Sinaarsi) warmoadgens `saTaurSi~, formaSi mocemuli igiveobis Sesrulebas
da gamarTlebas.
katasrtofis Semdeg cnobiereba (da `yofierebac~) sabolood dasaxldeba enaSi.
es dasaxleba gardauvali da gamouvali gaxdeba, radganac cnobierebas meta-samyaros da
meta-Sinaarsis kedlebSi mocemuls _ gareT gamosasvleli aRar eqneba.
axla sabolood movxazoT is winaaRmdegoba, romelic `jer~ cnobierebis forma-
Sinaarss da enas Sorisaa; forma-Sinaarsi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, magram maTi gamoxatva
meta-samyaroSi (formaSi) ise xdeba, TiTqos forma-Sinarsi ukve damTxveulia,
gaigivebulia da Semdegi moZraobac gamoricxulia. amis Semdeg xdeba Sinaarsis mier
formis sazRvrebis daZleva da isev _ enobrivi gamoxatva ambobs, rom forma da
Sinaarsi absoluturad Seesabameba erTmaneTs. es `realuri~ winaaRmdegobaa. is, rom
meta-samyaros yovelives mocvis pretenzia aqvs, enobrivi gamoxatvis damsaxurebaa;
magram es an niSnavs, rom cnobiereba marto Sinaarsia _ is forma, romelic mas
Semoxvdeba xolme, _ misi sakuTari formaa, marTalia, eniT gamowveuli, magram mainc
misi da misi moZraobiT miRebuli.
Cven vambobT, rom meta-samyaros meta-samyarobaa anu is, rom mas yovelives mocvis
pretenzia aqvs, enis `bralia~. es ar niSnavs imas, rom davuSvaT, TiTqos meta-samyaros
Semqmnels ar surs samyaros mocva da es mas uneblieT `gamodis~. aramc da aramc.
rodesac Cven enaze vlaparakobT, vgulisxmobT im kanons, romelSicaa cnobiereba; anu
ena, am azriT, marto Teoriul wignebSi moceuli fenomeni ki ar aris, aramed is
adgili, sadac Cven yvelani vcxovrobT. maSasadame, rodesac vinme qmnis meta-samyaros,
cnobierebis morig formas an am formis morig moduss, mas Zalianac unda, rom misi
suraTi yovlismomocveli aRmoCndes; am SemTxvevaSi ena lamis fiziologiur swrafvasac
ki gansazRvravs.
66
IV amis Semdeg ukve SeiZleba vilaparakoT droebis gansazRvrulobebze, oRond ara
postulatebis da daSvebebis doneze, rogorc amas pirvel nawilSi vakeTebdiT. Cven
miviReT sami drois arseboba _ yovel SemTxvevaSi Cveni Tvali ufro Sors ver Cawvda:
miTi, JamTaaRmwerloba, istoria. drois am samive gagebas safuZvlad udevs ambis,
SemTxvevis interpretacia. `ambavs~, `SemTxvevas~, rogorc fenomens safuZveli aqvs enis
bunebaSi: rodesac xdeba moqmedebis, SemTxvevis arsebiT saxelad gadaqceva anu rodesac
viRacis moqmedebas erqmeva `ambavi~ da moqmedi da moqmedeba erT fenomenur dasaxelebaSi
erTiandeba, `iwyeba~ dro da aseve, iqmneba pirveli sazRvriTi cnebac.
erTi SexedviT, aq unda moxdes gaCereba da Semdgomi `ganviTarebac~ aRar unda
iyos. magram, marTialia, sazRvriTi cneba ukve enaSia, is ar ris erTaderTi. _ aseTive
wesiT iqmneba drois cneba _ mas Semdeg, rac moqmedeba iqceva garkveul mdgomareobad _
ambad, saxeli erqmeva erTmaneTis Semdeg mdgomareobas _ anu, ambebis mimdevrobas, aseve
iqmneba sivrcis cnebac _ saxeli erqmeva erTmaneTis gverdiT mdgomareobas. amiT enaSi
xdeba yvelanairi moqmedebis gaCereba: gaCerebulia `wamieri~ moqmedeba _ gadaqceulia
arsebiT saxelad da `ambavi~ hqvia. gaCerebulia Semdeg warmoSobili (myofi) moZraoba)
_ `drois~ darqmeviT da gaCerebulia gverdiT warmoSobili (myofi) moZraoba _
`sivrcis~ darqmeviT. am sami cnebis dadgeniT enaSi xdeba katastrofa; anu,
faqtobrivad, ena imTaviTve arsebobs, rogorc tragikuli da tragedia.
magram, Tuki katastrofa momxdaria, ras unda mivaweroT sxvadasxva droebis
arseboba _ Tuki moZraoba, ukve arsebuli sazRvriTi cnebebis gamo, gamoricxulia;
magram aq isev `TamaSis fenomenologiiT~ miRebuli gamocdileba unda gamoviyenoT da
vTqvaT, rom ena iwyebs TamaSs anu is, heraklites bavSviviT, sxvadasxvanairad awyobs
qvebs. es qvebi ki misTvis sazRvriTi cnebebia. amitomac Cven vambobT, rom droebi
warmoadgenen zemoT CamoTvlili sazRvriTi cnebebis sxvadasxvanair Tanxvedras. Semdeg,
rodesac cnobiereba miaRwevs TamaSis `safexurs~, moxdeba moTamaSe enis da moTamaSe
cnobierebis urTierTdamTxveva.
67
maSasadame, droebi `ambis~, `sivrcis~ da `drois~ sxvadasxvanairi Sesabamebebia.
gavadevnoT Tvali am Tanxvedrebs: miTi aris SemTxveva, ambavi, romelic xdeba raRac
sivrceSi garkveuli drois gareSe; anu, es ambavi ar aris droiT gansazRvruli. Tavad
miTis specifikac amaSi mdgomareobs: sivrce miTSi gansazRrulia da am sivrciT
SemosazRvrulni arian miTis personaJebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom miTis ritualad
gaTamaSebac udroobas emyareba: ritualiT xdeba gaTvalsaCinoeba, rom miTi yovelTvis
xdeba. sivrce isazRvreba agreTve moqmedebis adgilis miTiTebiT, romelic aris an
dedamiwa an zeca an romelime samefo an romelime mTa. amasTanave, personaJebis
gansazRvrulobis gamo miTi mravalfeniani xdeba: SeiZleba mohyve miTs herakleze,
romelmac anteosi daamarcxa da SesaZlebelia mohyve miTs anteosze, romelic
damarcxda heraklesTan brZolaSi. amdenad, miTSi yvela personaJi `mTavaria~ da
amitomac arc erTi ar aris SemTxveviTi, `gzaze Semxvedri~ da amitomac vambobT Cven,
rom miTis sivrce gansazRvrulia _ mravalkuTxedi, romlis kuTxeebis TavSi anu
gverdigverd _ miTis personaJebi dganan. es yvelaferi struqturulad rom
warmovidginoT da drois sazRvriTi cnebac mivuyenoT, miviRebT, rom es mravalkuTxedi
myarad dgas da dro mas ver cvlis, radganac igi Sekrulia da droisaTvis Sesasvleli
adgili aRaraa darCenili. drois yvela wertilSi es struqtura igive rCeba.
JamTaaRmwerloba aris ambavi, romelic xdeba raRac drois ganmavlobaSi
gaurkvevel sivrceSi. es ambavi ar aris sivrciT gansazRvruli. mis ZiriTad Temas
warmoadgens drois monakveTi, romelic sadRac iwyeba da sadRac mTavrdeba. es drois
monakveTi, rogorc wesi, mozomilia vinme erTi subieqtis mixedviT da saiTac `wava~ es
subieqti, iqiTken gahyveba JamTaaRmwerloba, im sivrces moicavs, yovelgvari winaswari
dadgenis gareSe. amitomac, JamTaaRmwerlobaSi mTavari moqmedi piris garda (viszec
iwereba ambavi), yvela `SemTxveviTia~. _ aseTi ambavi aris monakveTi, xazi, romelic
gaSlilia nebismier sibrtyeze, magram aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli da radganac dro am
SemTxvevaSi swori xazia, is SeiZleba sivrcis nebismier wertilSi moxdes. erTaderTi
SemzRudveli am SemTxvevaSi aris monakveTis sigrZe da mimarTuleba.
