Gist of India Year Book 2014 - IAS EXAM PORTAL...2. Anand Fellowship 3. Premchand Fellowship • Sahitya Akademi Honorary Fellowship is the highest honour conferred by the Akademi

41Gist of India Year Book 2014

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CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTER

8 Intoduction 8 Libraries8 Visual Arts 8 Tourism8 Performing Arts 8 Organisation8 Tangible Cultural Heritage 8 MCQs for Final Practice

Culture and Tourism

5

VISUAL ARTS

Lalit Kala Akademi• To promote and propagate understanding of

Indian art, both within and outside the country,the Government of India established Lalit KalaAkademi (National Akademi of Arts) at NewDelhi on 5 August 1954.The Akademi has regionalcentres called Rashtriya Lalit Kala Kendras atLucknow, Kolkata, Chennai, Garhi in New Delhiand Bhubaneswar with workshop facilities inpainting, sculpture, print-making and ceramics.

• Since its inception, the Akademi has beenorganising national exhibition of contemporaryIndian art with 15 national awards, each of Rs50,000. Every three years, the Akademi alsoorganises Triennial India, an Internationalexhibition of contemporary art in New Delhi.

• The Akademi honours eminent artists and arthistorians every year by electing them as Fellowsof the Akademi. To propagate Indian art outside,the Akademi regularly participates in InternationalBiennials and Triennials abroad and also organisesexhibitions of works of art from other countries.

• The Akademi also brings out bi-annual artjournals, Lalit Kala Contemporary (English), LalitKala Ancient (English) and Samkaleen Kala(Hindi).

PERFORMING ARTSMusic

• Two main schools of classical music—Hindustaniand Carnatic continue to survive through oraltradition being passed on by teachers to disciples.This has led to the existence of family traditionscalled gharanas and sampradayas.

Dance

• Dance in India has an unbroken tradition of over2,000 years. Important among them are BharataNatyam, Kathakali, Kathak, Manipuri,Kuchipudi and Odissi. Bharata Natyam thoughit derives its roots from Tamil Nadu, hasdeveloped into an all India form. Kathakali is adance form of Kerala. Kathak is a classical danceform revitalised as a result of Mughal influence onIndian culture. Manipur has contributed to adelicate, lyrical style of dance called Manipuri,while Kuchipudi is a dance form owing its originto Andhra Pradesh. Odissi from Orissa, oncepractised as a temple dance, is today widelyexhibited by artistes across the country.

Sangeet Natak Akademi

• Sangeet Natak Akademi, India’s National Academyof Music, Dance and Drama, may be regarded as

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a pioneer in the process of creation of modernIndia that led politically to India’s freedom in1947.

• The National Academy of Dance, Drama, andMusic, named Sangeet Natak Akademi, wasestablished by a resolution of the Ministry ofEducation, headed by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad,signed on 31 May 1952. On 28 January 1953,Sangeet Natak Akademi was inaugurated by thethen President of India, Dr Rajendra Prasad. TheAkademi’s charter of functions contained in the1952 resolution was expanded along the originallines in 1961, when Sangeet Natak Akademi wasreconstituted by the Government as a society andregistered under the Societies registration Act of1860 (as amended in 1957).

• The great masters of the performing arts have beenelected as Fellows of the Akademi. The SangeetNatak Akademi Awards conferred annually oneminent artists and scholars are considered themost coveted honours in the field of theperforming arts.

• Sangeet Natak, the Akademi’s journal publishedsince 1965, had proved to be one of the longest-running periodicals in its own domain, and haspublished the original work of both eminentwriters as well as those of lesser known.

• In 1959 the Akademi established the NationalSchool of drama and in 1964 the Kathak Kendra,both being based in Delhi.

Sahitya Akademi• Sahitya Akademi was founded in March 1954 as

an autonomous body fully funded by theDepartment of Culture. It was registered as aSociety in 1956 under the Societies RegistrationAct, 1860. The Akademi has recognised 24languages. There are four Regional Boards topromote regional interaction among the languagesof the North, West, East and South. Besides itsHead Office in New Delhi, it has four offices : inKolkata, Mumbai, Bangaluru and Chennai. TheAkademi has two Translation Centres at Bangaloreand Kolkata, besides a Project Office at Shillongfor promotion of oral and tribal literature and anArchives of Indian literature in Delhi. It maintainsa unique multilingual library in New Delhi and atits regional offices at Bangaluru and Kolkata,having about 1.5 lakh books in over 25 languages.

The three fellowships by Sahitya Akademi are:-1. Sahitya Akademi Honorary Fellowhip

2. Anand Fellowship3. Premchand Fellowship

• Sahitya Akademi Honorary Fellowship is thehighest honour conferred by the Akademi on awriter, by electing him as its Fellow. Thishonour is reserved for the ‘immortals ofliterature’ and limited to twenty-one only atany given time.

• Anand Fellowship instituted in 1996 in thename of the great scholar and aesthete Dr.Ananda Coomaraswamy is offered to scholarsfrom Asian Countries to pursue literaryprojects of their choice.

• Sahitya Adademi also instituted a Fellowshipnamed after Premchand during his 125th BrithAnniversary in 2005. This Fellowship is givento scholars doing research on Indian literatureor to creative writers from the countries of theSAARC region other than India.

• It has three journals, Indian Literature (bi-monthly in English), Samkaleena BharatiyaSahitya (bi-monthly in Hindi) and SamskritaPratibha (half-yearly in Sanskrit).

• The Akademi also introduced a new series ofprogrammes entitled Sur Sahitya as part of theGolden Jubilee celebrations in 2004-05.

National School of Drama• The National School of Drama (NSD) - one of the

foremost theatre institutions in the world and theonly one of its kind in India was set up by SangeetNatak Akademi in 1959. Later in 1975, it becamean autonomous organisation, totally financed byDepartment of Culture. The objective of NSD isto train students in all aspects of theatre, includingtheatre history, production, scene design, costumedesign, lighting, make-up, etc. The training courseat NSD is of three years duration. Each year, 20students are admitted to the course.

• The School has a performing wing, a RepertoryCompany which was set up in 1964 with the dualpurpose of establishing professional theatre on onehand and continuing with the regular experimentalwork on the other.

• The Theatre-in-Education Company (renamed asSanskar Rang Toli) was founded in 1989 and hasbeen actively involved in production of plays forchildren, organising summer theatre workshops inthe schools of Delhi and also promoting children’stheatre through Saturday Club.





















• Since 1998, the School has organised NationalTheatre Festival for Children christened ‘JashneBachpan’ every year.

• The first ever National Theatre Festival christenedBharat Rang Mahotsav was held from 18 Marchto 14 April 1999 to commemorate the 50th yearof India’s Independence.

Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts• The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts

(IGNCA) was Established in 1987 in the memoryof the Late Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, it isinvolved in multifarious activities such as research,publication, training, documentation, disseminationand networking and is poised to grow into a largerepository of information pertaining to the arts inIndia.

• The IGNCA has six functional Units - Kala Nidhi,the multi-form library; Kala Kosa, devoted mainlyto the study and publication of fundamental textsin Indian Languages; Janapada Sampada, engagedin lifestyle studies; Kaladarsana, the executive unitwhich transforms researches and studiesemanating from the IGNCA into visible formsthrough exhibitions; Cultural Informatics Lab,which applies technology tools for culturalpreservation and propagation; and Sutaradhara,the administrative section that acts as a spinesupporting and coordinating all the activities.

