g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% - International Labour … · cfk|jf;gsf] af/]df tYofÍx? ;+sng / k|sfzg t u/]sf 5g\ t/ s;}n] klg tL tYofÍx? Ps 7fpFdf /fvL ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f u/]sf

$Page 1: g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% - International Labour … · cfk|jf;gsf] af/]df tYofÍx? ;+sng / k|sfzg t u/]sf 5g\ t/ s;}n] klg tL tYofÍx? Ps 7fpFdf /fvL ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f u/]sf$
g]kfn ;/sf/>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;gg]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%


j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;gg]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%



j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% s

;Gb]zg]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df >d cfk|jf;gn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] tYofÍn] ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df g]kfnsf] s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfg sl/j @* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;sf] cltl/Qm b]zsf] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;d]t ljk|]if0fn] 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ljb]z uPsf >ldsx?n] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ul//xFbf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] lznlznfdf pgLx?n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] ;d:ofx?sf] af/]df klg ;/sf/ ;r]t 5 .

>d cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ b]z leq / uGtJo b]z b'a}df 7f]; sfo{ ug{ cfjZos 5 . >ldsx?sf] k|ofKt clwsf/ gx'g', sfo{:yndf cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwf ;'lglZrtf gx'g', Go"g Ifltk"lt{, dfgj a]rlavg, 7uL tyf >d zf]if0f h:tf s'/fx?;Fu h'Wg ;DalGwt ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]usf ;fy} bÅf] /fhg}lts OR5f zlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / pgLx?sf] kl/jf/sf] ;'/Iff / clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ pko'Qm dfgj ;+;fwg / cfly{s >f]t ;fwg;Fu} ;DalGwt ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfox? aLr /fd|f] ;dGjosf] cfjZostf kb{5 h;n] ubf{ To; ;DaGwdf ;Ifd tyf k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfo{ ;Dkfbg xf];\ . pQm sfo{nfO{ c? k|efjsf/L ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg ;/sf/L lgsfo / ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?sf] oy]i6 k|of; cfjZos 5 .

o; bf];|f] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 h;n] >d cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu sfof{Gjogsf] kf6f]df oy]i6 d¢t k'¥ofpg] 5 . k|:t't l/kf]6{df ;/sf/L tYofÍ k|of]u u/L z"Id cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 h;n] ubf{ o; If]qdf ljBdfg r'gf}tL / cj;/x? dfq xf]Og ;'wf/ klg ug'{kg]{ If]qsf] ;d]t klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgn] >d cfk|jf;gsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng / sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :ki6 dfu{lrq sf]g{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 eGg] d}n] cfzf u/]sf] 5' .

of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ cu'jfO{ ug]{ >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf ;fy} j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g jf]8{ / cg';Gwfg 6f]nLsf ;b:ox? /x]sf] ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ wGojfb tyf awfO{ 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' h;sf] cys k|of;n] of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h tof/ ePsf] 5 . ;fy}, d xfd|f ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?M cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jfl; ;+u7g, b Plzof kmfp08]zg, o"/f]kLog o"lgog, o"=P;=P=cfO{=8L / sf7df8f}+ dfOu|];g u|'knfO{ lg/Gt/ cfly{s tyf k|fljwLs ;xof]usf] nflu xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

bLks af]x/f dGqL>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno

II j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% u

j]}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g g]kfnsf] bf];|f] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% k|sflzt ePsf]df v'zL JoQm ub{5' . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . Psflt/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/L w]/} g]kfnL] kl/jf/sf] nflu hLljsf]kfh{gsf] Pp6f j}slNks cj;/sf] ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ cfˆg} b]z / uGtJodf >ldsx?sf] ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf ljifodf ;/sf/ / gLltlgdf{tfx?df y'k|} r'gf}tLx? klg ylkPsf] 5 . >d cfk|jf;g Joj:yfkgsf] ;'b[l9s/0fsf nflu ;lhnf];Fu pknAw x'g] ljZjf;of]Uo tYofÍ / ;"rgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h;sf] ;xfotfn] jt{dfg / eljiodf ;d]t ug'kg]{ sfdsf] af/]df cfwf/ tof/ ug{ ;lsof];\ . clk|n @)!% sf] dxfe"sDksf] sf/0f b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf b]vfk/]sf] k|lts'n cj:yfn] ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf] ;d:ofnfO{ yk hl6n agfOlbPsf] 5 .

of] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnsf] >d cfk|jf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ k|i6 kfg'{sf] ;fy} ;+/rgfut sldsdhf]/Lx? cf}FNofpFb} cfufdL lbgdf ;/sf/ / ;DalGwt kIfx? s;/L cufl8 a9\g' kb{5 eGg] af/] 7f]; ;'emfj;d]t lbPsf] 5 . w]/} ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] >d cfk|jf;gsf] af/]df tYofÍx? ;+sng / k|sfzg t u/]sf 5g\ t/ s;}n] klg tL tYofÍx? Ps 7fpFdf /fvL ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5}gg\ . of] k|ltj]bgn] Tof] cj;/sf] pkof]u u/L ;/sf/sf] pknAwL / To; If]qdf b]vfk/]sf r'gf}tLx?sf af/]df k|sfz kfg]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . o;n] gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ >d cfk|jf;gsf] ljifodf ;Daf]wg ubf{ d'ntM >ldsx?sf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug]]{ ljifodf af6f] b]vfPsf] 5 .

of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{sf nflu >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] cWoIftfdf u7g ul/Psf] ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . l/kf]6{ tof/ ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df d cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] o"/f]kLog o"lgogsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rflnt zfnd k|f]h]S6, cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g ;+:yf, b Plzof kmfp08]zgsf] o"=P;=P=cfO{=8Lsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt l;l6k k|f]u|fd / sf7df8f}+ dfOu|];g u|'ksf] ;xof]usf] ;x|fxgf ub}{ o; sfo{n] g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? aLrsf] ;DaGw cem ulx/f] ePsf] dxz'; u/]sf] 5' . ;"rgf ljZn]if0f tyf k|ltj]bgn]vgsf nflu d jl/i7 sG;n6\ofG6 >L lbk]Gb|ljqmd yfkf / ;xof]uL cg';Gwfgstf{ >L O;fg l3ld/]nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

cGTodf, k|ltj]bgn]vgsf] cj:yfdf dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx? pknAw u/fO{ o;nfO{ cem uxlsnf] agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j¢{g jf]8{sf sd{rf/L ldqx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

cfzf 5, ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf] k|j4{g sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu o; If]qdf sfo{/t ;a} ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;xof]un] lg/Gt/tf kfpg]5 .

lai0f' k|;fb nD;fn;lrj>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno

b'O{ zAb

IV j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% ª

ljifo–;"rL;Gb]z s

b'O{ zAb u

kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL h

5f]6s/L ¿k em

efu !M kl/ro !!=! k|ltj]bgsf p2]Zox¿ @

!=@ ljlw @

!=# k|ltj]bgsf] ;Ldf #

!=$ k|ltj]bgsf] ljifoj:t' $

efu @M g]kfndf >d cfk|jf;g l:yltsf] ;dLIff &@=! >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ df}h'bf k|j[lQ &

@=@ >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf uGtJo d'n'sx¿ (

@=# >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf pTklQ lhNnfx¿ !!

@=$ >d :jLs[lt gjLs/0f !^

@=% cfk|jf;gsf] dfWod M Dofgkfj/ dfk{mt jf JolQmut ?kdf cfk|jf;g x'g] !&

@=^ lgoldt tYofª\s !(

@=& >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] pd]/ tyf ;Lksf] :t/ @@

@=* ph'/L, kL8f / d[To' @#

@=( Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ / cGo ;+:yfx¿ #@

efu #M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;~rfngsf] k|aGw #%#=! k|rlnt sfg'gx¿, gLlt / ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿ #^

efu $M ljifout ;jfnx¿ $&$=! j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / /fli6«o ljsf; $&

$=@ e"sDk, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / ljkb\ kZrftsf cfjZostfx¿ %$

$=# j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnf %^

$=$ ljBfyL{ le;f / /f]huf/ %(

efu %M cGt/fn,r'gf}lt / eflj sfo{ lbzf ^#%=! k|d'v cGt/fnx¿ ^#

%=@ r'gf}ltx¿ ^%

%=# eflj sfo{lbzf ^^

cg';"lrx¿ &#

r j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%

lrqx¿lrq != >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ k|j[lQx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% &

lrq @= s'n >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] lx:;f, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% *

lrq #= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;aeGbf pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% (

lrq $= dn]l;of / vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] k|j[lQ, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !)

lrq %= dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu ;aeGbf pRr bz uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !!

lrq ^= dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf nflu bz pRr ;|f]t lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !$

lrq &= jflif{s ?kdf gjLs/0f x'g] >d :jLs[ltsf] s'n ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @)!!÷!@–@)!$÷!% !^

lrq *= >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f ug]{ cfk|jf;Lx¿ ePsf] ;aeGbf pRr bz pTklQ lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!#–@)!$÷!% !^

lrq (= cfk|jf;gsf] dfWod, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @)!$÷!% !*

lrq !)= >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ dlxnf cfk|jf;Lx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf dfWodx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !*

lrq !!= >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf dfWodx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !(

lrq !@= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 cfj]bg lbP/ >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!% !(

lrq !#= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[ltsf nflu cfj]bg lbg] pTklQ lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!% @)

lrq !$= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof,

;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!% @)

lrq !%= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!% @!

lrq !^= ;aeGbf pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿df d[To' x'g]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@))!$÷!% @*

lrq !&= ljk|]if0f k|jfxsf] k|j[lQ, ;g\ @))#÷)$–@)!#÷!$ %)

tflnsfx¿tflnsf != >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] jflif{s >d :jLs[lt j[l4 b/, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% *

tflnsf @= cfk|jf;Lx¿n] >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ pNn]Vo ?kdf a9\bf] jf 36\bf] k|j[lQ ePsf lhNnfx¿,

;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !#

Tfflnsf #= ;'b'/ klZrdsf lhNnfx¿df >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] a9\bf] k|j[lQ !$

tflnsf $= pRr ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[t k|fKt u/]sf lhNnfx¿af6 cfk|jf;Lx¿sf pRr tLg uGtJox¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% !%

tflnsf %= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, uGtJo / n}lª\ustfsf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!% @!

tflnsf ^= >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿, pd]/ / n}lª\ustfsf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!$÷!% @@

Tflnsf &= ph'/L, km:of}{6 tyf JolQm jf Ph]G;Låf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] Ifltk"lt{ ;g\ @)!@÷!# –@)!$÷!% @$

tflnsf *= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fdf k|fKt ePsf d'4fx¿, jif{ / cj:yfsf] cfwf/df @%

Tflnsf (= j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cjlwdf zf/Ll/s ?kdf ckfª\u x'g k'u]sf JolQmx¿sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ;ª\Vof,

;g\ @))*÷)( – @)!$÷!% @^

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% %

tflnsf !)= rf]6k6s / ckfª\utfsf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% @^

tflnsf !!= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf] s'n ;ª\Vof, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% @&

tflnsf !@= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf] s'n ;ª\Vof, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% @&

tflnsf !#= ljb]zdf sfd ubf{ cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] d[To'sf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!% @(

tflnsf !$= dn]l;of / vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿df d[To'sf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!% #)

tflnsf !%= uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0f d[To', ;g\ @))*÷)(–@))!$÷!% #!

tflnsf !^= uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfTdxTof u/L x'g] d[To'sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!% #@

Tflnsf !&= Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] ljj/0f ##

Tflnsf !*= clk|n @)!% sf] e"sDk cl3 / kl5sf] >d cfk|jf;gsf] k|jfx %$

tflnsf !(= hf/L ul/Psf >d :jLs[ltsf] n}lª\us jflif{s jlu{s[t tYofª\s %&

tflnsf @)= dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] cfjthfjtdf ;/sf/sf] /f]s %*

tflnsf @!= g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f hf/L ul/Psf] æj}b]lzs cWoog cg'dlt kqx¿Æ %(

h j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|lqmof / o;sf cjojx¿;Fu ;DalGwt kfl/eflifs zAbfjnLx¿sf] AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

o; k|ltj]bgn] P]gdf pNn]v ePsf kl/efiffx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5 . tyflk, tnsf zAbfjnLx¿ P]gdf pNn]v ePsf zAbfjnLx¿sf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ sfod /fVb} k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ .

n >d cfk|jf;gM o; zAbfjnLn] ef/tdf /f]huf/sf nflu hfg] afx]ssf g]kfnaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] cfk|jf;gnfO{ hgfpFb5 . o;}u/L, æ>d cfk|jf;Lx¿Æ eGgfn] >d cfk|jf;gdf hfg] g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ hgfpFb5 .

n Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;LM o; zAbfjnLn] k|rlnt P]g cGtu{t cGo d'n'sx¿df lj1fkgcg';f/sf] sfdsf nflu sfdbf/x¿ etL{ ug{] p2]Zon] j}b]lzs Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ Ohfht k|fKt ;+:yfx¿nfO{ hgfpFb5 .

o;sf cltl/St, æcn]va4 cfk|jf;LÆ jf æu}/–sfg'gL cfk|jf;LÆ k|of]u ul/b}g . o;sf] ;6\6f cfk|jf;gdf hfg] k|To]s JolQmsf] dfgjclwsf/sf b[li6sf]0fn] lgDg zAbfjnL k|of]u ul/G5 .

n clgoldt cfk|jf;LM s'g} JolQm pTklQ d'n's, kf/udg / uGtJo d'nssf lgodx¿sf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ cfjfudgsf qmddf s'g} ljb]zL l;dfgf kf/ ub{5 eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ clgoldt cfk|jf;L elgG5 . of] zAbfjnL yfONof08n] ;g\ !((( df cfk|jf;g;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Fuf]i7LM clgoldt÷cn]va4 cfk|jf;gsf] cfof]hgf u/]b]lv cGt/f{li6«o cEof;df a]xQ/ ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L æclgoldt cfk|jf;gÆn] clgoldt cfk|jf;Ln] l;dfgf kf/ug]{ cfk|jf;gsf] k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpFb5 .

o; k|ltj]bgsf] clwsf+z tYofª\snfO{ g]kfnL cfly{s jif{nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf x/]s cfly{s jif{ !& h'nfO{af6 z'? eO{ !^ h'nfO{df cGTo x'G5 . o; k|ltj]bgn] ut cfly{s jif{nfO{ @)!$÷!% eGg] hgfpFb5 . To;eGbf cl3sf jif{x¿nfO{ klg ;f]xLcg';f/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .

kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% em

EPS /f]huf/ :jLs[t k|0ffnLGCC vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb GDP s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgILO cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g NPR g]kfnL ?k}ofF SAARC blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g

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X j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x? >d u|fddf >d :jLs[ltsf] kvf{Odf . © ILO/O. Havana

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!% 1

PSsfOzf}+ ztfAbLdf g]kfnaf6 x'g] u/]sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/L jf:tjdf cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gsf] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ c+z xf] . cfly{s jif{x¿;g\ !((#÷!(($–@)!$÷!% sf] cjlwdf ;/sf/åf/f -ef/t afx]s_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu #* nfveGbf a9L>d :jLs[ltx¿ hf/L ul/Psf lyP, h;n] b]zsf] jt{dfg hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a !$ k|lt;tnfO{ hgfpFb5 . o;}u/L ;aeGbf kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ -;g\ @)!!_cg'kl:yt hg;ª\Vof -!,(@!,$($_ jf g]kfneGbf aflx/ /x]sf JolQmx¿ -ef/tdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf ;d]t_ sf] sl/a s'n &! k|lt;tn] ljb]zdf lghL tyf ;+:yfut sfdx¿sf nflu b]z 5f]8\g] u/]sf] pNn]v 5 .!

o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, ljk|]if0fsf] k|jfxdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 eO{ ;g\ @))#÷)$ sf] %*=^ cj{ g]kfnL ?k}ofFaf6 @)!$÷!% df %*(=% cj{ k'u]sf] 5 . of] ljk|]if0f ;g\ @))#÷)$ df !)=( k|lt;t lyof] eg] @)!$÷!% df @&=& k|lt;t . t;y{, g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] cy{tGqdf ljk|]if0fsf] d'Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .

ljutsf] bzsdf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo udg b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfsf] kl/jt{gsf nflu k|efjzfnL ePsf] 5 . cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] gub k|jfxsf sf/0f g]kfn ljk|]if0f cy{tGqsf] ?kdf pbo ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L, ;g\ @)!@@ df g]kfn ljZjdf s'nu|fx{:y pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] t];|f] ;aeGbf a9L ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ / cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿dWo] ;aeGbf a9L ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ b]zx¿dWosf#] Ps x'g k'Uof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] j}slNks lhljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] ljk|]if0fn] kl/jf/sf] cfo j[l4 ug{ d4t k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf w]/} k|efjx¿dWo]ljz]ifu/L sfdug]{ pd]/sf w]/}hgf k'?ifx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof 3/eGbf aflx/ /x]sf]n] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St, w]/} dlxnfx¿ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf >d zlQmdf ;dflxt x'g yfn]sf] x'gfn] ;f+:s[lts dfGotfx¿df kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 .

7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf /f]huf/Lsf nflu x'g] u/]sf] >d cfk|jf;gn] ;/sf/ / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ gofF cj;/x¿tyf r'gf}tLx¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] 7"nf] ;ª\VofnfO{ Joj:yfkg ub}{ pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iff, clwsf/, dof{bf / sNof0f ;'lglZrt ug'{ k|d'v ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu k|zf;lgs k|lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{, plrt sfg'g tyf gLltx¿ lgdf{0f u/L ltgLx¿sf] plrt sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos kb{5 .

sfg'g tyf gLltx¿ ljBfdfg x'Fbfx'Fb} / cf}krfl/s dfu{af6 cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ ljb]z hfg]qmddf j[l4 x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o:tf gLlt tyf lgodx¿ ce}m k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o:tf] ck"0f{tfn] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf clwsf/ Pj+ ;'/Iffdf c;/ kfg'{sf ;fy} >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ Dfly x'g] b'Ao{jxf/, zf]if0f tyf cfly{s ;+s6sf 36gfx¿n] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf 5g . kl/0ffd:j?k, pgLx¿sf clwsf/ / lxtdf cj/f]w x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

>lds Pj+ dfgj clwsf/d'vL, ;'/lIft / plrt :t/sf] j}tlgs >d cfk|jf;g tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu$ ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ cfofdx¿nfO{ cem uxg tyf lj:t[t ?kdf a'e\mgsf nflu cfjZos /0fgLltx¿df hf]8 lbg' kb{5 h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k o;n] /fli6«o ljsf;sf% nflu bf]xg ug{ ;lsG5 .

kl/ro

efu !

! s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)!$, k]h g+= @@* .@ ljZj a}+s, @)!$ . # ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, @)!$, k]h g+= !% . $ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / o'Pgl8lk, @)!$, k]h g+= &$ .% /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, k]h g+= (* .

2 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g | g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg @)!$÷!%

t;y{, o; k|ltj]bgsf] p2]Zo j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt df}h'bf tYofª\s, k|j[lQ, ;jfn / r'gf}tLx¿sf] clen]vg ug'{sf ;fy} d'n's :t/Lo ljleGg kxnx¿sf] af/]df pTklQ / uGtJo b'j} b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|bfg ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;'/lIft / ;Ddfghgs cfk|jf;gsf] k|j4{g ug{sf nflu gLltut lg0f{ox¿sf ;fy} cfk|jf;g Joj:yfkg ;+oGqx¿ tyf k|zf;lgs ;+:yfx¿df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f ;d]t kb{5g\ .

!=! k|ltj]bgsf p2]Zox¿

o; k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ qmddf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgsf lgDg p2]Zox¿ lyPMn tYofª\s ;ª\sng / cfk|jf;g rqm;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6 pknAw ;"rgfnfO{ ;ª\u|x u/]/ g]kfnaf6 j}b]lzs

/f]huf/sf nflu x'g] >d cfk|jf;gsf ;j} kIfx¿sf] kl/df0fsf] d"Nofª\sg / JofVof ug]{Ùn ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf] k|j4{g / g]kfn tyf uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/ Pj+ xslxtsf] ;+/If0fsf

nflu ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf gLltut tyf ;+/rgfut txx¿df ePsf ljleGg kxnx¿nfO{ k|sf; kfg]{Ù /n j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifout ;jfnx¿sf] j[xQ/ ljsf;] sfo{9fFrfleq klxrfg u/L 5nkmn ug]{Ù /n >d cfk|jf;g Pj+ cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] vfnsf ljBdfg gLltx¿ Pj+ ;+/rgfut ;+oGqx¿df

ePsf cefj / r'gf}ltx¿sf] klxrfg u/L o:tf cefjx¿ k"lt{ ug]{ pkfox¿sf] k|:tfj ug]{ .

!=@ ljlw

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, o; dftxtsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / tLgj6f ljsf;] ;fe]mbf/x¿ -cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;L ;+u7g / Pl;of kmfpG8];g_ ;Fusf] k/fdz{df ;]jfsf ;t{x¿ tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] .

cg';Gwfg k|lqmofdf k|fljlws Pj+ ;~rfngsf nflu dfu{ bz{g k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] klxn]sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df Pp6f ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;ldltdf >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ / tLgj6f ljsf;] ;fe]mbf/x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] lyof] .

cg';Gw]tfx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL cl3Nnf] k|ltj]bgdf k|of]u ePsf] tYofª\sx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/] . o;df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0f kb{5g\ .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ ljut ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{x¿;g\ @))*÷)( – @)!$÷@)!% ;Dd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] k|ltj]bgn] ;g\ @)!#÷!$ ;Ddsf k|j[lQx¿ / tYofª\snfO{ ;d]6]sf] eP tfklg o; k|ltj]bgn] kf7sx¿sf nflu ;/n ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf Pp6} lj:t[t k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f ug{] p2]Zon] cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] cWofjlws tYofª\s ;lxt tL k|j[lQx¿nfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . klxnf] k|ltj]bgdf AofVof ul/Ph:tf] tYofª\s ;ª\sngnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] lgodg / Joj:yfkgsf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @))& nfO{ pNn]vgLo jif{sf] ?kdf lnOPsf] lyof] .

klxnf] k|ltj]bgdf /x]sf] tYofª\sx¿sf] cefjnfO{ ;Defj eP;Dd o; jif{sf] k|ltj]bgdf s]xL xb;Dd k"lt{ ul/Psf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] tYofª\ssf nflu k|of]u u/]sf] ;k\m6j]/sf] Go"g Ifdtfsf sf/0f cefjx¿ l;h{gf ePsf lyP . kl/0ffd:j?, lgZrt juL{s/0fcGtu{t q'l6xLg jlu{s[t tYofª\sx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf


ePg . o; k|ltj]bgn] tL 8]6fj]; k|0ffnLx¿df ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5, h;df ca b'a} ;k\m6j]/n] klxn]eGbf a9L ;"rgfpknAw u/fpg ;Sb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, klxn] JolQmut ?kdf >d :jLs[lt lng] s'g} klg JolQmsf] pTklQ / uGtJo;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg ef}uf]lns ;"rgf pknAw lyPg eg] o:tf] hfgsf/L ljut tLgj6f cfly{s jif{x¿, ;g\ @)!@÷@)!#–@)!$÷@)!% sf] pknAw 5 . o; jif{sf] k|ltj]bgdf >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f ;d]t ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5, / cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] pd]/ ;d"x ;DaGwL s]xL ;"rsx¿ ;d]t pknAw 5g\ .

ljifout ;jfnx¿df 5nkmnsf nflu y'k|} ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof]M /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿, ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf jflif{s k|ltj]bg tyf k|ult k|ltj]bgx¿, ;j]{If0f / cg';Gwfg kqx¿ .

ljifoj:t'df ;'wf/ ug{ tyf pknAw tYofª\ssf] AofVof ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ / ;+:yfx¿sf pRr:t/Lo sd{rf/L tyf ;Dks{ JolQmx¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] .

!=# k|ltj]bgsf] ;Ldf

of] k|ltj]bg ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ljleGg txdf pknAw x'g] cf}krfl/s tYofª\sdf ;Lldt 5 . ljut ;ft jif{sf] tYofª\s k|of]u u/L o; k|ltj]bgn] jt{dfg k|j[lQ dfq k|:t't ub{5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] k|of]u j}b]lzs /f]huf/df >d cfk|jf;Lsf] :j?k, kl/df0f / dxQfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ d'Vo ;"rssf] ¿kdf ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . t;y{, o; ljZn]if0fdf ef/ttk{msf] >d cfk|jf;gnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g lsgeg] ;Ldf kf/ ug{sf nflu s'g} klg ;/sf/L sfuhftsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ ePsf]n] cfk|jf;gsf] k|jfxsf] s'g} klg clen]v x'g] ub}{g .

>d cfk|jf;g;DaGwL ;+lIfKt tYofª\s k|:t't ug{sf nflu s]xL k|fljlws s'/fx¿df Wofg k'¥ofpg' k/]sf] lyof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] 8]6fj]; ljB'QLo dfWoddf /x]sf] 5 / o;n] ;f]xL ;dosf] tYofª\s pknAw u/fpFb5 . t;y{, lglZrt ;dodf ;ª\sng ul/Psf] tYofª\s eljiodf d]n vf+b}g, vf;u/L xfnsf] / Ps jif{ cufl8sf] tYofª\s;Fu . pbfx/0fsf nflu, klxnf] k|ltj]bgdf ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] s'n cª\s ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf nflu ;ª\sng ul/Psf] ;ª\Vof;Fu d]n vf+b}g . o;sf] sf/0f >d :jLs[lt lnPsf] s]xL dlxgf kl5 ;f] :jLs[lt /4 ePsfn] xf] . ;fy} tYofª\sdf uf}0f c;ª\ultx¿ 5g\ h;n] ;dli6ut k|j[lQx¿df c;/ kg]{ geP tfklg ltgnfO{ cf}+Nofpg' h?/L 5 .

>d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;Lk;DaGwL ;Lldt ;"rgf dfq k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 / o;n] pgLx¿sf] ;Lksf] :t/nfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf phfu/ ub}{g . pbfx/0fsf nflu, w]/} tYofª\s k|ljli6df cfk|jf;Lsf] k]zfnfO{ clen]vg dfq ul/of] . t/, ;Lk jf of]Uotfx¿sf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Pg .

Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] k|of]u gu/L JolQmut ?kdf g]kfn 5f]8\g] >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] jf/]df ljut tLg jif{df ;Lldt jlu{s[t tYofª\sx¿pknAw 5g\ . o;}u/L, >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f / cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] lgoldttf ;DaGwL tYofª\s ;g\ @)!@÷!# b]lvsf] dfq pknAw 5 .

o; k|ltj]bgdf cg'kl:yt hg;ª\Vof / a;fO;/fO nufotsf cfk|jf;gsf cGo cfofdx¿;DaGwL tYofª\sx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .


!=$ k|ltj]bgsf] ljifoj:t'

Effu @ n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu hf/L ul/Psf >d :jLs[lt;DaGwL ljutsf] ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{x¿ -;g\ @))*÷ )( – @)!$÷!% sf] k|j[lQx¿nfO{ k|sf; kfb{5 . ;"rgf lnª\u pd]/, pTklQsf] sl/8f]/ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu uGtJo tyf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] btf{ u/]sf ph'/L / kL8f ;DaGwdf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .

Effu # n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg sfg'g, gLlt tyf ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿sf jf/]df hfgsf/L k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo k|jfxnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu xfn;fn} ul/Psf k|ult tyf pknAwLx¿nfO{k|:t't ub{5 .

efu $ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ leqsf] ljifout ;jfnx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu d'n's 5f]8\g] JolQmx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ePsf] j[l4df ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] 5 eg] o;sf nfex¿nfO{ clwstd j[l4 ug{sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g ljifox¿sf uxg / lj:t[t af]wsf] dfu ePsf] 5 . o; jif{sf] k|ltj]bgdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / /fli6«o ljsf;larsf] ;DaGw / o;df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ;g\ @)!% sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] kl/k|]Ifdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ /fli6«o >d Joj:yfkg /0fgLltsf] ?kdf klg d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St, ljb]zaf6 lzIff cfh{g u/]sf] ;Gbe{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] kl/jlt{t kIfx¿ nufot j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnfx¿sf] a9\bf] k|j[lQnfO{ klg k|sf; kf/]sf] 5 .

efu % df g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|lqmofsf] ;'–;~rfngsf ;Gbe{df ljBdfg cGt/fn / r'gf}ltx¿ ;d]l6g'sf ;fy} cGt/fn k"lt{ ug{ / r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;fdgf ug]{ lbzf lgb]{zsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .



OR5's sfdbf/x? O=lk=P;= sf]l/ofsf] ;Lk kl/If0fdf ;xefuL x'Fb} . © ILO/C. Shekhar Karki


cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/df g]kfnL >ldsx¿sf] 7"nf] dfu /x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuåf/f ;g\ @)!$÷!% df hf/L ul/Psf] k"j{ :jLs[ltcg';f/ @& j6f d'n'sdf !@ nfv /f]huf/L pknAw 5g\ . xfn}sf jif{x¿df g]kfnaf6 vf;u/L vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]l;of hfg] >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] s'/f cfk|jf;g;DaGwL ljZn]if0fdf af/Daf/ b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . o; v08 / o; k|ltj]bgdf ;+nUg cg';"rLn] ;g\ @))*÷)( b]lv ;g\ @)!$÷!% ;Ddsf] tYofª\sdf cfwfl/t eO g]kfnaf6 afXo k|jfx x'g] >d cfk|jf;g;DaGwL ;"rgf pknAw u/fpFb5g\ .

@=! >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ df}h'bf k|j[lQ

;g\ @))*÷)( / @)!$÷!%^ df >d tyf /f]huf/ ljefuåf/f s'n @&@#,%*& >d :jLs[ltx¿ hf/L ul/Psf lyP . lrq ! df b]vfOPh:t}, ;g\ @)!#÷!$ ;Dd s'n ;ª\Vofdf s]xL lu/fj6 gcfpGh]n >d :jLs[lt hf/L ug]{ qmd ltj| ?kdf j[l4 eof] . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!$÷!% df #=* k|lt;tn] lu/fj6 x'g] s'/f clk|n @)!% df g]kfndf cfPsf] ljgf;sf/L e"sDk;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . e"sDk / cfly{s jif{sf] clGtd rf}yfOdf lg/Gt/ cfPsf k/sDkx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]hfuf/sf nflu ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;/sf/L / lghL b'j} vfn] ;+:yfx¿ nufot b}lgs hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ c:tJo:t kf¥of] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, ;g\ @)!#÷!$ sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf] clGtd rf}yfOdf >d :jLs[lt hf/L ug]{ sfddf $* k|lt;tn] lu/fj6 cfof] -cfk|jf;gdf e"sDksf] k|efj;DaGwL ljZn]if0fsf nflu v08 $=!=# x]g'{xf];\_ .

;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .

lrq != >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ k|j[lQx¿, @) ;g\ )*÷)(–@)!$÷!%

600 000

500 000

400 000

300 000

200 000

100 000

08 594

211 371

219 965

294 094

354 716

450 889

384 665

519 638499 620

284 038

344 300 361 707

423 122

490 517 478 199

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

10 05610 416

22 958 27 767 29 121 21421

k'?if

dlxnf

s'n

g]kfndf >d cfk|jf;gl:yltsf] ;dLIff

efu @

^ o;df ;/sf/–;/sf/larsf] /f]huf/L :jLs[t k|0ffnL dfk{mt j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu u0ftGq sf]l/of uPsf g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .


>d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] tYofª\scg';f/, ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf >d cfk|jf;gdf k'?ifx¿sf] ar{:j (%=& k|lt;tdf /Xof] . tyflk, lrq ! df b]vfOh:t} ;f]xL cjlwdf dlxnfx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] >d :jLs[ltsf] ;ª\\Vofdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf j[l4 x'g k'Uof] . >d cfk|jf;gdf dlxnfx¿sf] lx:;f ;g\ @)!@÷!# df pRr laGb'df s'n >d cfk|jf;gsf] ^=@ k|lt;tdf k'Uof] / To;kl5 lg/Gt/ ?kdf lu/fj6 eO/x]sf] 5 -lrq @_ .


lrq @= s'n >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] lx:;f, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%

100.00%

99.00%

98.00%

97.00%

96.00%

95.00%

94.00%

93.00%

92.00%

91.00%

90.00%

3.90 %

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

96.10 %

3.40 %

96.60 %

2.90 %

97.10 %

6.00 %

94 %

6.15 %

93.85 %

5.60 %

94.40 %

4.28 %

95.72 %

k'?if

dlxnf

dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] j[l4 cfk}+mdf dxTjk"0f{ eP tfklg o;sf] k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿eGbf >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] ;du| k|j[lQdf sd k|efj 5 . ;du| >d :jLs[ltsf] jflif{s j[l4 jf lu/fj6 k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf x'g] u/]sf] ptf/r9fj;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ub{5 . ;g\ @))(÷!) df >d :jLs[lt lng] k'?ifx¿sf] ;ª\Vof :jLs[t hf/L ul/Psf] ;du| ;ª\Vof ;Fu} j[l4 eP tfklg To; kl5sf jif{x¿df lu/fj6 cfof] -tflnsf !_ . hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] ;du| ;ª\Vofdf jflif{s j[l4 b/ k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] jflif{s j[l4 jf lu/fj6;Fu lgs6td 5 -j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL cem a9L 5nkmnsf nflu v08 $=@ x]g'{xf];\_ .

tflnsf != >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] jflif{s >d:jLs[ltj[l4 b/, @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%

jif{ hf/L ul/Psf] :jLs[ltsf] jflif{s j[l4 b/ -Ü_

;fk]If ;ª\Vofdfj[l4 b/ -Ü k'?if_

;fk]If ;ª\Vofdfj[l4 b/-Ü dlxnf_

2008/09 - - -

2009/10 33.70 34.37 17.0

2010/11 20.61 21.21 3.6

2011/12 8.44 5.05 120.4

2012/13 17.21 16.97 20.94

2013/14 15.24 15.92 4.87

2014/15 -3.8 -2.51 -26.44

;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu


lrq ! df k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofª\s ef/tdf hfg] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ ->d :jLs[ltsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ ePsf]n]_ / b'O{ ;/sf/larsf] ;Demf}tf dfk{mt j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] /f]huf/ :jLs[lt k|0ffnL sf]l/of zfvf cGtu{t Joj:yfkg ul/g] x'gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))* df /f]huf/ :jLs[lt k|0ffnLsf] ;xh sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgb]{lzsf hf/L u¥of] . u0ftGq sf]l/ofn] ;g\ @))$ df /f]huf/ :jLs[lt k|0ffnL nfu' u¥of] / >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ leq\ofpgsf nflu w]/} d'n'sx¿;Fu åLkIfLo ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . >ldsx¿ k7fpg] !% j6f d'n'sx¿dWo] g]kfnn] ;g\ @))(, @)!! / @)!# df OlkP; sf]l/ofaf6 c;n cEof; pTs[i6 k'/:sf/ k|fKt u¥of] . OlkP; sf]l/of zfvfsf] clen]vcg';f/ ;g\ @))* b]lv xfn;Dd s'n ##,(^) >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ -k'?ifM #!,&&! / dlxnfM @,!*(_ o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ .

@=@ >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf uGtJo d'n'sx¿

ljut ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{x¿ -;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%_ df g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] !#^ b]zx¿sf] nflu>d :jLs[lt k|fKt u/] . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f k|ltalGwt cj:yfdf afx]s ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] s'g} klg ;b:o /fi6«nfO{ uGtJo d'n'ssf] ?kdf rog u/]sf] kfOG5 . tyflk, ;/sf/n] Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ dfk{mt /f]hfuf/ k|bfg ul/g] b]zx¿sf] ;ª\Vof;Lldt u/]sf] 5 -g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿nfO{ sfd ug{ cg'dlt k|fKt ePsf b]zx¿sf] ;"lr, !#^ j6f uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf] ;"rL / x/]s b]zdf uPsf k'?if tyf dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vofsf nflu cg';"rLxx x]g'xf];\_ .

ljut ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{x¿df *% k|lt;t k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ lng] ;aeGbf cfsif{s uGtJox¿df dn]l;of / vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿ lyP . lrq # df k|:t't ul/Ph:t} @,&@#,%*&>d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/PsfdWo] ##=# k|lt;t /f]huf/Lsf nflu dn]l;of uPsf lyP .To;kl5 !( k|lt;t stf/, !*=( k|lt;t ;fpbL c/]ljof, (=* k|lt;t o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\;, @=% k|lt;t s'j]t, )=( k|lt;t ax/fOg / )=^ k|lt;t cf]dfgsf nflu lyP .


lrq #= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;aeGbf pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%

0.25 %

0.23 %

13.22 %

0.59 %

0.86 %1.30 %2.46 %

9.82 %

18.93 % 19 %

33.34 %

dn]l;of stf/

;fpbL c/]ljof ;o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;

s'j]t u0ftflGqs sf]l/of

ax/]g cf]dfg

n]agg hfkfg

afFsL b]zx?

u0ftGq sf]l/of hfg] sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof t'ngfTds ?kdf yf]/} x'g] eP tfklg ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf b'O{ ;/sf/x¿lar ;Demf}tf ePsf]n] of] nf]slk|o uGtJo d'n'ssf] ?kdf pbo eof] . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k cfsif{s Hofnf, cfjf; / ;]jfsf plrt ;t{x¿ k|fKt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))*÷)( b]lv @)!$÷!% sf] lardf #%,%*% >d :jLs[ltx¿ hf/L ul/Psf]df (%=$ k|lt;tnfO{ OlkP; of]hgf dfk{mt Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] lyof] .


cGo afFsL d'n'sx¿dWo] ckmuflg:tfg, hfkfg, hf]8{g, n]jgg / dsfp nf]slk|o uGtJosf] ?kdf /x] eg] gofF uGtJosf] ?kdf dl/;;\, k|hftflGqs u0ftGq sª\uf], l;l;ln; / pHa]ls:tfgsf] pbo eof] .

lrq $ df k|:t't ul/Ph:tf] ;g\ @))*÷)(/ @)!#÷!$ sf] lardf dn]l;ofsf nflu >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf cToGt} pRr j[l4 eO sl/a ^)) k|lt;t k'Uof] . o:tf] cgk]lIft j[l4 cGo rf/j6f d'n'sx¿ s'j]t, stf/, ;fpbL c/]ljof / o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\;df klg eof] .


dn]l;of

stf/

;fpbL c/]ljof

;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;

s'j]t

ax/]g

cf]dg

250 000

200 000

150 000

100 000

50 000

0

210 009

196 497

158 663

106 029

96 272

111 366

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

54 723

45 044

29 320

59 549 62499 68 103

44 88335 943

25 612

24 057

4 326410

4101 29817 778

1 8622 286

1 0061 877 3 100

4 2553 931

4 4183 952

4 1683 4701 884

9 165

17 376 20 196

9 6347 981

24 04734 503

58 586 55 42653 094

96 90386 613

96 887103 932

128 550 124 050

lrq $= dn]l;of / vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] k|j[lQ, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%

:jfefljs ?kdf k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/tk{msf] e'msfjn] ;du| k|j[lQ sfod /fVof] . k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] uGtJosf nflu k|fyldstfdf k/]sf !) j6f b]zx¿ x'g\ dn]l;of -;a} k'?ifx¿sf] #$=! k|lt;t_, ;fpbL c/]ljof -!(=* k|lt;t_, stf/ -!(=& k|lt;t_, o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\; -(=# k|lt;t_ s'j]t -!=# k|lt;t_, u0ftGq sf]l/of -!=# k|lt;t_, ax/fOg -)=* k|lt;t, cf]dfg -)=% k|lt;t_, hfkfg -)=@ k|lt;t_ / cfkmuflg:tfg -)=! k|lt;t_ .

dlxnfx¿sf] e'msfjdf yf]/} km/s k/]sf] 5 -lrq %_ . ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;aeGbf pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿ lyP M o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\; -@%,(!^ :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, dn]l;of-@#,$@& :jLs[lt hf/L


ul/Psf]_, s'j]t -!&, ^*% :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, stf/ -^,!&( :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, n]agg -$!^$ :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, ;fOk|; -@,*&! :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, ;fpbL c/]ljof-@,^^$ :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, cf]dfg -@,%#* :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_, u0ftGq sf]l/of -@,@$! :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_ / ax/fOg -!,*$* :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf]_ .

lrq %= dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu ;aeGbf pRr bz uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%


31.36 %19.88 %

17.98 %

13.56 %4.74 %3.19 %2.20 %

2.03 %

1.94 %

1.71 %

1.41 %


dn]l;of

s'j]t

stf/

n]agg

;fOk|;

;fpbL c/]ljof

cf]dfg

u0ftflGqs sf]l/of

ax/]g

afFsL b]zx?

@=# >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf pTklQ lhNnfx¿

ljut ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{sf] cjlwdf g]kfnsf] ;a} lhNnfsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] >d :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf lyP eg] pRr bz lhNnfx¿df -;aeGbf a9L cfk|jf;L ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df qmda4_ wg'iff, emfkf, dxf]Q/L, df]/ª, l;/xf, gjnk/f;L, ;'g;/L,;Kt/L, ?kGb]xL / ;nf{xL 5g\ .


fnD'x

'u'd

fnD'h

f/'hfa

c5fd

v]n}b

6]fsL

nfs

6]fs/hfht{]v'

;

fo{bla

;Nofg

gf7"oK

kfNkf

fh\ªfo:

dgfª

ªft:'d

F'xgt

ª'hdnt{jksf:sLª'nU

fa

LdN'u

DofUbL

LrFfv{f3cslknj:t' gjn

k/f;LLx]bGk?

bfª

]sFfa

fkN]f/

fn{'rfb

{fv]fufj';/

wflbª

6]fsfj'g

lrtjg /'kgfjsd

k;f{af/f 6xt}f/

xl{fn;

L/Q]fxd

ffi'gw

l;/fxf

;Kt/L

ª/]fd emfkf

L/;g';

/'kob

pLn'

wG;l ªf6]f

v

/'kh]f

e

fu\ª'9nv]fc

s]frNf

k'wG;

l

/' ktnl

n

s]fr~fnk]|efs

/'kmQe+}f8fd7fs fe;fj'v+;kf5]df/

fvn]fb

'aD'v'n]f;

dfn{O

/yrFfk

d'yx¥]twgs'6f

ª'h]nKft

d's?

fkN]f8L6]f8

f/'wN]88

/'kgr

Gs

Lnfn}s

L8t}aaemfª

oL pRr bz lhNnfsf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf hf/L ul/Psf :jLs[lt s'n >d :jLs[ltsf] #^=@ k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . k|j[lQsf lx;fjn] oL pRr bz lhNnfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu clwsf+z cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ef}uf]lns ;|f]t /x] tfklg cGo lhNnfx¿af6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/df a9Lsfdbf/x¿ hfg yfn]kl5 bz lhNnfsf] lx:;fdf ;fdfGo lu/fj6 cfPsf] 5 . Psftk{m ;a} lhNnfx¿df >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;du| j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] csf{tk{m s]xL lhNnfx¿sf] s'n lx:;fdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, blIf0f tk{msf] t/fOsf afFs], alb{of, sGrgk'/, slkna:t', k;f{ / /f}tx6 lhNnfx¿ -tflnsf @_ df pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . t/ s}nfnL lhNnf ckjfbdf kb{5 lsgeg] ToxfF ;g\ @))(÷!) / @)!!÷!@ df #=( k|lt;tdf k'Ug] u/L j[l4 ePsf] eP tfklg ;g\ @)!$÷!% df pNn]vgLo ?kdf lu/fj6 eO )=* k|lt;t x'g k'Uof] . s]xL jif{;Dd b]lvPsf] ;'b'/ klZrdf~rnaf6 ef/ttk{m sfd ug{ hfg] k|j[lQ jf ef/tsf] dfu{ x'Fb} j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] sf/0f s}nfnLaf6 s'n cfk|jf;Lsf] Go"g k|lt;t lx:;f /x]sf] x'g ;Sb5 . s}nfnLaf6 ;g\ @))*÷)(÷!) df s'n cfk|jf;Lsf] lx:;fdf PSsfl; pNn]Vo j[l4 eO{ ;g\ @)!@÷!# df pNn]Vo lu/fj6 ePsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ yk ljZn]if0f / cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

kxf8L lhNnfx¿dWo]sf s]xL efux¿df xfn}sf jif{x¿df pNn]Vo j[l4 tyf lu/fj6 ePsf] lyof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, dsjfgk'/ lhNnfdf ;a} >d cfk|jf;Lsf] cg'kft ;g\ @))*÷)( sf] !=* k|lt;taf6 ;g\ @)!$÷!% df sl/a @ k|lt;tdf plSnof] eg] :ofª\hf lhNnfdf ;f]xL cjlwdf @ k|lt;taf6 !=^ k|lt;tdf em¥of] .


tflnsf @= cfk|jf;Lx¿n] >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ pNn]Vo ?kdf a9\bf] jf 36\bf] k|j[lQ ePsf lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%

s'n cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] lx:;fsf] k|lt;t

lhNnf 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 ;ft jif{sf] s'n lx:;f

af/f 1.08 1.12 1.51 1.60 1.76 1.90 1.96 1.68/f}tx6 0.95 0.95 1.19 1.27 1.58 1.83 2.05 1.56s}nfnL 0.36 3.28 3.89 2.81 0.62 0.70 0.77 1.48slknj:t' 0.75 0.97 1.24 1.21 1.87 1.78 1.92 1.56afFs] 0.61 0.83 1.00 0.98 1.25 1.26 1.30 1.12k;f{ 0.54 0.53 0.72 0.86 0.94 1.37 1.33 1.02alb{of 0.45 0.60 0.83 0.75 0.95 0.96 1.05 0.87s~rgk'/ 0.41 0.52 0.71 0.57 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.67dsjfgk'/ 1.75 1.53 1.51 1.86 2.06 2.07 1.97 1.89:ofËhf 2.02 1.46 1.80 1.80 2.20 1.91 1.86 1.90wflbË 1.46 1.68 2.08 2.11 1.76 1.68 1.63 1.76tgx' 2.69 2.17 2.23 2.41 2.21 2.01 1.93 2.16


To;}u/L, b]zsf] ;'b'/ klZrd If]qsf] kxf8L lhNnfsf sfdbf/x¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu lng] >d :jLs[ltsf] ;ª\Vofdf gf6sLo ?kdf j[l4 eof] . of] k/Dk/fut ?kdf df};dL /f]huf/Lsf nflu ef/t hfg] ->d :jLs[lt cfjZos gkg]{_ sfdbf/x¿sf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf] If]q xf] . pgLx¿sf] lx:;f ;du| k|j[lQdf pNn]VogeP tfklg tflnsf # df k|:t't ul/Ph:tf] lg/k]If ;ª\Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . oL If]qx¿df >d cfk|jf;gdf ePsf] j[l4n] g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] dgf]u|fkmsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ emNsfpFb5 M ef/ttk{m hfg] g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] cg'kft @))! sf] &&=@ k|lt;taf6 @)!!& Df pNn]vgLo ?kdf lu/fj6 eO #&=^ k|lt;t sfod ePsf] 5 . o; dgf]u|fkmdf ;g\ @))! / @)!! sf] lardf g]kfnaf6 ef/tsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gdf !=@ k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] eg] cGo b]zx¿df g]kfnL cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] %*! k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] .

& g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof dgf]u|fkm, @)!# .


tflnsf #= ;'b'/ klZrdsf lhNnfx¿df >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] a9\bf] k|j[lQ

lhNnf @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% b]lv >d :jLs[lt lng]x¿sf] j[l4 k|lt;t

;ft jif{sf] s'n lx:;f

hfh/sf]6 758.73 % 0.34 %

b}n]v 769.56 % 0.34 %

88]nw'/f 383.45 % 0.30 %

a}t8L 356.87 % 0.30 %

bfr'{nf 515.66 % 0.17 %

c5fd 2 184.84 % 0.15 %

aemfË 1 667.27 % 0.11 %

sfnLsf]6 1 277.97 % 0.10 %

8f]6L 959.21 % 0.10 %

afh'/f 647 % 0.09 %

h'Dnf 1 248.28 % 0.04 %

x'Dnf 382.35 % 0.02 %;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .

;g\ @))*÷)( / @)!$÷!% sf] lardf clwsf+z k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ ltg} pRr !) lhNnfx¿af6 lyP . oL pRr !) lhNnfx¿ dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] pTklQsf] ;aeGbf pRr lhNnfx¿eGbf km/s 5g\ . ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] s'n ;ª\VofdWo] sl/a cfwf -$*=% k|lt;t_ dlxnfx¿ emfkf, l;Gw'kfnrf]s, df]/Ë, dsjfgk'/, sf7df8f}+, ;'g;/L, sfe|]knfGrf]s, g'jfsf]6, Onfd / lrtjg -lrq ^_ sf lyP .

ef}uf]lns cGt/ :ki6 5 M j}b]lzs /f]huf/df emfkf, df]/Ë, ;'g;/L / lrtjg lhNnfx¿af6 hfg] dlxnfx¿sf] lx:;f s]xL 7"nf] ePtf clwsf+z k'?ifx¿blIf0fL ;dy/ e'efu / clwsf+z dlxnfx¿ kxf8L If]qx¿sf lyP .

lrq ^= dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf nflu bz pRr ;|f]t lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%


51.55 %

2.87 % 2.99 %3.42 %3.71 %

3.78 %

4.06 %

4.52 %

6.14 %

7.88 %

9.08 %emfkf

l;Gw'kfNrf]s

df]/Ëdsjfgk'/

sf7df8f}+

;'g;/L

sfe|]knf~rf]s

g'jfsf]6Onfd

lrtjg

afFsL lhNnfx?


j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] tYofª\sdf pTklQsf] lhNnfx¿nfO{ uGtJo d'n'sx¿;Fu t'ngfug{ ldNg] hfgsf/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . :jfefljs ?kdf, ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf lhNnfx¿af6 hfg] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] pRr uGtJo dn]l;of, ;fpbL c/]ljof / stf/ lyP . tflnsf $ df k|:t't ul/Pcg';f/, ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwsf /f]huf/ Joj;foLx¿ dfk{mt ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf lhNnfx¿af6 >d cfk|jf;L sfdsf/sf] ?kdf hfg] k'?ifx¿sf] pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿ ;du| ?kdf pRr uGtJox¿;Fu d]n vfG5 . ;aeGbf pRr bhf{df /flvPsf lhNnfsf cfk|jf;L dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;jfndf klg ;dfg vfn] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . pQm tflnsfdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf 5'6 ePsf] b]z ;fOk|; xf] h'g xfn}sf jif{x¿df dlxnfx¿sf] k|d'v uGtJo ePsf] 5 . tYofª\s cg';f/ l;Gw'kfNrf]saf6 !^=^ k|lt;t dlxnfx¿ To; d'n'sdf uPsf lyP eg] afFsL cGo w]/} lhNnfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|ltlglwTj lyof] .

tflnsf $= pRr ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[t k|fKt u/]sf lhNnfx¿af6 cfk|jf;Lx¿sf pRr tLg uGtJox¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%

k'?if / dlxnfsf] pRr ;|f]t lhNnfx¿

k'?ifx¿sf] pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿ -oL lhNnfaf6 >d cfk|jf;gdf hfg] ;Dk"0f{ sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ft jif{sf] s'n lx:;f_

dlxnfx¿sf] pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿ -oL lhNnfaf6 >d cfk|jf;gdf hfg] ;Dk"0f{ sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ft jif{sf] s'n lx:;f_

wg'iff != stf/-#$=$#Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-#@=@#Ü_#= dn]l;of -@$=*(Ü_

!= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\; -#%=@^Ü_@= dn]l;of -#$=@!Ü_#= stf/-!!=)%Ü_

dxf]Q/L != dn]l;of -$)=!!Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-@&=)!Ü_#= stf/-@$=*#Ü_

!= dn]l;of -#%=&&Ü_@= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-@^=@(Ü_#= n]agg-!%=*^Ü_

emfkf != dn]l;of -#%=$(Ü_@= stf/-@#=$$Ü_#= ;fpbL c/]ljof-@)=$*Ü_

!= dn]l;of -#(=@!Ü_@= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-#%=!#Ü_#= stf/-(=!$Ü_

df]/Ë != dn]l;of -#(=&@Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-@#=!)Ü_#= stf/-@)=&$Ü_

!= dn]l;of -$%=#^Ü_@= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-@(=$!Ü_#= stf/-(=!@Ü_

l;Gw'kfNrf]s != dn]l;of -$*=*#Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-!(=#$Ü_#= stf/-!%=%@Ü_

!= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-#*=&#Ü_@= dn]l;of -@%=!&Ü_#= n]agg-!!=^!Ü_

dsjfgk'/ != dn]l;of -$$=%#Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-@@=@$Ü_#= stf/-!(=%@Ü_

!= dn]l;of -#*=#&Ü_@= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-@*=*#Ü_#= stf/-*=^)Ü_

sfe|]knf~rf]s != dn]l;of -$&=&!Ü_@= ;fpbL c/]ljof-!(=@!Ü_#= stf/-!%=%)Ü_

!= dn]l;of -#&=#@Ü_@= ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;-#@=^^Ü_#= stf/-!!=@)Ü_



@=$ >d :jLs[lt gjLs/0f

>d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ k|j[lQh:t} cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] >d :jLs[lt gjLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f cfk\mgf] s/f/ cjlw ;dfKt x'g nfu]sf jf s/f/ ;dfKt eO ;f]xL uGtJo d'n'sdf hfg rfxg] / ;f]xL sfdsf] k|fjwfg ePsf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ lbg] ul/G5 . k"gMk|j]zsf] tYofª\s ;g\ @)!!÷!@ b]lvsf] dfq pknAw 5 . rf/ jif{sf] clen]vg cjlwdf &!@,%%&>d :jLs[ltx¿sf] gjLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . of] tYofª\s ;f]xL cjlwdf gofF hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] sl/a Ps tLxfO xf] . x/]s jif{ k'?if / dlxnf b'j}n] pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[lt gjLs/0f ug]{ ub{5g\ -lrq &_ . >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f JolQmut ?kdf ug]{ ul/G5 / tYofª\scg';f/ >d :jLs[ltsf] clwsf+z gjLs/0fdn]l;of / vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿sf nflu ul/Psf] lyof] . c? s'g} lglb{i6 ;"rgf k|fKt geP tfklg gjLs/0fsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ oL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf nflu s]xL xb;Dd sfdsf] ;'/Iff / ;Gt'li6 ePsf] ck]Iff ul/G5 .

lrq &= jflif{s ?kdf gjLs/0f x'g] >d :jLs[ltsf] s'n ;ª\Vof, @)!!÷!@–@)!$÷!%


2014/15218 054

0 50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000

208 175

176 286

172 213

164 527

160 258

153 690

150 175

4 269

3 515

4 073

9 879

2013/14

2012/13

2011/12

s'n

dlxnf

k'?if

;g\ @)!@÷!# / @)!$÷!% sf] lardf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu clwsf+z gjLs/0fx¿-sl/a $@ k|lt;t* _ -lrq *_ wg'iff, l;/xf, emfkf, dxf]Q/L, df]/ª\, gjnk/f;L, :ofª\hf, tgx'+, ?kGb]xL / ;'g;/L lhNnfx¿af6 ul/Psf] lyof] . tLg jif{sf] cjlwdf %%*,*^& eGbf a9L gjLs/0f ul/Psf >d :jLs[ltx¿dWo] (^=& k|lt;t k'?ifx¿ lyP .

lrq *= >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f ug]{ cfk|jf;Lx¿ ePsf] ;aeGbf pRr bz pTklQ lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!#–@)!$÷!%


58.01 %2.98 %

3.34 %

3.40 %

3.45 %3.49 %

4 %

4.45 %

4.86 %

5.15 %6.85 % wg'iff s'n

l;/fxf s'n

emfkf s'n

dxf]Q/L s'n

df]/Ë s'n

gjnk/f;L s'n

:ofËhf s'n

tgx' s'n

?kGb]lx s'n

;'g;/L s'n

afFsL lhNnfx?