68
istoria aris ambavi, romelic xdeba raRac droSi da raRac sivrceSi; anu,
istoriaSi droc da sivrcec garkveuli da gansazRvrulia; anu, am SemTxvevaSi is
sivrce, romelSicaa subieqti, Semortymulia droiT _ anu, mTel im sivrces, romelic
aRiwereba, rogorc istoriis subieqtis gza, Seesabameba am subieqtis dro da sxva
subieqtebTan mxolod zedapiruli Sexeba Tu xdeba. amdenad, Cven aq saqme gvaqvs
sferosebr figurasTan; am sisrulis da yovlismomcvelobis gamo _ dro da sivrce
orive gansazRvrulia _ istoriis subieqtic yovlismomcveli xdeba da, faqtobrivad, am
sferos yovel wertils ikavebs _ am sferos sakuTar saxels arqmevs. istoriis
subieqti, rogorc vnaxeT, krebiTi da zogadi erTeulia (eri, xalxi, klasi).
am `TamaSSi~, am TanxvedrebSi Zneli SesamCnevi araa, rom maT wyobas, mimdevrobas
`ganviTarebas~ ver daarqmev. _ am `TamaSiT~, faqtobrivad, is sxvadasxva variantebia
SemoTavazebuli, romelsac enaSi arsebuli sazRvriTi cnebebi qmnian cnobierebisTvis da
romelTac cnobiereba jer, sanam TviTon ar dauwyia TamaSi, `seriozulad~ iRebs da
ritualis, cnobierebis Sinaarsis orientirad Tvlis. TavisTavad principuli
mniSvneloba ara aqvs droebis mimdevrobas: savsebiT SesaZlebelia es sameuli ise
ganlagebuliyo, rom _ winani ukan yofiliyvnen, ukanani ki win.
aq, bunebrivia, unda gagviCndes kiTxva RmerTis cnebis adgilis Sesaxeb. _
rogorc viciT, es cneba, realurad, meore drois damwyebia, rogorc JamTaaRmwerlobis
subieqti da xSirad miTis subieqtadac gvevlineba. ra Tqma unda, kacobriobis
kulturisaTvis am cnebas uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs, magram cnobierebisaTvis is
pirveladi _ iseTive, rogorc dro, sivrce da ambavi _ ar aris da agebulia drois da
sivrcis cnebebis Camoyalibebis analogiiT: es cneba miiReba sivrcisa da drois
sxvadasxva Sesabamebebis gaarsebiTebiT anu saxelis darqmeviT. ase rom, kants rom
terminebi vesesxoT, unda vTqvaT, rom RmerTis cneba `empiriuli da reproduqtiulia~.
rac Seexeba subieqtis cnebas, romelsac Cven mimarTebaTa CamoTvlisas viyenebiT:
ra Tqma unda subieqtis is cneba, romesac Cven filosofiis istoriaSi vxedavT da
empiriul sityvaTxmarebaSi vxvdebiT, ar aris `is~ cneba. is subieqti aris ambis
gamaambebeli, ambavSi moqceuli da misgan ganuyofeli. Tumca, Semdeg am cnebisaTvis
69
Subjestum-is darqmevam (romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara `qvemdebare~ (berZn.
υποκειµενον-is Targmani) _ winadadebis wevri) da filosofiur-Teologiuri
refleqsiis sferoSi moxvedram Tavis mxriv droebzec imoqmeda _ amis gamo sxvadasxva
droSi subieqti zogjer emijneba SemTxvevas, xan absoluturad damoukidebeli xdeba,
xan ki kvlav masSi brundeba.
rogorc viciT, kidev arsebobs sxva sazRrviTi cnebebi, romlebic Cvens mier
aRweril mimarTebebSi ar Cans, Tumca, kulturisa da civilizaciis ganviTarebisaTvis
Zalian mniSvnelovani aris. aseTi cnebebia, magaliTad, yofiereba, cnobiereba, samyaro da
sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom samive es cneba filosofiuria anu kulturaSi isini
filosofias Seaqvs.
es ar niSnavs, rom `yvela filosofia~ an filosofosi am cnebebs unda
ixilavdes. SeiZleba saerTod maTi gverdis avla. ubralod, es sazRvriTi cnebebi
filosofiuri midgomiT aris SemuSavebuli; anu enaSi pirveladi sazRvriTi cnebebis
SemCneviT da maTi ganvxilvis dawyebiT; rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, filosofia aris
azrovneba sazRvriT cnebebeze. es ar niSnavs, rom filosofiuri sazRvriTi cnebebi,
romlebic enobrivi sazRvriTi cnebebis asaxsnelad iyo Seqmnili, uazro aris _
magaliTad, Tanamedrove civilizaciis SeqmnaSi udidesi roli Seasrula samyaros, ???-
is cnebam. amave dros, unda aRvniSnoT, rom filosofiuri sazRvriTi cnebebis
SemuSaveba igulisxmeba enaSi, rasac sabolood unda gamoewvia cnobierebis da enis
urTierTdamTxveva.
sazRvriTi cnebebis dayofa sakuTriv enobrivad da `filosofiurad~ ar niSnavs,
rom enobrivi sazRvriTi cnebebi _ ambavi, `subieqti~, sivrce, dro _ imTaviTve
amokiTxul iqnen da sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT ar gamoiyenebodnen.
am cnebaTa SemuSavebis da gansazRvrebebis istorias Tvali rom gavadevnoT,
vnaxavT, rom maT Soris ase Tu ise erTgvarovani gansazRvrebis bedi mxolod sivrces
ergo _ albaT imitom, rom am oTx cnebaSi yvelaze empiriuli da `sagrZnobi~ is
aRmoCnda: aristoteledan dawyebuli, frang filosofos giuioTi damTavrebuli,
sivrcis definacia `erTmaneTis Semdeg mdgomareobis~ garSemo trialebs.
70
rac Seexeba SemTxvevas: es cneba imdenad zedapirze iyo, imdenad cxadi Canda, rom
misadmi filosofiis da saerTod refleqsiis mipyroba mxolod XX saukuneSi moxerxda
(haidegeri) da esec mxolod mas Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli, rodesac filosofiam
yuradReba konkretul adamianze gadaitana. _ aRmoCnda, rom munyofierebis erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani parametri aris ambavi, romelSic is aris da agreTve isic, rom
munyofierebis mTeli arseboba, empiriuladac ki, ambebis monacvleobaa.
cota, ufro farTo istoria aqvs subieqtis cnebis dadgenas: mas Semdeg, rac is
`qvemdebare~ gaxda, bunebrivia, dadga Semasmenlis anu obieqtis arsebobis
moTxovnilebac. rogorc vxedavT, es mimarTuleba, romelmac Semecnebis Teoria
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sazrunavi gaxada, winadadebis
agebulebaze anu absoluturad enobriv struqturaze yofila damokidebuli. ra Tqma
unda, es Secdoma ar aris. magram am fenomenis mxolod erTi mxarea. amis Semdeg
subieqti da obieqti erTad ganixileboda _ obieqti xan damoukideblad, xan ki
subieqtis (SemecnebisTeoriulis) aracnobieri moRvaweobis Sedegad cxaddeboda. bolos
ki dadga momenti, rodesac gamocxadda, rom subieqti gaqra filosofiis horizontidan.
amas mxolod erTi axsna aqvs: sinamdvileSi gaqra obieqti, radgan XIX-XX saukuneebSi
obieqti ukve aRar iyo saintereso, subieqtiT amowurulad iTvleboda. arsebuli
poziciis gamo mas subieqtic miayoles, radgan is ukve aRiqmeboda rogorc mxolod
SemecnebisTeoriuli da mxolod obieqtTan opoziciaSi. sinamdvileSi ki, albaT, saqme
Semdegnairad unda yofiliyo: raki yuradReba mieqca subieqtis praqtikul moqmedebas
(es sadRac kirkegoridan iwyeba), TandaTan horizontze daiwyo `SemTxvevis~ cnebam
gamoCena da yofili `SemecnebisTeoriuli subieqti~ Cajda masSi; faqtobrivad,
eqsistencSi, yovelgvari opoziciis gareSe, rogorc SemTxvevis Semoqmedi da monawile
(SeiZleba iTqvas, rom opozicia Secvala subordinaciam). ase rom, xdeba e. w.