• The IGNCA has three Regional Centres inIndia. The IGNCA has a Southern RegionalCentre (SRC) headquartered in Bangaluru. Itsestablishment in 2001 was aimed at intensifyingthe Centre’s studies on thesouthern region’s artand cultural heritage. The Centre’s office inVaranasi is an extension of the Kalakosa Division.This office gives academic input and support ofIndological and Sanskrit studies of Kalakosa. Thefield centre of the IGNCA for the North East isbased in Guwahati. Its main task is to collaboratein programmes relat ing to the culture-r ichcommunities in the north eastern region.

Centre for Cultural Resources and Training• The Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

(CCRT) is one of the premier institutions workingin the field of linking education with culture. TheCentre was set up in May 1979 as an autonomousorganisation by the Government of India. Withheadquarters in New Delhi, it has three regionalcentres at Udaipur, Hyderabad and Guwahati.

Zonal Cultural Centres (zcc)• The seven zonal cultural centres were established

under this scheme during 1985-86 at Patiala,Kolkata, Thanjavur, Udaipur, Allahabad, Dimapurand Nagpur.

TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

Archaeological Survey of India• The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) was

established in 1861. It functions as an attachedoffice of the Department of Culture. Theorganisation is headed by the Director General.The major activities of the ArchaeologicalSurvey of India are : (i) Survey of archaeologicalremains and excavations; (ii) Maintenance andconservation of centrally protected monuments,sites and remains; (iii) Chemical preservation ofmonuments and antiquarian remains; (iv)Architectural survey of monuments; (v)Development of epigraphical research andnumismatic studies; (vi) Setting up and re-organisation of site museums; vii) Expeditionabroad; (viii) Training in Archaeology; (ix)Publication of technical report and research works.

• There are 24 Circles and 5 Regional Directoratesthrough which the Archaeological Survey of Indiaadminister the work of preservation andconservation of monuments under its protection.

• Under the Ancient Monuments and ArchaeologicalSites and Remains Act, 1958, the ASI has declared3,675 monuments/ s ites to be of nationalimportance in the country which includes 21properties that are inscribed on the World HeritageList by UNESCO.

• Three sites, namely, Champaner - PavagarhArchaeological Park in Gujarat, Chhatrapati ShivajiTerminus (formerly Victoria Teminus) Station inMumbai and the Brihadisvara temple complex,Gangakondacholapuram and the Airavatesvairatemple complex, Darasuram as an extension to theBrihadisvara temple complex, Thanjavur (nowcommonly called as the Great Living CholaTemples) have been inscribed on the WorldHeritage List of UNESCO in 2004.

• Nomination dossiers for the following sites havebeen sent to the World Heritage Centre forinscription on the World Heritage List ofUNESCO :(i) Shri Harminder Sahib (Golden Temple) at





















Amritsar, Punjab.(ii) Majuli Island in Mid-stream of river

Brahmaputra in Assam.(iii) Valley of Flowers as an extension to the Nanda

Devi National Park in Uttaranchal.(iv) Red Fort, Delhi (a deferred nomination).

Underwater Archaeology Wing: Search, study andpreservation of cultural heritage lying submerged in inlandor territorial waters are among the principal functions ofthe Underwater Archaeology Wing. It carries out explorationand excavation in Arabian Sea as well as in Bay of Bengal.

Science Branch : The headquarters of Science Branchof the Survey is at Dehradun.

Horticulture Branch : The branch provides periodicplants to be used in gardens by developing base nurseries atDelhi, Agra, Srirangapatnam and Bhubaneswar.

Epigraphy Branch : The Epigraphy Branch atMysore carries out research work in Sanskrit and Dravidianlanguages while the one at Nagpur carries out researchwork in Arabic and Persian.

Expeditions Abroad : The ASI has taken up theconservation project of Ta Prohm, Cambodia under theITEC programme of Ministry of External Affairs with anoutlay 19.51 crore. The conservation project has beenstarted as per the assurance of the Hon’ble Prime Ministerof India, during his visits to Cambodia in April andNovember 2002, on the request of the Royal Governmentof Cambodia for India’s assistance in Conservation andRestoration of Prasat Ta Prohm. The conservation projectis for a period of ten years and is to be completed in fivephases. The ASI has commenced the conservation projectfrom January 2004 onwards and it was formally launchedin February 2004 in Cambodia.National Mission on Monuments andAntiquities (NMMA)

• The National Mission on Monuments andAntiquities was launched on 19 March, 2007 witha budgetary out lay of 90 crore. Its mandateincludes preparation a National Register for BuiltHeritage, Sites and Antiques and setting up of aState level database on Built Heritage, Sites andAntiquarian wealth for information anddissemination to planners, researchers etc. andbetter management of such cultural resources. Thetime frame prescribed for the NMMA toaccomplish its mandate is five years.

National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM)• The National Mission for Manuscripts was

launched by the Government in 2003 with theIndira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA)as the nodal agency. There are 46 ManuscriptsResource Centres, 33 Manuscripts ConservationCentres, 42 Manuscript Partner Centres and 300Manuscripts Conservation Partner Centres.

National Museum• The National Museum, which was set up in 1949

and which has been functioning as a subordinateoffice under the Ministry of Culture since 1960,houses over 2.6 lakh art objects dating fromprehistoric era onwards.

National Gallery of Modern Art• The National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA),

New Delhi was founded in 1954.National Museum Institute of History of Art,Conservation and Museology

• The National Museum Institute of History ofArt, Conservation and Museology, New Delhi, anautonomous organisation fully funded by theMinistry of Culture was established and declareda Deemed University in 1989.

National Research Laboratory forConservation of Cultural Property

• The National Research Laboratory forConservation of Cultural Property (NRLC), whichwas established in 1976, is a Subordinate Office ofthe Department of Culture, and is recognised bythe Department of Science and Technology as ascientific institution of the Government of India.

Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture,Kolkata

• The Institute was conceived in 1936 as one of thepermanent memorials to Sri Ramakrishna (1836-1886) on the occasion of his first birth centenary.It was formally established on 29 January 1938 asa branch centre of the Ramakrishna Missionfounded by Swami Vivekananda to propagate themessage of Vedanta as propounded by SriRamakrishna, whose basic teachings stressed: (i)the equality of all religions; (ii) the potentialdivinity of man; and (iii) service to man as a wayof worshipping

Anthropological Survey of India• The Anthropological Survey of India is a premier

research organisation under the Ministry ofCulture. It has completed 59 years of its existenceand has adhered itself to its commitments to carry





















out anthropological researches in the area of bio-cultural aspects of Indian population in general andon those who are referred to as the ‘‘Weakest ofthe Weak’’ in particular. Besides this there are otherpertinent activities of the Survey, which includecollection, preservation, maintenance; documen-tation and study of ethnographic materials as wellas ancient human skeletal remains.

• Over the years the Survey generated informationfrom grass-root level through sustained research byits Head Office at Kolkata and also its sevenRegional Centres, one Sub-regional Centre, onepermanent field station and eight other fieldstations located in various parts of the country,besides a Camp Office at New Delhi. During theTenth Plan following National Projects are beingstudied namely, Cultural Dimension of Tourism inthe Biosphere Reserve in addition to the locationsof tourists interest.

National Archives of India• The National Archives of India (NAI), New Delhi

known until Independence as Imperial RecordDepartment was originally established in Kolkataon 11 March 1891. It has a Regional Office atBhopal and three Record Centres at Bhubaneswar,Jaipur and Pondicherry.

LIBRARIES

National Library• The National Library, Kolkata was established in

1948 with the passing of the imperial Library(Change of Name) Act, 1948.

Central Secretariat Library

• The Central Secretariat Library (CSL) originallyknown as Imperial Secretariat Library, Kolkatawas established in 1891. Since 1969 the Libraryhas been housed at Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi.

• The Library has two branches, namely, Hindi andRegional Languages Wing popularly known asTulsi Sadan Library, Bahawalpur House, NewDelhi and a Text Book Library located at R.K.Puram, New Delhi.

