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Gilded Age• Coined by Mark Twain• Gilded = Covered in Gold
• New Inventions• Skyscrapers• Electricity• Great wealth
• Covered• Poverty• Crime• Corruption• Gap between rich and poor
Urban American Social Issues
• Immigration• Urbanization• Patronage• Segregation• Suffrage
Immigration
E. & S. EuropeanE. & S. EuropeanE. & S. EuropeanE. & S. European
Asians
La
tin A
meric
a
European
Old Immigrants N & W Europe
New Immigrants
S & E Europe
Emigrate- Exiting a CountryImmigrate- Entering a Country
Immigration
• Poverty• Worker
Uncertainty• Political tyranny• Religious
Oppression
• Land and Work• Better standard of
living• Stable government• Opportunity for
Social advancement
PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS
Steamships
• Huge cargo ship• Travel was
cheap, crowded, miserable
Ellis Island- European Immigrants& Angel Island- Asian Immigrants
• Processing center for immigrants• Frantic pace, Lost Identities, Health
Inspections
The Melting Pot?
Cultural Mosaic- A mix of cultures, languages, and ethnic groups that coexist in a society.
Ethnic Cities• Immigrants move to neighborhoods where other like immigrants already live.
+ Promotes stability+ Gives sense of
security
- Assimilation into American culture and
language is a slow process.
- Promotes hostilities between other
ethnicities & natives
Nativism• Movement of Extreme dislike
for foreigners• Focused on
• Jews• Catholics• E. Europeans• Asians
• pro immigration limits
• Labor Unions are anti-immigration
• Chinese Exclusion Act-1882• Banned for 10 years, but renewed
over and over until 1940s• Chinese in US could not become
citizens
Urbanization- Major growth in US Cities.
Migration to the City
UrbanizationWhat did Immigrants Lack?
• Money-Cant buy land or farms
• Education-Forced to stay in cities to work jobs that have: Long Hours, Little Pay, Poor Working conditions
Urbanization• What are the benefits of the living in the Cities?
•Plumbing•Running water
•Electricity•Cultural Centers
•Museums•Libraries•Theaters
Class Division- High, Middle, Low
• Wealthiest Families• Lived in the heart of the city.
• Extravagant homes
High Society( Wealthy)
Class Division• Doctors• Lawyers• Teachers• Architects
• “streetcar suburbs” They took a train to their houses right outside of the city.
MIDDLE CLASS
Class Division
• They lived in Tenements-poor run down apartment
in the slums.• Unsanitary • Crowded• Dangerous
Low Class- Working Class( Poor)
Why were immigrants forced to stay in cities? What were the consequences for living in the city.
The jobs available to them were in the city, and the immigrants lacked money to afford their own farmlands, or the education to seek higher paying jobs. The consequences were working long hours for little pay with poor working conditions.
The New Urban EnvironmentThe New Urban Environment
What were some differences between What were some differences between the social classes?the social classes?
The social classes differed in their level of income and the area in which they lived.
The wealthy lived in the heart of the city in elaborate homes.
The middle class lived away from the central city and used commuter lines to get to work.
The working class lived in cities in tenements.
Separation by ClassSeparation by Class
Urban Problems• 4 Major Problems:
• Overcrowding• Crime/Violence
• Blamed on Immigrants• Blamed on Alcohol
• Sanitation• Political Corruption
Urban ProblemsUrban Problems
Were native-born Americans correct in blaming immigrants for the increase in crime and violence? Why or why not?
The crime rate for immigrants was not significantly higher than that of native-born Americans.
Urban Politics• Cities grow faster than government• What is a Political Machine?What is a Political Machine?
1. Informal political group–Gain & keep power
2. Got things for the working class like…
• Jobs, homes, food, clothes, heat, protection, etc…–Positive note
• Provided necessary services & helped assimilate the new
city dwellers.
• Party BossParty Boss received votes for Providing
“things”–Once elected used political
power for greed.• GraftsGrafts=getting money
through dishonest or questionable means.
• Bribes
Negative Note
“I just get housing for them, buy clothes for them if they were burned up and fix them up till they get things runnin’ again. It’s philanthropy, but it’s politics too---mighty good politics. Who can tell how many votes one of these fires bring me? The poor are the most grateful people in the world, and, let me tell you, they have more friends in their neighborhood than the rich have in theirs.”
-George Plunkitt (party boss): after a tenement building fire.
Tammany Hall
William “Boss” Tweed• Tweed Headquarters
• Grossly overpaid contractors for work• 13 million.• 180,000(2.5mil) for 3 tables & 40
chairs.• Imprisoned for corruption. Died.
Famous Example
What were some of the problems caused by political machines?
The bosses that ran the political machines grew rich by accepting bribes, selling permits to friends, and dealing in other corrupt ways to benefit themselves.
Urban PoliticsUrban Politics
"I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts! I did it
and I want to be arrested! Arthur is President now!”
Charles GuiteauAssassinated President Garfield in July 1881
Political Reform• Patronage- Gov. jobs are
given to the supporters of the winning party. ***(***(spoils system) spoils system)
• 1880 Garfield assassinated.
• 1883 Pendleton Act- You get jobs based on merit,
and you have to pass a test to get a government job
Checking for UnderstandingChecking for Understanding
__ 1.__ 1. the acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician
__ 2. an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government
__ 3. the person in control of a political machine
__ 4. System where jobs are given to supporters of candidates based on who you know in power
__ 5. multi-family apartments, usually dark, crowded, and barely meeting minimal living standards
A.A. patronage
B. tenement
C. political machine
D. party boss
E. graft
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
CC
DD
EE
AA
BB
Muckrakers
1906
They expose problems to inform the average
citizen by writing about them
Meat Inspection Act-1906Pure Food and Drug Act(1906)-require accurate
labeling of food and drugs.
Jacob Riis
1890- How the Other Half Lives
Jane Addams
Tenements- 2-3 families crammed into one slum Apartment.
Settlement Houses-community centers in slum areas run by middle class women. They provided classes, medical care, day-care, kindergarten
Hull House- Chicago
• What did Political Machines do and what did they expect in return?
• When party bosses were elected into office what did they do?
Real Quick