`praqtikuli subieqtis~ ganxorcieleba, romlis Canasaxebic, Semecnebis Teoriis da
SemecnebisTeoriuli subieqtis gverdiT, jer kidev `praqtikuli gonebis kritikaSia~,
romlis ZiriTadi damsaxurebac albaT swored es aris da ara kategoriuli imperativis
dadgena.
71
drois cnebac saxecvlilebas ganicdis; Tavidan, antikur periodSi, dro,
romliTac xdeba samyaroSi mimdinare cvlilebebis aRricxva, moazrovneTa yuradRebis
Rirsadac ar aris Cavlili. Semdeg ki, rogorc subieqtis aRmnusxveli da `misi drois~
damTvleli, saazrovno sagani xdeba. am dros fiqsirdeba drois wrfivi _ maTematikuri
_ warsuli-awmyo-momavliseuli, triaduli gageba. Semdeg ki, rodesac subieqti ukve
sivrceSic fiqsirdeba, dro TandaTan totalurad iRebs periodis, ZiriTadi
ganmsazvRreli principis mniSvnelobas. dro xdeba yofierebis ganmsazRvreli _ rogorc
es haidegerTanaa: anu Cven vcxovrobT iseT yofierebaSi, ise aRviqvamT yofnas Cvens
garSemo da TviTon yofierebasac ki _ rogor droSic varT. Tavad dro ki isazRvreba
moazrovneebis gadamwyveti nabijebiT, rogorc platonma ganvisazRvra dro WeSmaritebis
gamoTvladobaze mimarTulobiT. dro, amave dros, SeiZleba iyos Cveni amgvarad
arsebobis safuZvelic, rogorc es huserlTanaa. sabolood, drois yvela gageba or
interpretaciaze daiyvaneba: wrfivi, maTematikuri gageba, romelic dros usasrulobaSi
gzavnis da misi dasawyisi da dasasruli Sinaganad ver moiazreba da e. w. sferosebuli
dro, romelic ufro Sinagani, arsebiTi principia, romelsac araferi ar esazRvreba,
romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs mTel yofiers. drois yvela gansazRvreba, dawyebuli
heraklitedan Cvens dromde, am or wertils Soris mimoiqceva.
V
Αιων πειχ εστι παιζον, πεσσευων, πειδοχ η βασιληιη (52 Diels) heraklites es
sityvebi gvafiqrebs da am frazas CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresod xdis; Tundac
imitom, rom masSi gamoyenebulia ori cneba _ `dro~ da `TamaSi~: `dro aris _ bavSvi
rom TamaSobs qvebiT (qvebis agdebiT); bavSvis sabrZanebeli~. αιων heraklites xanaSi
niSnavda periods, saukunes, drois gansazRvrul monakveTs; aseTi gageba ki Zalian
waagavs drois im mniSvnelobas, romelic Cven gamoviyeneT cnobierebis formebis
aRwerisas. _ ar unda daviviwyoT, rom cnobierebis forma-Sinaarsi aseve, cnobierebis
formebis cvalebadobac, _ platonis gamoqvabulis miTis interpretaciisas dadginda,
72
Tanac, herakliteseuli cecxlis daxmarebiT. _ swored cecxli iyo sxvadasxva formis
momtani da formaTa cvalebadobis simbolo.
herakliteseuli cecxli aenTeba da qreba. es cecxli kosmosia;
κοσµον.. εσται πυρ αειζωον, απιοµενον µετρα και αποσβεννυµενον µετρα (30 Diels).
maSasadame, cecxlis periodebi _ anTeba-Caqroba _ kosmosis periodebic arian. periods
ki αιων ewodeba. amitomac vambobT Cven _ Tu cecxli cnobierebis, rogorc formis
simboloa, maSin dro (αιων) niSnavs im konkretul formebs, romelsac cnobiereba
sakuTar gzaze moZraobisas xvdeba xolme.
axla unda gavarkvioT, Tu ratom aris `dro _ bavSvis sabrZanebeli~. amaze,
upirveles yovlisa, mTliani fragmentis pirvelma nawilma unda migviTiTos: dro
bavSvis TamaSia qvebiT; anu, fraza gveubneba, rom dro (yvela dro) _ TamaSiTaa
Seqmnili da TamaSiT aris. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ras niSnavs qvebiT TamaSi
(qvebis gdeba) _ es niSnavs erTi da imave qvebis sxvadasxva mimdevrobiT, sxvadasxva
poziciaSi davardnas (dawyobas). _ heraklite gveubneba, rom yvela dros, romelic aris
anda SeiZleba iyos, aris erTi da imave elementebis, fenomenebis nebismieri kavSirebis
rigi. nebismieri imitom, rom bavSvi maT sakuTari survilis mixedviT agdebs da ara
garedan gansazRvruli wesebis mixedviT.
rodesac Cven enobriv sazRvriT cnebebs vikvlevdiT, vTqviT, rom sxvadasxva dro
am sazRvriTi cnebebis sxvadasxva SesabamebiT iwyoba. iqve aRvniSneT, rom ena, mas Semdeg,
rac masSi katastrofa `xdeba~, iwyebs TamaSs _ es TamaSi gamoixateba sakuTrivi
sazRvriTi cnebebis gadawyob-gadmowyobaSi. is qvebi, romlebiTac heraklites bavSvi
TamaSobs, albaT sazRvriTi cnebebi arian, _ maSin maTi yoveli axali pozicia _ axali
αιων-ia.
rodesac Cven enis TamaSi vaxseneT, ar gviTqvams, Tu ratom vuwodebT am
moqmedebas TamaSs _ ra Tqma unda, gadawyob-gadmowyoba, gdeba SeiZleba TamaSad
CavTvaloT, magram es TamaSi aucileblad unda davuaxlooT TamaSis Cveneul
gansazRvrebas `TamaSis fenomenologiaSi~. Cven vTqviT, rom TamaSi aris meta-rituali
anu iseTi rituali, romelsac `mizani~ (miTi) Tavis Tavs gareT ar aqvs da Tuki
73
SeiZleba saerTod mis mizanze laparaki, misi mizani isev ritualia. enis SemTxvevaSic,
sazRvriTi cnebebis SeqmniT enaSi igiveoba dgindeba moqmedebasa da moqmedebis mizans anu
maT aRmniSvnelebs Soris. es moqmedeba, `sanam~ sazRvriTi cneba Seiqmneba, SeiZleba
CavTvaloT gare samyaroSi, sinamdvileSi garkvevis mimarTulebad. _ anu, rodesac
saWiroa Sens garSemo mimdinare movlenebis dafiqsireba, gaCereba; magram am gaCerebis
Semdeg, faqtobrivad, es gaCerebuli ikavebs samyaros adgils iseve, rogorc cnobierebis
SemTxvevaSi _ rodesac cnobierebis forma Cerdeba da Sinaarsi iwyebs cvalebadobas
(TamaSis saSualebiT). aseve, enaSi samyaro gaCerebulia, xolo sazRvriTi cnebebi ki
`TamaSoben~ _ sxvadasxvanairad esadagebian erTmaneTs _ Tanac yoveli es misadageba
Tanabrad esabameba enaSi gaCerebul samyaros da ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas.