• The CSL recently launched, a portal “IndiaInformation Gateway” and its Web Site http:www.csl.nic.in was inaugurated by Secretary,Ministry of Culture on 21 March 2005. The otherimportant libraries include; Raja Rammohan Roy

Library Foundation, Delhi Public Library, RampurRaza library, Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library.

Tourism• Tourism has been a major social phenomenon of

societies all over the world. The importance ofTourism as an instrument of economicdevelopment and employment generation,particularly in remote and backward areas, hasbeen well recognized the world over. It is a largeservice industry globally in terms of gross revenueas well as foreign exchange earnings. Thecontribution of tourism to the country’s GDP andthe total jobs was 5.92 per cent and 9.24 per centrespectively during 2007-08. The total numbers oftourism jobs in the country during 2007-08 were49.8 million.

• India’s performance in tourism sector has beenquite in impressive. During the period 2002 to2012. India witnessed an increase in the ForeignTourist Arrivals (FTAs) from 2.38 million to 6.58million resulting in the average annual increase ofabout 10.7 per cent.

• Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE) from tourismincreased from Rs. 15064 crore in 2002 to 94,487crore in 2012. with an annual growth rate of 21.8per cent. The FEE in US$ terms in 2002 was US$3.10 billion, which increased to US$ 17.7 billionin 2012 with an annual growth of 7.1 per cent.

ORGANISATION

• Some of the important organizations under theadministrative control of Ministry of Tourism areIndian Inst itute of Tourism and TravelManagement (IITTM), National Council for HotelManagement and Catering Technology(NCHMCT), India Tourism DevelopmentCorporation (ITDC), Indian Institute of Skiing andMountaineering (IISM) and National Institute ofWater Sports (NIWS).

• There are 20 field offices of the Ministry ofTourism in India and 14 overseas offices toundertake both developmental promotionalactivities.

India Tourism Development CorporationLimited

• India Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC)is the only Public Sector Undertaking of theMinistry of Tourism, Incorporated on 1st








http://www.csl.nic.in














October, 1966. After the disinvestment of 18hotels, ITDC consolidated its remaining activitiesand restructured itself to take up diversifiedservice-oriented business activities likeconsultancy and execution of tourism andengineering projects, training consultancy inhospitality sector , event management andmounting of Son-et-Lumeire (SEL) Shows etc.

• The Present network of ITDC consists of 8Ashok Group of Hotels, 7 Joint Venture Hotels,1 Restaurants (including one Airport Restaurant),11 Transport Units, Duty 2 shound & hightshows and catering outlets. Besides ITDC is alsomanaging a hotel at Bhratpur and a Touristcomplex at Kosi.

Indian Institute of Tourism and TravelManagement

• The Indian Institute of Tourism and TravelManagment set up in 1983, (IITTM), located inGwalior, is an autonomous body setup to provideeducation in Tourism and Travel Management andto meet the demand for professionally trainedpeople in the tourism industry. The Instituteoffers the educational programmes with an intakeof 60 students each at Gwalior, Bhubaneswar andDelhi centres. The IITTM conducts PG DiplomaProgramme besides training guides in its specialprogramme, namely, ‘Earn while you Learn’.

National Institute of Water Sports, Goa• The Ministry of Tourism set up the National

Institute of Water Sports (NIWS) at Goa astraining cum resource centre for the Water SportsTourism Industry. The NIWS conducts andfacilitates courses in various activities like sailing,scuba diviing, skilling, etc. The Institute also acts

as a nodal centre for water sports-Oriented tourismactivities in the country.

National Council for Hotel Management andCatering Technology

• For steering and regulating the academic efforts ofthe IHMs and FCIs, the Ministry had set up, in1982, the National Council for Hotel Managementand Catering Technology (NCHMCT).

Classification of Hotels under the StarSystem

• To conform to the expected standards for differentclasses of tourists, especially from the point ofview of suitability for international tourists, theMinistry of Tourism classifies hotels under thestar system in six categories, from One to Five StarDeluxe and Heritage Hotels (introduced in 1994)which is undertaken by the Hotel and RestaurantApproval and Classification Committee(HRACC), set up by the Ministry of Tourism.The existing guidelines for project approvalclassification / Re-classification of Hotels wereamended in June 2012.

Heritage Hotel• A Special category for classification of heritage

hotels has been introduced to cover functioning ofhotels in palaces, havelies, castles, forts andresidences built prior to 1950. As the traditionalstructure reflects the ambience and lifestyle of thebygone era and is immensely popular with thetourists.

Incredible India Bed and Breakfast Scheme• The Scheme offers foreign and domestic tourists

an opportunity to stay with Indian family andenjoy the warm hospitality and a taste of Indianculture and cuisine in a clean and affordable place.

1. Consider the following statements about theSahitya Academi:1) It is the Indian Academi of letters meant to

promote the cause of Indian literature was foundedin 1954.

2) The academi instituted a fellowship named afterPremchand, which is given to scholars doingresearch on Indian literature from the countries

of the SAARC region, other than India.3) The Sahitya Academi Publishers books in 22

languages.Which of the above statements is / are correct?

a) 1 & 2 only b) 1 & 3 onlyc) 2 & 3 only d) All of the above.





















Basic Economic Data

6


8 Intoduction 8 Monitoring of Infrastructure Sectors8 Central Statistical Office 8 Member of Parliament Local Area

Development Scheme (MPLADS)8 National Sample Survey Office 8 MCQs for Final Practice

INTRODUCTION

• THE Ministry of Stat istics and ProgrammeImplementation consists of two wings namely:Statistics Wing and Programme ImplementationWing.

• The Ministry is the apex body in the officialstatistical system of the country. It is the authoritythat controls the Indian Statistical Service (ISS) andSubordinate Statistical Service (SSS). It is also theAdministrative Ministry for the Indian StatisticalInstitute, an autonomous registered scientificsociety of national importance. The Ministryincludes, inter-alia, the Central Statistical Office(CSO) and the National Sample SurveyOrganisation (NSSO).

CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE

• The Central Statistical Office (CSO) located inDelhi with a wing at Kolkata, is responsible forformulation and maintenance of stat isticalstandards, work pertaining to national accounts,industrial statistics, consumer price indices forurban non-manual employees, conduct ofeconomic census and surveys, training in officialstatistics, coordination of statistical activitiesundertaken within the country and liaising withinternational agencies in statistical matters.

National and per capita income• National Income is defined as the sum of incomes

accruing to factors of production, supplied bynormal residents of the country before deductionof direct taxes. It is identically equal to the netnational product at Factor Cost.

• National and Per Capita Income for 2011-2012 atFactor Cost at 2004-05 prices are 45,68,249 crorerupees rupees respectively, while at current pricesNational and Per Capita Income are 73,28,878crore rupees and 60,972 rupees respectively.

NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY OFFICE

• The National Sample Survey (NSS) was set up in1950 for conducting large scale sample surveys tomeet the data needs of the country for theestimation of national income and other aggregates.It was reorganized in 1970 by bringing together allaspects of survey work under a single agencyknown as the National Sample SurveyOrganisation (NSSO) under the overall technicalguidance of a Governing Council.

• The Director General and Chief Executive Officer(DG & CEO) of the NSSO is responsible forsupervising the activities of the organization. It hasfour divisions viz. (i) Survey Design and ResearchDivision (SDRD) (ii) Field Operations Division(FOD) (iii) Data Processing Division (DPD) (iv)Co-ordination and Publication Division (CPD).