* ef}uf]lns ;"rgf ;g\ @)!@÷!# ;Ddsf] pknAw ePsf] x'gfn] tLg jif{sf] tYofª\s dfq k||:t't ul/Psf] 5 .


;g\ @)!@÷!# / @)!$÷!% sf] lardf gjLs/0f ul/PsfdWo] clwsf+z>d :jLs[ltx¿ stf/, ;fpbL c/]ljof, o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\;, dn]l;of/ s'j]tsf nflu lyP . of] s'n gjLs/0f ;ª\Vofsf] (@ k|lt;t lyof] .

oL uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cl3Nnf jif{x¿df klg 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] x'gfn] ;f]xL cg'kftdf gjLs/0fx¿ klg ePsf lyP . tyflk, dn]l;ofsf nflu s]jn *=% k|lt;t dfq gjLs/0f ePsf] lyof] . of] cg'kft cl3Nnf jif{x¿sf] ;f] d'n'sdf sfdbf/x¿ hfg] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf Go"g b]lvG5 . g]kfnLx¿ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] ?kdf dn]l;of hfg] s'n ;ª\VofnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ;f] b]zsf nflu gjLs/0fdf t'ngfTds ?kdf lu/fj6 cfpg'sf] 7f]; k|df0f gePsf]n] oL nIf0f / of]ubfgsf kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]t cWoog ug{Pp6f uxg ljZn]if0f ug'{ h?/L 5 .

dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] u/]sf clwsf+z >d :jLs[ltsf] gjLs/0f qmdzM o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\; -#&=* k|lt;t_, s'j]t -@*=^ k|lt;t_, Oh/fon -*=* k|lt;t_, n]jgg -%=^ k|lt;t_ / cf]dfg -#=( k|lt;t_ lyP .

@=% cfk|jf;gsf] dfWod M Dofgkfj/ dfk{mt jf JolQmut ?kdf cfk|jf;g x'g]

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] vf]hLsf qmddf cfk|jf;Lx¿n] Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf];]jf k|of]u ug{?rfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljutsf ;ft cfly{s jif{x¿df o;/L >d :jLs[lt lng]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof s'n :jLs[ltsf] &(=( k|lt;t lyof] . lrq ( df k|:t't ul/Ph:tf] ;g\ @)!!÷!@ ;Dd b'j} dfWodaf6 >d :jLs[lt lng]x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;Gt'lnt ?kdf j[l4 ePsf] lyof] eg] pQm cjlw kZrft j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuaf6 JolQmut ?kdf :jLs[lt lng] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf pNn]Vo lu/fj6 cfPsf] lyof] . lglZrt uGtJo d'n'sx¿af6 Psd'i7 ;ª\Vofdf >ldsx¿sf] dfu x'g] ePsf]n] Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf] ;]jfsf] nf]slk|otf a9\g'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f xf] . o;sf] b]f;|f] sf/0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf] ;ª\Vof / ;~hfndf j[l4 x'g' xf] . ;/sf/n] ;g\ @)!@ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] / lgodg ug]{ p2]Zon] JolQmut k|lqmof ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf hf/L u/]kl5 JolQmut ?kdf >d :jLs[lt lng] sfddf ef/L lu/fj6 cfof] .

tyflk, o; lgb]{lzsfsf] p2]Zo lghL ?kdf k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ OR5's cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ljb]z hfgaf6 /f]Sg' geO o:tf] dfWodaf6 hfg] JolQmx¿nfO{ k|lqmofdf NofO pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ lyof] . cfk\mgf] :jLs[lt cfk}+m lng] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] cfk\mgf] /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf klg cfk}+m ldnfpg' kg]{ x'gfn] uGtJo d'n'sdf sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] v08df pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sf]xL rflxG5 . o; ;d"x cGtu{tsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] s'g} k|sf/sf] b'3{6gf ePdf Dofgkfj/ sDkgLx¿;Fu Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjL klg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{, Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf] ;]jf k|of]u ug]{ k|j[ltdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . o; lgb]{lzsfn] ;/sf/nfO{ uGtJo d'n'sx¿df pknAw sfd tyf JolQmut k|lqmodf ;+nUg ;xof]uLx¿sf af/]df cem a9L hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug{ d4t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] cem plrt ;+/If0f ;Dej ePsf] 5 .


lrq (= cfk|jf;gsf] dfWodsf cfwf/df >d :jLs[ltsf\ cg'kft, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%


2008/09

76.57 %

23.43 %

32.06 %

67.94 % 67.60 %

87.75 %84.89 %

89.88 %

10.12 %15.11 %12.25%

32.40 %

100.00 %

90.00 %

80.00 %

70.00 %

60.00 %

50.00 %

40.00 %

30.00 %

20.00 %

10.00 %

0.00 %2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

a}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;+:yf af6

JolQmut

74.51 %

25.49 %

k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿dWo] Dofgkfj/ sDkgLaf6 ;]jf lng] s'/f nf]slk|o ePsf] eP tfklg dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] Dofgkfj/ sDkgL dfk{mt >d :jLs[lt lng] qmddf kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 . lrq !) df pNn]v ePcg';f/ ut cfly{s jif{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu Dofgkfj/ sDgLsf] ;]jf k|of]u ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf @&=# k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] j[l4 x'gfsf] Pp6f sf/0f ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf] clwsf+z cjlwdf dlxnfx¿dfly 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf ljb]z hfg k|ltaGw nufOPsf]n] x'g ;Sb5 . o; k|ltaGw cl3 ;/sf/L gLltx¿n] 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿nfO{ JolQmut ?kdf ljb]z hfg cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . k|ltaGwsf] k|fjwfgn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf ljb]z hfg k"0f{ ?kdf /f]s nufof] . o:tf] k|ltaGwsf] kl/0ffd:j?k, JolQmut ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf lu/fj6 cfof] . o;sf] k'li6 JolQmut ?kdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] ?kdf dlxnfx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltdf ePsf] lu/fj6af6 x'G5 .

o; k|j[lQdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 lsgls ;/sf/n] ;g\ @)!% clk|ndf hf/L u/]sf] csf]{ lgb]{lzsfn] btf{ ePsf Dofgkfj/ sDkgLx¿n] 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿sf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; cl3 dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ csf]{ s'g} ljsNk gePsf]n] pgLx¿ cfk}+mn] >d :jLs[lt lng' kb{Yof] lsgeg] Dofgkfj/ sDkgLx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/df nufpg kfpg] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] lyPg .

lrq !)= >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ dlxnf cfk|jf;Lx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf dfWodx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%


100.00 %

80.00 %

60.00 %

40.00 %

20.00 %

0.00 %2008/09

16.31 %34.21 % 29.06 % 28.30 %

61.85 % 50.44 %

77.78 %

83.69 %

65.79 %70.94 %

71.70 %

38.15 %49.56 %

22.22 %

2009/10

a}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;+:yf af6 JolQmut

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15


lrq !!= >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf dfWodx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%


100.00 %

80.00 %

60.00 %

40.00 %

20.00 %

0.00 %2008/09 2009/10

a}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;+:yf af6 JolQmut

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

76.88 %

23.12 %

78.08 %

21.92 %

69.12 %

30.88 %

70.10 %

29.90 %

89.45 %

10.55 %

86.93 %

13.07 %

90.41 %

9.59 %

@=^ lgoldt tYofª\s

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] 8]6fj];n] >d :jLs[ltsf] s'n ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} klxn] btf{ geO cfk|jf;gdf uPsf t/ pxL uGtJo d'n'ssf nflu >d :jLs[lt lng] p2]Zon] lkmtf{ ePsf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ub{5 . o; tYofª\sn] ljut tLg cfly{s jif{x¿nfO{ dfq ;d]6\b5 -lrq !@_ . ;g\ @)!@÷!# / ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf] lardf o; ;d"x cGtu{t s'n !$),$@# >d :jLs[lt hf/L u/L clen]vg ul/Psf] lyof], h;n] s'n JolQmut lgj]bsx¿sf] &^=@ nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . o;dWo] () k|lt;t k'?ifx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

lrq !@= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ cfj]bg lbO >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!%


cf=j= 2014/15

cf=j=2013/14

cf=j= 2012/13

k'?if

dlxnf

36 672 3 863

6 527

3 209

55 284

34 868

0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000

pTklQsf] lhNnfsf] cfwf/df tYofª\snfO{ juL{s/0f ubf{ >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ klxn] btf{ gePsf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof wg'iff, emfkf, l;/xf, ?kGb]xL, :ofª\uhf, df]/Ë, dxf]Q/L, gjnk/f;L, ;'g;/L / sf:sLaf6 ;aeGbf a9L lyof] -æk"gMj}wtf ;d"xÆ cGtu{t clen]vg ul/Psf]_ . lrq !# df b]vfOPh:t}, tLg jif{ clen]vg ul/Psf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df oL !) lhNnfsf] $!=& k|lt;t ;+nUgtf /Xof] .


lrq !#= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[ltsf nflu cfj]bg lbg] pTklQ lhNnfx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!%


6.27 %

4.71 %

4.70 %

4.54 %

4.14 %

3.93 %

3.65 %

3.60 %

3.12 %

3.09 %

58.26 %

wg'iff s'n emfkf s'nl;/fxf s'n ?kGb]lx s'n:ofËhf s'n df]/Ë s'n

dxf]Q/L s'n gjnk/f;L s'n

;'g;/L s'n ;'g;/L s'n

afFsL lhNnfx?

cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] n}lª\stfsf cfwf/df lgoldt tYofª\snfO{ cem ljefhg u/]/ x]bf{ o; ;d"xdf clwsf+z k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] s'n lx:;fdfh:t} pxL lhNnfx¿af6 /xg uPsf] 5 . dlxnf cfk|jf;Lx¿dWo] %!=* k|lt;t sfdbf/x¿ emfkf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, df]/ª\u, ?kGb]xL, ;'g;/L, gjnk/f;L, sf7df8f}+, lrtjg, dsjfgk'/ / sf:sL lhNnfaf6 lyP -lrq !$_ .

lrq !$= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!%


2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

sf:sL

365

236

265

176

143

163

107

103

165 95

181 138

218 135

234 185

276 120

311 148

333 184

240

299

379

490

540

658

83

72

dsjfgk'/

lrtjg

sf7df8f+}

gjnk/f;L

;'g;/L

?kGb]lx

df]/Ë

l;Gw'kfNrf]s

0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600

emfkf

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] tYofª\scg';f/ clgoldt cfk|jf;Lx¿n] !#^ uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf nflu >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo], stf/, ;fpbL c/]ljof, o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\;, s'j]t, dn]l;of, cf]dfg, ax/fOg / n]jggsf nflu cf7f}+ ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf jf s'n ;ª\Vofsf] (! k|lt;tnfO{ >d :jLs[lt lbOPsf] lyof] -lrq !%_ .


lrq !%= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] uGtJo d'n'sx¿, ;g\ @)!@÷!# – @)!$÷!%


stf/

;fpbL c/]ljof


s'j]t

dn]l;of

cf]dfg

ax/]g

n]agg

afFsL b]zx?

37.78 %

8.96 %

22.88 %

19.87 %

7.50 %

5.51 %

2.35 %

2.93 %1.17 %

clwsf+z ælgoldtÆ k'?if >d cfk|fjf;Lx¿sf nflu stf/, ;fpbL c/]ljof, / o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\; uGtJo d'n'sx¿ lyP, hasL 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf dlxnf cfk|jf;Lx¿s'j]t, o'gfO6]8 c/j Old/]6\;, cf]dfg / n]jggsf nflu lyP -tflnsf %_ .

tflnsf %= klxn] btf{ gePsf t/ kl5 >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, uGtJo / n}lª\ustfsf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!@÷!# –@)!$÷!%

b]z k'?if dlxnf s'n

stf/ 47 902 402 48 304;fpbL c/]ljof 28 276 983 29 259;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\; 22 175 3 226 25 401s'j]t 5 045 4 543 9 588dn]l;of 6 907 143 7 050ax/]g 3 343 406 3 749cf]dfg 1 961 1 041 3 002n]agg 427 1 073 1 500s'n 116 036 11 817 127 853;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu


@=& >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] pd]/ tyf ;Lksf] :t/

;g\ @)!! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/, sfdbf/ hg;ª\Vof -!%–!( jif{_ ;g\ @))! sf] %$ k|lt;t( af6 sl/a %& k|lt;tdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . clwsf+z cg'kl:yt hg;ª\Vof sfdug]{ pd]/sf] lyof] eg] To;sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] cg'kft -$*=* k|lt;t_ !%–@$ jif{ ;d"xsf] lyof] . o;}u/L, sl/a cg'kl:yt hg;ª\Vofsf] Ps rf}yfO{ JolQmn] /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfk\mgf] 3/ 5f]8],h;dWo] ^@=$ k|lt;t ef/teGbf cGo d'n'sx¿sf nflu ljb]lzP!) . t;y{, /f]huf/Lsf nflu b]z 5f]8\g] ;aeGbf 7"nf] hg;ª\Vof o'jfx¿sf] lyof] .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] hGd ldltsf] clen]v /fVg] eP tfklg 8]6fj]; k|0ffnLn] lj:t[t ?kdf ;"rgfsf] phfu/ ub}{g . JolQmut ?kdf >d :jLs[lt lng] >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ljj/0f ;g\@)!$÷!% df yk ul/Psf] lyof] . JolQmut ?kdf cfj]bg lbg]>lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu %),%*@ >d :jLs[ltx¿ hf/L ul/PsfdWo] #$,#*$ hgf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] pd]/sf] tx lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsGYof]!! . >d :jLs[t k|fKt ug]{ ;aeGbf pRr cg'kft -$&=@_ @^–#% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] lyof] eg] To;kl5 qmdzM #^–$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] -@%=( k|lt;t_, !*–@%!@ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] -@!=! k|lt;t_ / $^ jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/sf] %=( k|lt;t . Psftk{m k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu ;f]xL qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] 5 eg] !*–@) jif{ pd]/sf dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof #^–$% jif{ pd]/sf dlxnfx¿sf] eGbf lemgf] cg'kftdf a9L 5 .

tflnsf ^= >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿, pd]/ / n}lª\ustfsf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!$÷!%

pd]/sf] cfwf/ k'?if Dlxnf s'n

!*–@% jif{ 6 452 (20.68 %) 819 (25.70 %) 7 271 (21.14 %)@^–#% jif{ 14 707 (47.14 %) 1 507 (47.30 %) 1 6214 (47.15 %)#^–$% jif{ 8 108 (25.98 %) 783 (24.57 %) 8 891 (25.85 %)$^ jif{ / dfly 1 931 (6.2 %) 77 (2.43 %) 2 008 (5.86 %)s'n 31 198 3 186 34 384


oL pd]/ ;d"xsf]lardf hgu0fgfsf] kl/0ffd!# / tYofª\ssf] :j?kdf leGgtf kfOG5 . pNn]vgLo ?kdf 5'6 ePsf] tYofª\ssf sf/0f o; :j?knfO{ aª\UofOPsf] x'g ;Sb5 . o;eGbf cl3 pNn]v ul/Ph:t} JolQmut ?kdf >d :jLs[lt lng] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] cg'kft Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Ldfk{mt j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\VofeGbf Hofb} ;fgf] 5 . tyflk pknAw tYofª\s eflj hfgsf/Lsf nflu pkof]uL k|f/lDes laGb' x'g ;Sb5 .cfk|jf;Lx¿sf]pd]/ ;d"xsf]k|j[lQ;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] 8]6fj];nfO{ oyflz3| ;'b[9 ug{ ;lsg] ck]Iff ul/G5 .

( s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)!! .!) s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, @)!# .!! afFsL tYofª\s k|fKt ubf{ ;k\m6j]/ jf tYofª\s k|ljli6df uNtL ePsf] lyof] .!@ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @))& sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ M æ!* jif{ gk'u]sf] s'g} klg gfaflnunfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu k7fOg] 5}g .Æ!# hg u0fgfsf] tYofª\sn] sfdsf ;fy} kl/jf/;Fusf] e]63f6sf nflu ef/t hfg] JolQmx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;d]t pNn]vgLo ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z

ub{5 .


@=* ph'/L, kL8f / d[To'

;/sf/n] cfk|jf;gsf] qmddf ;fdgf ug{;Sg] k|lts"n l:yltsf] ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu w]/} k|lqmofuttyf ;+:yfut k|fjwfgx¿ nfu' u/]sf] 5 . Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Låf/f ul/g] 7luh:tf ck/fw / uGtJo d'n'sx¿df /f]huf/Lsf cjlwdf x'g] u/]sf b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f, rf]6k6s jf d[To'sf] jf/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] o:tf kLl8t JolQmx¿nfO{ g]kfn / uGtJo d'n'sx¿df Ifltk"lt{ nufotsf ;]jfx¿ k|bfg u/L ;xof]u ub{5 .

g]kfndf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿åf/f ;aeGbf a9L phfu/ ul/Psf ph'/L / kL8f Dofgkfj/ sDkgL / /f]huf/Lsf] k|lqmofsf] cjlwdf axsfpg] / unt ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ JolQmx¿sf lj?4df x'g] ub{5 . vf]6f] s/f/gfdf, clws ;]jf z'Ns c;'nL / ;Demf}tfsf] cj1f u/L x'g] 7uLsf sf/0f >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿n] uDeL/ ?kdf zf]if0fo'St cj:yfx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St, pgLx¿nfO{ cfjfudg÷lx+88'ndf lgoGq0f ul/G5, Hofnf e'Qmfg ul/+b}g, cfk|jf;gsf] qmddf x'g] clws vr{sf sf/0f ;DklQsf] gf]S;fgL ;d]t x'g] ub{5 . olb Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf lj?4df o:tf ph'/Lx¿ ePdf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿n] cfk\mgf ph'/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] ph'/L tyf cg';Gwfg zfvfdf btf{ ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

@=*=! j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefudf btf{ ul/g] ph'/L / ;Da4 Ifltk"lt{j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] ph'/L btf{ tyf cg';Gwfg zfvfn] ;+:yf -Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;L_ jf JolQm -k|ltlglw jf cGo JolQmx¿_ lj?4 d'4f lng] ub{5 . ph'/Lx¿ df}h'bf lgodx¿cg'?k cl3 a9fOg] ul/G5 / ;f]xLcg';f/sf] clen]v /flvG5 . zfvfsf] clen]vcg';f/, 7uL / b'/frf/;Fu ;DalGwt pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vofdf ph'/L btf{ ePsf 5g\ -;+:yf / JolQmx¿ lj?4_ . ;+:yfeGbf JolQmx¿sf] lj?4df cToGt} jl9 ph'/L k|fKt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . of] s'/f j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf gfddf JolQmut ?kdf k};fsf] n]gb]g x'g] s'/f;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Ph]G;Ln] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf 7uL / 5nsk6 ePsf] v08df Hofb} s8fOsf ;fy sf/jfxL ub{5 .


tflnsf &= ph'/L, km:of}{6 tyf JolQm jf Ph]G;Låf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] Ifltk"lt{ @)!@÷!# –@)!$÷!%

jif{@)!@÷!# @)!@÷!# @)!@÷!#

JolQmut ;+:yfut JolQmut ;+:yfut JolQmut ;+:yfut

ph'/L ;ª\Vof 1 245 1 060 974 1577 773 1 906dfubfjL u/]sf] /sd -g]?_ 839 380 607 331 551 610 758 293 744 276 177 809 471 109 083 262 796 747

6'ª\uf] nufO{sf] /sd -g]?_ 82 191 130 49 389 037 92 359 356 65 383 483 77 483 000 46 026 900

km:of}{6 u/]sf d'4fx¿sf] k|lt;t 9.8 14.9 12.18 23.7 16.5 17.5

bfo/ eO km:of}{6 ePsf ph/Lx¿sf] ;ª|\Vof

202 350 151 303 74 589

ph'/Lx¿

cbfntdf d'4f bfo/ ePsf 164 14 128 5 165 1

cbfntdf dfu bfaL ul/Psf] /sd -g]kfnL ?k}of+_

396 543 949 40 214 250 436 416 437 3 691 500 289 243 846 0

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] lg0f{o

0 39 0 45 0 2

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] lg0f{o u/]cg';f/sf] hl/jfgf -g]kfnL ?k}of+_

0 4 500 000 0 4 600 000 0 150 000

gf]6 M g]? Ö?k}of+ .


tflnsf & df k|:t't ul/Pcg';f/ km:of}{6 ul/Psf b'O{j6} /sd dfu bfjL ePsf] /sdeGbf Hofb} Go"g 5g\ . bfjL ul/Psf] /sdsf] t'ngfdf 6'\ª\uf] nufOPsf] /sdsf] k|lt;tnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] JolQm lj?4sf] ph'/Ldf ;g\ @)!@÷!#, @)!#÷!$ / @)!$÷!% sf nflu qmdzM (=* k|lt;t, !@=@ k|lt;t / !^=% k|lt;t 5 . of] /sd ;+:yf lj?4sf] ph'/Ldf qmdzM !$=( k|lt;t, @#=& k|lt;t / !&=% k|lt;t x'g hfG5!$ . o:tf] oyfy{sf] ulx/f] ljZn]if0f ubf{clwsf+z 36gfx¿df oL b'O{ kIfn] ph'/L / l;sfotx¿nfO{ cgf}krfl/s ?kdf 6'ª\Uofpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L cgf}krfl/s ?kdf ul/Psf ;dembf/L slxNo} klg j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] cf}krfl/s ;+oGqdf cfp+b}gg\ . o;sf cltl/St, Ifltk"lt{ ;+oGq / Ph]G;Lx¿sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f, k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg / dfgj Ifdtfsf] cefj, ph'/LnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ vfnsf 7f]; k|df0fsf] cefjh:tf s'/fx¿ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu cf}krfl/s ;+oGq leqsf ;fdfGo cj/f]w x'g\ . of] jf:tljstf klg JolQmut / ;+:yfut b'j}sf] xsdf btf{ ul/Psf ph'/L / km:of}{6 ul/Psf ph'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofåf/f /fd|/L emlNsPsf] 5lsgeg] of] ;ª\Vof Go"g 5 .

!$ lglZrt cfly{s jif{df bfo/ ul/PsfdWo] s]xL d'4fx¿ csf]{ jif{sf nflu ;fl/g ;Sb5g\ . t;y{, Pp6f cfly{s jif{sf] cjlwdf 6'ª\uf] nufOsf] /sd ;f]xL cfly{s jif{df bfaL ul/Psf] /sd;Fu k|ToIf d]n vfg ;Sb}g .


j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuåf/f l;kmfl/; ul/Psf d'4fx¿j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fdf btf{ ug]{ ul/G5 . o; GofofwLs/0fn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @))& adf]lhd j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuaf6 b08gLo x'g] afx]ssf d'4fx¿rnfpg] / km:of}{6 ug]{ ub{5 . vf;u/L, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] JolQmut d'4fx¿sf] af/]df lg0fo{ ug{ ;Sb}g / o:tf d'4fx¿GofofwLs/0fdf l;kmfl/; u/]/ k7fpg} kb{5 . GofofwLs/0fsf] clen]vdf b]lvPcg';f/ ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf s'n (%! j6f d'4fx¿ btf{ ul/Psf]df &$% d'4fx¿km:of}{6 ul/of] -tflnsf *_ . GofofwLs/0fdf d'4fsf] km:of}{6 k|efjsf/L x'g] u/]sf] 5 lsgeg] k|To]s jif{ km:of}{6 ul/Psf d'4fx¿sf] k|lt;tdf j[l4 eO/x]s]f 5 . ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf] cjlwdf gofF / afFsL /x]sf b'j} u/L s'n d'4fx¿sf] %)=* k|lt;t km:of}{6 ul/Psf] lyof] . of] cg'kft ;g\ @))(÷!) sf] t'ngfdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf !)=!# k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] xf] .

tflnsf *= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fdf k|fKt ePsf d'4fx¿, jif{ / cj:yfsf] cfwf/df

cfly{s jif{ gofF d'4fx¿ s'n d'4fx¿ -gofF / cl3Nnf] jif{af6 NofOPsf_

6'ª\uf] nufOPsf d'4fx¿

yfFtL /x]sf d'4fx¿

6'ª\uf] nufOPsf d'4fx¿sf] k|lt;t

2009/10 158 158 16 142 10.13

2010/11 120 262 78 184 29.77

2011/12 186 370 124 246 33.51

2012/13 178 424 163 261 38.44

2013/14 134 395 151 244 38.23

2014/15 175 419 213 206 50.80s'n 951 - 745


k|ltj]bgx¿sf] clen]vnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ >lds sfdbf/x¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf w]/} sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ug]{ ub{5g\, h:t}M sfo{:yndf x'g] b'3{6gf, zf]if0fo'Qm sfdsf ;t{x¿ / cnkq k/]sf -w]/} sf/0fn], h:t} clws a;fO, s/f/o'Qm sfdaf6 /flhgfdf / la/fdL_ . d[To'sf] ;ª\Vof klg pNn]Vo x'g] s'/f phfu/ ePsf 5g\ . uGtJo d'n'sx¿df o:tf] vfnsf kLl8t jf kL8faf6 afFRg ;kmn ePsf >ldsx¿n] ;j{k|yd ;xof]usf nflu g]kfnL b'tfjf;df cg'/f]w ug'{sf ;fy} ljleGg u}=;=;= / ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿af6 klg ;xof]u vf]Hg] ub{5g\ . g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿n] kLl8t cfk|jf;Lx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] / cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / pgLx¿sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ cfly{s xhf{gf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] s'/f hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] eP tfklg oxfF k|:t't ug]{ vfnsf]Pslqt tYofª\s b'tfjf;af6 k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .

@=*=@ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifdfk{mt Ifltk"lt{j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] ckfª\u x'g] u/L rf]6k6s nfu]sf jf lj/fdL ePsf /÷jf /f]huf/L u'dfPsf / d[To' ePsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] tYofª\s pknAw u/fpFb5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] o:tf sfdbf/x¿ / pgLx¿sf xsjfnfnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL, @))* adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg' sf ;fy} o:tf] k|lqmofdf tYofª\s l;h{gf ub{5 . tyflk, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{df l;h{gf ul/Psf] tYofª\s Ph]G;L;Fu ;xof]u dfUg] / Ifltk"lt{sf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ JolQmx¿sf nflu dfq ;Lldt x'g] ub{5 . t;y{, o:tf] tYofª\sn] d[To' / ckfª\utf ;DaGwL ;a} 36gfx¿ phfu/ gug{ ;Sb5 . tyflk, o:tf] ;"rgfnfO{ ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rssf] ?kdf lnOG5 .

;g\ @))*÷)( b]lv ;ftj6f cfly{s jif{sf] cjlwdf s'n $(# hgf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{af6 ckfª\utfsf] nflu Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt u/], h;dWo] $@@ hgf k'?if lyP eg] &! hgf dlxnf -tflnsf (_ .

!% Ifltk"lt{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @))& n] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .


Tflnsf (= j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cjlwdf zf/Ll/s ?kdf ckfª\u x'g k'u]sf JolQmx¿sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @)!$÷!%

jif{lnË

s'nk'?if dlxnf

2008/09 8 0 8

2009/10 9 2 11

2010/11 29 0 29

2011/12 2 54 56

2012/13 89 4 93

2013/14 108 7 115

2014/15 177 4 181

s'n 422 71 493

;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .

x/]s jif{ 36gfsf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 x'Fbfx'Fb} klg >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf klg plQs} j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o:tf] j[l4 eO/x]sf] ;ª\Vofaf6 s] a'e\mg ;lsG5 eg] >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] Ifltk"lt{ ;+oGqsf] kx'Frdf j[l4 x'g yfn]sf] 5 . z'?sf jif{x¿df cfk|jf;Lx¿dfem r]tgfsf] cefjdf sd kx'Fr x'g] ub{Yof] .

ckfª\utfsf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug'kg]{ vfnsf clwsf+z 36gfx¿ dn]l;ofsf nflu -$*=@ k|lt;t_ clen]v ul/Psf] lyof] eg] To;kl5 qmdzM ;fpbL c/]ljof -@!=% k|lt;t_, stf/ -!$=$ k|lt;t_, o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\; -(=@ k|lt;t_ / s'j]t -$=! k|lt;t_ . afFsL s]xL 36gfx¿ ax/fOg, n]jgg, cf]dfg / u0ftGq sf]l/of;Fu ;DalGwt lyP .

ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] ckfª\utfsf] clen]vx¿n] clwsf+z 36gfx¿ sfo{:yn b'3{6gfsf sf/0f / To;kl5 /f]u, ;8s b'3{6gf / e}m–emu8fsf sf/0f eGg] b]lvG5 . k'?ifx¿ oL rf/j6} sf/0fx¿af6 ckfª\u ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] dlxnfx¿;8s b'3{6gf jf e}m–emu8fsf sf/0f ckfª\u ePsf] b]lv+b}g -tflnsf !)_ .

tflnsf !)= rf]6k6s / ckfª\utfsf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%

jif{/f]u e}m–emu8f ;8s b'3{6\gf sfo{If]q b'3{6\gf

k' d k' d k' d k' d

2008/09 1 0 1 0 5 0 1 0

2009/10 2 1 0 0 1 0 6 1

2010/11 2 0 1 0 2 0 24 0

2011/12 1 2 0 0 0 0 53 0

2012/13 14 1 3 0 2 0 70 3

2013/14 18 5 2 0 29 0 59 2

2014/15 43 1 0 0 17 0 117 3s'n 81 10 7 0 56 0 330 9



;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!% sf] cjlwdf @$ j6f uGtJo d'n'sx¿df s'n $,#@@ -$,@#% k'?if / *% dlxnf!^ _ d[To'sf 36gfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ ;dIf hfx]/ ePsf lyP -tflnsf !!_ .

tflnsf !!= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf] s'n ;ª\Vof, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%

jif{n}lª\ustfsf] cfwf/df

s'nk'?if dlxnf

cf=j= 2008/09 87 3 90

cf=j= 2009/10 399 19 418

cf=j= 2010/11 541 8 549

cf=j= 2011/12 632 14 646

cf=j= 2012/13 716 11 727

cf=j= 2013/14 864 24 888

cf=j= 2014/15 996 6 1 002 -±@ lnË klxrfg gePsf_

s'n 4 235 87 4 322;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .

ljut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ePsf] d[To'sf] clen]vn] ;aeGbf a9L dn]l;of, ;fpbL c/]ljof, stf/, o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\; / s'j]tdf ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf !@_ . clwsf+z d[To'sf] ;ª\Vof oL d'n'sx¿df x'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og lsgeg] oL jif{x¿df oL d'n'sx¿df ;Dk"0f{ cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] sl/j *% k|lt;t sfdbf/ uPsf lyP .

tflnsf !@= j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf] s'n ;ª\Vof, n}lª\us cfwf/df, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@)!$÷!%

b]z ÷ jif{ cf=j= @))*÷)(

cf=j= @))(÷!)

cf=j= @)!)÷!!

cf=j= @)!!÷!@

cf=j= @)!@÷!#

cf=j= @)!#÷!$

cf=j= @)!$÷!%

s'n

dn]l;of 15 105 219 237 253 306 427 1 562;fpbL c/]ljof 27 124 133 179 206 220 273 1 162stf/ 26 114 125 130 151 208 178 932;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\; 13 53 37 50 47 69 57 326s'j]t 3 10 22 22 39 33 129ax/]g 2 5 12 8 14 8 12 61u0ftflGqs sf]l/of 1 1 6 6 14 15 12 55cf]dfg 4 4 1 6 7 14 3 39n]agg 2 6 4 3 3 2 20Oh/]n 1 3 3 7

!^ tYofª\sdf b'O{hgf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] n}lª\us hfgsf/L pNn]v ul/Psf] lyPg .


b]z ÷ jif{ cf=j= @))*÷)(

cf=j= @))(÷!)

cf=j= @)!)÷!!

cf=j= @)!!÷!@

cf=j= @)!@÷!#

cf=j= @)!#÷!$

cf=j= @)!$÷!%

s'n

Hffkfg 2 2 2 1 7ckm\uflg:tfg 2 1 1 3 7?; 2 1 3>Ln+sf 1 1 2hd{gL 1 1dflNbE; 1 1kk'jf Go"lugL 1 1;+o'Qm /fi6« 1 1lnJof 1 1O6nL 1 1Sofg8f 1 1dl/;;\ 1 1kf]Nof08 1 1o'uf08f 1 1s'n 90 418 549 646 727 888 1 004 4 322


n}lª\us ?kdf jlu{s[t tYofª\snfO{ x]bf{ vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]l;ofdf ePsf] k'?if tyf dlxnfsf] d[To' ;Dk"0f{ d[To'sf] qmdzM (& / &% k|lt;t b]lvg cfpFb5 . vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿df ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vofdf k'?ifx¿sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] s'/f k'?if cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu oL b]zx¿ pRr uGtJosf] ?kdf nf]slk|o /x]sf] s'/f;Fu ufFl;Psf] 5 .

dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿dWo] ;aeGbf a9L d[To' s'j]tdf -@$ hgf_, To;kl5 qmdzM dn]l;ofdf -!& hgf_ / o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\;df -!^ hgf_ ePsf] b]lvG5 . oL tLgj6f d'n'sx¿ dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu pRr tLg uGtJodf kb{5g\ .

lrq !^= ;aeGbf pRr uGtJo d'n'sx¿df d[To' x'g]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @))*÷)(–@))!$÷!%

;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8

o'PO sf] s'n -k'?if+dlxnf_ tflnsf !# sf] s'n ;ª\Vof;Fu d]n vf+b}g lsgeg] n}lª\us hfgsf/L yfxf 5}g . k'm6gf]6 !! x]g'{ x'g .

1 800

1 600

1 400

1 200

1 000

800

600

400

200

0 dn]l;of ;fpbL c/]ljof

stf/ ;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;

s'j]t cf]dfg ax/]g u0ftflGqs sf]l/of

1 158

927

309

105165317 38 61 55 00124

k'?if

dlxnf

1 545


pknAw ;"rgfn] OlËt u/]cg';f/ >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿n] ljb]zdf sfdubf{ d[To' x'g] k|d'v sf/0fx¿df x|[bo3ft -($! 36gf_, :jfefljs d[To' -*$&_ / cGo jf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf sf/0fx¿ -&(%_ 5g\ . d[To'sf] pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofdf ;8s b'3{6gf eP/ -%&!_ / cfTdxTof -$%!_ klg clen]v ul/Psf] lyof] eg] sfo{:yndf b'3{6gfsf sf/0fn] d[To' x'g]sf] cg'kft sd lyof] -*=% k|lt;t_ . dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] d[To'sf] k|d'v sf/0f cfTdxTof lyof] -s'n *% hgf dlxnf sfdbf/x¿dWo] @( hgfsf] d[To'_ . sl/a ;a} d[To'sf] !( k|lt;t d[To'nfO{ æcGo jf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fÆ eg]/ juL{s/0ful/Psf] 5 -tflnsf !#_ . 8]6fj];n] d[To'sf] sf/0f;DaGwL kl/df0ffTds tYofª\seGbf cGo s'/fsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pknAw u/fp+b}g .

tflnsf !#= ljb]zdf sfd ubf{ cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] d[To'sf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!%

cf=j=

d[To'sf] sf/0f

X|[bo 3ft d'6'/f]u xTof :jfefljs d[To'

cfTdxTof ;8s b'3{6gf

sfo{:yndf x'g] b'3{6gf

cGo jf sf/0f klxrfg x'g g;s]sf]

s'n

k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d

2008/09 25 1 2 - 1 - 24 - 8 1 8 - 6 - 13 1

2009/10 104 2 10 - 1 - 110 8 21 4 65 2 41 3 47 -

2010/11 100 - 48 - 40 - 114 4 60 2 60 - 59 2 60 -

2011/12 134 - 37 - 2 - 102 - 61 5 97 4 39 2 160 3

2012/13 115 1 31 1 2 - 105 1 76 5 104 - 27 - 256 3

2013/14 190 - 73 6 1 - 137 1 87 9 110 2 78 1 189 4

2014/15 269 - 87 2 - - 241 - 109 3 118 1 113 - 59 -s'n 937 4 288 9 47 0 833 14 422 29 562 9 363 8 783 12 4

320 (+2)*

gf]6 M*= d[To' ePsf b'O{hgf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] n}lª\us hfgsf/L yfxf gePsf] eg]/ ;g\ @)!$÷!% ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] lyof . k' Ö k'?if, d Ö dlxnf;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .


Tfflnsf !% n] dn]l;of / vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb d'n'sx¿df x'g] u/]sf] d[To'sf sf/0fx¿df k|sfz kfb{5 lsgeg] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf clwsf+z d[To'x¿ oL d'n'sx¿df ePsf lyP . tYofª\sn] phfu/ u/]cg';f/ æcGo jf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf]Æ eg]/ pNn]v ul/Psf clwsf+z d[To'sf 36gfx¿ dn]l;ofdf -%$^ hgf_ / stf/df -!$)_ hgf ePsf lyP . ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf x[bo ult aGb x'g] stf/df -$^@ hgfsf d[To'_ ePsf] lyof] eg] :jfefljs sf/0fn] d[To' eg]/ juL{s/0f ul/Pcg';f/ ;aeGbf a9L ;fpbL c/]ljLofdf ePsf] lyof] . ;8s b'3{6gf;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ d[Tosf] ^) k|lt;t ;fpbL c/]aLofdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;aeGbfa9L cfTdxTof dn]l;ofdf -!!$ hgf_, ;fpbL c/]ljofdf -^) hgf_, / stf/df -%$ hgf_, hxfF ;aeGbf a9L xTofsf 36gfx¿ klg hfx]/ eP . ;g\ @)!)÷!! Dff hfx]/ ul/Psf $) j6f xTofsf 36gfx¿df -tflnsf !%_ !( hgfsf] dn]l;ofdf eof] eg] !* hgf stf/df . o:tf xTofsf] af/]df yk hfgsf/L pknAw lyPgg\ .

tflnsf !$= dn]l;of / vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifbb]zx¿df d[To'sf sf/0fx¿, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!%

b]z

;ft jif{df ePsf] d[To'sf] s'n ;ª\Vof 36gfsf sf/0fx¿

k' d s'n X|[bo3ft d'6'/f]u :jfefljs d[To'

klxrfg x'g g;s]sf

cGo sf/0f

;8s b'3{6gf cfTdxTof sfo{:yndf

x'g] b'3{6gf xTof

dn]l;of 1 545 17 1 562 291 132 166 546 83 144 136 19

;fpbL c/]ljof 1 158 3

1 161 (+1 lnË

c1ft_61 28 485 34 340 60 118 1

stf/ 927 5 932 462 45 65 140 49 54 81 22


309 16326

(+1 lnË c1ft_

98 35 62 29 46 26 18 3

s'j]t 105 24 129 6 43 7 16 24 18 2 2

cf]dfg 38 1 39 4 2 12 7 7 4 3 0

ax/]g 61 0 61 5 1 32 3 12 3 6 0

s'n 4 143 66 4 211 927 286 829 775 561 309 364 47;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ .

jt{dfg k|0ffnLdf d[To'sf] sf/0f;DaGwL juL{s/0f / k|To]s ;d"x cGtu{t d[To'sf] ;ª\Vofsf lx;fjn] o; kl5sf kl/0ffdx¿n] d[To'sf sf/0fx¿ af/] a'e\mgsf nflu pNn]vgLo pkfox¿ phfu/ ub{5g\ . klxnf], cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] d[To'sf] sf/0fnfO{ juL{s/0f ul/Psf w]/} ;d"xx¿ åLcyL{ 5g\ . ;"rgfsf] cefjsf sf/0f o;n] s]jn cg'dflgt lg0f{otk{m dfq 8f]¥ofpg] x'gfn] yk cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf d[To'sf] sf/0fdf æcGo jf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf]Æ cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 eg] x|[bo3ft x'g] d'Vo sf/0fx¿ af/] yk hfgsf/L pknAw 5}g . bf];|f], olb pknAw ;"rgfnfO{ c+lst d"Nosf] ?kdf lng] xf] eg], o;n] k|s6 ePsf] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yosf] ;jfnnfO{ ulx/f] ?kdf a'e\mg'kg]{ x'G5, h;sf nflu ljlw;Ddt ljZn]if0f / tTsflng ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t;y{, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf sf/0fx¿ af/] yk hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ uGtJo d'n'sx¿df c6f]K;L;sf] cg';Gwfg / lrlsT;ssf] k|ltj]bgn] uxg ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 .

pknAw tYofª\sx¿af6 s]xL k|j[lQx¿ phfu/ ePsf 5g\ h;n] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;'/Iffsf] ;jfnsf] af/]df Wofgfsif{0f ub{5g\ . vf;u/L, 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf ;8s b'3{6gfx¿ x'g' lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . ljut ;ft jif{sf ljZn]if0fnfO{ x]bf{ uGtJo


d'n'sx¿df ePsf] s'n d[To'sf] ;ª\Vofsf] !# k|lt;t ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 ePsf] clen]v ul/Psf] 5 . of] clen]vsf] (* k|lt;t vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]zLodf kfO{Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 3fOt] ePsfdWo] ^) k|lt;t ;fpbL c/]laofdf /x]sf]] 5 . ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 d[To' x'g]sf] /fli6«o tYofª\s ;a} k|sf/sf d[To'sf] @=& k|lt;tnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] d[To'sf] cg'kft pRr 5 . g]kfndf ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 x'g] d[To', d[To'sf bzj6f sf/0fx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf]!& . g]kfnL gful/sx¿df ;8s ;'/Iff k|d'v /fli6«o ;d:of ePsf] 5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cem a9L ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

k|:yfg k"j{sf] cled'vLs/0f ;qdf 6«flkmslgod;DaGwL lzif{s!* /flvg] u/]sf] eP tfklg cem a9L tof/Lsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

tflnsf !%= uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0f d[To', ;g\@))*÷)(–@))!$÷!%

b]z

;8s b'3{6gf

@))*÷)( @))(÷!) @)!)÷!! @)!!÷!@ @)!@÷!# @)!#÷!$ @)!$÷!% s'n

k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k'±d

;fpbL c/]ljof 4 42 1 40 59 71 66 57 340dn]l;of 14 2 13 2 11 17 24 83stf/ 1 1 9 13 5 6 14 49;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;

2 7 6 4 2 6 9 1 8 1 46

s'j]t 1 3 5 4 11 24ax/]g 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 12u0ftflGqs sf]l/of

1 1 4 3 9

cf]dfg 1 2 1 2 1 7hfkfg 1 1s'n 8 0 65 2 60 0 97 4 104 0 110 2 118 1 571


tYofª\sn] ;a}vfn] d[To'dWo] !) k|lt;t d[To' cfTdxTofaf6 x'g] u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5, h;dWo] ^* k|lt;t vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]l;ofdf ePsf 5g\ . k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿dWo] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf cfTdxTof dn]l;ofdf -s'n $@@ j6f 36gfdf !$@ j6f_ ePsf] 5 eg] clen]vaf6 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf dlxnf sfdbf/x¿n] s'j]t / n]jggdf cfTdxTof u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf ;a}vfn] d[To'dWo] ## k|lt;tsf b/n] x'g] u/]sf] cfTdxTof pgLx¿sf] d[To'sf] d'n sf/0f b]lvG5 . o:tf d[To'dWo] s'j]t / n]jggdf cfTdxTof ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof ^@ k|lt;t 5. cfTdxToftk{m cfslif{t x'g] km/s km/s sf/0fx¿ b]lvP tfklg pRr tgfj /÷jf g}/fZotf;Fu hf]l8Psf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿n] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfk\mgf] ljgfz lsg cfk}+mn] ub{5g eGg] ljifodf Hofb} sd dfq cg';Gwfg ePsf] eP tfklg dlxnfx¿n] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df /f]huf/Lsf] cjlwdf sfo{:yndf lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePsf k|df0f 5g\!( .

!& ljZj vfB ;+u7g, @)!% . !* j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{, j}b]lzs /f]hfuf/ lzIff M cled'vLs/0f tflnd kf7\oqmd . !( eb|f, @)!# .


tflnsf !^= uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfTdxTof u/L x'g] d[To'sf] ;ª\Vof, ;g\ @))*÷)( – @))!$÷!%

b]z

cfTdxTof

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'n

k' d k' d k' d k' D k' d k' d k' d k'±d

dn]l;of 2 4 37 25 2 34 41 43 1 144;fpbL c/]ljof 1 3 1 8 14 17 18 33 60stf/ 2 11 8 7 15 13 12 54;+o'Qm c/a O{ld/]6\;

3 1 2 1 8 3 6 3 6 1 26

s'j]t 2 1 2 1 3 4 5 9 1 18u0ftflGqs sf]l/of

3 3 3 3 5 11

n]agg 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8cf]dfg 1 2 1 4ax/]g 1 1 1 1 3Oh/]n 1 1hfkfg 1 1?; 1 1kk'jf Go' lugL 1 1s'n 8 1 21 4 60 2 61 5 76 5 87 9 109 3 451

;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{

@=( Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ / cGo ;+:yfx¿

Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ df}h'bf sDkgL P]g cGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf / j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿ ;~rfng ug{ Ohfht k|fKt lghL Joj;fo x'g . Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL ug{ / ;Defljt cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu egf{ k|lqmofsf] k|aGw ldnfpgsf nflu clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . oL Ph]G;Lx¿ k|lqmofnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug{sf nflu lgo'Qm ul/Psf k|ltlglwx¿ dfk{mt ;~rfngdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .


Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ / cled'vLs/0f lbg] ;+:yfx¿n] cfk\mgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt ub{5g\ / s'g} klg unt cEof;sf 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / /fHok|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ .

Tflnsf !&= Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] ljj/0f

ljj/0f s'n ;ª\Vof

Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu btf{ ePsf Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ 1 033xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿ 754btf{ ePsf Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf zfvfx¿ 47Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf btf{ ePsf k|ltlglwx¿ 733Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu btf{ ePsf cled'lvs/0f ;+:yfx¿ 126xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf cled'lvs/0f ;+:yfx¿ 108lh6\sf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{t Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu :jLs[t k|fKt ;+:yfx¿ 1373/]n' sfdsf nflu tflnd k|bfg ug{ btf{ ePsf ;+:yfx¿ 17



Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] k|ltgLlw sfdbf/x?sf] kf;kf]6{ ;lxt clGtd >d :jLs[ltsf] nflu cfjZos sfo{ ub}{ . © ILO/O. Havana


;/sf/n] g]kfnL >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf clwsf/sf] Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu lg/Gt/ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ;do qmddf ;/sf/sf k|of;x?n] 3/]n' / cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/x¿sf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{, j}b]lzs >d /f]huf/sf nflu cfk|jf;g k|lqmofx¿nfO{ lgodg ug{, ;xhtf k|bfg ug{ / cg'udg ug{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, ;/sf/n] >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tyf lkmtL{ ePsf cfk|jf;Lsf nflu ;Lk tyf 1fgsf] ;b'kof]u u/L nufgLsf nflu ;Ifd jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ k|of; ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gL, /0fgLltd"ns / ;+/rgfut qmdljsf;df ljut b'O{ bzssf] cjlwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu >lds cfk|jf;gsf sf/0f b]zsf] cy{tGqdf b|'t ultn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ lgodg ug]{ ;/sf/sf] klxnf] k|of; ;g\ !(*% df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ hf/L eP b]lv z'? ePsf] xf] . o;n] ef/t afx]ssf cGo b]zx¿df hfg] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ lgodg ug]{ nIf /fVof] . ;g\ !(*! / !((! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ qmdzM & / !) k|lt;t hg;ª\Vof b]zdf cg'kl:yt b]lvof] . hgu0fgfsf] tYofª\scg';f/ ef/t afx]ssf cGo d'n'sx¿df hfg] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] cg'kft j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g th'{df eP kl5sf] klxnf] bzsdf j[l4 eP tfklgyf]/} cfk|jf;Lx¿n] dfq ;/sf/n] ;'emfPcg';f/sf] k|lqmof / ;+oGqx¿sf] cjnDjg u/]sf] kfOof] . tfTsflng >d tyf /f]huf/ k|j4{g ljefusf] ;aeGbf klxnf] clen]vcg';f/ ;g\ !((#÷($ df #,^)% hgf g]kfnL cfk|jf;Lx¿n] dfq j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu g]kfn 5f]8]sf] b]lvG5 . Tof] ;ª\Vof ;g\ !(((÷@))) df j[l4 eP/ @&,&(^ k'Uof] . ce}m klg of] ;ª\Vof hg u0fgfn] Oª\lut u/]sf] ;ª\VofeGbf pNn]vgLo ?kdf sd lyof]

j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] g]kfnL >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] cj:yf / To;avt cf}krfl/s k|0ffnLsf] cefjnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;/sf/n] ;g\ !((* df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gnfO{ -bf];|f] k6s_ ;+;f]wg u/L To;kl5 P]gsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] p2]Zon] ;g\ !((( df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL hf/L u¥of] . oL ;+;f]wgx¿dfk{mt ;/sf/sf] lg/LIf0fd'vL sfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{sf ;fy} JolQmut k|aGwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u¥of] . ;g\ !((( df hf/L ul/Psf] /fli6«o >d gLltn] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;'/Iff ;lxtsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug{] p2]Zon] pko'Qm ;+oGq / ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 . ljutdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ;fdfGo j[l4 eP tfklg ;g\ !(((÷@))) sf] @&,&(^ af6 ;g\ @))!÷)@ df !)$,&#^ k'u]sf] ;ª\Vofcg';f/sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltdf ePsf] tLa| j[l4 o:tf k|of;x¿sf] ;sf/fTds ;+s]t lyof] .

To;}u/L, ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs >d cfk|jf;g lgodfjnLnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'?k ug'{sf ;fy} etL{ / /f]huf/Lsf avt x'g] u/]sf zf]if0fo'St cEof;x¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿sf] klxrfg ug{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o Ph]G;Lx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn sf]nDaf] k|lqmof -@))#_ / ca'wfjL aftf{ -@))*_ h:tf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ tyf s/f/o'Qm >ldssf] Joj:yfkg Pj+ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL If]qLo k/fdz{ d~rx¿sf] ;b:o xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] anhk\mtL >lds agfpg] lj?4sf dxf;GwLx¿, !(#) -g+= @(_ / anhk\mtL >lds pGd'ng dxf;GwL,!(%& -g+= !)%_@) h:tf dxf;lGwx¿nufotsf cf7 j6f cfwf/e"t dxf;GwLx¿dWo] /f]huf/sf nflu cfk|jf;g -k'g/fjnf]sg_ dxf;lGw, !($( -g+=

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;~rfngsf] k|aGw

efu #

@) g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf cfOPncf] dxf;GwLsf] k"0f{ ;"lrsf nflu x]g'{xf];\M www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0:: NO : 11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:103197.


(&_, ;ftj6f dxf;GwLx¿;lxt !! j6f cfOPncf] dxf;GwLx¿ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] cg'df]bg gu/]sf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/;DaGwL -k"/s k|fjwfgx¿_ dxf;lGw, !(&% -g+= !$#_ tyf ltgLx¿sf ;DalGwt l;kmfl/;xx¿ -g+= *^ / g+= !%!_ h:tf dxf;GwL / l;kmfl/;x¿sf] af/]df lgoldt ?kdf k|ltj]bg k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ;DalGwt sfg'g / gLltx¿nfO{ oL dxf;GwL / l;kmfl/;x¿ cg'?k k"g/fjnf]sg u/]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dof{lbt, ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / e/kbf]{ x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g hf/L ePsf] b'O{ bzskl5 ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] lghL Ph]G;Lx¿ / JolQmx¿nfO{ lgodg ug]{, ljb]zdf ;'/lIft / dof{lbtsfdsf] k|j4{g ug]{ / hfg nfu]sf cfk|jf;Lx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] uGtJox¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf lgoGq0f ug'{eGbf klg cfk|jf;L >ldsx¿sf] clwsf/ / sNof0ftk{m a9L e'msfj /x]sf] b]lvG5 .@! j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdfjl4 x'Fb} hfFbf ;/sf/n] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] dfu nufot gofF sfg'gL / k|zf;lgs r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] . o;}u/L, ;/sf/n] >lds cfk|jf;gf6 g]kfndf x'g] ;fdflhs–cfly{s k|efjnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg' k/]sf] lyof] . t;y{, kl/jlt{t cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;g\ @))& df Pp6f gofF P]gsf] th'{df ul/Psf] lyof] .

#=! k|rlnt sfg'gx¿, gLlt / ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿

#=!=! j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ / o;;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ n] g]kfnaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} ljifonfO{ ;d]6\b5g\ . sfg'g / ;Da4 lgodx¿n] ljb]zdf /x]sf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;'/Iff / sNof0fnfO{ pgLx¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / cfk|jf;g k|lqmofnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{ vfnsf sfd sfjf{xLnfO{ lgoldt Pj+ cg'udg ug]{ k|fjwfgsf] dfWodåf/f k|j4{g ug]{ ub{5 . oL k|fjwfgx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] l;h{gf, aLdf, k"j{ k|:yfg tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / pgLx¿sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] p4f/ / pgLx¿sf] lkmlt{ kb{5g\ . o;sf cltl/St,cg'udg ;+oGqx¿;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ klg lglb{i6 ub{5g\, h:t} cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf >d 8]:s, ph'/L btf{ ug]{, cg';Gwfg ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ tyf d'4fsf] lsgf/f nufpg] / bf]lifdfly ;hfo ug]{ GofofwLs/0fsf] Joj:yf cflb .

oL k|fjwfgx¿ P]g hf/L ul/Pkl5 :yflkt j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fh:tf ljleGg ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿dfk{mt sfof{Gjog ul/Psf 5g\ . >d ;xrf/Lx¿ >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ph'/Lx¿ / kL8fsf] Ifltk"lt{sf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ e"ldsfsf] nflu uGtJo d'n'sx¿df g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿df sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ul/Psf] 5 ->d ;xrf/L;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu v08 #=!=# x]g'{xf];\_ . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] sNof0f sf]ifsf] l;h{gf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ cGtu{t ul/Psf] lyof] eg] sf7df8f}+ cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf >d 8]:ssf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

ljb]zdf >d cfk|jf;gsf] a9\bf] r'gf}ltx¿ / ultlzntfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;g\ @)!!@@ Dff j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL, @)^$ df cfjZos kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] lyof] / of] P]g xfn k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cj:yfdf 5 . of] k|lqmof ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 >d cfk|jf;g ;'/lIft, cem /fd|f]/ ;Ddfghgs x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

@! ;/sf/sf] df}h'bf sfg'gx¿n] lglZrt pd]/eGbf sd pd]/sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfq s]xL d'n'sx¿df ofqf ug{ lgodg ub{5g\, t/ g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf nflu uGtJo d'n'sx¿df pRr ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/ gx'Gh]n s'g} klg b]zsf] ofqfdf /f]s nufp+b}gg\ .

@@ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL -klxnf] ;+;f]wg_, @)!! .