maSasadame, Cveni da Cvens gverdiT arsebuli ena cnobierebis uZraobas gviCvenebs,
imas, rac jer ar aris. _ ena aris iseTi sarke, romelSic Cans, Tu ra moxdeba, ra
mouva cnobierebas; anu ena aris anarekli areklilis gareSe. aseve, Cven SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom `sakuTriv-sazRvriT-cnebamdeli ena~ (aseTi arsebobis daSveba ki mxolod
Teoriulad SeiZleba) asaxavda cnobierebis moZraobas.
rogorc vxedavT, ena Tavis TavSi aigivebs moqmedebas da moqmedebis mizans,
rituals da miTs. Sinaarss da formas. gaigivebis safuZvelze iqmneba sazRvriTi cnebebi.
am sazRvriTi cnebebis Seqmna katastrofaa da ena wyvets moZraobas, magram iwyebs
TamaSs. am TamaSiT xdeba droebis Seqmna. mas Semdeg, rac ena principulad amowuravs
saTamaSos anu yvela variants gaiTamaSebs, cnobiereba, romelSic aris ena da romlis
formasac ena warmoadgens, gauigivdeba Tavis Tavs da amave dros enasac. _ radgan
moxdeba formisa da Sinaarsis damTxveva. amis formalur damadastureblad unda
gavixsenoT, rom, rogorc vTqviT, Tavisufleba xdeba cnobierebis, rogorc zmnis
igiveobrivi. es ki niSnavs, rom cnobierebaSi forma-Sinaarsis gaigiveba amave dros
gamoixateba arsebiTi saxeli `cnobierebis~ zmna `cnobierebad~ gadaqcevaSi anu sityvas
orive mniSvneloba eniWeba.
heraklitem mogvca drois formula. platonTan heraklites kvalis povna da am
safuZvelze heraklites zogierTi fragmenis axsna _ mis dakargul filosofiazec
74
gvelaparakeba, romelic sokratem waikiTxa da `rac ver gaigo~, ufro moewona.
heraklites kidev erTi frangmenti gveubneba, rom Cveni mimarTeba swori unda iyos:
παιδων αϕυρµατα(….� αβϕπωπινα δοξαµατα (30 Diels) _ `adamianTa azrebi~ (miCnevis
Sedegi) _ bavSvTa TamaSia~. heraklite iyenebs sityva δοξαµατα-s, rac niSnavs ara
ideebs, ara cnobierebis raime struqturas, aramed Sinaarsobriv, e. w. `regulatorul~
azrebs, riTac adamiani munyofierebaSi cxovrobs da samyaroSi erkveva. am fenomens Cvens
droSi `msoflmxedveloba~ ewoda. am fragmentis ase wakiTxva migviTiTebs, rom Tuki
αιων _ bavSvis TamaSia, adamanis azri, romelic am αιων-iT anu meta-samyaroTi anu
cnobierebis formiT isazRvreba, _ miT umetes bavSvis TamaSobaa, araseriozulia da ar
aris yuradRebis Rirsi.
amrigad, safuZveli gveZleva vivaraudoT, rom rac platonma gamoqvebulis miTiT
gviTxra, raRacnairi saxiT heraklitesTan iyo mocemuli _ yovel SemTxvevaSi irkveva,
rom cecxli, romelic gamoqvabulSi myofs formas aZlevs, mxolod literaturuli
analogiis gamo ar daunTia platons _ rom amas ufro Rrma safuZveli hqonda.
aqamde heraklites Zenonis gverdiT mxolod formalurad vayenebdiT: Zenons,
rogorc filosofiis pirvel SesamCnev damwyebs, esabameba heraklite, rogorc sityva
`filosofiis~ Semqmneli. amjerad _ filosofiiT gadmocemuli cnobierebis
tragikulobis kvali heraklitesaTanac vnaxeT.
Zenons Tavisi filosofia msoflmxedvelobad ar uqcevia. SesaZlebelia amis ar
keTebis stimuli misTvis parmenides magaliTi iyo. heraklites Sesaxeb Semonaxuli
gadmocema ki TiTqos gveubneba, rom igi sakuTari filosofiis mixedviT cxovrobda:
heraklite ganerida saxelmwifo moRvaweobas. amboden, rom is bavSvebTan TamaSs
da cecxlTan jdomas arCevda saxelmwifo saqmeebze laparaks. albaT is, am dros,
yvelaze ufro axlos grZnobda Tavs samyaros wesrigTan da agebulebasTan. heraklites
uTqvams, rom mas bavSvebTan TamaSi urCevnia efesosis basilevsobas. aseTi moqmedeba
erTi mxriv SeiZleba filosofiis msoflmxedvelobis qcevad CavTvaloT. Tumca,
SesaZlebelia, _ heraklites ar undoda samyaros struqturis or simbolos
daSoreboda _ TamaSs da cecxls _ da amiT filosofiisadmi erTgulebas gamoxatavda.
75
aseT fonze kidev erTi filosofosis cxovreba irkveva _ platoni. Cans, is
ufro drois Svili iyo. cnobierebis tragikuloba, romelic man gamoqvabulis miTSi
aRwera _ misTvis iseve ar iyo RirebulebiTi midgomis wyaro, rogorc heraklitesTvis
da ZenonisaTvis. oRondac, sayaros wesrigTan yofna misTvis _ miTSi yofnaa da miTebiT
laparaki. swored miTis (drois) mixedviT, droebis cvalebadobas misTvis mniSvneloba
ar hqonda _ miTSi xom yvelaferi meordeba. amitomac man heraklitesagan cecxli
`isesxa~, dro (‘αι&ν) ki _ uyuradRebod datova.
VI
ÛalbaT ukve SeiZleba TviTon filosofiaze raRac sityva iTqvas. Cven vambobdiT,
rom filosofia sazRvriTi cnebebis kvlevaa; magram am kvlevis istoriis Zalian
zedapirulma gadaxedvamac dagvarwmuna, rom mkacri azriT am fenomenze `kvlevis~ Tqma
ar SeiZleba: faqtobrivad, yvela droSi vinme filosofosi Sesabamisad kiTxulobda
sazRvriT cnebebs da drois mixedviT ganmartavda. amdenad, erTaderTi misaRebi, am
poziciidan, filosofiis gansazRvraa: sazRvriTi cnebebis aRwera.
rogorc vnaxeT, filosofia gadamwyvet rolis asrulebda droTa cvalebadobaSi.