• The Survey Design Research Division has itsheadquarters a t Kolkata. The FOD has itsheadquarters at New Delhi with a network of 6zonal offices located at Bangluru, Guwahati,





















Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow and Nagpur, 49 regionaloffices and 116 sub-regional offices spreadthroughout the country. The DPD with itsheadquarters at Kolkata, functions through theData processing Centres at Ahmedabad, Bangaluru,New Delhi, Giridh, Kolkata and Nagpur.

• The subjects taken up under socio-economicsurveys are—surveys on Consumer Expenditure,Employment-Unemployment, SocialConsumption (Health , Education, etc.)Manufacturing Enterprises and Service SectorEnterprises in the Unorganized Sector beingcovered once in five years, while subjects like Landand Livestock Holding, Debt and Investment arecovered once in 10 years.

• The data on Consumer Expenditure andEmployment - Unemployment were also collectedin every round from a thin sample along with themain subject of enquiry up to 64th round of NSS.

• The 62nd round of NSS (July 2005 - June 2006)was on Unorganized manu-facturing and usualannual survey of Household ConsumerExpenditure and Employment-Unemployment.

• NSS 63rd round (July 2006 -June 2007) surveywas on “Services Sector Enterprises (excludingTrade) and Household Consumer Expenditure. Allthree reports on this survey have been released.

• NSS 64th round (July 2007 - June 2008) surveywas on Participation and Expenditure inEducation, Employment-Unemployment &Migration and Household Consumer Expenditure.

• NSS 65th round (July 2008-June, 2009) wasdevoted to Domestic Tourism, Housing Condition,Urban Slums and Civic Amenities and the fieldwork this survey was completed in June, 2009.

• The 66th round of NSS is 8th QuinquennialRound on Employment, Unemployment andConsumer Expenditure. Field work of thissurvey has started from July, 2009 and willcontinue up to June, 2010.

• Thereafter, the field work of 67th Round of NSSdevoted to Survey of Un-incorporated nonagricultural Enterprises covering Manufacturing.Trade and Service Sectors will start from 1st July,2010.

• Summary of the results of these surveys are alsopublished in Sarvekshana - a Bi-annual TechnicalJournal of the NSSO.

Annual Survey of Industries• The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) is the

principal source of industrial statistics in India. It

provides statistical information to objectively andrealistically assess and evaluate the change in thegrowth, composition and structure of theorganized manufacturing sector. This sectorcomprises activities related to manufacturingprocesses, repair services, generation, transmission,etc., of electricity, gas and water supply and coldstorage. The survey is conducted annually underthe statutory provisions of the Collection ofStatistics Act, 1953.

• The ASI 2007-08 indicates a total of 1,55,321working factories in all States and Union Territoriesexcept the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoramand Sikkim and the Union Territory ofLakshadweep. These factories together had a totalof fixed capital worth 10,55,96,614 Lakhs, andinvested capital 15,35,17,773 Lakhs. Thesefactories have provided gainful employment to1,13,27,485 persons and distributed 1,29,44,123Lakhs as emoluments to employees.

Energy Statistics 2013• As per the 2011Census, almost 85 percent of rural

households were dependent on traditional biomassfuels for their cooking energy requirements.National Sample Survey 2009-10 reveals thecontinued dependence on firewood in rural areasfor cooking, with percentage of householdsdepending on firewood remaining at 76.3% in2009-10 — a drop of only 2 percentage pointssince 1993-94 — even though the percentage usingLPG has increase from about 2 percent to 11.5percent over the same period. On the other hand,the incidence of dependence on firewood forcooking in urban areas has fallen from about 30percent to 17.5 percent between 1993-94 and2009-10 — a drop of more than 12 percentagepoints — and the incidence of dependence onkerosene has plunged from 23.2 percent to 6.5percent during the same period — a 72 percent fall,while the percent to 64.5 percent.

Economic Census• The Central Statistical Office (CSO) undertook a

countrywide Economic Census, for the first timein 1977 to provide a better frame for conductingfollow-up surveys for collection of detailedinformation particularloy from unorganizedestablisments.

Monitoring of Infrastructure Sectors• The Infrastructure and Project Monitoring

Division (IPMD) in the Ministry of Statistics and





















Programme Implementation is monitoring theperformance of the country’s eleven keyinfrastructure sectors, namely, Power, Coal,Railways, Shipping and Ports,Telecommunications, Fertilizers, Cement,Petroleum & Roads and Civil Aviation.

Twenty Point Programme• The Twenty Point Programme (TPP) was

conceived with the objective of improving thequality of life of the people, especially those livingbelow the poverty line. The programme, initiatedin the year 1975 was restructured in 1982, 1986and in 2006. The restructured programme, knownas Twenty Point Programme (TPP) – 2006,became operational with effect from 1st April,2007.

Twenty Point Programme(TPP) – 2006• Twenty Point Programme (TPP)-2006 originally

consisted of 20 points and 66 items beingmonitored individually by Central NodalMinistries concerned. One of the 66 items viz.“Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)” hassince been merged with another item namely“National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”with effect from 1st April, 2008, which has nowbeen renamed as “Mahatama Gandhi NationalRural Employment Guarantee Act”(MGNREGA) w.e.f. 2nd October, 2009,therefore SGRY was dropped from the list of 66items under TPP-2006. The list of 65 items isenclosed at annexure I.

Annexure-I

TWENTY POINT PROGRAMME (TPP)-2006List of Points and Items under TPP-2006

Point Item Name of the Points/ItemsNo. No.I. Garibi Hatao [Poverty Eradication] Rural Areas 1. Employment generation under the National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act2. Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana3. Rural Business Hubs in Partnership with Panchayats4. Self-help GroupsUrban Areas5. Swaranjayanti Shehari Rozgar Yojana

II. Jan Shakti (Power to People) 6. Local Self Government (Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Bodies)

- Activity Mapping for devolution of functions- Budget Flow of Funds- Assignment of Functionaries

7. Quick and Inexpensive Justice – Gram Nyayalayas and Nyaya Panchayats.8. District Planning Committees.

III. Kisan Mitra [Support to Farmers]9. Water shed development10. Marketing and infrastructural support to farmers11. Irrigation facilities (including minor and micro irrigation) for agriculture12. Credit to farmers13. Distribution of waste land to the landless





















IV. Shramik Kalyan [Labour Welfare]14. Social Security for Agricultural and Unorganised Labour15. Minimum Wages Enforcement (including Farm Labour)16. Prevention of Child Labour17. Welfare of Women Labour

V. Khadya Suraksha [Food Security]18. Food security:

(i) Targeted Public Distribution system (TPDS)(ii) Antodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)(iii) Below Poverty Line (BPL)(iv) Establishing Grain banks in chronically food scarcity areas

VI. Subke Liye Aawas [Housing for All]19. Rural Housing - Indira Awaas Yojana20. EWS/LIG Houses in Urban Areas

VII. Shudh Peya Jal [Clean Drinking Water]21. Rural Areas: Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme22. Urban Areas: Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme

VIII. Jan Jan Ka Swasthya [Health for All]23. Control and prevention of major diseases:

(a) HIV/AIDS (b) TB (c) Malaria (d) Leprosy (e) Blindness24. National Rural Health Mission25. Immunisation of Children26. Sanitation Programme in

- Rural Areas- Urban areas

27. Institutional Delivery28. Prevention of Female Foeticide29. Supplementary nutrition Mothers and Children30. Two Child Norm

IX. Sabke Liye Shiksha [Education for All]31. Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan32. Mid Day Meal Scheme

X. Anusuchit Jaati, Jan Jaati, Alp-sankhyak evam Anya Pichhre Varg Kalyan [Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Minorities and OBCs]

33. SC Families Assisted34. Rehabilitation of Scavengers35. ST Families Assisted36. Rights of Forest dwellers – Owners of minor forest produce37. Primitive Tribal Groups38. No alienation of Tribal lands39. Implementation of Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act [PESA]40. Welfare of Minorities








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41. Professional education among all minority communities42. Reservation of OBCs in

- Education- Employment

XI. Mahila Kalyan [Women Welfare]43. Financial Assistance for Women Welfare Scheme44. Improved participation of women in

(a) Panchayats(b) Municipalities(c) State Legislatures(d) Parliament

XII. Bal Kalyan (Child Welfare)45. Universalisation of ICDS Scheme46. Functional Anganwadis

XIII. Yuva Vikas [Youth Development]47. Sports for all in Rural and Urban areas48. Rashtriya Sadbhavana Yojana49. National Service Scheme

XIV. Basti Sudhar [Improvement of Slums]50. Number of Urban poor families assisted under seven point charter viz. land tenure, housing

at affordablecost, water, sanitation, health, education, and social security.

