GIS TRAINING

USE OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN PLANNING

PROSPER GASS KEKETSYOR-ILGS

Objective1 Basic concepts Functionalities of GIS Available software (Open

source and closed) Various Tools and Applications Overview of Spatial Information Data Manipulation practice

Overview1 Definition- GIS for lanning Parts of GIS in Planning Functions of GIS in Planning Elements of GIS Spatial Information Systems-

Types Applications of GIS in Planning Users of GIS in Planning Questions GIS can answer

What is GIS?Peter Burrough 1996- “GIS is

a powerful set of tools for storing and retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes

What is GIS?Clarke 1995- “GIS are

automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data”

What is GIS?Jack Estes and Jeffery Star

1990-“GIS is an information system designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of operations for working with the data”

What is GIS?Duecker 1979-“A geographic

information system is a special case of information systems where the database consists of observations on spatially distributed features, activities or events, which are definable in space as points, lines, areas. A geographic information system manipulates data about these points, lines and areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analyses”

What is GIS?ESRI (Environmental

Systems Research Institute) 1995- “GIS is a computer system capable of holding and using data describing places on the earth’s surface”

GIS basically has three components namely:

The DatabaseThe spatial or map

informationSomeway to link the two

5 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF A GIS

1. Data Acquisition Data acquisition is the process of identifying and gathering data required for your application.

- Topographic maps- Aerial photography- Satellite images- Field observation- Statistical information- Survey information

5 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF A GIS

2. Data input (processing) Data input involves manipulating the data in several ways so that it may be entered into the GIS.

- Use of GPS-data (input through x, y coordinates)- Digitizing (Vector)- Scanning (raster)- Vectorizing- Aerial photographs (raster)- Satellite data (raster)

The process of extracting information from these data sets and recording the information in a computer database also is a very time consuming effort.

5 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF A GIS

3. Data management- Management of geographic

data sets (vector data, raster data and images e.g. TIFF Files or graphics)

- Storage of data (database), update, deletion and retrieval of data (very important are issues of security-e.g only specific users have access to the system and its databases)

- Project management (overall objectives of project, quality control, database structure, organisation of thematic layers)

5 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF A GIS

4. Data analysis- Tabular analysis using logical

operators- Measurement of area or

perimeter and length- Polygon overlay- Interpolation e.g generation of

DEM’s (calculation of slope, aspect etc)

Generalization of objects

5 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF A GIS

5. Data output Data display is the phase where final

outputs from the GIS are created. These output products might include:- statistical reports (e.g average

population densities for specific areas)

- maps of various kinds (hardcopies)

Data conversion (DXF, ASCII, DEM, EOO, Illustrator, EPS)

- Screen demostrations (ARC/VIEW)

- Graphs and charts displaying data analysis

Spatial Information Systems

Types Three types of spatial information systems can be distinguished.

1. Computer Aided Design (CAD) Graphic systems used by industrial designers, architects

and landscape architects to support and display their work.

2. Land Use Information Systems (LIS) Functions as an administrative system for the

management of geographic data on land use. The central focus is the development of a very detailed database. LIS provides powerful tools for local planning authorities and public infrastructure agencies operating at a very detailed micro scale.

3. Geographic Information System (GIS) GIS tend to support analysis, planning and evaluation at

a more macro scale. They are used to assist the research required to formulate and evaluate central and local government policy with respect to different aspects of physical and environmental planning on the one hand, and economic or strategic planning on the other. The distinguishing feature of GIS in comparison with LIS and CAD is the availability of spatial analytical tools.

Spatial Information Systems

Other Information Systems

1. Space Information Systems A space information system is an instrument for

decision making for planning and development in regional areas. The database contains data of the population, economy and settlement development as well a infrastructure, land use and resource management.

2. Meta Information Systems (LIS) A meta-information system is an information system

about informations. It describes aspects of information processing and availability (which information one can get and where).

3. Environmental Information System (GIS) An expanded geographic information system for

recording, storing, processing and presenting spatial, temporal and subject-related data in order to describe the state of the environment with regard to burdens and hazards and which forms the basis for environmental protection measures.

APPLICATION AND USERS OF GIS

- civil engineering- construction- architecture- landscape architecture

- public utilities (water, gas, electricity, telephone)

- real estate (land and property)

- management of infrastructure (roads, railways, water supply)

housing, listed buildings, industry

APPLICATION AND USERS OF GIS

- traffic and transport planning

- agriculture planning- environmental and

natural - - resource management

- recreation planning- location decisions- spatial planning (land

use)- service planning

(education, social services etc..)

- marketing- regional and town

planning- thematic cartography

Questions GIS can answer

A GIS can be distinguished by listing the types of questions it can (or should be able to) answer. A sophisticated GIS should be able to answer five questions:

Location (what is at?) What exists at a particular location? For

example: place name post code geographic references such as

longitude and latitude

Condition (Where is it?)

This question requires spatial analysis. Instead of just finding a specific location, you want to find a location where certain conditions are satisfied.

For example: an unforested section of land at

least 2000 square meters in size within 100 meters of a road

Questions GIS can answer

Trends (What has

changed since?) This question seeks to find

differences within an area over time. Using different information sources (topographic maps, aerial photographs and satellite images from different time periods) you could find out:

- Changes in Land use during the past 10 years Flooded areas during the

past 10 years Spread of land degradation

Questions GIS can answer

Patterns (What spatial

patterns exist?) - Relationship between ground water

levels and vitality of vegetation Is cancer a major cause of death among

residents near a nuclear power station

. Modeling (What if?)These kind of question require both

geographic and other information What happens if a new road is

added to a network (traffic congestion, air pollution)

What happens if a toxic substance seeps into the local groundwater supply

REMOTE SENSING

What is Remote Sensing ?

“Remote Sensing is defined as the science and technology by

which characteristics of objects of interest can be identified

without direct contact”

Earth observation from space and air

(Satellite Observation Systems)

Remote Sensing is a technology to observe objects' size, shape and character without direct contact with them.

The reflected or radiatedelectromagnetic (EM)

waves are received by sensors aboard

platform.

Advantages of Satellite Observation

Enables to observe a broad area at a time

Enables to observe the area for a long period

– Repeat pass observation (Time series data, Change

detection)

Enables to know the condition without visiting the area

Enables to know invisible information

– Sensors for various electromagnetic spectrum

(Infrared, microwave)

INSTRUMENTS

The instruments used for this special technology are known as remote sensors and include photographic cameras, mechanical scanners, and imaging radar systems. Regardless of type, they are designed to both collect and record specific types of energy that impinges upon them. Remote sensing devices can be differentiated in terms of whether they are active or passive.

To complete the remote sensing process, the data captured and recorded by remote sensing systems must be analyzed by interpretive and measurement techniques in order to provide useful information about the subjects of investigation. These techniques are diverse, ranging from traditional methods of visual interpretation to methods using sophisticated computer processing. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that data is not information. Accordingly, the two major components of remote sensing are data capture and data analysis.

PRODUCTS

Accra, Airport City