Cven gavadevneT Tvali, Tu rogorc moxda erTi drois meoreTi Canacvleba
filosofiuri midgomis saSualebiT. aseve, empiriulad, miTis drois JamTaaRmwerluri
droiT Secvlis mizezi SeiZleba davinaxoT moazrovneTa mimarTulobaSi
mravalRmerTianobidan erTRmerTianobisaken.
am cvalebadobebs `arasubieqturi~ fenomenebi udevs safuZvlad. Cven amis Sesaxeb
ukve vilaparakeT; magram es `kanonebi~ filosofiaSi vlindebian anu dro filosofiis
eniT acxadebs damTavrebas da dawyebas. Tumca, SesaZlebelia amis gamoxatva
filosofiaSi TviTon filosofiis arsebis adekvaturi iyos, Cven ki am arsebis
gaukuRmarTebad CavTvaloT; magram faqtia, rom igi cvlilebis mimniSnebelad mainc
rCeba. rac Seexeba filosofiis arsebis gadamfaravebs, romlebic, rogorc vTqviT, arian
metafizika da agreTve, ontologiac: Tuki filosofias ganvixilavT, rogorc
76
sazRvriTi cnebebis deskrifcias, bunebrivia, yovelTvis SevecdebiT amreziT movekidoT
sibrZnis elementebs, romelnic, rogorc aRvniSneT, filosofias sawyisidanve `daebeda~
parmenides mier. magram, meore mxriv, Tuki filosofias SevxedavT rogorc droTa
cvalebadobis gamomxatvels da am cvalebadobaTa realur biZgs, _ maSin unda SeveguoT
filosofiaSi momxdar am `danaSauls~ da vaRiaroT, rom Tu ara ontologiuri da
metafizikuri elementebi, Cveni bedi, romelic Cven droSia moqceuli, sxvagvarad
warimarTeboda anu SeiZleba iTqvas, bedi ar gveqneboda.
magram rogori iqneba filosofia axla _ Cvens droSi, romlidanac, rogorc
aRvniSneT, axal droze gadasvla ar moxdeba da maSasadame, metafizikisa da
ontologiis `ontologiuri~ moTxovnileba aRar dgas. Tundac imitom, rom
metafizikisa da ontologiis SesaZleblobebi faqtobrivad amowurulia. amitomac xdeba,
Cveni drois dadgomasTan erTad, jer am ori elementis absoluturi gamoxatva (hegeli,
Selingi, fixte) da Semdeg ki _ maTi uaryofebis korianteli.
`axal~ droSi, rodesac `dro ukve aRar iqneba~, filosofias aqvs SesaZlebloba
daubrundebs Tavis ganuxorcielebel amosavals da ukve sufTa da gawmendili saxiT
gaagrZelos arseboba; magram ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli amis ganxorcieleba? SeiZleba
warmovidginoT filosofiis gza, romelic sazRvriTi cnebebis d maT modusebis ZebniT
daikavebs Tavs da amis Sedegad did simaRleebs miaRwevs; magram faqtobrivi da, rogorc
Cans, ZiriTadi+ funqcia _ droebis cvalebadobis biZgi _ mas ukve aRar eqneba. droebis
cvalebadobis damTavrebiT, bevrad ufro adre, vidre cnobiereba moZraobas Sewyvets,
bevrad ufro adre katastrofamde, filosofia niSans iZleva; magram es niSani TviTon
filosofiis mier Seqmnili mimarTulebebis, magaliad, mecnierebis mier, ifareba da
armecnierulad cxaddeba. meore mxriv ki _ moTamaSe adamians es niSani meore adamianis
mier gamogzavnili hgonia da iwyebs TamaSis axali wesebis mogonebas, raTa am niSans
adgili mounaxos Tavisi cnobierebis meta-SinaarsSi, meta-cnobierebaSi.
am pasaJiT Cven isev davbrundiT targediis analogiebis sferoSi: Tuki
cnobierebas vuyurebT rogorc tragediis personaJs, maSin Cven ukve viciT,
77
cnobierebidan gamomdinare, erT-erTi konkretuli tragediis saxeli da Sesabamisad
tragediis mTavari gmiric _ kasandra.
amrigad, Cveni naweric tragediis struqturaSi moeqca. dasawyisSi moyvanili
debulebebi icvleba da sxvanairad warmogvidgeba Semdeg miRebulebis mier, magram am
ukanasknelebamde pirvelebis gareSe ver mixval. faqtobrivad dialeqtikac _
cnobierebis tragikulobis gadmocemis araRirebulebiTi variantia.
am nawilis dasawyisSi dasmuli amocanis `amoxsniT~ _ enis, rogorc tragediis
ganmartebiT, gamoirkva albad yvelaze ufro didi tragedia, romelic saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi iwereba da romelsac klasikuri tradiciis Sesabamisad `kasandra~
davarqviT. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom `kasandra~ rogorc calke literaturuli faqti,
mxolod axal droSi iwyebs arsebobas. _ albaT cnobierebis bedis SegrZnebis
gamZafrebasTan dakavSirebiT. kasandras ambavi gveubneba _ bedis mcodne ganwirulia
urwmunobisaTvis, Tundac imitom, rom aseTi unari gviCvenebs imas, Tu `sinamdvileSi~
ra aris is orientiri, is meta-samyaro, romlisakenacaa moZraoba mimarTuli. es
`sinamdvile~ ki, rogorc wesi, mimarTulobis sawinaaRmdegoa.
ilustracia: zRapris esTetika
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom aq `esTetika~ ar niSnavs filosofiis
`Tanamedrove~ mimarTulebas, romelic mSvenierebas, amaRlebuls da sxva Sesabamis
kategoriebs Seiswavlis. Cven davubrundebiT sityvis safuZvel-mniSvnelobas: αισϕησιχ_
aris SegrZneba, grZnoba, mocemuli gancda. amave dros αισϕησιχ aris kvali _ romelic
gvelaparakeba cxovelis Sesaxeb da kargi mkiTxveli, monadire zustad mihyavs kvalis
damtoveblamde. kvali aris is, rac rCeba, rasac garkveuli gansazRvruli dro-
sivrculi parametrebi aqvs, gansxvavebiT mekvlesagan, romelic moZraobs da misi
moxelTeba Znelia. kvalis mimdevrobas, romelTaganac TiToeuli gaCerebulia, mivyavarT
cxovelisaken da zustad imeorebs, emTxveva imas, sadac cxoveli iyo da aris. _ kvali
78
mTlianad moicavs im sivrcesa da dros, im garemos, romelSicaa kvalis damtovebeli.
amitomac kvalis codna, amave dros, kvalis damtoveblis codnacaa. am codnis gamoyeneba
ki sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba: SeiZleba `mopovebiT~ gawyvito kvalis xazi, _ magram
amiT rogorc kvali, aseve mekvle qreba, is garemo, romelSic kvali da mekvle
cxovreoben, carieldeba da nadgurdeba. _ da SeiZleba mxolod kvalze gayola _
mopovebis survili im garemoSi yofniT Sevcvalo, romelSic kvali da mekvle saxloben.
wina TavebSi Cven ganvsazRvreT filosofia, rogorc aRwera. Tavisi SinaarsiT es
sityva analizs, daWras ewinaaRmdegeba; anu filosofia, rogorc aRwera, niSnavs: im
garemos aRweras, romelSic aRsaweri aris (aq laibniciseul gagebas vubrundebiT: ori
absoluturad erTnairi sagani, romlebic or sxadasxva wertilSi
mdebareobs, ori sxvadasxva sagania. es gamoTqma, upirveles yovlisa, migviTiTebs, rom
sagnisaTvis arsebiTi da ganmsazRvreli aris ara imdenad sakuTari `meqanikuri~
agebuleba, aramed is garemo, is parametrebi, romelSic is aris da, Sesabamisad, sagnebs
Soris gansxvavebebi “garemoebs” Soris gansxvavebebia). gza filosofiisaken
esTetikosobaSi mdgomareobs.
amjerad Cven unda vTqvaT, Tu ram ganapiroba “esTetikosobis” zRaparze mimarTva.
is xom sazRvriTi cneba ar aris. yovel SemTxevaSi aqamde asTad ar iyo cnobili. am
mimarTvis safuZveli aris zRaprisaTvis damaxasiatebeli dro da sivrcea, anu, is
garemo, sadac zRapari cxovrobs da kvals tovebs.
zRapars, romelsac garkveuli tradiciis mixedviT jadosnurad da
arajadosnurad hyofen, ara aqvs gansazRuruli dro da sivrce. Cven ver vityviT, rom
zRaparSi saerTod ar aris dro da sivrce _ yovel maTganSi xdeba garkveuli moqmedeba
garkvul adgilas raRac drois ganmavlobaSi; magram es dro da sivrce, romlebic
zRaparSi mocemulia, ucnobia anda, SeiZleba iTqvas, `ararsebuli~. am arasebobaze
zRapris miRebuli dasawyisebi migviTiTeben
`cxra mTas iqiT~, _ sivrcis ucnobebis aRmniSvnelebia, “Once upon a time” _ drois
ucnobebis. aris zRaprebis dasawyisebi, romlebic pirdapir am `ararsebobaze~
miuTiTeben: `iyo da ara iyo ra~. Tavis mxriv drois ucnobobaze zRaparSi gaSlili
79
ambis ganusazRvroba migviTiTebs _ arc erT magTanSi drois dasaxeleba ar xdeba, xolo
jadosnuri elementebis Tanaarseboba ar gvaZlevs saSualebas es ambebi sadRac Cvens
droSi, anda romeliRac droSi movaTavsoT.