XV. Paryavaran Sanrakshan evam Van Vridhi [Environment Protection and Afforestation]51. Afforestation

(a) Area Covered under Plantation on - Public and Forest Lands(b) Number of Seedlings planted on -Public and Forest Lands

52. Prevention of pollution of rivers and water bodies53. Solid and liquid waste management in

- Rural Areas- Urban Areas

XVI. Samajik Suraksha [Social Security]54. Rehabilitation of handicapped and orphans55. Welfare of the aged

XVII. Grameen Sadak [Rural Roads]56. Rural Roads – PMGSY

XVIII. Grameen Oorja [Energization of Rural Area]57. Bio-diesel Production58. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana59. Renewable Energy60. Energising Pump sets61. Supply of Electricity62. Supply of Kerosene and LPG





















XIX. Pichhara Kshetra ka Vikas [Development of Backward Areas]63. Backward Regions Grants Fund

XX. e- Shasan [IT enabled e-Governance]64. Central and State Governments65. Panchayats and Municipalities

MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT LOCALAREA DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

(MPLADS)

• The Member of Parliament Local AreaDevelopment Scheme (MPLAD) was launched bythe Government of India on 23rd December,1993, to enable Members of Parliament torecommend works of developmental nature withemphasis on the creation of durable communityassets based on the locally felt needs to be takenup in their Constituencies/States. Initially theMPLADS was under the control of the Ministryof Rural Development. The subject relating tothe MPLADS was transferred to the Ministryof Statistics and Programme implementationin October, 1994.

• In 1993-94, when the Scheme was launched, anamount of 5 lakh per MP was allotted which wasenhanced to 1 crore per annum from 1994-95 perMP constituency. This was further increased to 2crore from 1998-99 and recently in 2011-12 it was

increased to 5 crore.Some of the salient features of the scheme are

enumerated below:-• The MPLADS is a Plan Scheme fully funded by

the Government of India, under which funds arereleased in the form of Grants-in-Aid, as specialCentral Assistance to States.

• The funds released under the scheme are nonlapsable i.e. the funds not released in a particularyear will be carried forward for making releases inthe subsequent years subject to eligibility.

• Examining the eligibility, sanctioning funding,selection of implementing agencies, prioritizationand overall execution, monitoring of the scheme atthe ground level, is done by the DistrictAuthorities.

• The Lok Sabha Members can recommend worksin their respective constituencies. The electedmembers of Rajya Sabha can recommend worksanywhere in the State from which they are elected.Nominated Members of the Lok Sabha and theRajya Sabha can recommend works forimplementation anywhere in the country.

1. Consider the following statements:1) The Infrastructure and Project Monitoring

Division (IPMD) is monitoring the performanceof the country’s 12 key infrastructure sectors.

2) The IPMD monitors the time and cost over runsin respect of the central sector projects costingRs. 150 crore and above.

3) The IPMD prepares and submits monthly reviewreports and capsules reports on the performanceof Infrastructure sectors.

Which of the above statements is / are correct?a) 1 & 2 only b) 1 & 3 onlyc) 2 & 3 only d) All of the above.

2. Consider the following statements:1) The Twenty Point Programme was launched in

1976 and since then it has been restructured threetimes.

2) Earlier there were 66 items in TPP but now it has65 items as SGSY has since been merged withNREGA in 2008.

Which of the above statements is / are correct?a) 1 only b) 2 onlyc) Both 1 & 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2





















Commerce

7


8 Intoduction 8 Special Economic Zones (SEZs)8 Trade Scenario 8 MMTC Ltd.8 Strategy for doubling Exports in next thre years 8 STC8 Multilateral Trade issues and Initiatives 8 PEC

8 MCQs for Final Practice

INTRODUCTION

Foreign trade sector plays a crucial role in India’seconomy growth. The composition and direction of India’sforeign trade has undergone substantial changes, particularly,after the liberalization process which began in the early1990’s.

• As per the disaggregated data on exports ofprincipal commodities during 2011-2012, the topfive commodities of exports include Petroleum(Crude and products), Gems and Jewellery.Transport Equipments, Machinery andInstruments and Drugs, Pharmaceutical &Fine Chemical.

• Import items constitute petroleum (Crush andproducts), Gold, Electronic Goods, Pearls,Precious & Semi-Precious Stones andmachinery except Electrical & Electronicgoods. India is a major player in global tradingsystem and all the major sectors of the Indianeconomy are linked to the world outside directlyor indirectly thought international trade.

TRADE SCENARIO

• India’s exports during 2011-12 reached a level ofRs. 1465959 crore registering a growth of 28.26per cent in rupee terms. In US $ terms, exportsreached a level of US $ 306.0 billion, registering arobust growth of 21.83 per cent from the previous

year. In 2012-13 (P). India’s exports reached alevel of Rs. 16345673 crore with a moderategrowth of 11.51 per cent in rupee terms.

• In 2012-13 (P), India’s imports were as high as Rs.2669840 crore, with a high growth rate of 13.83per cent from the previous year, In US $ terms,imports reached a level of 489.3 billion in 2011-12 with growth rate of 32.33 percent from the lastyear, finally reaching a level of 490.9 billion in2011-12 (P). The trade deficit during 2012-13increased to Rs. 1035167 crore as against Rs.885492 crore during 2011-12. In US $ terms tradedeficit increased to US $ 190.4 billion in 2012-13from US $ 184.5 billion in the previous year.Despite the high levels of exports, the trade deficitincreased as the imports outpaced exports.

• During the period 2012-13, the share of Asia andASEAN region comprising East Asia, ASEAN,West Asia & North Africa (WANA) . NE Asia andSouth Asia accounted for 50.76 per cent of India’stotal exports. The share of Europe in India’s totalexports stood at 18.60 per cent of which EUCountries (27) comprises of 16.75 per cent. BothNorth and South America stand together as aregion with a share of 17.75 per cent in India’stotal exports. During the same period, in the topdestinations United Arab Emirates (12.10 percent) has been the most important country ofexport destination following by USA (12.02 percent), China (4.50 per cent), Singapore (4.52per cent ) and Hong Kong (4.09 per cent).





















• As far as the direction of trade in terms of importsis concerned during the period 2012-13, Asia andASEAN account for the highest percentage sharein India’s total imports with the share of 59.96 percent. Followed by Europe (17.30 per cent) andAmerica (11.87 per cent). Among the individualcountries, the share of China was the highest(11.07 per cent). Followed by United ArabEmirates (7.83 per cent). Switzerland (6.08 percent). Saudi Arabia (6.8 per cent) and USA (4.94per cent).