#=!=@ gLltPp6f j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLltsf] ;g\ @)!@ df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . of] j}b]lzs >d /f]huf/sf] a9\bf] k|j[lQx¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s cfotgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L nlIft ;/sf/sf] klxnf] gLlt xf] . o; gLltn] /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfk|jf;g k|lqmofsf] Joj:yfkgdf x'g] u/]sf] clgoldttfx¿ / ;'zf;gsf] cefjnfO{ k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] oy]i7 hfgsf/L k|fKt gu/]sf / k"j{ tof/L a]u/ uPsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ zf]if0f tyf ;ª\s6f]Gd'v l:yltx¿sf] 7"nf] hf]lvddf /x]sf] s'/f klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] a9\bf] k|j[lQnfO{ :jLsf/ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx¿n] cfk|jf;g k|lqmofsf] qmddf ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ ;d:ofx¿nfO{ klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St, o;n] g]kfndf /x]sf pgLx¿sf kl/jf/x¿sf ;jfnx¿nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ lkmtL{ x'g] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] nflu k'gMPsLs/0f k|lqmofsf nflu /0fgLlt to ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf] 5 .

o; gLltn] æj}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cfly{s / u}/–cfly{s nfex¿dfk{mt bL3{sfnLg cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; ;lxtsf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpgsf nflu ;'/lIft, ;+ul7t, ;Ddfghgs / e/kbf]{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{Æ nIf to u/L lgDg ;ftj6f ægLltut cfwf/x¿Æ lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 Mn cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿sf] klxrfg tyf k|j4{g ug]{ .n j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 clwstd nfe lngsf nflu k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ;Lko'Qm dfgj ;|f]tx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ .n j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|lqmofsf] k|To]s r/0f ;/n, kf/bzL{, Jojl:yt / ;'/lIft agfpg] .n dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ / ;du| cfk|jf;gsf] rqmdf pgLx¿sf clwsf/x¿

;'lglZrt ug]{ . n j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'zf;g ;'lglZrt ug]{ .n j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] k|aGw ldnfpg] / If]qut

;fe]mbf/L j[l4 u/L ;xof]ufTds k|of;x¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{ .n cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] cfh{g u/]sf] ljk|]if0f ;Dej eP;Dd pgLx¿sf] cfk\mg} ædfgj ljsf;sf nfluÆ pkof]u ug{

;xof]u ug]{ .

;/sf/n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fonfO{ lgodg ug{sf nflu s]xL lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] 5 M j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿k7fpg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt lgb]{lzsf, @)&@Ù cled"lvs/0f tflnd ;+:yf btf{ / gjLs/0f;DaGwL k'l:tfsf, @)&!Ù JolQmut >d :jLs[lt k|lqmof;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)&)Ù ;Lko'St tflnd ePsf dfgj ;|f]tx¿sf nflu p2]Zod"ns ;xfotf lj:tf/k'l:tsf, @)&!Ù / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x¿sf nflu :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ;"lrs[t k|lqmof;DaGwL dfkb08, @)&) .

#=!=# ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿ / ltgLx¿sf pknlAwx¿>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgodfjnL, @)!@ -sfo{ ljefhg_ cg';f/ >d tyf /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df, sfof{Gjog, ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug{sf nflu cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . dGqfno leq, j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} sfdx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;DaGw dxfzfvfåf/f ;~rfng ul/G5 .

cfk\mgf] ef}uf]lns Onfsf aflx/ sfo{If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf ljb]zdf cfk\mgf gful/sx¿sf] ;'/Iff a9fpg] k|of;df ;/sf/n] lgDg d'n'sx¿;Fu åLkIfLo ;Demf}tf jf ;Demf}tf kqdf x:tIf/ u¥of] M stf/ - ;g,@))%_, o'gfO6]8 c/a


Old/]6\; -;g,@))&_, u0ftGq sf]l/of - ;g, @))&_, ax/]g -;g,@))*_, hfkfg -;g,@))(_ / Oh/fon -;g,@)!%_ . oL åLkIfLo ;Demf}tfx¿ logLx¿sf] lglb{i6 kIfdf leGg eP tfklg ;a} >lds k7fpg] / k|fKt ug]{ k|ltj4tfdf cfwfl/t 5g\ / ltgLx¿df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ Mn k|:yfg k"j{ g]kfnsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿Ùn sfdbf/x¿sf] etL{ k|lqmofx¿Ùn sfdbf/x¿sf] ofqf;Fu ;DalGwt Pj+ etL{ z'Nssf] e'QmfgLsf k|fjwfgx¿Ùn s/f/gfdfdf x'g] ljifoj:t' / o;sf] 9fFrf ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿Ùn ljjfb lg?k0fsf ljlwx¿Ùn ;Demf}tfsf] cg'udg;DaGwL sfo{9fFrfÙ /n ;Demf}tfsf] j}wtf / cfk;L ;xdltdf lj:tf/ jf vf/]h;DaGwL ;t{x¿ .

gofF sfg'gx¿ k|:tfj gePsf] cj:yfdf dGqfnon] sfg'gdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g u/L nfu' ug]{ ub{5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @))& hf/L ePb]lv otf dGqfnon] ;g\ @)!! Dff hf/L u/]sf lgodx¿ kl/dfh{g u¥of] / ;g\ @))* df k|fljlws OG6g{x¿ hfkfg k7fpg] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, ;g\ @)!@ df JolQmut k|lqmofdfk{mt >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ lgb]{lzsf / ;g\ @)!% df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿ k7fpg] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf hf/L u¥of] . dGqfnon] xfn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug{sf nflu k'g/fjnf]sg ul//x]sf] 5 .

dGqfnon] ;g\ @)!% b]lv @)@) sf] cjlwsf nflu Pp6f lj:t[t kfFr jif]{ /fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgf hf/L u¥of] / o;nfO{ dlGqkl/ifbn] :jLs[lt k|bfg u¥of] . o; /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLltsf p2]Zo, nIf / ;ftj6f gLltut cfwf/x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / ;Ddfghgs j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] 5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k ul/aL Go"lgs/0fsf ;fy} bL3{sfnLg cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;tk{m of]ubfg k'Ug] 5 . o; sfo{ of]hgf leqsf /0fgLltx¿sf] rfxgf ljk|]if0fnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qx¿df k|of]u u/]/ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf] x}l;otaf6 ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf] ?kdf :t/f]GgtL ug{ ;xof]u ug{' xf] .

/fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfsf k|d'v Jojxfl/s cfsif{0fx¿ b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M lkmlt{ ePsf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s k'gMPlss/0fÙ ljk]|if0f;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt th'{dfÙ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;fdflhs nfutdf Go"lgs/0fÙ sf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;]jfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo tx;Dd ljs]lGb|s/0fÙ dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft / dof{lbt j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿df ;'wf/Ù afnaRrfn] cleefjsaf6 kfpg] afT;Notf u'dfpg] kl/l:ylt, k|f}9x¿sf] /]vb]vdf x'g] sdL -o'jfx¿sf] cg'kl:yltdf :ofx/ z';f/sf] cefjsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf JolQmx¿_ nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltdf ;dfj]zÙ clgoldt cfk|jf;Lx¿, vf;u/L dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf] b:tfj]hLs/0fÙ ef/tdf x'g] cfk|jf;g;DaGwL cg';Gwfg / o;sf kl/0ffdnfO{ cem a9L Jojl:yt k|lqmofsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu k|of]uÙ g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿ / dxfjfl0fHo b'tx¿sf sfof{nox¿ Tfyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf] Ifdtf ljsf;Ù lkmtL{ ePsf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs–cfly{s k'gMPsLs/0f nlIft tflnd sfo{qmdx¿df ;|f]t JolQmsf] ?kdf k|of]uÙ /fhb'tx¿ / dxfjfl0fHo b'tx¿sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L >d s'6gLltnfO{ kIf kf]if0fÙ lhNnf c:ktfnx¿ / >d sfof{nox¿df dgf];fdflhs ljdz{ ;]jfx¿sf] k|fjwfgÙ ;a} k|d'v tflnd ;+:yfgx¿df ;~rfng x'g] tflnd sfo{qmdx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljifo ;dfj]zÙ / >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft cfjf;x¿sf] plrt Joj:yfkg .

/fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfn] ck]lIft kl/0ffdx¿k|bfg ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿, kl/0ffdsf] k|To]s If]qsf nflu ;do;Ldf / ah]6 -sl/a s'n ah]6 g]kfnL ?k}ofF %=# lalnog jf cd]l/sL 8n/ $*=$ ldlnog_ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . /fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfn] ;/sf/, ljsf; ;fe]mbf/x¿ / lghL If]qlar ;+o'St ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 .


/f]huf/Ldf /x]sf cfk|jf;Lx¿ / ;Defljt cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft, ;Ddfghgs / ;Gtf]ifhgs ;Defjgfsf] ?kdf k|j4{g ug{ dGqfnon] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 / cGo cGt/f{li6«o Ph]G;Lx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]sf] 5 . xfn ljsf; ;fe]mbf/x¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dfldnf;DaGwL ;~rfng ePsf dGqfno:t/Lo sfo{qmdx¿ oL x'g M -!_ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;g kl/of]hgf, ;g\ @)!#–@)!&Ù -@_ >d ahf/sf] ;"rgf;DaGwL sfo{ dfk{mt blIf0f Pl;ofaf6 >d cfk|jf;g ;DaGwL ;'zf;g, etL{ / /f]huf/Lsf] cjlwdf ;'/Iff, ;Lk / ljsf;sf] k|efj, ;g\ @)!#–@)!^Ù -#_ blIf0f PzLof / dWo k"j{df dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf nflu lgikIf etL{ / plrt sfd, ;g\ @)!#–@)!*Ù -$_ g]kfndf cfk|jf;g / ljsf;;DaGwL cg';Gwfg / gLlt ;+jfbsf kxnx¿Ù / -%_ sf]nf]Daf] k|lqmofsf ;b:o /fi6« d'n'sx¿sf nflu >lds cfk|jf;gsf] Ifdtfdf ;'b[l9s/0f kxn, @)!#–@)!% .@#

lgMz'Ns leiff / lgMz'Ns l6s6 k|0ffnL nfu' u/L cfk|jf;g k|lqmofsf] cjlwdf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu cfly{s af]em tyf 7lusf ;Defjgfx¿sf] Go"gLs/0f .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu 3/]n' sfdbf/ k7fpg] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt lgb]{lzsf, @)!% sf] kl/dfh{g / hf/L . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :t/f]GgtL . kfFr jif]{ /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] dGqL kl/ifbåf/f :jLs[lt . 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt lgb]{lzsf, @)!% hf/L tyf kl/dfh{g .

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] xfl;n u/]sf k|d'v pknlAwx¿ tyf lqmofsnfkx¿ –;g\ @)!$÷!% df -s]xL @)!$÷!% eGbf afx]s_

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf] :yfkgf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gsf] bkmf #* adf]lhd ePsf] lyof] / o;sf] cWoIftf >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqLåf/f ul/G5 . o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu k|j4{gfTds lqmofsnfk ug'{ / lgDg sfo{x¿ dfk{mt cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / sNof0f ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] M n gofF cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/sf] vf]hLsf nflu cWoog ug]{, u/fpg]Ùn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{gsf] nflu ;"rgf ;ª\sng, k|;f]wg / k|sfzg ug]{Ùn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{]Ùn k|:yfg k"j{sf] cled'vLs/0f, ;Lk tflnd ;~rfng ug'{sf ;fy} k|To]s sfdbf/nfO{ cfslZds ;Dks{ ljj/0f pknAw

u/fpg] h;n] ljb]zdf sfd ubf{ pgLx¿sf] cem /fd|f] ;'/Iff x'g] ub{5Ùn ljb]zaf6 kmsL{ cfPsf sfdbf/sf] ;Lk, k"FhL / lghn] l;s]sf] k|ljlw pkof]u u/L /fi6«lxtdf nufpg] vfnsf sfo{qmd

th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{Ùn cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ k|:yfg k"j{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cled'vLs/0f tflnd lbg] ;+:yf btf{ ug{ of]Uotf tf]Sg'sf ;fy}

tflndsf] kf7\oqmd th'{df / :jLs[t ug]{Ùn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fonfO{ ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg cfjZos kg]{ cNksflng / bL3{sfnLg gLlt th'{df ug]{Ùn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;di6Lut ?kdf cWoog u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg]Ù /n ;]jf z'Ns tyf k|j4{g vr{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} lgDg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ub{5 M

@# k|To]s cjojsf nflu ;fe]mbf/x¿ M -!_ P;l8l;÷x]Ne]6f;Ù -@_ cfOPncf]÷Oo'Ù -#_ cfOPncf]÷l8lkm8Ù -$_ sf]Osf÷cfOcf]PdÙ / -%_ Oo'÷cfOcf]Pd .


n ;Lkd"ns tflnd / cled'vLs/0fÙn sfdbf/ / pgLx¿sf kl/jf/sf nflu cf}ifwf]krf/ ;'ljwfx¿df kx'FrÙn p4f/, k'gM:yf{kgf / k'gMld{ngÙn cfly{s ;xfotf / Ifltk"lt{Ùn hgr]tgf clej[l4 / k|j4{gfTds lqmofsnfkx¿ .

d[ts cfk|jf;Lsf xsjfnfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fOg'sf ;fy} k|lt sfdbf/sf nflu k|bfg ul/g] cfly{s ;xfotfsf] /flzdf bf]Aa/ j[l4 ug]{ lg0f{o .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] lznlznfdf zfl//Ls ?kdf czSt ePsf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fOPsf] .

d[tssf] nf;nfO{ sf7df8f}+af6 pgLx¿sf] u[x lhNnf k'¥ofOPsf] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd nfu' ug{:t/Lo ;~rfng k|lqmofsf nflu :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf] . b]ze/af6 #,##* hgfnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;Lkd"ns tflnd . k|:yfg k"j{sf] cled'vLs/0f kf7\oqmddf kl/dfh{g . :jb]z kmls{Psf n}lª\us lx+;fsf kLl8tx¿ / efjgfTds rf]6af6 u|:t dlxnf >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf

nflu pBdzLn sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog . blIf0f PlzofnL ;xof]u ;+u7gsf d'n'sx¿sf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf nflu sfo{;"rL / sfo{ of]hgf

k|:tfj ul/Psf] . ljBfyL{ leiff lnP/ ljb]z hfg] g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] af/]df k|f/lDes cWoog ;DkGg .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] ;g\ @)!$÷!% df xfl;n u/]sf k|d'v pknlAw tyf lqmofsnfkx¿

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu klxn]sf] >d tyf /f]huf/ k|a4{g ljefunfO{ k'gu{7g u/L xfnsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu tyf >d ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf p2]Zox¿ /f]huf/bftf Ph]G;Lx¿sf] ;~rfng / ;]jfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt sf/f]jf/x¿ :jR5 / pko'St x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{] nufot ;'/lIft / dof{lbt j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|j4{gsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df /x]sf 5g\ . o; ljefun] b]xfosf sfo{x? ub{5 M

n j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ Ohfht kq k|bfg, gjLs/0f, vf/]h ug]{ nufotsf ;f] Joj;fo;DaGwL sf/f]jf/x¿nfO{ lgodg ub{5Ù

n Ph]G;L jf Ph]G6x¿ lj?4 sfdbf/n] lbPsf ph'/Lx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ub{5 / cg';Gwfgaf6 k|dfl0ft ePdf sfjf{xLsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpFb5 Ù

nsfd;Fu ;DalGwt lj1fkgx¿ cflwsfl/s / pko'St x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ¿h' u/]/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt 7uLnfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5Ù


n sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx¿, s/f/gfdf / lgo'lQm kqx¿sf] ;+k/LIf0f u/L cfk|jf;L clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ub{5Ù / n ljb]z hfg] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf nflu hf/L u/]sf cg'dltdfk{mt j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu æ>d :jLs[ltÆ -l:6s/ ;lxtsf]_

k|bfg ub{5 .

ljb]zdf pknAw x'g] /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf /f]huf/bftf P]h]G;Lx¿ dfk{mt pknAw eO ;"rgf ljefunfO{ pknAw u/fOG5 . To;kl5, ljefun] s/f/df pNn]v ePsf ;]jf / ;t{x¿ sfg'gsf] bfo/fleq ePsf] ;'lglZrt u/]kl5 sfdsf] ;"rL tof/ ug{æ:jLs[ltsf] ;"rgfÆ hf/L ub{5 . s'g} klg sfddf Psk6s cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] lgo'lQm ePkl5 / s/f/df x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 o;df ;+nUg Ph]G;Ln] ;DalGwt cfk|jf;Lsf] ljj/0f ljb]z hfgsf nflu >d :jLs[ltsf nflu lgj]bg dfk{mt ljefudf btf{ u/fpFb5 . o; laGb'df, /f]huf/bftf Ph]G;Ln] uGtJo d'n'ssf] /f]huf/bftfn] k|bfg u/]sf] ælgo'lQm kqÆ ljefudf pknAw u/fpFb5 h;df sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jf / ;t{x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf x'G5g\ -k|foM ;]jfsf ;t{x¿ klxn] k|:t't ul/Psf jf s/f/ kqdf k|:t't ul/Psf eGbf km/s x'g] ub{5g\_ . sfdbf/sf] /fxbfgLdf 6fF;]sf] l:6s/ g} >d :jLs[lt xf] .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] >d :jLs[ltsf nflu lbPsf lgj]bg, :jLs[ltsf ;fy} j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL btf{ ul/Psf ph'/L / km:of}{6sf] cfwf/df 8]6fj]z /fVg] ub{5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] ph'/L btf{ tyf cg';Gwfg zfvfn] btf{ ePsf ;a} ph'/Lsf] cg';Gwfg ub{5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gsf] v08 $#–%( cGtu{t o; ljefunfO{ s'g} ck/fw ePsf] v08df lg0f{o ug]{sfo{If]qflwsf/ /x]sf] 5 / v08 $*–%% cGtu{t o;n] b08 ;hfo tf]Sg ;Sb5 . ljefusf] sfo{If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/sf d'4fx¿j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fdf k7fOG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, JolQmut ¿kdf >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ sfdbf/x¿n] btf{ u/]sf] d'4f gx]l/sg ;f]e}m GofofwLs/0f ;dIf k7fOlbG5 .

Jofj;flos tyf ;Lk ljsf; tflnd s]Gb|of] >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnocGtut{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;x–;lrjn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;+u7g ;/xsf] Pp6f ljefu xf] . :j–/f]huf/ k|j4{g ug{] vfnsf ljleGg tflndx¿ k|bfg ug{ Pj+ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg] sfdbfx¿sf cfjZostfx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu cEo:tof] s]Gb| nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] e}+;]kf6Ldf cjl:yt 5 .o; s]Gb|n] cfk\mgf sfo{qmdx¿ cfk\mgf] s]Gb|Lo ;+u7g tyf g]kfnsf lgDg :yfgdf cjl:yt !^ j6f tflnd s]Gb|x¿ dfk{mt sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] 5 M x]6f}8f, kf]v/f, h'Dnf, kj{t, a'6jn, bfË, g]kfnu~h, wgu9L, dx]Gb|gu/, wflbª, /f}tx6, emfkf, O6x/L, cf]vn9'ª\uf / hgsk'/ .

>lds ufpF>lds cfk|jf;gsf] kl/jt{gzLn kl/j]znfO{ ;'Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ;g\ @)!# df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] k'gM;+/rgf ul/of] . ;a} ;]jfx¿nfO{ Pp6} ynf]df /fv]/ k|lqmofnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] sf7df8f}+df Pp6f æ>lds ufpFÆ sf] :yfkgf u¥of] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] sf7df8f}+ sfof{nosf] dn]l;of zfvf, stf/ zfvf, ;fpbL c/]ljof zfvf xfn >lds ufpFdf /x]sf 5g\ . oL tLg}j6f zfvfx¿sf] g]t[Tj tLghgf pk–;lrjx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ eg] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] g]t[Tj ;x– ;lrjn] u/]sf 5g\, h;n] cGo ;a} uGtJo d'n'sx¿;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx¿ ug]{ ub{5g\ . of] >lds ufpFn];]jf u|fxLx¿sf nflu lgjf{w, u'0f:t/Lo, ;do;fdlos / kf/bzL{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] 5 .


>lds ufpFdf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3 / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf] ;xof]udfcfk|jf;L ;|f]t s]Gb| ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . o; s]Gb|n] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cjlwdf ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu e/kbf]{ ;"rgf k|bfg ub{5 . sfg'gL k/fdz{ ;d]t pknAw 5 .

cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ u/L cgnfOg a}lsª\u / aLdf ;]jfx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 7uLsf lqmofsnfkx¿k|lt z"Go ;lxi0f'tf ;'lglZrt ug]{ nIfsf ;fy JolQmut ?kdf lnOg] >d :jLs[ltnfO{

lgolGqt kx'Fr k|0ffnLsf] cEof; ul/Psf] 5 . >lds ufpFdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ ;d]t cfk\mgf] kl/ro kq b]vfP/ dfq o; zfvfdf k|j]z kfpg ;Sb5g, t/ Dofgkfj/ k|ltlglwx¿ nufot cGo s;}nfO{ klg k|j]z ug{ lbO+b}g .

>lds ufpFn] ;g\ @)!$÷!% df xfl;n u/]sf k|d'v pknlAw tyf lqmofsnfkx¿

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fj}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fsf] :yfkgf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g / lgodfjnL cGtu{t ePsf] lyof] . of] tLghgf ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] cw{ Goflos lgsfo xf] M k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwL; cWoIf ;lxt >d cbfntsf] d'4f x]g]{ clws[t / Gofo ;]jfsf] k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[t . of] s'n !^ hgf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ;lxt ;~rfng x'G5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gcg';f/, GofofwLs/0fsf] sfo{If]qflwsf/ lgDg adf]lhdsf] /x]sf] 5 Mn j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo lagf:jLs[lt ;~rfng ug{ lgif]w M s'g} klg Ph]G;Ln] P]g adf]lhd Ohfhtkq glnO{ j}b]lzs

/f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb}g . olb ;~rfng u/]df jf s;}nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df nufO{ lbG5' egL e'm§f] cfZjf;g lbO{ jf k|nf]eg b]vfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf nufO{ lbg] p2]Zon] s'g} /sd lnPdf jf ljb]z k7fPdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿;Fu lnPsf] /sd c;"n u/L To:tf] JolQmnfO{ tLg nfv ?k}ofFb]lv kfFr nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{sf ;fy} tLg jif{b]lv ;ft jif{;Ddsf] sf/fjf;sf] ;hfo lbOg]5 . ljb]z k7fO g;s]sf] eP ;f] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g]5 .

n Ohfht k|fKt Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Ln] >d :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/L cfk|jf;L sfdbf/nfO{ ljb]z k7fPdf M s'g} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt glnO{ sfdbf/ ljb]z k7fPdf jf s'g} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] s;}nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df nufOlbg]5' egL e'm§f] cfZjf;g lbO{ jf k|nf]eg b]vfO{ s'g} /sd lnO{ ljb]z gk7fPdf To;/L lnPsf] /sd / ;f]sf] krf; k|ltztn] x'g] /sd e/fO{ To:tf] OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ tLg nfv ?k}ofFb]lv kfFr nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf / tLg jif{b]lv ;ft jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 / To:tf] Ohfhtkqjfnfsf] Ohfhtkq ;d]t /2 x'g]5 .

n gfaflnux¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg/f]s M olb s'g} Ohfht k|fKt Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Ln] s'g} …gfaflnuÚ nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fPsf] kfO{Pdf To:tf] OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ tLg nfv ?k}ofFb]lv kfFr nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf / tLg jif{b]lv ;ft jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 .

n ;/sf/åf/f tf]lsP b]lv afx]ssf cGo d'n'sx¿df sfdbf/x¿ k7fpg /f]s Mj}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu sfdbf/ k7fpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] v'nf gu/]sf] d'n'sdf s'g} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] s'g} sfdbf/ k7fPdf jf v'nf u/]sf] d'n'ssf] k|j]zf1f lnO{ v'nf gu/]sf] d'n'sdf k7fPdf To;/L sfdbf/ k7fpg] OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ tLg nfv ?k}oFfb]lv ;ft nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf / tLg jif{b]lv kfFr jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 . sfdbf/ k7fpg /sd c;'n ul/;s]sf] t/ sfdbf/ k7fO g;s]sf] eP cfwf ;hfo x'g]5 .

n cfjZos sfuhftx¿ Jff k|ltj]bgx¿ kmlh{ agfPdf Ms'g} Ohfhtkqjfnfn] hfgL–hfgL s'g} lnvt jf k|ltj]bg n'sfPdf jf s'g} s'/f x]/k]m/ u/]df jf e'm§f Joxf]/f kf/]df jf e'm§f Joxf]/f tof/ ug{ nufPdf lghnfO{ Ps nfv ?k}ofFb]lv tLg nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf / 5 dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b x'g]5 . ;f] adf]lhd ;hfo kfPsf] Ohfhtkqjfnfn] k'gM ;f] ;hfo kfpg] 7xl/Pdf bf]Aa/ ;hfo ul/g]5 .


GofofwLs/0fdf btf{ ul/Psf d'4fx¿;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, !(&@ cg';f/ ;'g'jfO{ / km:of}{6 ul/G5g\ . GofofwLs/0fn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljfefuåf/f l;kmfl/; u/L k7fOPsf d'4fx¿ klg k|fKt ub{5 .

o;sf] :yfkgfsfn b]lv GofofwLs/0fn] clwsf+z d'4fx¿ km:of}{6 u¥of] -efu @ x]g'{xf];\_ . km:of}{6 u/]sf @!# j6f d'4fx¿dWo], !!* j6f k"0f{ dfubfjLsf nflu of]Uo eP, %& j6fn] ;kmfO kfP, @^

j6fn] cf+lzs ?kdf ;kmfO kfP, Pp6f vf/]h eof], / !! j6f lgnlDat eP . dfubfjL ul/Psf] /sd ?= () nfv $) xHhf/Ù s'n sf/fjf; ;hfosf] jif{ M ##@, s'n hl/jfgf /sd M

sl/a ?= ## nfv . s'n @$ hgf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ sf/fjf; k7fOof], h;dWo] !( hgf k'?if / % hgf dlxnf lyP . bf]lifx¿dWo] $ hgf

ljb]zL lyP .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0fn] ;g\ @)!$÷!% df xfl;n u/]sf k|d'v pknlAw tyf lqmofsnfkx¿

>d ;xrf/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gsf] v08 ^* cg';f/ %,))) eGbf a9L g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ ePsf] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df >d ;xrf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .@$ >d ;xrf/Lsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M

n g]kfnL cfk|jf;Lx¿ sfo{/t :yfgx¿df >ldssf] cj:yf, /f]uhf/L, cWofudg tyf ;DalGwt d'n'sn] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu rfn]sf sbdx¿sf af/]df ;/sf/nfO{ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg]Ù

n sfdbf/x¿ / >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿nfO{ ljb]z k7fpg] sfo{df ;+nUg Joj;foLx¿lar s'g} ljjfb eP To;sf] lg?k0fsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{Ù

n j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cjlwdf ;xof]u gkfP/ ck\m7\of/f]df k/]sf s'g} klg g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] p4f/sf nflu cfjZos k|aGw ldnfpg]Ù

n g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] ;Lk;Fu d]nvfg] vfnsf /f]huf/;DaGwL ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg]Ùn ljb]zdf d[To' ePsf s'g} klg cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] zj g]kfn Nofpgsf nflu k|aGw ldnfpg]Ùn g]kfnaf6 sfdbf/x¿ cfk"lt{ ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L txdf åLkIfLo ;Demf}tf ug]{Ùn cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] lxtdf pgLx¿sf] ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / s/f/df pNn]v ePsf afx]s cGo s'g} klg sfd ug{

lg?T;flxt ug]{Ù n cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] s'g} klg lqmofsnfksf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{Ù /n ;/sf/af6 ;do ;dodf lgb]{zg hf/L ePcg';f/sf sfdx¿ ;DkGg ug]{ .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf7j6f b]zx¿df >d ;xrf/L lgo'lQm u/]sf] 5 M ax/fOg, s'j]t, dn]l;of, cf]dfg, stf/, u0ftGq sf]l/of, ;fpbL c/a / ;+o'Qm c/j Old/]6\; .