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, es Tviseba iyos erTaderTi, romelic zRapars sxva
literaturuli fenomenebisagan ganasxvavebs: miTSi, iseve rogorc miTiur droSi,
gansazRvrulia da nacnobia adgili anu moqmedebis sivrce. saraindo romanSi, sxva
msgavs nawarmoebebSi, romlebsac gmiri anu erTi konkretuli subieqti hyavT,
gansazRvrulia dro. ufro gviandel, lamis Cvens Tanamedrove literaturaSi _
sivrcec da droc, rac gaurkvevels xdis `mTavari gmiris~ figuras, imdenad
mTlianobaSi Cans igi Tavis garemosTan.
aq SeiZleba eWvi warmoiSvas zRapris jadosnuri elementis gamo _ is xom ar
aris zRapris arsebis ganmsazRvreli. empiriulad, ra Tqma unda; magram zRapris
Tavisdavadi, e. w. `transcendentaluri~ mizezi ucnobi dro da sivrcea. empiriulad ki,
marTlac, jadosnuri elementis arseboba `aiZulebs~ mezRapres zRaparSi mimdinare
movlenebi ucnob dro-sivrceSi gadaitanos, Tundac imitom, rom zRaparma tyuilis saxe
ar miiRos (tyuili aris nacnob dro-sivrceSi ucnauri da aradamajerebeli movlenebis
moTavseba). ucnobi garemo, sadac aravin ar aris namyofi, zRapris arazRaprulad aRqmas
gamoricxavs. xolo `trancententalurad~ _ ucnobi dro-sivrce maqsimalur
Tavisuflebas iZleva da amitomac masSi yovlad SeuZlebeli mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis (jadoqrobis) moTavsebis SesaZleblobasac. _ zRapari, romelSic jadosnuri
elementebi naklebad aris, mainc zRaparia, swored ucnobi garemos gamo.
Cven vnaxeT, rom droebis cvalebadobas Tanxvdeba e. w. `msoflmxedvelobrivi
tipebis~ cvalebadobac. bunebrivia, Tuki `msoflmxedvelobebi~ icvleba, maSin maTze
empiriulad damokidebuli fenomenebic unda icvlebodnen. erT-erTi aseTia literatura.
literaturis tipebi asaxaven da kargad gadmoscemen droebis cvalebadobas; Cven
SegviZlia Tvali vadevnoT droebis Sesabmisi literaturis formebs;
`pirveli~ dro, romelsac Cven CavwvdiT, aris miTi _ am SemTxvevaSi bevri
saubari ar aris saWiro _ miTis dro migviTiTebs, rom amdroindeli literatura
80
isazRvreba miTiT da aris miTi; miTi, ambavi, romelic xdeba raRac sivrceSi da ara
aqvs dro e. i. yvela droSi. JamTaaRmwerloba, rogorc vnaxeT, aris raRac dro
garkveuli, gansazRvruli sivrcis gareSe. es dro gmiris, moqmedi piris droa _ saiTac
gaiwevs gmiri, saiTac wava, is sivrce Semova mis `garemoSi~. amis gamoxatva moxda
rogorc saraindo romanebSi, aseve wmindanTa cxovrebebSi. istoriis droSi, romlis
dro-sivrcec Cven sferos SevadareT, aris gansazRvruli droisa da aseTive sivrcis
literatura. am drois romani gadmogvcems ara gmiris dros, aramed samyaros, epoqas
anu `garemos~ gadmocemis pretenzia aqvs (aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom swored axal
droSi da gansakuTrebiT XIX-XX saukuneebSi aqtiurad iwyeba mwerlis wignebSi
`filosofiis~ Zieba. amis karg safuZvels iZleva garemos, samyaros gadmocemisaken
mimarTuleboba. aseve, iwyeba aseTi midgomis gadatana sxva, `wina~ droebis
literaturaze, rac am ukanasknelTaTvis ucxoa da miuRebeli. is `filosofia~ ki,
romlis mopovebisaken iswrafvian, avtoris msoflmxedvelobaa da sxva araferi). aseTi
literaturis kargi magaliTebia e. w. eqsistencialuri romanebi, romlebSic mTavar
gmirebs imdenad aqvs dakarguli `gmiruli~ Tvisebebi, imdenad Cveulebrivni arian, rom
mxolod `garemos~, samyaros gamoxatvis saSualebebad iqcevian. aseTi literaturis
gmirebis saSualebiT xdeba e. w. `epoqis sulis~ gadmocema. aseve, am mimarTulebis
magaliTia franguli literaturis `axali talRa~.
sakiTxavia, ratom gamoixateba droebis cvalebadoba ase kargad literaturaSi. _
ara marto literaturaSi, adamianTan dakavSirebul yvela fenomenSi kargad Cans drois
kvali. literaturaSi is ubralod, advilad Cans; radganac, rogorc vnaxeT, sazRvriTi
cnebebis urTierTSesabamebani, romlebic dros qmnian, enaSi xdeba, xolo literatura,
rogorc misgan warmoSobili da meore mxriv, misi wyaro (empiriulad _ metyvelebasTan
erTad) axlos dgas enasTan da misi `pirveli donis anareklia~.
Cven gavnixileT ramdenime niSani, romlebiTac droebi Tavs avlenen; magram ar
migviTiTebia maT Soris zRapari, romelic Tavis `garemos~ mixedviT am rigis movlena
unda iyos, magram swored Tavisi `garemos~ mixedviT igi arc erT tipSi ar Tavsdeba.
81
wina TavebSi Cven movniSneT, is rac `iqneba~ droebis Semdeg; anu rodesac dro
ukve aRar iqneba; da igi TamaSis niSniT davbeWdeT. TamaSis `dro~, rogorc vnaxeT,
iwvevs ritualis meta-ritualad gadaqcevas da meta-rituali _ meta-samyaros
mimarTebis warmoSobas. xdeba cnobierebis gaigiveba enasTan. TamaSi, romelic enaSia,
emTxveva im TamaSs, romelic cnobierebaSi warmoiSoba (formalurad). am `dros~ axali
drois warmoSoba aRar xdeba, radganac sazRvriTi cnebebis yvela urTierTSesabameba
amowurulia. kantis eniT rom vTqvaT, Sesabamisad amisa iwureba aproriuli formebis
anu empiriuli dro-sivrce-SemTxvevis Sesatyvisobebi, maTi axali pozicia
gamoricxulia. erTaderTi axali pozicia, Tuki amas pozicia SeiZleba davarqvaT, aris
mdgomareoba, rodesac dro da sivrce Tan gansazRvrulebi arian, Tan _
ganusazRvrelebi; aseve _ SemTxveva da subieqti _ cal-calke unda sazRvravdnen
mimarTulebas da Tanac erTmaneTiT isazRvrebodnen.
literaturul formaSi am `axali~ poziciis Sesatyvisi aris zRapari. misi dro
da sivrce, erTis mxriv, gansazRvrulia, radgan masSi aRiwereba moqmedebis dro da
adgili, meore mxriv ki _ ganusazRvreli: es dro da adgili ucnobia da misi povna
SeuZlebelia. aseve personaJisa da siuJetis urTierTobac: erTi mxriv, siuJeti,
rogorc zRaprul SemTxvevaTa erToba, gansazRvravs personaJs, xolo meore mxriv ki,
personaJi, rogorc moqmedi _ siuJets.