Export Promotion MeasuresExports Promotion being a constant endeavour of the

Government, export performance is constantly monitored.Export strategy and export policies are formulated basedon actual to performance and goals. The underlyingphilosophy on the latest Annual Supplement to ForeignTrade Policy (2009-2014) announced on 5th June, 2012, isbases on seven broad principles: Giving a focused thrust toemployment intensive, industry, encouraging domesticmanufacturing for inputs to exports industry and reducingthe dependence on imports, promoting technological upgradation in exports, persisting with a strong marketdiversification, encouraging exports from the North EasternRegion given its special place in India’s economy,endeavouring to reduce transaction cost though proceduralsimplification and reduction of human interface. Inaccordance with these principles . it provides for a numberof measures to boost India’s exports, some of which includeextension of 2% Interest Subvention Scheme and zero DutyEPCG Scheme up-to 31.03.2013; supports for exports ofgreen Technology Products; measures for market andProduct Diversification; duty free imports ofembellishments for exports of synthetic madeups, “e-BRCInitiative” launched by DGFT, etc. Government of Indiahas been undertaking such measures to enhance India’sexports . For the year, 2011-12 (provisional), themerchandise exports touched US $ 304.6 billion. Thoughtthe measures announced in the latest Annual Supplementto FTP, the government experts to achieve its target of USbillion exports 2013-14.)Strategy for Doubling Exports in NextThree Years

The Government came out which this strategy in May2011. The salient points of this strategy are as under:

The Target: The target is to double the country’smerchandise export in dollar terms over the next three years(2011-12 to 2013-14) from US & 246 billion in 2010-11to US $ 500 billion in 2013-14. To realize this, exportshave to grow at a compound average growth of 26.7% per

annum. The overall strategy to realize this goal is:Product Strategy

1. Build on our strength in sectors with great growthpotential:• engineering goods• basic chemical industries and organic and

inorganic chemical industries• pharmaceutical industrial (including biotech)• electronics

2. Promote light manufacturing exports with highvalue addition:• leather products and textiles

3. Encourage high employment generating sectors:• gems and jewellery• agriculture products

Market Strategy• Focus on markets in Asia (including ASEAN),

Africa and Latin America• Open up new vistas, both in terms of markets and

new products in these new markets• Retain presence and market share in our “old

developed country markets”• Move up the value chain in providing products in

these old developed country marketsTechnologies and R&D

Areas and hold out promise for high technologyexports:

• Pharmaceuticals• Electronics• Automobiles• Computer and software based smart engineering• Environmental products; green technology and

high-value engineering products.• High and areas in electronics, aerospace, and

engineering products.Building a Brand Image

• thrust for quality up gradation• expanded certificat ion of expert products

encouraged, where needed.• Brand India promotion campaign for key products.

Essential SupportEssential policy support needed to realized the

ambitions exports targets for 2013-14 and beyond is:• Stable policy environment: Continuation of

existing incentive schemes• Preferential access to new markets: Putting in

place conductive trading arrangements





















• Reduction in transaction coast: Implementation ofrecommendation of Task Force

• Substantial step up in overall Plan support• Priority s trengthening of trade related

infrastructure.Multilateral Trade Issues and InitiativesThe Doha Round of WTO Talk

• India supports an open, equitable, predictable,non-discriminatory and rules-based multilateraltrading regime and believes that such as regime bestserves the needs of developing countries. TheWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) provides a solidand stale framework for global trade relations. TheDoha Round of trade negotiations in the WorldTrade Organisation (WTO) provides a historicopportunity to correct distortions in global tradeand to improve and strengthen the rules to enabledeveloping countries to play a greater role in worldtrade.

• The Doha Round has been underway since 2011.The negotiating mandate of the Round as agreed toby all the members of the WTO is contained in theDoha Ministerial Declaration of 14 November2011; further elaborated and complemented by theGeneral Council Decision of 1 August, 2004 andthe Honk Kong Ministerial Declaration of 18December 2005.

• After an intensive phase of negotiations during2007 and 2008, the talks have not made muchprogress. In July 2008, a mini-Ministerial meetingwas convened in Geneva with the objective offinalizing modalities for Agriculture and Non-Agriculture Market Access (NAMA). However,the meeting ended without an agreement of anyissue.

• In September 2009, India sent out a strong signalof support for the Doha Round by taking theinitiative to host and informal Ministerial meetingof about 30 WTO member countries in New Delhi,in order to re-energies the Doha Round. Theobjective was to remove the impediments comingin the way of multilateral discussion and to provideclear directions to negotiators to re-energies themultilateral process at the WTO.

• Following the directions of leaders at the G-20Seoul Summit, discussions in the WTO took placein accordance with an agreed Work Programmeaimed at concluding the Doha Round in 2011.However, the progress was again slow and gaps inpositions remained wide.

• In order to take the Doha agenda forward, the DG,WTO and Chairpersons of various NegotiatingGroups brought out comprehensive reports on21st April 2011 detailing both the progress madeas well as the wide gaps remaining on many WTOissues.

• In light of the persistent lack of progress in thetalks, from May 2011 onwards, WTO Membershave been discussing the possibility of selectivelyconcluding some of the issues covered in the DohaDevelopment Agenda as an ‘Early Harvest’package in time for a regular MinisterialConference of the WTO scheduled to be held inDecember 2011.

India’s Initiatives for Developing Countries• India became the first developing country to

extend Duty Free Quota Free (DFQF) access in allLDCs in line with the WTO’s Hong KongMinisterial mandate. India’s Duty Free TariffPreference (DFTP) Scheme for LDCs came intoeffect in April 2008 with tariff reduction spreadover five years. This Scheme covers about 92.5per cent of global exports of all LDCs andprovides duty free and preferential tariff access on94 per cent of India’s tariff lines. 29 countries (21of which are from Africa) are already availing ofthe market access and the rest are in the processof completing their documentation for joining thescheme.

• A Cotton Technical Assistance Programme forAfrican countries has been conceptualised anddesigned in fulfilment of India’s commitment to theCotton-4 countr ies in the WTO, Geneva toprovide cotton development assistance to them.Cotton plays a very important role in theeconomies of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad andMali, known as the Cotton- 4 Counties. TheTechnical Assistance programme for Benin,Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali Nigeria, Uganda andMalawi for an amount of Rs. 21 crore becompleted over a period of three years wasannounced at the Second Africa-India ForumSummit (AIFS) held in Ethiopia in May 2011. TheProgramme aims at augmenting upstreamcapabilities and downstream potential in cottonvalue chain and assisting Governments in designingprograms and policies for strengthening thecompetitiveness of the sector in the participatingcountries.





















• The Programme was formally launched on 17march 2012 during a meeting of India-Africa TradeMinisters in New Delhi.

FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS (FTAS)PREFERENTIAL TRADE

AGREEMENTS (PTAS)

India got engaged with its trading partners/blocks withthe intention of expanding its export market since earlypart of this decade and began concluding. In principleagreements to move, in some cases, towards Comprehensive

Economic Cooperation Agreements (CECA) which coversFTA in goods (i.e. having a zero customs duty regime withina fixed time frame on items covering substantial trade and arelatively small negative list of sensitive items on which noor limited duty concessions are available), services,investment and identified areas of economic cooperation.

• So far, Indian has concluded 10 Free TradeAgreements (FTAs), 5 limited scope ProfessionalsTrade Agreements (PTAs) and is in the process ofnegotiating/expanding 17 more Agreements. India’simportant trade engagements are briefly listed inthis section. India Japan CEPA came into forcefrom August 1, 2011.