@$ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnLdf !,))) eGbf a9L dlxnf >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ ePsf uGtJo d'n'sx¿df dlxnf >d ;xrf/L lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 .


cGo ;+:yfx¿g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿sf] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿nfO{ ;]jf tyf ;xfotf k|bfg ug{sf nflu k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿;Fu ;DalGwt b'tfjf;sf ;]jfx¿df kL8f / ph'/L, d[ts cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] nfz g]kfn Nofpg], /f]huf/bftfaf6 cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy}, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;+s6f]Gd'v cj:Yffx¿af6 p4f/ ub{5 .

:jb]zdf k/f/fi6« dGqfno kmf]sn dGqfno xf] / o; dGqfno dfk{mt /f]huf/sf] qmddf ljb]zdf d[To' ePsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] kfpg] xhf{gf pgLx¿sf xsjfnfnfO{ pknAw u/fOG5 . k/f/i6« dGqfnon] jfl0fHo b't ;]jf ljefunfO{ /sd k7fpFb5 / o; ljefun] xsjfnfx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nonfO{ ;f] /sd pknAw u/fpFb5 .

snsQf, xª\usª\u -lrg_, h]4f, nf;f / Go"of]s{df klg kfFr j6f dxfjfl0fHo uf]Zjf/f sfof{nox¿ 5g\ h;n] ljleGg jfl0fHo b't ;]jfx¿ klg lj:tf/ ub{5g\ .



g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/x? hf]8{gdf Pp6f tof/L kf]zfs sDkgLdf sfd ub}{ . © ILO/B. Sharma Pokharel


$=! j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / /fli6«o ljsf;

;fdfGo ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf cfk|jf;gsf lgwf{/sx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfly{s ;+/rgf / c;dfgtf_ nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/fh:t}, cfk|jf;gsf] :j?k / ltgLx¿sf k|efjx¿nfO{ cfsf/ lbg] / k|efj kfg{] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg plQs} dxTj lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ljz]iftM Jofks gLltx¿ tyf ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿ dfk{mt ;/sf/L;+:yfx¿ tyf k"jf{wf/sf] l;h{gf ug]{ / JolQmx¿sf nflu cj;/x¿ k|bfg ug]{ Ifdtf h;n] ;j{k|yd cfk|jf;gsf lgwf{/s cjojx¿nfO{ / cfk|jf;gnfO{ w]/} tl/sfn] /fHon] k|efj kfg'{ kg]{ s'/f ;'emfpFb5 .@% csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{, cfk|jf;gljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf s]Gb|laGb'df /x]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ k7fpg] d'n'ssf] ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ljBdfg :j?knfO{ :ki6 lbzf lgb]{z ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(*% b]lv xfn;Ddsf] cfjlws /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿n] phfu/ u/]cg';f/ cfk|jf;g ljsf;sf] ;~hfnleq ;/sf/sf] 7"nf] k|efj b]vf k¥of] . Ps cy{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] ;f]xL ;dodf ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] eP tfklg o; tk{msf] cfsif{0fnfO{ ljsf; k|lqmofdf c;Gt'ngsf] kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] lyof] .

k~r jif]{ cfjlws ljsf; of]hgfx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{;ftf}+ of]hgf -;g\ !(*%–!(()_ df klxnf] k6s :yfg lbOPsf] lyof] . of] / To;kl5sf] cf7f}+ of]hgf -!((@–!((&_ df g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf]@^ /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfg] k|jfxnfO{ lgodg ug]{ k|of; :ki6 emlNsGYof] . of] k|of; To; avt hah{:t b]vf k/]sf] /fli6«o ljsf;sf ;d:ofx¿;Fu hf]l8Psf] cfef; ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*% / !((@ df qmdzM b]vf k/]sf] %=^ / &=^ k|lt;tsf] pRr j]/f]huf/ b/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] >d zlQmsf] sl/a cfwf Go"g /f]huf/;Fu uf+l;Psf] s'/fnfO{ ul/aLsf] d"ne"t sf/0f dflgPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !((@ df g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a $( k|lt;t lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vf d'lg /x]sf] cfFsng ul/Psf] lyof] .

Psftk{m kl/j]znfO{ ljsf;] ;d:ofx¿sf] dfkb08x¿ leq ;Lldt ug'{ ;xh b]lvP tfklg, k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf / cfly{s 9fFrfdf cfwf/e"t kl/jt{gx¿sf] :j?kdf b]vf k/]sf] d"ne"t /fhgLlts k|ultn] ;f]xL cjlwdf pbf/ cy{tGq / d'n'sx¿larsf] ;xh cfjfudgsf] pknlAw tk{m 8f]¥ofof] . tyflk, of] o:tf] cjlw lyof] ls h;df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljsf;] ;d:ofx¿sf] k|ltkmnsf] ?kdf d'l:snn] /fli6«o of]hgfx¿df ;xhtfsf ;fy phfu/ x'g'sf ;fy} o;sf ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds k|efjsf] klxrfg klg lyPg . t;y{, of] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;xhtf eGbf klg lgodgsf] ljifo lyof] .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ tk{msf] b[li6sf]0fdf d"n kl/jt{g gjf}+ of]hgfsf] cjlw -;g\ !((&–@))@_ df cfof], h;df o;nfO{ s]jn ljsf;] ;d:ofx¿sf] k|ltkmnsf] ?kdf dfq gx]/L d'n's leqsf] j]/f]huf/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg tyf sfdbf/sf] nIf;Fu hf]8]/ x]l/of] . gjf}+ of]hgfn] Jofks ?kdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug]{ / o;nfO{ ul/aL Go"lgs/0fsf nflu nufgLsf] cfjZostfsf] ?kdf lrlqt u/]sf] lyof] . o; of]hgfn] d'n's leq pTkfgzLn /f]huf/sf] l;h{gf tyf :j/f]huf/sf p2]Zox¿nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|j4{gsf nflu ljz]if hf]8 lbof] . of] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] l;h{gf

ljifout ;jfnx¿

@% Ef]Hhf]nL, @)!$ . @^ j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL klxnf] sfg'g o;} cjlwdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, !(*% . o; P]gsf] lgodg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno -@)!$_ df clen]v

ul/Psf] lyof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg sfg'gx¿sf lj:t[t ?kdf t'ngfTds cWoogsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M l;hfklt / lnDa' -@)!@_ .

efu $


ug]{ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu Ifdtfjfg, k|lt:kwL{ / pknAw dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf; ug]{ . of] j}lblzs /f]huf/ ahf/sf] If]qnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf, ljb]zdf /xFbf sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ / /f]huf/Lsf ;Defjgf ePsf d'n'sx¿ leqsf] g]kfnL s'6gLlts lgof]ux¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/]/ sfdbf/x¿sf] lxt / ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'/fnfO{ dfGotf lbg] klxnf] of]hgf lyof] . o;n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu Pp6f :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] sNkgf u¥of] h'g ljnDj u/]/ ;g\ @))& df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf] :yfkgf;Fu} ;fsf/ eof] .

ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / >d Joj:yfkgsf nflu gLlt / /0fgLltdf ;'Jojl:yt j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cfjlws of]hgfx¿df klxnf] k6s :yfg kfof] . bzf}+ of]hgf -;g\ @))@–@))&_ / lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -;g\ @))&–@)!)_ n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/df o'jfx¿nfO{ k7fpgsf nflu kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ ;d]t to u/] .@& o;sf cltl/St, j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ;Da4 cjojx¿nfO{ df}lb|s gLltx¿ -3/]n' art, ljb]zL ljgLdosf] ;+lrlt, e'QmfgL art_, ljleGg If]qut gLltx¿ -o'jf, dlxnf /f]huf/, ljkGg ju{x¿_ / cGtlj{ifout ;jfnx¿ -dfgj ;|f]t ljsf;_ nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

cfjlws of]hgfx¿ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k|d'v pknlAw xf], h;n] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] vf]hL tyf ljlgof]hg ub{5Ù ljsf;] of]hgf, gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ?kdf sfd ub{5Ù ljsf;] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xhtf k|bfg ub{5Ù / b]zsf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt larf/ ljdz{, 5nkmn / k/fdz{x¿ ub{5 .@* t;y{,of]hgf th'{df ug]{ lgsfosf] b[li6sf]0fn] ljsf;sf ljleGg ;jfnx¿df gLltx¿, ;+:yfx¿ / k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5, h'g s'/f j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] dfldnfdf Pp6f jf:tljs ultzLntf ePsf] 5 .

olb cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo tyf k|jf;Lx¿sf] b]z leqsf] k|jfxnfO{ :ki6 lbzf lgb]{z u/L k|efj l;h{gf ug{ ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf cfk|jf;g gLltx¿df Go"gLs/0f ul/of] eg] -cGo cjojx¿sf] ;+j]bgzLntfsf ;fy_ cfk|jf;gnfO{ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf k|efj kfg]{ gLltx¿sf b'O{j6f ;+ufnf] x'g ;Sb5g\ .@( k|tIo ?kdf k|efjkfg]{ gLltx¿sf] klxnf] ;+ufnf] :ki6 p2]Zox¿ jf cfk|jf;gnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ cf}hf/x¿x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lghL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ af6f] vf]Ng] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL sfg'gsf] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo k|jfxsf nflu k|ToIo e"ldsf 5 lsgeg] oL Ph]G;Lx¿n] v'nf ahf/ k|0ffnLcg'?k sfd ub{5g\, h;n] 7"nf] dfu l;h{gf ug'{sf ;fy} dfgj ;|f]tx¿sf] cfk"lt{;Fu tfbfTDotf /fVb5 . JolQmut ?kdf cfk|jf;gdf hfg] JolQmx¿sf] t'ngfdf Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lsf] ;]jf k|of]u u/L g]kfn 5f]8\g] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] 7"nf] ;ª\VofnfO{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf x]bf{ -v08 @=@ x]g'{ xf]nf_ lghL If]q ;+nUg gePsf] eP o:tf] ;Defjgf x'g] lyPg .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ !(() df ;/sf/åf/f clª\usf/ ul/Psf] pbf/Ls/0f / v'nf ahf/ cy{tGqsf] 9fFrfsf] k/f]If ?kdf s'g} klg cfk|jf;gsf] p2]Zo lyPg . t/ o;n] cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/df ;xh kx'Fr k|bfg u¥of] . b'O{j6f pbfx/0fx¿sf] ld>0fn] g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] d"n ljz]iftf :ki6 kfg{ d4t ub{5 M vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]l;ofsf nflu 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ .

cfk|jf;gsf p2]Zox¿;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ gePsf t/ cfk|jf;gnfO{ cf}hf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ ljifo klg o; gLlt ;+ufnf]df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;foLs lzIff Pj+ tflnd ;Lk ljsf; gLlt b]z leq / j}n]lzs >d ahf/df sfd ug{cfjZos kg]{ ;Lk / tflnd gePsfJolQmx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu th'{df ul/Psf]

@& bzf}+ of]hgf / tLgjif]{ cGtl/d of]hgfn] sfof{Gjog ;dofjlwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu qmdzM %%),))) / &%),))) o'jfx¿ k7fpg] nIf to u/]sf] 5 . @* kf]v/]n, @))( . @( cfk|;gsf nflu /fHosf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df hfgsf/Lsf nflu cjwf/0ffTds sfo{9fFrf e]Hh]nL, @)!$ df k|:tfj ul/Psf] lyof] . o; sfo{kqn] sfo{9fFrfsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljifoj:t'nfO{

lj:tf/ u/]sf eP tfklg oxfF s]jn o; cjwf/0ffsf] ;/nLs[t bf]xf]/f] juL{s/0f dfq k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .


lyof] . ;g\ @)!@ sf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pj+ tflnd gLltn] klg >d ahf/sfdfux¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{sf ;fy} g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/df cem a9L k|lt:kwL{ agfpgsf nflu ;Lk ljsf; tflnd sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u¥of] . /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿df ;Lk ljsf;nfO{ dfgj ;|f]t ljsf;sf] Pp6f c+zsf] ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; ul/of] . cGTodf, gLltx¿sf] o; ;+ufnf]df p2]Zo jf cf}hf/sf] ?kdf gcfP tfklg o;n] cfk|jf;gsf] :j?knfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s[lifsf nflu z'ne shf{ k|bfg ug]{ n3' shf{ sfo{qmdx¿n] cfk|jf;gdf hfg] k|j[lQnfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 .

ljsf;] of]hgfx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|of]un] s] Olªut ub{5 eg] >d cfk|jf;g s]jn ;/sf/n] s'g} 36gfkl5 kxn ug]{ ljsf;] ;d:ofx¿sf] k|ltkmn dfq ePsf] 5}g . a?, dfly pNn]v ePsf sfo{ 9fFrfx¿h:tf gLltx¿, sfg'g / ;+:yfut k|aGwx¿sf] :j?kdf cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ of]hgfx¿ dfk{mt j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ k|j4{g, lgodg / Joj:yfkg u/]/ ;/sf/n] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo k|jfxnfO{ 7f]; cfsf/ lbg] / k|efj kfg]{ sfdsf nflu k|d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x klg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}, ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf /x]sf] Jofks ljZjJofkL / /fli6«o cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fnfO{ ;d]t cfTd;ft ug'{ kb{5 . t;y{, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljsf;df ePsf] c;Gt'ngsf sf/0f jf ljsf; j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf sf/0f eg]/ a'e\mg] cgf}krfl/s k4lQ k|of]u u/]df o;n] rlqmo ts{x¿ k|ltkfbg ub{5 . t;y{, /fd|f] pkfo eg]sf] cfk|jf;g / ljsf; Pp6} k|lqmofsf c+z ePsf] x'gfn] logLx¿ lg/Gt/ ?kdf cGt/lqmofTds#) /xG5g\,h;n] ;dosf] cGt/fndf ljleGg txsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds c;/x¿ lgDTofp+b5g\eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

/fli6«o ljsf;df of]ubfgj}b]lzs /f]huf/n] /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿df klxrfg kfPb]lv tLg bzssf] cjlwdf cGt/f{li6«o >d cfk|jf;gn] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j}vfn] c;/x¿ lgDTofPsf] 5 . sfdbf/ k7fpg] d'n'sdf cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gsf] k|efjsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfdsf] yfngL ufx{:y cfo, ljt/0f, ul/aLsf] tx, vkt, nufgLsf] tx / j[l4df cGt/f{li6«o ljk|]if0fsf] v'b k|jfxnfO{ k/LIf0f u/]/ k|f/De x'G5 . To; laGb'af6, dfgj ljsf;sf cGo dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿df cltl/St ;|f]tx¿sf] v'b k|jfxsf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f tk{m cl3 a9\b5, h:t}M lzz' d[To', lzIffdf egf{ / kf]if0fsf] tx .#!

;g\ @)!@ df ljZjsf ;a} d'n'sx¿df g]kfn ljk|]if0f#@ k|fKt ug]{ -s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf_ b];|f] 7"nf] d'n's tyf clt sd ljsl;t## d'n'sx¿dWo] ;aeGbf pRr :yfgdf lyof] .#$

j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ePsf] j[l4 ;Fu}, vf;u/L vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifbb]zx¿ / dn]l;ofsf] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿af6 ljk|]if0f lelqg] s'/fdf Jofks j[l4 ePsf] 5 . s'n ljk|]if0f cfo ;g\ @))#÷@))$ sf] ?= %* cj{ ^) s/f]8af6 ;g\ @)!$÷@)!% df ?= % va{ *( cj{ %) s/f]8df j[l4 eof] . s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf x]bf{ ;g\ @))#÷@))$ sf] !)=( k|lt;taf6 ;g\ @)!$÷@)!% df @&=& k|lt;tdf j[l4 eof] . ljutsf] bzsdf s'n ljk|]if0f cfodf pNn]vgLo laGb'n] lg/Gt/ j[l4 ePsf] 5, h'g cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] afXo k|jfxdf lge{/ /xG5 -lrq !_ . ljZj j}ª\sn] o;};Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] hfgsf/L k|bfg u/]cg'?k ;g\ @)!# sf] !%=* k|lt;tsf] ljk|]]if0f j[l4af6 ;g\ @)!$ df j[l4 %=* k|lt;t sd /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] sf/0f cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] :6sdf Jofks j[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn] afXo cfk|jf;gsf] j[l4df lu/fj6 ePsfn] xf] eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª\VofTds ?kdf of] lu/fj6 ;g\ @)!) df sl/a !) nfv / ;g\ @)!# df sl/a @) nfv lyof] .#%

#) Sof;N;\, @))* .#! /lgh\, @))* .#@ cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifsf cg';f/, ljk|]if0fn] lgDg s'/fnfO{ hgfpFb5 M vf;u/L dflg;x¿sf] c:yfoL jf :yfoL cfjfudgaf6 æj}b]lzs cy{tGqdf kx'Fr eO k|fKt x'g] kfl/jfl/s cfo xf] . o:tf]

cfodf ljB'tLo jfo/ h:tf cgf}krfl/s dfWod jf cgf}krfl/s dfWodsf] k|of]u ul/ k};f jf ;/;fdfg l;dfgf kf/ u/L leq\ofpg] h:tf s'/f kb{5g\ . ljk|]if0fx¿ pNn]vgLo ?kdf gofF cy{tGqsf cfk|jf;Lx¿ jf ;f]xL d'n'ssf] lgjf;L ePsf JolQmx¿ jf df};dL jf cNksflng sfdbf/x¿n] leq\ofpg] jf k7fpg] gub / lhG;L kb{5g\ .

## ljZj a}+s, @)!$ .ljZj a}+s, @)!$ . #$ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, @)!$ . #% ljZj a}+s, @)!$ .


;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / g]kfn /fi6« a}+s .

lrq !&= ljk|]if0f k|jfxsf] k|j[lQ, ;g\ @))#÷)$–@)!#÷!$

Remittance income/GDP in per cent Annual percentage change in remmitance income Annual percentage change in obtaining labour permit

60

50

40

30

20

10

00 0 0

42.547

10.5

9.4

33.7

41.8

20.925

15.2417.21

8.44

20.61

8.1

10.9 11.1

49

2.5

14.9

13.8 17.5

21.2 19.4

18.5

23.525.6

28

0 0 0

2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

11.9

j[xt cfly{s :yfoLTjsf nflu of]ubfgljk|]if0f cfon] j[xt\ cfly{s :yfoLTj sfod /fVgsf nflu pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5 eg] of] cy{tGqsf ^ dWo]sf] Pp6f cfwf/:tDe xf] -cGo cfwf/x¿df nufgL, Aofkf/, s[lif, hn;|f]t / ko{6g x'g\_ .#^ ljk|]if0f cfo e'QmfgL artsf] :yfgfGt/sf] ;d"x cGtu{t kb{5,#& . o; juL{s/0f cGtu{t b]zx¿n] ljZjsf cGo b]zx¿;Fu cfk\mgf] df}lb|s sf/f]af/sf] clen]vg ub{5g\ / o;df rlNt vftf,#* ljQLo vftf, / k"Flhut vftf ;+nUg x'g] ub{5g\ . cy{tGqsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] k|Tofe"lt lbgsf nflu e'QmfgL artdf :yfoLTj sfod /fVg' df}lb|s gLltsf] k|d'v gLltx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf] .#(

g]kfn /fi6« a}+såf/f jflif{s ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g] cfly{s ;j]{If0fn] b]zsf] e'StfgL ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yfkg tk{msf] of]ubfgnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, s]Gb|Lo a}+sn] th'{df u/]sf] df}lb|s gLlt ;g\ @)!$÷!% df pNn]v ePcg';f/ cTolws dfqfdf lelqg] u/]sf] ljk|]if0f / j}b]lzs ;xfotfn] rlNt vftfdf j[l4 / e'StfgL ;Gt'ng tk{m of]ubfg k'¥ofPs 5g\ . ;g\ @))(÷!)$) b]lv rlNt 6«fG;km/ cfodf ljk|]if0f cfosf] lx:;f lg/Gt/ ?kdf *) k|lt;teGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn lelqg] ljk|]if0fdf ePsf] j[l4n] j}b]lzs ljlgdosf] cf/If0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} e'StfgL ;Gt'ngsf] cltl/St artdf j[l4 ;d]t ePsf] 5 . j}b]lzs ljlgdosf] cf/If0f Jofkfl/s dfn;fdfg tyf ;]jfx¿sf] cfoftsf nflu nufgL

#^ >]i7, @))* . #& kGt -@))^_ n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ ls ljk|]if0fsf dfkb08x¿ df}Hbft e'QmfgLsf tLg j6f kIfx¿df lgDg :j?kdf cfwfl/t 5g\ M -!_ sfdbf/x¿sf] ljk|]if0f -sfdbf/n] Ps jif{eGbf a9L ljb]

zdf al; k7fPsf] k};f_Ù -@_ sfdbf/x¿sf] Ifltk"lt{ -Ps jif{eGbf a9L ljb]zdf a;]sf sfdbf/x¿sf] s'n cfDbfgLÙ / -#_ cfk|jf;Lsf] :yfgfGt/0f -Pp6f b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf hfg] u/]sf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] v'b ;DklQ_ .

#* rlNt vftfdf ;fdfg, ;]jf, cfDbfgL / rlNtsf] :yfgfGt/0fsf] clen]vg ul/Psf] 5 . rlNtsf] :yfgfGt/0fdf bfg, ;xof]u / cg'bfgx¿, ;/sf/L ;xfotf / lgj[lQe/0f nufot ljk|]if0fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

#( g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;DaGwL P]g, @))@ .$) cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)!$÷!% .


ug{ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf nflu cfjZos kb{5g\ . ;g\ @))$÷)% sf] lgof{teGbf cfoftsf] kl/df0f @=% u'0ff pRr lyof] t/, of] ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df cfsfl;P/ * u'0ff pRr x'g k'Uof] . g]kfnn] k|lt lbg ?= ! vj{ % cj{ a/fa/sf] ljk|]if0f k|fKt ub{5 . of] ljk|]if0f g]kfnsf] ;fdfgx¿ cfoftsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ /sdsf] lx;fjn] ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvG5$! . ;g\ @))$÷)% df s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] ?kdf @@ k|lt;tdf /x]sf] j}b]lzs ljlgdo k|lt:yfkg ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df j[l4 eO #$=% k|lt;t x'g k'Uof] . ;f]xL cjlwdf ;g\ @))$÷)% df s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] !!=% k|lt;t ljk|if]0fdf ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df j[l4 eO @* k|lt;t x'g k'Uof] .$@

ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfgzx;|fAbL ljsf; nIf k|ult k|ltj]bg @)!# cg';f/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k7fpg] kl/jf/x¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / ljk|]if0fn] pNn]vgLo cg'kftdf ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] s'/f clen]vul/Psf] 5 . t/ o;sf] cGo hg;ª\Vof / cfGtl/s cfk|jf;Lx¿sf dfem To:tf] of]ubfg b]lv+b}g . ;g\ !)() b]lv @)!# sf] lardf /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof $@ k|lt;taf6 @#=* k|lt;tdf 36\g k'Uof] . zx;|fAbL ljsf; nIfsf] k|ltj]bgn] klg g]kfnsf] ul/aLsf] :t/ 36\g] qmddf ;g\ !((^ / ;g\ @))$ sf] lardf !=% k|lt;tn] / ;g\ @))$ / @)!! sf] lardf @=% k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ul/aLsf] :t/ 36\g] qmd j[l4 x'g'df ;f]xL cjlwdf j[l4 ePsf] >d :jLs[ltsf] ;ª\Vof;Fu d]n vfG5 .

ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ljk|]if0fsf] d'Vo k|efj kl/jf/sf] txdf b]lvPsf] 5 . /fli6«o hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f ;g\ @)!)÷@)!! cg';f/, ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ ;a} kl/jf/sf] ljk|]if0fdf ;g\ !((%÷(^ sf] @#=$ k|lt;taf6 j[l4 eO{ ;g\ @)!)÷!! Df %%=* k|lt;t x'g k'Uof] . k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/sf] s'n cfodf ljk|]if0fsf] pNn]vgLo lx:;f /x]s]f 5 M ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/df /x]sf] s]jn !&=^ k|lt;taf6$# ;g\ @)!)÷!! Dff #)=( k|lt;tsf] lx:;f -ljZj a}+s, @))(_$$ . ljZj a}+ssf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/ ljk|]if0fsf] clwsf+z dfqf b}lgs pkef]u / C0f e'QmfgLsf nflu k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o lhjg:t/ ;j]{If0f ;g\ @)!)÷!! cg';f/ kl/jf/n] k|fKt ug]{ s'n ljk|]if0fsf] sl/a &( k|lt;t b}lgs pkef]usf nflu / & k|lt;t C0f e'QmfgLsf nflu k|of]u ePsf] lyof] .

cg';Gw]tf / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] ljk|]if0fsf] dxTjnfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf n]vfhf]vf u/]cg';f/ ul/aL Go"lgs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofO /x]sf] ljk|]if0f g]kfnsf nflu ckjfb xf]Og . pbfx/0fsf nflu, blIf0f ef/tsf] s]/nf /fHoaf6 Jofks ?kdf vf8L d'nstk{msf] >d cfk|jf;gsf sf/0f ljk|]if0fdf ePsf] j[l4n] To; /fHosf] ul/aLsf] tx !@ k|lt;tn] 36fpg of]ubfg k'¥ofof] .$% g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vof ePsf] wg'iff lhNnfdf ljk|]if0fsf] k|efj cWoog u/]/ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ k7fpg] kl/jf/x¿sf] pkef]u cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ gk7fpg] kl/jf/x¿sf] eGbf pRr kfof] . o:tf] cfosf] clwsf+z lx:;f vfBfGg / ljx]jf/Lsf nflu vr{ ug]{ ul/Psf] / afFsL /sd hldg vl/bsf nflu vr{ u/]sf] kfOof] .$^

$! pxL, k]h g+= *( .$@ pxL, k]h g+= *( .$# ljZj a}+sn] ;~rfng u/]sf] g]kfnsf] cfk|jf;g ;j]{If0f @))( sf] kl/0ffdcg';f/ $) k|lt;t ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/x¿ k"0f{ ?kdf ljk|]if0fdf lge{/ /x]sf lyP eg] $% k|lt;tn] ljk|]if0fsf]

k|of]u cfk\mgf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿eGbf k/ cGo sfdsf nflu k|of]u ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] dx;'; u/] . jf:tjdf, ^) k|lt;t ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/x¿ -/ !* k|lt;t g]kfnL kl/jf/x¿_ cfk\mgf] cfwfeGbf a9L cfDbfgL ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt ug]{ ub{5g\ .

$$ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, @)!% .$% :s]N8g, @))* .$^ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, @)!@ .


>d Joj:yfkgdf of]ubfg/fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ b]zsf] j]/f]huf/ / Go"g /f]huf/nfO{ ;Gt'nt ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLltsf] ?kdf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . x/]s jif{ ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ cg'dflgt $%),))) >ldsx¿dWo] clwsf+zn] ljb]zdf /f]huf/ kfpFb5g\ . cGt/f{i6«o >d cfk|jf;g g]kfnsf nflu /f]hfuf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] ePsf] 5 .

b]zleq /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf x'g g;Sbf / 3/]n'>d ahf/ lgliqmo ePsf sf/0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/ vf;u/L cbIf / cw{–bIf >d zlQmsf nflu ljsNk ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/åf/f hfl/ ul/Psf >d :jLs[ltx¿dWo] &$ k|lt;t cbIf, @% k|lt;t cw{–bIf / Ps k|lt;t bIf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu 5 .

cGo of]ubfgx¿oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf of]ubfgx¿ k"0f{ geO ;aeGbf a9L;txL x'g\ . cfk|jf;gsf] cfly{s nfe dfgj ljsf;sf kIfx¿df k|ltljlDjt x'G5g\ . ljk|]if0f l;ª\uf] cjoj geP tfklg o;n] dfgj ljsf;sf nflu an k|bfg ub{5 . g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!$ n] b]vfPsf] 5 ls ljk|]if0f / ko{6gaf6 x'g] cfodf ;'wf/ ePsf sf/0f;fIf/tf / lzIffdf 5nfª\u dfg]{ klZrdL kxf8 / klZrdL lxdfnx¿h:tf If]qx¿n] pgLx¿sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\sdf tLa| ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ .$* wg'iff lhNnfdf ;~rfng u/]sf] cWoogaf6 kQf nfu]sf] 5 ls ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/x¿n] ljk|]if0f k|fKt gug]{ kl/jf/x¿n] eGbf a9L lzIff / :jf:Yodf nufgL u/]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿sf] ;"rgfdf a9L kxF'r lyof] .$&

o;sf cltl/St, cfly{s ljk|]if0fx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs ljk|]if0fsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg] a9\bf] cjwf/0ffx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .%)

;fdflhs ljk|]0fx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] qmddf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] xfl;n ug]{ ;Lk, larf/, 1fg / ;fdflhs ;~hnf;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ub{5g\ . æk|ltef knfogÆsf] bz{g ;fdfGotM a;fO ;/fOsf] s'/fdf nfu' x'G5 eg] >lds cfk|jf;gsf] af/Daf/sf] ultzLntfn] larf/ tyf cEof;x¿sf] ljlgdo dfk{mt æk|ltef vktÆjf æk|ltef k|flKtÆtk{m pGd'v u/fpFb5 .

g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf cGt/f{li6«o >d cfk|jf;g / ljsf;sf kIfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;Lldt 1fg dfq 5 . xfd|f] d'Vo a'emfO{ cfly{s ljifodf s]lGb|t 5 – ;j{{k|yd ljk|]if0fsf] ljZn]if0f, h;n] >d cfk|jf;g / ljsf;nfO{ lj:t[t ;fdflhs–cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts 9fFrf;Fu hf]8\g] sfd ub}{g . t;y{, >d cfk|jf;g / /fli6«o ljsf;sf cGo kIfx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ pkof]uL x'G5 .