Tuki literaturaSi msgavs fenomens Zebnas davuwyebT, vipoviT: es aris Fantasy _
Tanamedrove zRapari, romelic iqmneba miTologiur da zRaprul elementebze
dayrdnobiT da warmoSobidan (XX saukunis dasawyisi) sul ufro da ufro did
popularobas ixveWs. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es ubralod siuJetis da gmiris
dabrunebaa, magram zRapris da JamTaaRmwerlobis `garemoebis~ gansxvaveba am azrs
gvatovebinebs.
TamaSs moaqvs zRapris fenomeni, zRapris `epoqa~. TiTqosda es faqti gvaiZulebs
uimedod yofnas da moqmedebaze uaris Tqmas. sinamdvileSi ki piriqiT: erTi mxriv, igi
gviCvenebs RirebulebiTi midgomis arasakmarisobas, araperspeqtiulobas, xolo meore
mxriv, am magaliTiT migviTiTebs samyaros yoveli fenomenis `mniSvnelobaze~ da
82
gveubneba, rom isic ki, rasac RirebulebiTi midgoma araseriozulad da umniSvnelod
Tvlis, SeiZleba swored am midgomis erT-erTi ganmsazRvrelic aRmoCndes.
magram aq SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva; yvela `Janri~ ase Tu ise Tavis dros iqmneba.
zRapari ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tavidan aris. saqme isaa, rom zRapari, rogorc sazRvriTi
cnebebis `ganusazRvreli~ , gaurkveveli urTierToba, aris `pirveli~, rodesac
sazRvriTi cnebebi `ukve~ arian, xolo gansazRvruli urTierToba maT Soris ki ar
dawyebula. e. i. zRapari aris miTamde da miTTan erTad. is ar aris cnobierebis forma
_ is aris pirveli nabiji am formebis Sesaqmnelad.
xolo Fantasy-s, romelic aris bolo `forma~, iseTive maxasiaTeblebi axlavs,
iseTive `garemo~ aqvs, rogorc manamdel, e. w. jadosnur, `xalxur~ zRapars; magram
Fantasy-s SemTxvevaSi es garemo miRebulia wina da saerTod garemos uaryofiT, _
`saTamaSoebze~ anu sazRvriTi cnebebis gansazRvrul urTierTmimarTebebze da Tavad
sazRvriT cnebebze uaris TqmiT.
heraklitem gviTxra: `dro aris _ bavSvi rom TamaSobs qvebis gdebiT~. am
fragments Semdegnairad vkiTxulobT: dro _ enis TamaSia, sazRvriTi cnebebis
sxvadasxva Sesabameba erTmaneTTan.
bolo suraTia: cnobiereba `Tavidan~ aris gaucxoebuli ena, romelic TamaSs,
rogorc TavisTvis da Tavis TavSi myof mdgomareobas ucxovdeba da eZebs orientirs,
raTa Tavisi rituali mimarTos. aseT orientirad mas TamaSis gaCerebuli poziciebi
warmoudgeba. am mdgomareobaSi, enasTan urTierTobaSi cnobiereba isazRvreba, rogorc
uaryofa. es uaryofebis, moZraobebis rigi mTavrdeba katastrofiT, gaCerebiT, romlis
drosac cnobiereba, romelic uaryofaa, uigivdeba enas. xdeba misi igiveobrivi. uaryofis
es unari, romelic cnobierebaSi aris, magram ukve misi sakuTari veRar iqneba, xdeba am
igiveobis SesaZlebloba; xolo ena, romelic am igiveobis formulaSi erTaderTia,
romelsac raRacis uaryofa SeuZlia (Tavisi TamaSis), uaryofs Tavis pozicias. Cven
vxedavT, rom `jer~ cnobierebisa da enis gaigiveba `wamieria~ da isini kvlav
opoziciaSi dgebian. enisaTvis TamaSis uaryofa dro-sivrcisa da SemTxveva-subieqtis
(saTamaSoebis) uaryofas niSnavs; anu maT ar arsebobas, gansazRvrulobas da Tan
83
gausazRvrelobas. ena am safuZvelze Tavidan qmnis axal `garemos~ _ zRapars. es
`garemo~ idealuria moTamaSe cnobierebisaTvis. TamaSi xom maqsimalurad Ria, gan-
Tavisuflebul (e. i. katastroful) garemos moiTxovs da kvlav xdeba enisa da
cnobierebis gaigiveba. amiT TamaSs ganusazRvreli, SemousazRvravi `garemo~ umtkicdeba,
rac gamoricxavs am mdgomareobis gadalaxvas, e. i. gaucxoeba-uaryofas, sazRvris
uqonlobis gamo. es garemo kvlav, magram ukve formalurad _ horizontulia:
nebismieri win waweva _ gadasalaxavad _ ukan wevs horizonts, rac cnobierebas isev
`droSi yofnis~ iluzias uqmnis. cnobiereba zRaparSi iwyebs TamaSs.
84
bolosityvaobis magivrad
Cven vnaxeT, rom droebSi pirveli aris miTi. marTalia, es yofna, tradiciuli
kategoriebiT rom vimsjeloT, SemTxveviTia. radganac ganusazRvrelia, enis sazRvriTi
cnebebiT TamaSisas romeli gawyoba imTavrebs; magram aris kidev erTi faqtori,
romelic gvaiZulebs es fenomeni `SemTxveviTobis da aucileblobis damTxvevad~ mainc
CavTvaloT _ TviT miTis sturqtura: SemTxveva gansazRvrul sivrceSi. upirveles
yovlisa, unda vTqvaT, rom es gawyoba aris `pirveli~ SesaZlebeli kombinacia, sadac
saerTod SeiZleba raime sistemaze ilaparako _ sami elementis SesaZlebeli
kavSirebidan umartivesia ganxorcielebuli: ori maTgani mkacr, gansazRvrul
mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan, mesame ki _ orivesTan ganusazRvrelSi. savsebiT SesaZlebelia
`pirveli~ sxva ganwyoba yofiliyo _ rodesac SemTxveva da dro iqneboda
gansazRvruli. es Sesabameba, rogorc vnaxeT, miTis Semdeg moxda da Cven mas
JamTaaRmwerloba davarqviT.
amjerad Cveni amocanaa vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina cnobierebaze sazRvriTi
cnebebis `SemTxveviTi~ mimarTebebis mimdevrobam anu Tu ras niSnavs CvenTvis is, rom
cnobiereba pirvelad miTSi iwyebs cxovrebas. amisaTvis miTis agebulebas unda
davubrundeT da gamovarkvioT, Tu ras enaTesaveba, an ras emTxveva es struqtura Cvens
garemoSi: miTi aris raRac garkveuli SemTxvevis aRwera garkveul, gansazRvrul
sivrceSi. es SemTxveva yvela droSi, yovelTvis xdeba (sadac es sivrce SeimCneva). am
mimarTebis maqsimaluri ganzogadebiT Semdeg suraTs viRebT: aRiwereba, moicema raRac
mdgomareoba, romelic Tavis Sesabamis sivrceSi yovelTvis aris. Cvens garemoSi rom
mimovixedoT, advilad vipoviT igiveobrivi struqturis fenomens: es aris kanoni. Tanac
ara mxolod mecnieruli. Tumca, mecnierebis magaliTze am debulebis marTebuloba
advilad Cans: yoveli mecniereba iZleva kanonebs _ romlebic aRgviweren garkveul
mdgomareobebs, romlebic marTebulni arian im sivrcisaTvis, romelsac kanoni
SemosazRvravs Tavisi moqmedebis sferod. magaliTad, niutonis msoflio mizidulobis
85
kanoni swored garkveuli sivrcisTvisaa gamosadegi, am sivrceSi ki _ yovelTvis
xorocieldeba; magram kanoni _ Tundac mxolod empiriulad-enobrivad-dasaxelebis
mixedviT _ mxolod mecnierebis kuTvnileba ar aris. arsebobs iuridiuli, moraluri
da sxva tipis kanonebi. simarTlisagan ar iqneba Sors, Tu vityviT, rom adamiani
kanonebSi cxovrobs, kanonebad awyobs sakuTar garemos. yvela sferoSi, yvela doneze,
romlebSic adamiani moqmedebs, aris ama Tu im sferos anu sivrcis kanonebi. cnobiereba
yvelgan kanons xedavs _ poeziaSic, mxatvrobaSic, saerTod, sakuTari moqmedebis
nebismier mimarTulebaSi.