Table: Details of India’s FTAS and PTAS Already Signed and Currently Under Negotiation

PTAs Already Signed

S. Name of the Agreement Date of Date of Implement ofNo. Signing of the the Agreement

Agreement

1. India –Sri Lanka FTA 28th December, 1998 March, 2000

2. Agreement on SAFTA (Indian, 4th January, 2004 1st January, 2006Pakistan, Bangladesh, (Tariff concessionsBhutan and the Maldives) implemented from

1st July, 2006)3. Revised Agreement of 27.10.2009 2710.2009

Cooperation betweenGovernment of India andNepal to controlunauthorized trade

4. India-Bhutan Agreement on 17.01.1972 Renewed periodical,Trade Commerce and Transit with mutually agreed

modifications5. India-Thailand FTA-Early 01.09.2004 01.09.2004

Harvest Scheme (EHS)6. India-Singapore CECA 29th June, 2005 1st August, 20057. India-ASEAN-CECA-Trade in 13.08.2009 01.01.2010

Goods Agreement (Brunei,Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam)

8. India-South Korea CEPA 07.08.2009 01.01.20109. India-Japan CEPA 16.02.2011 01.08.2011

10. India-Lalaysia CEPA 18.02.2011 01.07.2011





















FTAs Already SignedS.No.Name of the Agreement Date of Signing Date of Implement of the

of the Agreement Agreement1. Asia Pacific Trade July, 1975 (received 1st November, 1976

Agreement (APTA) Agreement signed(Bangladesh, on 2nd November,China India, 2005Republic of Korea,Sri Lanka)

2. Global System of Trade April, 1988 April, 1989Preference (GSTP)(Algeria, Argentina,Bangladesh, Benin,Bolivia, Brazil,Cameroon, Chile,Colombia, Cuba,Democratic People’sRepublic of Korea,Ecuador, Egypt,Ghana, Guinea,Guyana, India,Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,Libya, Malaysia,Mexico, Morocco,Mozambique, Myanmar,Nicaragua, Nigeria,Pakistan, Peru,Philippines, Republicof Korea, Foramina,Singapore, Sri Lanka,Sudan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Tanzania,Venezuela, Vietnam,Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe)

3. India-Afghanistan 6th March, 2003 May, 20034. India-MERCOSUR 25th January, 2004 June 1, 20095. India-Chile 8th March, 2006 September, 2007

FTAs/PTAs Currently Under NegotiationS.No. Name of the Agreement Status

1. India-EUBTIA (Austria, Belgium, Negotiation launched on 28th JuneBulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, 2007 in the areas of Goods, Services,





















Denmark, Estonia Finland, France, Investment, Sanitary and Phyto-Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, sanitary Measures, TechnicalItaly, Latvia, Lithuania, Barriers to Trade, Trade FacilitationLuxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, and Customs Cooperation,Poland, Portugal, Romania, Competition, IPR & GIs, etc.TheSlovakia, Spain, Sweden, thirteen rounds of negotiations haveUnited Kingdom) been held till date. 13th round was

held during 30th March-6th April, 2011 inNew Delhi.

2. India-ASEAN CECA-Services and Negotiations of Trade in Services andInvestment Agreement (Brunei, Investment are under way.9 meetingCambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, of Negotiating Groups have beenMyanmar, Philippines, Singapore, held so farThailand and Vietnam)

3. India-Sri Lank CEPA FTA in goods implemented fromMarch 2000 Negotiations onInvestments and Services areunderway.

4. India-Thailand CECA Early Harvest Scheme on 82 itemsimplemented. 20 Meetings on the Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC)have been held so far. 20th TNBC meeting was held in April 28-30, 2011.

5. India-Mauritius CECPA The last round (tenth) was held onOctober, 2006

6. India EFTA BTIA (Iceland, Norway 8 rounds of negotiation have beenLiechtenstein and Switzerland) held so far, 8th round was held in

June, 2011 in Delhi.7. India-New Zealand FTA/CECA The anavgural round or FTA/CECA

negotiation was held in April, 2010 in New Delhi. So far four rounds onnegotiations have been held. The fourth round was held during 7-11

March, 2011 in New Delhi.8. India-Isreal FTA To rounds of FTA/CECA negotiation

was held in April, 2010 in New Delhi. So farfour rounds of negotiations have been held.The fourth round was held during 7-11March, 2011 in New Delhi.

9. India-Singapore CECA Second review of India-Singapore ofCECA was launched in May, 2010.Three rounds of review meetingshave been held so far.

10. India-SACU PTA (South Africa, Five rounds of negotiation have beenBotswana, Lesotho, Swaziland held so far 5th round was held inand Namibia) October 2010.





















11. India-Mercosur PTA (Argentina, Brazil, The PTA is being expanded byParaguay and Uruguay) wideningproduct coverage anddepending preferences. Secondmeeting of Joint AdministrativeCommittee on India-Mercosur PTAtook place in June 2010.

12. India-Chile PTA The PTA is being expanded bywidening product coverage anddeepening preferences. Threemeeting for expansion of the India-Chile PTA have taken place so far.The 3rd meeting was held in 30 June-1 July, 2011 in Chile.

13. BIMSTEC CECA (Bangladesh, India, 19 meetings of the Trade NegotiationMyanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Committee (TNC) have been takenBhutan and Nepal) place. 19th meeting was held in

Bangkok from 21 to 23, February2011. Texts of the agreements ontrade in goods, rules of Origin,customs cooperation and tradefacilitation have been finalized.Negotiations on the agreements onservice and investments arecontinuing.

14. India-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Two rounds of negotiation have beenFramework Agreement (Saudi Arabia, held so far. The 2nd round was heldOman, Kuwait, Bahrain, in September 9-10, 2008.Qaar and Yemen).

15. India-Canada FTA Inaugural round of negotiation washeld in November, 2010. Secondround was held in July, 2011.

16. India-Indoneais Comprehensive Commencement of negotiation ofEconomic Cooperation Agreement Indonesia-India CECA was(CECA) announced on 25th January 2011

during the visit of IndonesianPresident to New Delhi. Theinaugural round of negotiations isyet to be held.

17. India-Australia 17th TERC on 20th April, 2011 hasapproved the constitution of a TradeNegotiating Committee (TNC) andlaunching of negotiations for India-





















FTA with Australia. The inauguralround of negotiations is yet to beheld.

18. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ASEAN and its six FTA Partners (Australia,(RCEP Agreement among ASEAN + 6 FTA Partners China, India, Japan, South Korea and New(Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea and Zealand) have been delibrating on a RegionalNew Zealand) Economic Architecture for east Asia for

gereater integration. The ASEANreport on teh Emerging RegionalArchitecture resultedin the ASEAN Framework ona RCEP whichwas adopted by the Leaders of ASEAN aaatthe 19th ASEAN Summit held in November2011 at Bali, Indonesia. During the 20thASEAN Summit held in Cambodia in April2012, ASEAN States agreed tomove towards establishing the RCEPinvolving ASEAN and its FTAP Partners.The objective of launching RCEPnegotiations is to achieve a modern,comprehensive, high-quality and mutuallybeneficial economic partnership agreemetnamong the ASEAN members States andASEAN’s FTA partners. RCEP will covertrade in goods, trade in services, investment,economic and technical cooperation,intellectual property, competition, disputesettlement and other issues.The first meeting of the RCEP TradeNegotiating Committee (RCEP - TNC) washeld in Brunei Darussalam from 9-13 May,2013. The RCEP Working Group of Trade inGoods (WGTIG), the Working Group onTrade in Services (WGTIS) and the WorkingGroup in Investment (WGI) held theirmeetings in parallel to the RCEP-TNC.

PTA With SACU• The Southern African Customs Union (SACU),

the oldest Custom Union of the world, comprisesof South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana,and Namibia. India and SACU commencednegotiations for PTA in October, 2007 and fivemeetings of the negotiating teams have taken place

so far. Fifth round of negotiations on India-SACUPTA was held in New Delhi on 7-8 October 2010.