5nkmns a'Fbfx¿j}b]lzs /f]huf/sfk|j[lQx¿M g]kfnL cy{tGq j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf k|j[lQx¿sf] j[l4;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . jt{dfg k|j[lQx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] :j?kdf lg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] b]vfP tfklg o:tf] k|j[lQ slt nfdf] ;do;Dd jf s'g :t/;Dd sfod /xg ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f clglZrt 5 . cWoogx¿n] ;'emfPsf 5g\ ls vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dn]l;ofdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] dfun] eljiodf%! lg/Gt/tf kfpg] 5 . t/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfgsf nflu sfdbf/sf] lg0f{onfO{ ax' kIfx¿n] k|efj kfb{5g\ -cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf] dfun] dfq xf]Og_ . >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] ;ª\Vofdf ;du| j[l4 j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|j[lQsf] Pp6f kIf dfq xf] . o;;Fu hf]l8Psf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g'{ klg cfjZos x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]kfnsf] blIf0f–k"jL{ t/fOsf] efux¿df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ef}uf]lns pTklQsf] s]Gb| / To; If]qsf nflu To;sf] k|efjsf jf/]df sd dfq hfgsf/L 5 . vf]hLug'{kg]{ csf]{ kIf b]zsf] dWo–klZrd / ;'b'/–klZrdaf6 >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf] af/]df xf] .

$& ;xz|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|ult k|ltj]bg, @)!# .$* g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @)!$ .$( g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, @)!@ .%) n]le6, @))! .%! cfk|jf;g / ljsf; ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L . lhcfOh]8 / cfOPncf] -@)!%_ >d ahf/sf] k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f / blIf0f Pl;ofaf6 vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿, ef/t / dn]l;ofsf nflu >d cfk|jf;g .


ljk|]if0fx¿ M ljk|]if0fx¿sf] e"ldsf lg;Gb]x ?kdf ul/aL 36fpg' eP tfklg ltgLx¿ ljsf;sf nflu ;dfwfg eg] xf]Ogg\ . ljk|]if0fx¿n] tLa| ultdf ul/aL 36fpg] sfddf d4t k'¥ofpFbf k'¥ofpFb} klg b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s a[l4 ;Gtf]ifhgs x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / ljutsf] bzsdf cfly{s j[l4 cf};t ?kdf $=! k|lt;t /xg k'Uof] .%# /fhgLlts / cfly{s ;'wf/ a]u/ ljsf; ug{ vf]Hbf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 lsgeg] o;n] d'b|f :kmLlt tyf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{geGbf a9L 7"nf] c;dfgtftk{m 8f]¥ofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .%$ ljk|]if0fx¿sf] 7"nf] k|jfxnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5 . ljZj a}+sn] g]kfndf ;g\ @))& / ;g\ @)!! sf] lardf pRr txsf] ljk|]if0fsf] kl/j]zdf t/ntfnfO{ Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] dfldnf cWoogcg';f/, ljk|]if0fsf] k|jfxdf PSsf;L ePsf] j[l4n] a}+lsª\u k|0ffnLdf 7"nf] /flzsf] t/ntfsf] ljhf/f]k0f u¥of] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, tLa| ?kdf cfGtl/s C0fdf j[l4 u/fpg'sf ;fy} c:yL/ ?kdf 3/hUuf / :6s dfs]{6sf] d"Nodf j[l4 u/fof] .%% ljk|]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt c;dfgtfx¿klg phfu/ eO/x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f ;g\ @)!)÷!! n] s] phfu/ u¥of] eg] ;aeGbf ul/a / ;aeGbf wgL pkef]u lSjG6fON;sf JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] k|lt JolQm ljk|]if0fsf] lardf ljzfn cGt/ 5 . o;af6 s] hfgsf/L ldNb5 eg] cfk|jf;L hg;ª\Voflar j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf cj;/ / nfex¿ ;dfg ?kdf ljt/0f ePsf 5}gg\ . kl/jf/x¿n] ljk|]if0fnfO{ pTkfbgzLn ?kdf k|of]u ug{ g;s]sf] s'/f Jofks hfgsf/Ldf 5 . ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ kl/jf/x¿sf] pkef]usf] :j?knfO{ dfgj k"Flhsf nflu nufgL u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5, t/ pTkfbgzLn sfo{sf nflu k|of]u gug]{ xf] eg] o;n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/tk{msf] k/lge{/tf tk{m 8f]¥ofpg ;Sb5 . o;sf ;fy}, ljk|]if0f cfosf] bL3{sfnLg / cNksfnLg lx;fan] j[xb cfly{s ;"rsx¿df kg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf af/]df yk cg';Gwfgsf] klg cfjZostf b]lvG5 . Pp6f gofF cWoogsf] kl/0ffdcg';f/, ljk|]if0fsf] clwsf+z cfonfO{ b}lgs pkef]Uo jf ljnflztf / l6sfp ;fdfgx¿sf] cfoftdf vr{ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;n] cfoftsf] dfusf] ultnfO{ j[l4 ul//x]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, cGTodf a9\bf] Aofkf/ 3f6ftk{m 8f]¥ofpg] / kl/jf/n] cfDbfgLnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfn] ljsf;sf nflu ljk|]if0fsf] cfwf/e"t e"ldsf lgwf{/0f x'g] b]lvG5 .%^

j}b]lzs /f]uhf/ tyf /fli6«o ljsf; M j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nfex¿nfO{ ;g\ @)!% kZrft /fli6«o ljsf;df s;/L hf]8\g ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf cem lj:t[t hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L, lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ / ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] x}l;otaf6 :t/f]GgtL ug{sf nflu of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ ;jfnx¿ ;fGble{s 5g\ . oL ;jfnx¿ kl/jf/sf] txdf ljk|]if0fnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L tj/n] k|of]u ug]{ -pTkfbgzLn k|of]usf nflu_ b]lv lnP/ ljk|]if0fsf] cfonfO{ j[xb tx;Dd -ljk|]if0fnfO{ ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s nufgL ug]{ gofF ;|f]tsf] ?kdf ln+b}_ nufgL ug]{ ;Ddsf x'g .cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs ljk|]if0fnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ ljlwx¿ klg 5nkmnsf] Pp6f a'Fbf x'g ;Sb5 . g]kfndf ;g\ @)!% cfPsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk kZrftsf] k'gnf{e / k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljk|]if0fnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf ;f]Rg' kg]{ tTsfnLg cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

%# cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)!% .%$ Sof;N;, @))* . %% ljZj a}+s, @)!# . %^ e6\6, @)!#.g]kfndf ljk|]if0f / Aofkf/ 3f6fsf] ;DaGwM Pp6f leOl;Pd k4lQ . Osf]gf]lds l/Eo" @# -!_ .


$=@ e"sDk, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostfx¿

@% clk|n @)!% sf lbg g]kfnnfO{ &=^ DoflUgRo"8\sf] zlQmzfnL e"sDkn] xNnfof] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf hgwgsf] Iflt x'g'sf ;fy} b}lgs hLjg si6s/ x'g k'Uof] . y'k|} ;ª\Vofdf dlxgf}+;Dd cfPsf k/sDkx¿ plQs} vt/gfs lyP h;n] afl9, tyf cGo y'k|} gf]S;fgL / Iflt k'¥ofP . b]zsf] $% lhNnfdf s'n *,*(^ JolQmx¿ -#,(&@ k'?if / $(!* dlxnfx¿, ^ klxrfg x'g g;s]sf ;lxt_ sf] d[To' eof], @@,#)@ hgf JolQmx¿ 3fPt] eP, sl/a () nfv 3/x¿ k"/} jf cf+lzs ?kdf Wj:t eP .%& k|efljt lhNnfx¿dWo] k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df p4f/ tyf /fxt ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] !$ lhNnfx¿ -eStk'/, wflbª, bf]nvf, uf]vf{, sf7df8f}+, sfe|]knfGrf]s, nlntk'/, dsjfgk'/, g'jfsf]6, cf]vn9'ª\uf, /fd]5fk, /;'jf, l;Gw'nL / l;Gw'kfnrf]s_ nfO{ æ;ª\s6 u|:tÆ lhNnfsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . sl/a k|To]s ;ª\s6 u|:t lhNnfdWo]af6} dflg;x¿sf] xtfxt ePsf] lyof] .

;/sf/n] ;~rfng u/]sf] ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostf cfFsngn]%* ;fdflhs, pTkfgzLn / k"jf{wf/ If]qx¿ tyf cGtlj{ifout ;jfnx¿df%( s'n &,)^% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf] Iflt ePsf] cg'dfg u¥of] . cfjf; / dfgj al:tx¿sf] lagf; ePsf sf/0f cg'dflgt $,)*^ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] gf]S;fg / Iflt ;fdflhs If]qx¿df x'g k'Uof] . pTkfbgsf If]qx¿df JolQmut cfodf ePsf] cg'dflgt !,&!@ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf] gf]S;fgLsf ;fy} pTkfbgzLn If]qdf cg'dflgt !,&*@ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf]Iflt eof] . ;aeGbf a9L k|efljt If]qx¿ ko{6g, ljQLo / s[lif If]q lyP . e"sDkkZrft, ;aeGbf a9L k|efljt lhNnfx¿df ljb]zaf6 w]/} cfk|jf;Lx¿ cfk\mgf] kl/jf/sf] ;fydf /xg / pTyfgzLn k"jf{wf/x¿sf nflu 3/ kls{P .

>d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] ;ª\Vofdf ePsf] lu/fj6;Fu} j}b]lzs /f]huf/df e"sDksf] tfTsflns k|efj gsf/fTds lyof] . e"sDkeGbf cl3Nnf] tLg dlxgfdf cf};t dfl;s $*,%#& >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] eg] e"sDk kl5sf] tLg dlxgfdf -e"sDk cfPsf] dlxgf ;d]t_ >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] cf};t ;ª\Vof #!,(&( df em¥of] -tflnsf !*_ .

Tflnsf !*= clk|n @)!% sf] e"sDk cl3 / kl5sf] >d cfk|jf;gsf] k|jfx

e"sDk cl3 / kl5sf dlxgfx¿ Dffl;s ?kdf hf/L ul/Psf >d :jLs[ltx¿

dlxgf ! -df3_ 48 941

cf};t $* %#&dlxgf @ -kmfNu'0f_ 44 460 dlxgf # -r}q @)&!_ 52 210 dlxgf ! -j}zfs – e"sDk uPsf] dlxgf_ 31 375

cf};t #! (&( dlxgf @ -h]i7_ 37 962 dlxgf # -cfiff9_ 26 600


%& x]g'{xf];\ drrportal.gov.np%* ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostf cfFsng e"sDkn] k'¥ofPsf] Iflt, gf]S;fg / cfjZostfx¿sf] If]qut / cGt/ljifos If]qut ljZn]if0fsf] ;aeGbf a9L lj:t[t / cflwsfl/s b:tfj]h xf] . k|ltj]

bgsf] of] v08 pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s d'VotM To; cfFsngsf] cg'dfgdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] k|ltj]bg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . %( ;fdflhs If]qx¿ M cfjf; / dfgj a:tL, :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/Ù pTkfbgzLn If]qx¿ M s[lif, l;+rfO, afl0fHo, pBf]u, ko{6g, laQLoÙ k"jf{wf/ If]qx¿ M ljB't, ;~rf/, ;fd'bflos

k"jf{wf/, oftfoft, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOÙ cGtlj{ifos ;jfnx¿ M zf;g, ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, jftfj/0f / jg .


o;/L lu/fj6 ePsf] pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vof cgk]lIft lyof] . o; cg';Gwfgsf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;dodf dfl;s lhNnf tYofª\s pknAw geP tfklg s] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] !$ j6f ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\s6 u|:t lhNnfaf6 >d cfk|jf;Lsf] ;ª\Vofdf cfPsf] lu/fj6n] tfTsflns lu/fj6 ePsf] xf] . ;a} ;ª\s6u|:t lhNnfx¿n] cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!$÷!% df >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] ;ª\Vofdf ;du| lu/fj6sf] cg'ej ug'{ k¥of] -lhNnfsf] tYofª\sf nflu cg';"lr XX x]g'{xf];\_ . ;ª\s6 u|:t !$ lhNnfx¿df ;g\ @)!$÷!% df hf/L ul/Psf] ;Dk"0f{ >d :jLs[ltsf] @! k|lt;t tYofª\s lyof] .

;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vofdf j}b]lzs >d cfk|jf;Lx¿ ePsf] b]zsf] blIf0f k"jL{ ;dy/ If]qnfO{ ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf] k|efj gk/]sf] sf/0f cfk|jf;Lsf] k|jfxdf k|efj k/]sf] b]lv+b}g . cGo kIfx¿n] klg ;du| k|j[lQnfO{ k|efj kf/] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, e"sDksf] b'O{ dlxgf kl5 c;f/ -h'g / h'nfO{_ df lu/fj6 -hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltdf @^,^)) df em/]sf]_ Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿sf] !* lbg] x8tfn / aGb;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] .^)

j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf] bL3{sfnLg k|efj x]g{ afFsL g} 5 . t/, ul/aLsf] k|sf]knfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf, j]/f]huf/L, hLljsf]kfh{gdf ePsf] Iflt / gf]S;fg / Ifltaf6 k|ltnfe k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;donfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf eljiodf vf;u/L ;ª\s6 u|:t lhNnfx¿af6 >d cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZj a}+ssf] gd'gfnfO{ p4[t ub}{ ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostf cfFsng k|ltj]bgn] ;g\ @)!%÷!^ df b]zsf] @=%–#=% k|lt;t hg;ª\VofnfO{ yk ul/aLtk{m ws]Ng] 5 . o;sf] kl/0ffdcg';f/, slDtdf klg yk &)),))) yk dflg;x¿ ul/a x'g]5g\ .

To;}u/L ljleGg If]qx¿df /f]huf/Ldf pNn]Vo ?kdf Iflt ePsf] 5 . sl/a ^) k|lt;t >d zlQm /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] /f]huf/Lsf] s[lif If]qn] cg'dflgt @*# ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf] 7"nf] Iflt / gf]S;fg ef]Ug' k¥of] h;n] eljiodf pTkfbgdf k|efj kfg]{ ;Defjgf 5 . o;}u/L, sl/a %)),))) JolQmx¿ jf #=% k|lt;t >d zlQmsf nflu /f]huf/ l;h{gf ug]{ ko{6g If]qn] 7"nf] Iflt Aoxf]g'{ k¥of] . e"sDkn] w]/} ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/ / ko{6sLo6«]lsª\u ?6x¿ lagf; u¥of] . n3' Joj;fo tyf 3/]n' pBf]udf ePsf] Iflt;Fu} jfl0fHo tyf pBf]un] klg 7"nf] Ifltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] . xfn}sf jif{x¿df, oL /f]huf/Lsf If]qx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] 7"nf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

o;eGbf klxn] pNn]v ul/Ph:tf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 l;lh{t ul/aL / a]/f]huf/ dfq j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf k|j[lQx¿df k|efj kfg]{ cjojx¿xf]Ogg\ . ljkb\ kl5sf] k'gMnf{e / k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf ;fy} cGo 7"nf ;fdflhs Pj+ /fhg}lts cjojx¿n] klg cfk|jf;gsf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ 5g\ .

e"sDk kZrftj}b]lzs /f]huf/ >d Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f cjojsf] ?kdf /x]sf] eGg] 5nkmnsf] d'Vo a'Fbfsf] cy{ k'gMnf{e / k'gMlg{df{0fsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ >ldssf] dfu/ cfk"lt{nfO{ ;Gt'ng ug'{ xf] . ljkb\ kZrftsf] cfjZostf cfFsng k|ltj]bgn] s]xL If]qx¿df k|sf; kf/]sf] 5, h;sf nflu k'gnf{e/ k'gMlgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf sfdbf/x¿sf] cfjZostf kg]{5 M cfjf; k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu sl/a &)),))) sfdbf/x¿ rflxg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 h;dWo] $^ k|lt;t 8sdL{h:tf bIf sfdbf/x¿sf] cfjZostf kg]{5 . vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿ / dnl;ofdf cbIf / cw{ bIf >ldsx¿n] /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ ;aeGbf 7"nf] If]q lgdf{0f If]q xf] . oL d'n'sx¿df 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ .^! cfjf; If]qsf] k'gMnf{e / k'gMlgdf{0f sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cg'elj / ;Lko'St lkmlt{ ePsf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf]

^) Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿n] afXo d'n'ssf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu ælgMz'Ns leiff / l6s6sf] k|fjwfgÆ sf] sfof{Gjogsf] lj?4df h'nfO{df lj/f]w :j?k !* lbg;Dd cfk\mgf ;]jfx¿ aGb u/] . h'nfO{ ^ b]lv nfu' ePsf] o; k|fjwfg cGtu{t /f]huf/bftfx¿n] Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿nfO{ ;]jf z'Ns glt/]sf] v08df dfq clwstd ?= !),))) cGoyf lgMz'Ns ?kdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] ;ftj6f uGtJo d'n'sx¿ tk{m k|:yfg ug{ ;Sy] – ax/fOg, s'j]t, dn]l;of, cf]dfg, stf/, ;fpbL c/]aLof / o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\;\ .

^! lhcfOh]8 / cfOPncf], @)!% . blIf0f Pl;ofaf6 vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿, ef/t / dn]l;ofsf nflu >a ahf/ ljZn]if0f / >d cfk|jf;g, @)!% .


;Lk / cg'ejsf] pkof]u ug]{ cj;/ klg 5 . o;sf cltl/St, cGo k|efljt If]qx¿sf] j]/f]huf/Lsf] l:yltn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ cfjf; If]qdf df]8\g ;Sb5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, ;Lko'St jf cg'elj >ldsx¿ / OR5's >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] lardf ;fdflhs ljk|]if0fsf] ljlgdo ug]{ cj;/sf] l;h{gf x'G5 .

;dfg vfn] Joj:yfkg cGo If]qx¿df klg k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . jfl0fHo tyf pBf]ux¿df sfdbf/x¿sf] cefj ePsf sf/0f ef/tLo sfdbf/n] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cefjnfO{ :yfgLo >ldsnfO{ ;DalGwt k|of]hgsf nflu tflnd k|bfg u/]/ k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 . xHhf/f}+ sfdbf/x¿ ;dfg vfn] /f]huf/Lsf nflu b]z 5f]l8/x]sf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿nfO{ pkof]u u/]/ b]zleqsf] >ldssf] cefjnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{, ;a} If]qx¿;Fu j[xt k/fdz{ u/]/ o; ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .

$=# j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnf

j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnf b]zdf dlxnfx¿dfem ;du| /f]huf/sf] k|j[lQdfkl/jt{gsf]dxTjk"0f{ c+z x'g\ . xfn}sf] ;/sf/L k|ltj]bgn]^@ phfu/ u/]cg';f/ u}/ s[lif If]qdf ;g\ !(() / @)!) sf] lardf !& – @) k|lt;tsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] Hofnf dhb'/Ldf dlxnfx¿sf] lx:;f ;g\ @)!# df j[l4 eO $$=* k|lt;t k'u]sf] lyof] . o:tf] ltj| j[l4 To;a]nf b]vf k¥of] h'ga]nf -;g\ @)!!÷!@_ df >d :jLs[lt kfpg] dlxnfx¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof bf]Aa/eGbf a9L ePsf] lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ cfk|jf;LdWo] ;g\ @)!@/!# df dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kft ^=@ k|lt;t k'Uof] .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf ljutsf] bzsdf pNn]Vo ?kdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . vf;u/L, klxnf] b'O{ / cfwf bzsdf ePsf] dGb j[l4sf] t'ngfdf ljut kfFr jif{ -;g\ @)!)÷!!–@)!$÷!%_ df dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf tLa| j[l4 ePsf] 5 . k"j{ >d tyf /f]huf/ k|j4{g ljefu -@))!_^# af6 pknAw clen]vn] ;g\ !(*% / @))! sf] lardf s]jn jflif{s cf};t !) hgfsf] cg'kftdf !^! hgf dlxnfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu uPsf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . of] cg'kftdf ;/sf/L clen]vsf] tYo cg';f/ ;g\ @))) sf] dWo ;Dddf pNn]vgLo ?kdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o; ;ª\VofnfO{ x]bf{ ;g\ @))^÷)& df dlxnfx¿sf nflu #() j6f >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] eg] ;g\ @))&÷)* df $,^*% >d :jLs[lt hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;ª\Vof ut cfly{s jif{sf] ckjfb afx]s x/]s jif{ lg/k]If ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|j[lQnfO{ e"sDkn] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;aeGbf a9L ;ª\Vof ePsf] l;Gw'kfnrf]s dfgj tyf k"jf{wf/ Ifltsf lx;fan] ;aeGbf a9L k|efljt ePsf] lhNnf dWo]sf] Ps lyof] .

^@ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)!#, k]h g+= #! . zx;|fAbL ljsf; nIf k|ult k|ltj]bg, k]h g+= #! .^# cfOPncf], @))$, k]h g+= @* . u0f]z u'?ª\u .


tflnsf !(= hf/L ul/Psf >d :jLs[ltsf] n}lª\us jflif{s jlu{s[t tYofª\s

cf= j=Hff/L ePsf] >d :jLs[ltsf] jflif{s

j[l4 b/

lg/k]If ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 b/ -k'?if_

lg/k]If ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 b/ -dlxnf_

s'n cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] k|lt;t -k'?if_

s'n cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] k|lt;t -dlxnf_

2008/09 - - - 96.1 % 3.9 %

2009/10 33.70 % 34.37 % 17.0 % 96.6 % 3.4 %

2010/11 20.61 % 21.21 % 3.6 % 97.1 % 2.9 %

2011/12 8.44 % 5.05 % 120.4 % 94.0 % 6.0 %

2012/13 17.21 % 16.97 % 20.94 % 93.85 % 6.15 %

2013/14 15.24 % 15.92 % 4.87 % 94.4 % 5.60 %

2014/15 -3.8 % -2.51 % -26.44 % 95.72 % 4.28 %;|f]t M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu .

tyflk, j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] k|f/De b]lv g} j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dlxnf ;xeflutf ;/sf/åf/f Hofb} lgodg ul/Psf] Pp6f ljifo xf] . Pl;ofsf s]xL d'n'sx¿h:t} g]kfnn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df cltl/St ;t{x¿ tyf ljleGg k|ltaGwx¿ cjnDjg u/sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ !(*% sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf] cleefjssf] :jLs[lt lagf b]z 5f]8\g lgif]w u¥of] . ;g\ !((* sf] P]gdf ePsf] bf];|f] ;+;f]wgn] o;sf] k|ltaGwfTds k|fjwfgnfO{ sfod /fVg'sf ;fy} cleefjsf cltl/St ;/sf/sf] ;d]t cg'dlt rflxg] k|fjwfg yk u¥of] . g]kfnL 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿sf] s'j]tdf d[To' ePkZrft ;/sf/n] g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu vf8L ;xof]u kl/ifb b]zx¿df hfg k"0f{ k|ltaGw nufof] . of] k|ltaGw dlxnfx¿sf nflu cf}krfl/s If]qsf] sfdsf nflu dfq ;g\ @))# df cf+lzs ?kdf x6fOof] eg] 3/]n' sfdsf nflu ce}m k|ltalGwt lyof] . ljb]z hfg] sfdbf/x¿sf nflu /IffTds ;+oGqx¿ Nffu' u/]kl5 ;g\ @)!) df of] k|ltaGw x6fOof], t/ ;g\ @)!@ df #) jif{ d'lgsf s'g} klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdsf nflu dWok"j{df hfg /f]s nufpg] p2]Zon] k"gM nfu' ul/of] . tyflk, oL ljleGg ;t{ Pj+ k|ltaGwx¿sf] p2]Zo dlxnfx¿nfO{ nfdf] sfo{ ;do, n}lª\us lx+;f, zf/Ll/s b'Ao{jxf/ / cfly{s zf]if0f nufotsf w]/} hf]lvdx¿af6 arfpgsf nflu lyof] . t/ of] gLlt k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] x'gfn] o;sf] uDeL/ cfnf]rgf eof] . g]kfnL o'jtLx¿ 3/]n' sfdsf nflu clgoldt dfWodåf/f cf}krfl/s k|0ffnL k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] s'g} klg ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt a]u/ dWok"j{sf b]zx¿df hfg] qmd /f]lsPg .


tflnsf @)= dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] cfjthfjtdf ;/sf/sf] /f]s

;dofjlw k|ltaGwsf] :j?k

!(*%–!((* dlxnfx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfgsf nflu cleefjs -cfdfafa', nf]Ug] jf cGo gft]bf/_ sf] :jLs[lt cfjZos k¥of] .

!((*–@))# vf8L d'n'sdf dlxnfx¿sf] cfk|jf;gdf k"0f{ k|ltaGw .

@))#–@)!) vf8L d'n'sdf dlxnfx¿sf] cfk|jf;gdf cf+lzs k|ltaGw .

hgj/L @))(–d] @))( n]aggdf 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf dlxnfnfO{ hfg k"0f{ k|ltaGw .

@)!@ – d] @)!$ vf8L d'n'sdf #) jif{ d'lgsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf hfg lgif]w .

d] @)!$ – clk|n @)!% vf8L d'n'sdf ;a} pd]/sf cfk|jf;L dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf elt{ x'g k"0f{ k|ltaGw .

clk|n @)!% kZrft -sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljrf/flwgdf /x]sf]_

vf8L d'n'sdf @% jif{ d'lgsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf sfd ug{ lgif]w .

b[9 ;+sNkL cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] clgoldt dfWodsf] k|of]unfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;/sf/n] gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu 3/]n' sfdbf/ k7fpg] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)!% hf/L u¥of] . o; lgb]{lzsfn] ax/fOg, s'j]t, n]jgg, dn]l;of, stf/, ;fpbL c/]aLof / o'gfO6]8 c/a Old/]6\;df 3/]n' sfdsf nflu hfg rfxg] dlxnfx¿sf nflu Go"gtd pd]/sf] dfkb08nfO{ 36fO @$ jif{df emf¥of] .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf x'g] u/]sf] ptf/r9fj ;/sf/n] avt avt lnPsf lgoGq0fd'vL sbdx¿df phfu/ ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!) df dlxnfx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] k|ltaGw k'ms'jf u/]kl5 cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!!÷!@ df dlxnfx¿sf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] >d :jLs[ltsf] ;ª\Vofdf !@) k|lt;tn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] j[l4 ;a} cfk|jf;Lx¿lar dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kft pNn]Vo ?kdf @=( k|lt;taf6 ^ k|lt;tdf j[l4 eof] . ha ;g\ @)!@ df of] k|ltaGw k'gM nufOof], lg/k]If ;ª\Vofsf] j[l4 b/ 36\g'sf ;fy} kl5Nnf] cfly{s jif{df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] s'n lx:;fdf lu/fj6 cfPsf] lyof] .