maSasadame, cnobiereba yvelgan miTs xedavs. morali anu zneobrivi, eTikuri
kanonebi aris adamianTa Soris urTierTmimarTebis gamiTeba; anu miTi am sferos Sesaxeb,
romelSic SemosazRvrulia sivrce (adamianTa Soris imarTeba, adamianis mimarTeba
sxvasTan), dro ki ugulebelyofilia. _ es miTi, romelsac morali hqvia, Tavisi
miTobis gamo, yovelTvis unda moxdes (igive iTqmis sxva kanonebzec).
aq ukve gamoikveTa, Tu ras niSnavs `pirvel~ drod miTis yofna: cnobiereba
mTlianad, maSinac ki, roca is miTSi aRar aris, isazRvreba miTiT da miTis mier
mocemuli droiT cxovrobs. miTi, rogorc samyaros pirveli xati _ konkretuli meta-
samyaro, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba Sinaarsobrivi fenomeni vuwodoT
(radgan konkretulia) _ iqceva formalur movlenad, romelic funqcionalurad
sazRvravs yovlad aramiTiur meta-samyaroebs; imiT, rom swored miTiuroba aiZulebs
cnobierebas Seqmnas meta-samyaro anu garemo kanonSi moaTavsos.
axla ukve gasagebi xdeba da metaforis farglebs Sordeba, Cven rom cnobierebis
Sinaarss rituali davarqviT. amdenad, cnobierebis formas imitom ki ar SeiZleba miTi
davuZaxoT, _ Sinaarsi rom ritualia, aramed Sinaarss imitom SeiZleba rituali
vuwodoT, rom cnobierebis `formis forma~ _ miTia.
am safuZvelze ukve cxadi xdeba, Tu ratom uyvarda platons miTebiT laparaki
da aseve, ratomaa, rom heraklites bevri SemorCenili fragmenti miTis formas
gulisxmobs; miTebiT laparaki safuZvelTan axlos dgomas, masTan miaxloebas niSnavs.
miTis moyola amave dros adamianis da samyaros agebulebis moyolacaa.
86
aq erTi problema warmoiSoba: unda gansxvavdes amaTuim kanonis Camomyalibebeli
fenomeni _winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sayovelTao erTianobasa da ganurCevlobis daskvna
gvemuqreba, rac aqamde Cvens naTqvams faqtobrivad gaauqmebs.
magram aq _ sxva droebis faqtori unda gavixsenoT. kanonis Semqmnel yvela
fenomens Tavisi dro aqvs; anu, kanonis Seqmnis is tipi iwyebs yofnas, romelic yvelaze
ufro Seesabameba mocemul dros.
ase _ JamTaaRmwerlobis gmirisaTvis sivrce ganusazRvrelia, _ anu man ar icis,
vis da ras Sexvdeba cxovrebis gzaze _ iwyeba iuridiuli da eTikuri kanonebis
Camoyalibeba, romlebmac swored aseTi SemTxveviTi Sexvedrebi unda moiyvanon wesrigSi.
istoriis droSi mecnierebis dafuZneba xdeba. im mecnierebis, romlis safuZlad
SeiZleba lokis gamoTqma CavTvaloT _ sagnis codna niSnavs sagnis genezisis codnas. es
fenomeni istoriis struqturas efuZneba _ masSi dro sivrce, iseve, rogorc SemTxveva
(SemTxvevis subieqti) gansazRvrulebi arian. dros da sivrcis Tanabari
gansazRvrulobis Semotana ki Sedegad mecnierebas iZleva (rogorc maqsimaluri
sizustis gamoxatva).
rac Seexeba xelovnebas _ misi, rogorc kanonis anu miTis roli miTis
droidanvea gansazRvruli da yvela droSi mis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kanonebi (miTebi)
iqmneba. Tumca, yvelam viciT, rom arsebobs azri, romlis mixedviTac homerosi, dante
da rilke _ erTsa da imave kanons eqvemdebarebian da asruleben. es sxva arafers
niSnavs, garda misa, rom xelovnebas erTi miTi aqvs. Sesabamisad, yvela namdvili
rituali (xelovnebis nawarmebi) am erT miTs miemarTeba _ drois miuxedavad.
Cven zemoT aRvniSneT, rom filosofia ar aanalizebs, _ rom is aRwers garemos;
anu, filosofia sivrceSi gaSlil moqmedebas (SemTxvevas) aRwers. amdenad filosofia
aris _ miTis aRwera. amdenad, yvelafris filosofia SeiZleba arsebobdes da mainc,
Tuki SeiZleba filosofiis `swor mimarTulebaze~ vilaparaoT, filosofia aRwers
cnobierebis miTs. am azriT gamoqvabulis miTi da transcentendaluri esTetika erTi da
igivea. amdenad, filosofia, gansxvavebiT cnobierebis sxva fenomenebisagan, miTs aRwers
_ arc qmnis mas da arc asrulebs.
87
da bolos, saSualeba gveZleva SevexoT XX saukuneSi warmoSobil debulebas
`aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis gansxvavebulobis~ Sesaxeb. upirveles yovlisa, unda
vTqvaT, rom is gansxvaveba, romelic XIX saukuneSi iyo _ ukve aRar aris. xolo rac
Seexeba imas, rac iyo: dasavleTis cnobierebisaTvis es miswrafeba iyo sakuTari
warsulis nostalgia, romelic axli drois Seqmnis niRbiT moqmedebda da mxolod
sakuTar warsuls naxulobda.
maSasadame, cnobiereba ara marto iwyebs miTSi cxovrebas. yvelaze ufro farTo
garemo, romelSic ki SesaZlebelia cnobierebis moazreba _ miTia; anu, cnobiereba
saerTod da mxolod miTSi cxovrobs.
Cven zemoT aRvniSneT: filosofia sazRvriTi cnebebis aRweraa. amjerad
sazRvriTi cnebebi miTis adekvaturni aRmoCndnen: filosofia aRwers sazRvriT cnebebs
maT SesaZlebel urTierTmimarTebebSi (rogorc isini mas eZlevian). amiT filosofia im
kanons (miTs) aRwers, romelSic cnobiereba saxlobs. aqve gasagebi xdeba, Tu mudam
ratom emuqreba filosofias msoflmxedvelobad qceva: rogorc ki iwyeba romelime
konkretuli miTis (drois) aRwera, filosofia msoflmxedvelobis gadmocema xdeba.
Tumca, meores mxriv, konkretuli miTebis (droebis) aRwerac xom filosofosis saqmea;
magram albaT yvelaze saxifaTo saqme, romelic erTi mxriv sakuTar arsebas akargvinebs
(msoflmxedvelobad aqcevs), xolo meore mxriv _ sakuTari arsebis mixedviT
amoqmedebs, rac - droTa cvalebadobis mauwyeblobaa.