Focus Africa Programme• The ‘‘Focus Africa’’ Programme was initially

launched with focus on seven countries of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) Region, viz., South Africa,Nigeria, Mauritius, Tanzania, Kenya, Ghana





















and Ethiopia, With a view to further widen anddeepen India’s trade with Africa, the scope of thisProgramme was further extended to includeAngola, Botswana, Ivory-Coast, Madagascar,Mozam-bique, Senegal, Seychelles, Uganda,Zambia, Namibia and Zimbabwe, along-with thesix countries of North Africa, viz., Egypt, Libya,Tunisia, Sudan, Morocco and Algeria. Under thisProgramme, the Government extends assistance toexporters and Export Promotion Councils etc. tovisit countries in Africa and organize trade fairs andalso sponsors African trade delegations to visitIndia. A number of export promotion activitieswere conducted by various Export PromotionCouncils and Apex Chambers with grant underMDA and MAI Scheme. A mega event, ‘The IndiaShow’ was held in South Africa from 29th August,2010 to 1st September, 2010. Another majorevent, ‘Namaskar Africa’, was organized during14th to 15th October, 2010 at Nairobi, Kenya.

Second Africa-India Forum SummitThe 2nd Africa-India Forum Summit was held at Addis,

Ethiopia from 24-25 May, 2011. The Summit was attendedby the Heads of State representing the continent of Africa,the representatives of the African Union (AU) and itsinstitutions and the Prime Minister of Republic of India.

The ‘Addis Ababa Declaration’ issued at the 2ndAfrica-India Forum Summit took note with satisfaction themeeting of the Trade Ministers from African countries andIndia in Addis Ababa and took note of the Joint Statementissued by the Trade Ministers and lent its support to theideas enunciated therein as indicators of our futurecorporation.

Prior to the Summit, and as one of the concurrentevents organized as part of the Summit, ‘India Show’ washeld in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The theme of the ‘IndiaShow’, held from 20th to 22nd May, 2011 was “Africa &India: Partners in Progress-Friends Forever”.Special Economic Zones (SEZS)

• India was one of the first in Asia to recognise theeffectiveness of the Export Processing Zone(EPZ) model in promoting exports, with Asia’sfirst EPZ set up in Kandla in 1965. Seven morezones were set up thereafter. All the 8 ExportProcessing Zones (EPZs) located at Kandla andSurat (Gujarat), Santa Cruz (Maharashtra),Cochin (Kerala), Chennai (Tamil Nadu),Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Falta (WestBengal) and Noida (U.P.) have been convertedinto Special Economic Zones. In order to impart

stability to SEZ regime and to achieve generationof greater economic activity and employmentthrough the establishment of SEZs, a SpecialEconomic Zone Act has been enacted. The SEZAct, 2005, supported by SEZ Rules, came intoeffect on 10th February, 2006.

• In short span of about six years since SEZs Actand rules were notified in February, 2006, formalapprovals have been granted for setting up of 577SEZs out of which 389 have been notified. Out ofthe total employment provided to 10,74,904 lakhpersons in SEZs as a whole 9,40,200 persons isincremental employment generated after February,2006 when the SEZ Act has come into force. Thisis apart from the million of man days ofemployment created by the developer ofinfrastructure activities. Physical exports fromSEZs have increased from 3,15,868 crore in 2010-11 to 3,64,478 crore in 2011-12, registering agrowth of 15.39 per cent. There has been overallgrowth of export of 2531 per cent over past nineyears (2003-04 to 2011-12). The total investmentin SEZs till 31st March, 2012 is Rs. 2,01,874.76crore approximately, including Rs. 1,82,750.74crore in the newly notified zones. 100 % FDI isallowed in SEZs through automatic route.

• A total of 153 SEZs are making exports. Out ofthis 88 are IT/ITES, 17 Multi product and 48 othersector specific SEZs. The total number of units inthese SEZs is 3,400.

MMTC Limited• MMTC Limited is India’s largest trading

company with an annual business turnover ofabout US $ 15 billion. It is the largest exporterof Minerals and Ores from India, leading exporter/importer of Agro Commodities, single largestimporter/supplier of Bullion, a major player in theCoal and Hydrocarbons and Non-Ferrous Metalsimports by the country and one of the India’slargest buyers of Finished Fertilizers and FertilizerRaw Materials. The Company Commandsextensive market coverage in over 65 countries inAsia, Europe, Africa, Oceania and America etc.

• MMTC currently holds the No. 1 rank amongstTrading Companies in India. In FY 2011-12MMTC has achieved turnover of Rs. 65,882crores which includes exports of Rs. 2,045 crore,imports of Rs. 61,020 crores and domestic tradeof Rs. 2,817 crores.

• As a strategy to diversify and add value to itstrading operation, MMTC had earlier set up





















Neelachal Ispat Nigam. Ltd. (NINL)—an Iron andSteel Plant of 1.1 million tonnes per annumcapacity power plants , jointly with theGovernment of Orissa at a total capital outlay ofneatly Rs. 2000 crores. The construction of phaseII of project with an estimated cost of Rs. 1,855crores in under progress.

• MMTC has opened a new foreign office inJohanesburg, South Africa in January, 2011 topromote business in precious metals, semiprecious stones, coal etc. MMTC has entered intoclean power sector that ic environment and eco-friendly by setting up and operating a 15 MWPower farm in Karnataka sice 2007.

State Trading Corporation (stc)• The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd.

(STC) is a premier international trading company

engaged in exports, imports and domestic trade forover five decades. STC has a paid up equity of _60 crore, of which, Government of India holdsapproximately 91 per cent and the rest 9 per centis held by mutual funds, financial institutions andpublic.

• During 2011-12 the Corporation achieved thehighest ever turnover of over Rs. 30,000 crore.

PEC• PEC Ltd. was incorported in April, 1971 as a

Public Sector Undertaking under Ministry ofCommerce and Industry, Government of India.The company is engaged in export of engineeringequipment and projects specially from small andmedium enterprises, besides export and import ofbulk items viz. agro commodities, edible oil,bullion, industrial raw materials, domestic trade,etc.

1. Consider the following statements:1) India became the first developing country to

extend Free Quota Free access in all ‘LDCs’ inline with the WTO’s Hong Kong MinisterialMandate.

2) India’s Duty Free Tariff preference scheme for‘LDCs’ came into effect in April 2012 with tariffreductions spread over five years.

Which of the above statements is / are correct?a) 1 only b) 2 onlyc) Both 1 & 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2.

2. Consider the following statements about India-Africa trade:1) Nigeria is the major trade partner of India in the

Western Africa.2) Kenya is the major trade partner of India in the

Eastern Africa.3) Uganda is the major trade partner of India in the

Central Africa.Which of the above statements is / are correct?

a) 1 only b) 2 onlyc) 3 only d) All of the above

3. Consider the following statements :1) The Doha Round of trade negotiations in the

WTO provides a historic opportunity to correctdistortions in global trade and to improve andstrengthen the rules to enable developing countries

to play a greater role in world trade.2) The Doha Round has been underway since 2011,

the negotiating mandate of the Round as agreedto by all the members of the WTO is contained inthe Doha Ministerial Declaration of 14 November2011.

Which of the above statements is / are correct?a) 1 only b) 2 onlyc) Both1 & 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2

4. Which of the following are the salient points ofthe GOI strategy for doubling exports in nextthree years?1) The target is to double the country’s merchandise

export in dollar terms over the next three yearsfrom US$ 246 billion to US$ 500 billion in 2013-14.

2) Focus on Markets in Asia (including ASEAN),Africa and Latin America.

3) Promote light manufacturing exports with highvalue addition.

Which of the above statements is / are correct?a) 1 & 2 onlyb) 1 & 3 onlyc) 2 & 3 only d) All of the above








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