;/sf/sf gLltx¿ dfq dlxnfx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cjnDjg ug]{ lg0ff{os kIfx¿ xf]Ogg\ . ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts dfGotfx¿ / kl/jf/df dlxnfx¿sf] 5f]/L, >Ldlt / cfdfx¿sf] e"ldsfsf] sf/0fn] klg ;|f]t ljlgof]hgsf] nflu lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k|efj kb{5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, cfk|jf;gsf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] ;Defjgfdf c;/ kb{5 .


$=$ ljBfyL{ le;f / /f]huf/

ko{6sx¿, cfk|jf;Lx¿, ljBfyL{x¿, z/0ffyL{x¿, lgjf{l;tx¿, k|jf;Lx¿ / kfx'gf sfdbf/x¿sf] lgjf{w k|jfx ljZjJofkL ljifo ePsf] 5 . g]kfn klg o;sf nflu ckjfbdf kb}{g . g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿n] ;d'b|kf/ d'n'sx¿df cWoog ug]{ s'/f ;fdfGo ljifo ePsf] 5 . xfnsf jif{x¿df clwsf+z ljBfyL{x¿ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no tyf lzIff dGqfnosf] z}lIfs k/fdz{ tyf k|df0fLs/0f zfvfdf btf{ ePsf z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿sf] ;xof]u lnO{ ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ hfg] ub{5g\ .

lzIff dGqfnon] ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ hfgsf nflu le;f k|fKt ul/;s]sf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu æj}b]lzs cWoog cg'dlt kqÆk|bfg ub{5 -tflnsf @!_ . ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk\mgf] k9fO z'Ns ltg{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljb]zL d'b|f ;6xLsf nlu j}b]lzs cWoog cg'dlt kq clgjfo{ sfuhft xf] . g]kfnaf6 lgjf{w ?kdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|jfx, ljQLo k|jfx / pgLx¿sf] cWoogsf] cjlw / :gftsf]Q/ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5sf] /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf cfh{g ug]{ cfo;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . t;y{, ljb]zsf] cWoog / j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ Pp6f lemgf] /]vfn] 5'6\ofpFb5 . æljBfyL{x¿ÆnfO{ cWoogsf gfddf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fOPsf y'k|} 36gfx¿ phfu/ ePsf 5g\ .

tflnsf @!= g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f hf/L ul/Psf] æj}b]lzs cWoog cg'dlt kqx¿Æ

b]z cf= j= @)!)÷!! b]z cf= j=

@)!!÷!@ b]z cf= j= @)!@÷!# b]z cf= j=

@)!#÷!$ b]z cf= j= @)!$÷!%

! ;+o'St clw/fHo

3 140 c:6«]lnof 3 644 c:6«]lnof 4 408 c:6«]lnof 11 184 Hffkfg 9 457

@ c:6«]lnof 2 341 Hfkfg 1 310 hfkfg 4 272 Hffkfg 7 933 c:6«]lnof 8 944 # ;+o'St

/fHo 1 203 ;+o'St

/fHo 849 Eff/t 1 211 ;+o'St

/fHo 1 456 ;+o'St

/fHo 3 105

$ Hffkfg 1 128 Eff/t 812 Dfn]l;of 830 Dfn]l;of 1 190 Eff/t 1 042 % Eff/t 502 ;+o'St

clw/fHo 577 ;+o'St

/fHo 809 Eff/t 1 003 Dfn]l;of 1 012

^ Af+unfb]z 363 rLg 453 ;+o'St clw/fHo

627 rLg 581 Af+unfb]z 865

& rLg 353 Af+unfb]z 307 Gfj]{ 517 Af+unfb]z 473 rLg 752 * Hfd{gL 293 Hfd{gL 275 Hfd{gL 412 ;+o'St

clw/fHo 438 8]gdfs{ 742

( lkmlnlkG; 268 lkmgNof08 220 Af+unfb]z 377 8]gdfs{ 404 Go"lhNofG8 598 !) lkmgNof08 192 lkmlnlkG; 216 dl/;; 360 Hfd{gL 366 Hfd{gL 431 !! cGo 2 129 cGo 1 595 cGo 2 676 cGo 3 098 cGo 3 748s'n %*

b]zx¿!! (!@ ^( b]zx¿ !) @%* ^$

b]zx¿!^ $(( ^&

b]zx¿@* !@^ &@

b]zx¿#) ^(^

;|f]t M lzIff dGqfno .

tflnsf @@ n] ljb]zdf cWoog ug{sf nflu g]kfnaf6 k|ltlbg cf};t %$ hgf ljBfyL{x¿ hfg] u/]sf] s'/f Olª\ut ub{5 . ;g\ @)!)÷!!–@)!$÷!% sf] tYofª\sn] g]kfn 5f]8\g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof k|lt lbg ## hgfaf6 *$ hgfdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] b]vfpFb5 . clwsf+z jif{x¿df, g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu c:6«]lnof ;aeGbf a9Lnf]slk|o d'n's lyof] .


;g\ @)!$÷!% df w]/}h;f] ljBfyL{sf] ?lrdf hfkfgn] c:6«]lnofnfO{ kl5 kf¥of] . uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg %* af6 j[l4 eO &@ k'Uof] .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ufFl;Psf] ljb]zsf] cWoog leq a9\bf] r'gf}lt 5 . of] l:ylt ;f]rgLo 5 lsgeg] z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿lghL Joj;fodf ;+nUg ePsf x'G5g\ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg] 7uLsf 36gfx¿ g]kfn k|x/Ln] v'nf;f u/]sf] 5 .

oL Ph]G;Lx¿nfO{ lgodg ug{sf nflu sDkgL /lhi6«f/ sfof{no / lzIff dGqfnodf btf{ afx]s cGo s'g} sfg'gL dfkb08x¿ 5}gg\ . sf7df8f}+ kf]i6sf] ;dfrf/cg';f/, @! cui6 @)!% ;Dddf u}/ sfg'gL ?kdf ;~rfng ePsf !! j6f z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿nfO{ dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lsf] ck/fw dxfzfvfn] sfjf{xL ug'{sf ;fy} /fhwfgL leq ;dGjosf/L tj/n] 5fkfdf/L sDkgLsf k|f]k|fO6/x¿nfO{ kqmfp u¥of] . o;/L kqmfp kg]{x¿dWo]sf] sflndfl6df /x]sf] z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLnfO{ j]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ blIf0f clk|msfdf ;'/Iff uf8{sf] sfd nufO lbg] k|nf]eg b]vfO{ 7"nf] /sd 7uL u/]sf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] lyof] . o:tf sDkgLsf] lj?4df le;f k|lqmof, >d :jLs[lt / sfuhkq ldnfpgsf nflu k|lt JolQm ?= %%),))) lnPsf] cf/f]k nufO{ !! hgf kLl8tx¿n] ph'/L btf{ u/]sf lyP . z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿nfO{ sfg'gn] s;}nfO{ klg j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g .

z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿dfk{mt ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ k7fpg] s'/fsf] hl6ntf dfgj a]rlavg;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . h'nfO{ @)!% df sf7df8f}+ kf]i6sf] l/kf]6{cg';f/ b NofDa8{ Ps]8]dL ck\m ;]G6 n'l;cfn] 7uL u/]sf] kfOP/ o;sf pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ dfgj a]rlavgsf] cf/f]k nufOg' sf ;fy} sDkgL aGb ug{ afWo kfl/Psf] lyof] . sl/a !! hgf g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ e/tk'/sf] Pp6f z}lIfs k/fdz{bftf sDkgLn] ToxfF k7fPsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] 5 .

o:tf 36gfx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno tyf g]kfn k|x/L]lar ;+o'St ?kdf / ;dGjsf ;fy sfd ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'G5 . o; If]qdf x'g] u/]sf] 7lusf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ / ljz]if1sf] j[lQ ljsf; ug{sf nflu sfg'gL dfkb08x¿ nfu' ubf{ ;DalGwt sfg'g / gLltx¿nfO{ ;+of]hg ug]{ ca ;do cfPsf] 5 .



OR5's sfdbf/x? O=lk=P;= sf]l/ofsf] k/LIffsf] nflu kmd{ eg{ nfda4 . © IOM/ A. Bahadur Balampaki


cGt/fn, r'gf}lt / eflj sfo{ lbzf

%=! k|d'v cGt/fnx¿

%=!=! ljsf;sf nflu nufgL b]zsf] ljQLo If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;d'b|kf/ ljsf; ;xfotf, k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL / C0fsf] t'ngfdf plrt :yfg lbO{Psf] 5}g . b]zsf] cy{tGqdf cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo 5 hals j}b]lzs ;xof]u /fli6«o ah]6sf] !% k|lt;t 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] lx;fjcg';f/ ;g\ @)!$÷!% df cf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 sl/a ?=%*(=% va{ /sd ljk|]if0fsf] ?kdf lelqPsf] lyof] / of] /sd sl/a To; cfly{s jif{sf] jflif{s ah]6sf] xf/fxfl/df lyof] . of] b]zsf] s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] @( k|lt;t a/fa/ xf], h;n] g]kfnnfO{ s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbg tk{msf] of]ubfgsf nflu ljZjdf t];|f] / blIf0f Plzofdf klxnf] agfp+b5 . ljk|]if0fx¿ l:y/h:tf] b]lvg] ePsf]n] logLx¿ k|foM j}b]lzs ljlgdosf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ;Gt'lnt rqm x'g] ub{5g\, / ltgLx¿n] e'QmfgL artnfO{ l:y/ /fVg d4t k'¥ofpFb5g\ .

cfk|jf;Lx¿n] h'g;'s} sf/0fn] cfk\mgf] 3/df kl/jf/n] sl7gfOsf] cg'ej u/]df a9L k};f k7fpg] x'gfn] ljk|]if0fn] cfly{s k|lts"ntfsf] cj:yfdf aLdfsf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssfcg';f/ ;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDk kl5 of] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePsf] lyof] . e"sDk kl5sf s]xL dlxgfx¿df g]kfndf lelqg] ljk|]if0fdf 7"nf] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . dWo clk|n b]lv dWo h'g ;Dddf cl3Nnf] dlxgfsf] cf};t ?= $& ca{af6 j[l4 eO{ dfl;s ?= ^# ca{ k'u]sf] lyof] .

b]zsf] cy{tGqdf ;aeGbf a9L afXo ljQLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ljk|]if0fsf] cfonfO{ /fli6«o k|0ffnLn] Jofks ?kdf pk]Iff u/]h:tf] b]lvG5 / of] ljifo b]zsf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5nkmndf k|j]z u/]sf] 5}g .

%=!=@ ljk|]if0f ljz]if g]kfndf ljk|]if0fsf] k|jfxsf sf/0f cf}Bf]lus If]q vl:sPsf] nIf0f xf] / o;n] vf;u/L Go"g :j–/f]huf/sf cj;/x¿sf lx;fjn] lgof{t Aofkf/nfO{ sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gdf k"0f{ ?kdf lge{/ /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ljk|]if0f cy{tGq afXo cfly{s ;ª\s6sf] cj:yfdf ;+s6f]Gd'v 5 . s]xL g]kfnL cy{zf:qLx¿n] ljk|]if0fsf] cfonfO{ b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf lrlqt ug{ z'? u/]sf] eP tfklg ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfg eGbf klg afd] ;l//x]sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu c:yfoL ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f z[ª\vnfsf] ?kdf lng] u/]sf] 5 .

df]jfOn k|ljlw / l8lh6n k|ljlwsf cGo dfWodx¿ nufotsf ljleGg vfn] gljg ;]jfx¿sf] tTsfn cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . oL ;]jfx¿ pknAw ePdf kl/jf/x¿n] cfk\mgf] ljk|]if0f l56f] 5l/tf], ;:tf] / cfk\mgf] cfjf;sf] glhs} -vf;u/L cf}krfl/s ?kdf a}lsª\u ;]jfx¿ k|fKt gePsf b'u{d :yfgx¿df_ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

efu %


>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] lkmtL{ ePsf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'gMPsLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd k'l:tsfdf ljk|]if0f cfo;DaGwL cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . o;df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] NofPsf] k};f jf cfh{g u/]sf 1fg, ;Lk, ljz]if1tf, cg'ej, ;sf/fTds ;f]r, ;DaGw, ;~hfn / To:t} cGoh:tf ;fdflhs k"FhL b'j}nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o; lj:t[t cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;g\ @)!@ sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLltn] ck]Iff u/]cg';f/sf] pTkfbgzLn If]q / dfgj ljsf;sf nflu ljk|]if0fsf] clwstd k|of]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/f r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

cf}krfl/s ljk|]if0f ;]jfx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg k|bfg u/L 7"nf] /flzsf] ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug'{ Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 lsgeg] o;n] ljk|]if0fx¿nfO{ cfly{s j[l4sf nflu 6]jf lb+bf k};f k7fpg] sfd ;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ x'g k'Ub5 .

ljk|]if0fx¿sf] 8fo:kf]/f af]G8\; / ;'/If0fd\ ;fgf tyf 7"nf b'j} vfn] ;fj{hlgs nufgLsf nflu ;|f]tx¿nfO{ dfly p7fpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf ljk|]if0f k|fKt ug]{ b]zx¿df nf]slk|o eO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] cfly{s jif{ @))(÷!) / @)!)÷!! Dff cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / pgLx¿sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ nlIft u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/ af]G8\;, 8fo:kf]/f af]G8\;sf] Ps k|sf/sf] ahf/Ls/0f u¥of] . tyflk, of] k|of; ;kmn ePg . 8fo:kf]/f af]G8sf] ;kmn lalqmsf] Joj:yfkg hl6n x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] c;kmntfsf sf/s tTjx¿sf] cem ljZn]if0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t b]zx¿dWo] $* cf}+ :yfgdf kb{5 . t]x|f}+ cfjlws ljsf; of]hgf -@)!$–!^_ n] g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf O:tfga'n k|f]u|fd ck\m PS;gsf] k|ltj4tf cg'?k cltsd ljsl;taf6 :t/f]GgtL ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] 5, h;sf] yk nIf ;a}sf nflu / vf;u/L o'jfsf nflu k"0f{ / pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/Lsf ;fy dof{lbt sfdsf] l;h{gf ug]{ ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . of] nIf xfl;n ug{sf nflu ca ^ jif{sf] ;dofjlw dfq afFsL 5 . ljsf;sf nflu nufgL ug{ ljk|]if0f cfo k|d'v cjoj x'g' kb{5 . ;/sf/n] s[lif, phf{, ul/aL Go"lgs/0f, :jf:Yo, lzIff, dlxnf / afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ If]qx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ ljk|]if0f gLlt th'{df ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

%=!=# ;'zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu z'Go÷Go"g nfut gLlt nfu' u/] tfklg o;sf] Jojfxf/Ls sfof{Gjog r'gf}ltk"0f{ ePsf] 5 . cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt nfut, j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ck|ToIfvr{ / >d :jLs[lt nufotsf vr{x¿, sld;g / z'Nsx¿h:tf pRr nfut 5 . o;sf cltl/St, cfk|jf;L sfdbf/nfO{ >d :jLs[lt k|lqmof emGeml6nf] nfu]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿n] o;sf] ;/nLs/0fsf nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g\ .

hgdfg;df ;fdfGo a'emfO s] 5 eg] >d cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt k|lqmofnfO{ cem a9L Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfOg' kb{5 . g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] elt{ / /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfd pknAw ug{sf nflu lj1fkg b]lv lnP/ s/f/df x:tfIf/ ug]{ / uGtJo d'n'ssf nflu >d :jLs[lt kfpg] ;Ddsf jt{dfg k|lqmof ljleGg r'gf}ltx¿ / Joj:yfkgsf] cGt/fnn] el/Psf 5g\ .

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf 1fg / cg'ej ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Go"g :yfloTj 5 . pRr b/sf] cl:y/tfsf] d'Vo sf/0f Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu t'ngfTds ?kdf sd ;|f]tx¿ pknAw x'g ;Sb5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfx¿ ljutsf jif{x¿df cnUu} ;~rfng eO/x]sfn] sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg / ;]jfx¿sf] lg/Gt/tf 6'6\g] u/]sf] 5 .

cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf clwsf/x¿ / sNof0fsf] ;+/If0f ug'{sf cltl/St pTklQ / uGtJo d'n'sx¿lar >d cfk|jf;g k|lqmofx¿;~rfng ug{sf nflu åLkIfLo >d ;Demf}tfx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5g\ . uGtJo d'n'sx¿;Fu åLkIfLo >d ;Demf}tfx¿ ug'{kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5, h;n] g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ cem a9L ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sb5g\ .


cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdYo{ ;'b[9 ul/g' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ cfk|jf;g cem a9L nfebfoL / /fd|f] x'G5 . o:tfvfn] gLltut dfkb08x¿n] cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/sf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ;Lko'Qm tflnd k|bfg ug'{kg]{ a'e\mg' kb{5, h;n] g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ cem a9L k|lt:klw{ agfpg] 5 .

cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ljb]zdf pgLx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf cjlwdf ;+/If0f ug'{ >d cfk|jf;g;DaGwL ;'zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ / ;'zf;gsf nflu ;xlhs/0f ug'{ g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿ / lgof]ux¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 . g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿df ;|f]t;fwg tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pknAwtfnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ ;]jfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt nuftf/ ?kdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu oL ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf ce}m klg sdhf]/ 5 .

>d cfk|jf;g / dfgj a]rlavg larsf] ;DaGw klxrfg ul/g' kb{5 . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] a9\bf] ?kdf ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf zf]if0f / b'Ao{jxf/x¿sf 36gfsf ;Gbe{df >d cfk|jf;g ;'zf;gnfO{ dfga a]rlavg la?4sf] n]G; k|of]u ubf{sf r'gf}ltx¿sf] klxrfg eO ;s]sf] 5 .

%=!=$ >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] k"jf{wf/ ;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDkn] o; dGqfnosf] klxn]sf] sfof{no k|of]u laxLg agfPsf] x'gfn] >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno xfn cf+lzs ?kdf ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno / cf+lzs ?kdf l;+xb/jf/sf] k"gMlgdf{0f dGqfnodf cjl:yt 5 . t;y{, gofF ejgsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 . xfn ;]jfu|fxL tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] 7"nf] sl7gfO cg'ej ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

%=@ r'gf}ltx¿

o; k|ltj]tgsf nflu ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0fn] >d cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ;'zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf r'gf}ltx¿ phfu/ u/]sf 5g\ .

n vf;u/L g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] x}l;otaf6 :t/f]GgtL ug]{ nIfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} ljk|]if0fnfO{ cfly{s j[l4 / ul/aL Go"lgs/0fsf]] ;+jfxssf] ?kdf s;/L clwstd agfpg] <

n sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ljk|]if0fsf] cf}krfl/s ;]jf k|of]usf nflu k|]l/t ug{;+:yfut kxn / ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g' kb{5, / cgf}krfl/s ljk|]if0fx¿nfO{ s;/L cf}krfl/s ljQLo k|0ffnLdf Nofpg ;lsG5 < of] ljk|]if0fsf] jf:tljs /fzLsf] u0fgf ug{sf nflu klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

n cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;'/Iff / plrt /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf uGtJo d'n'sx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt dxf;GwLx¿, l;kmfl/;x¿ / cfn]vx¿cg'?k sfd ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg .

n ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfox¿, cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ o'gLog kl/ifb\ / cGo lgsfox¿sf] s:tf] e"ldsf x'g' kb{5<n sf8{, df]jfOn 6]lnkmf]g / zfvf/lxt a}lsª\uh:tf gofF k|sf/sf e'QmfgL k|0ffnLdfk{mt ljk|]if0fsf] k|efjsf/L k|jfxnfO{

j[l4 ug{sf nflu jt{dfg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u;DaGwL s:tf ;+/rgfut, sfg'gL / k|fljlws k|aGwx¿ x'g' kb{5 <n s] g]kfnn] ljk|]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt C0f ;'/If0fdsf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 <n ljk|]if0fdf cfwfl/t k"jf{wf/ / cGo ljsf;] sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfx¿sf nflu s] s:tf gLltx¿, sfo{qmx¿, lgodfjnLx¿/

nufgLsf jftfj/0fx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 <n afXo cfly{s ;ª\s6 / uGtJo d'n'sx¿n] cjnDjg u/]sf cfk|jf;g gLltx¿af6 kg{ ;Sg] ljk|]if0f cy{tGqsf]

;+s6f;Gg cj:yfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljsf; gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfx¿;Fu lgs6td s:tf ljsNkx¿sf] k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 <


n ljb]zdf cWoog / j}b]lzs /f]huf/larsf] ;DaGw s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;fy} 7uLsflqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub} s] s:tf sfg'gL / k|zf;lgs ;+oGqx¿n] ljb]zdf cWoog / j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ lgodg ug'{ kb{5<

n j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL ;jfnx¿nfO{ s;/L :jf:Yo, ljQLo, dlxnf, afnaflnsf / ;fdflhs sNof0f -vf;u/L dfgj a]rlavg;Fu ;DalGwt_, u[x dfldnf, ko{6g, / s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v If]qx¿df d'nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5, / gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfx¿df ;dGjofTds / ;+of]hgfTds k4lQ ;'lglZrt ug{ s;/L cfly{s nufgL ug{ ;lsG5 <

n cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/ / ;jfnx¿sf] dfqf s:tf] 5 / clgoldt sfdbf/x¿ nufot oL ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0f ug{sf nflu s] s:tf lglb{i6 sfjf{xL cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 <

n s]xL jif{ otf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ kfl/jfl/s la5f]8, afnaRrfn] cleefjsaf6 kfpg] afT;Notf u'dfpg] kl/l:ylt, k|f}9x¿sf] /]vb]vdf x'g] sdLh:tf ;fdflhs nufgLx¿;Fu ufFl;Psf] 5 . cfk|jf;L / lkmlt{ ePsf sfdbf/x¿n] ug]{ cfTdxTofsf] a9\bf] z[ª\vnf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . Pshgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿sf] cg'kl:yltåf/f kl/jf/sf] tgfjsf] tx k|foMa9\g] u/]sf] 5 < ;fdflhs nfutnfO{ 36fpgsf nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 <

n s[lifsf nflu cfjZos dfgj ;|f]tsf] cefjdf s[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] b]z leq v:sFbf] s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlwsf sf/0f vfB afnL / cGo s[lif pTkfbgx¿cfoft ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . s] o;df kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 <

%=# eflj sfo{lbzf

xfn b]vf k/]sf ;jfnx¿, r'gf}ltx¿ / cGt/fnx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf ;fy} k|s6 eO/x]sf cj;/x¿nfO{ pkof]u ug{sf nflu Pp6f lj:t[t Pj+ ax'–cfoflds k4lQsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 .

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] k|df0fhGo ;";"lrt gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ ;+:s[lt l;Sg' cfjZos 5 . of] ljleGg k|sf/sf cg';Gwfg cWoogx¿af6 k|f/De ul/g' kb{5, h:t}, afnaRrfn] cleefjsaf6 kfpg] afT;Notf u'dfpg] kl/l:ylt, k|f}9x¿sf] /]vb]vdf x'g] sdL, dlxnf tyf k'?if cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] cfTdxTofsf sf/0fx¿, j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu hf]8LPsf hf]lvd / ;fdflhs nfutsf] n]vfvf]hf, o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ;DefJotf, ljk|]if0fsf] art / pTkfbgzLn k|of]usf nflu k|fjwfgx¿sf] ljsf;, ljk|]]if0fsf] pRr cfDbfgLsf k|efjx¿nfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ cfly{s gLltx¿ .

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] k|f/lDes r/0fdf /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfsf] cefjdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLlt, @)!@ sf] ;'it sfof{Gjog ePsf] s'/f dxz'; u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St, >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnon] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLlt, @)!@ sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu xfn;fn} Pp6f kfFr jif]{ /fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgf th'{df u/]sf] 5 . t;y{, eljiodf gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|ltj4 sfo{bn ;lxtsf] sfo{ of]hgfsf] :ki6 k|fjwfg ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] x'g]5 . o;sf cltl/St, ;DalGwt gLltsf] cIf/ / efjgfdf sfof{Gog ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ljutsf] l;sfOn] klg s'g} klg k|sf/sf] gLltnfO{ plrt sfg'g / sfo{ of]hgfsf] dfWodåf/ 6]jf lbg' kb{5 eGg] cg'ej k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

>d cfk|jf;gsf] Joj:yfkg k"0f{ ?kdf sf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t x'g'eGbf ljs]lGb|s[t ?kdf cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] pb\ud ynf] -b'u{d lhNnfx¿_ df kx'FRo agfOg'' kb{5 . o;n] ;Defljt cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] vr{ 36fpg d4t ub{5 . gofF ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lo 9fFrfsf] kl/j]zdf >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu hfg OR5's sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu k|fGtLo sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ug]{ tk{m Wofg lbg' kb{5 .


/sd :yfgfGt/0f ubf{ ;'/Iff / ljZj;gLotfsf] ;'lglZrt ub}{ 7"nf] dfqfdf ljk|]if0fnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{] p2]Zon] ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ljk|]if0fsf cf}krfl/s dfWodx¿sf] k|of]usf nflu cfslif{t ug{ cy{ dGqfno / a}+lsª\u If]qn] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ k|f]T;fxg Kofs]hsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

cf}krfl/s a}+lsª\u k|0ffnLsf] u|fdL0f If]qx¿df Jofks cg'kl:ylt 5 . df]jfOn tyf l8lh6n k|ljlwsf cGo :j?kx¿ nufotsf gofF ;]jfx¿sf] ;DefJotfsf] af/]df n]vfhf]vf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o:tf k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 kl/jf/x¿n] ljk|]if0f l56f], ;/n / cfk\mg} cf;kf;df cem a9L ;'/lIft tj/n] k|fKt ub{5g\ .

afnaRrfn] cleefjsaf6 kfpg] afT;Notf u'dfpg] kl/l:ylt, k|f}9x¿sf] /]vb]vdf x'g] sdLsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|fjwfg lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

;/sf/L ljsf;sf] ;xfotfsf nflu ;d]l6Psf] ljsf;sf nflu ljQLo cfjZostfdf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL, C0f / ljk|]if0fx¿n] ;aeGbf 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ePsfn] ljk|]if0f ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5nkmnsf] s]Gb|laGb' x'g' kb{5 . ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljQLo ljifosf nflu >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df k|ltlglwTj x'g' kb{5 .

;g\ @)!% sf] e"sDksf] ljkb\n] k'gMlgdf{0fsf] sfo{If]qdf Jofks lj:tf/ u/]sf] eP tfklg cfjZos dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . sfdbf/x¿sf] afXo k|jfxnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu o'jfx¿n] ljb]zdf uP/ kfpg] ;/xsf] Hofnf lbgsf nflu Pp6f Hofnf gLlt th'{df ul/g' kb{5 . o;n] l5d]sL d'n'sx¿af6 ljb]zL sfdbf/x¿nfO{ lgo'lQm ubf{ x'g] vr{df art u/L afXo gub k|jfx /f]Sg] 5 . k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf lkmlt{ ePsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf ;Lkx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/ftk{m klg nlIft x'g ;lsG5 .

ef/tsf nflu x'g] cfk|jf;g;DaGwL cWoog ug'{ hl6ntf / r'gf}ltx¿sf] cg'dfg ug{sf nflu cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5, h;n] g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/x¿ / ;'/Iffsf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu plrt sbd p7fpg ;xhtf k|bfg ub{5 .

g]kfnL cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/ / nfex¿sf] k|j4{g ug{sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf nflu plrt, cfsif{s / ;'/lIft /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] u}/–cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;d'bfox¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug'{ klg cfjZos 5 .

gf]e]Dj/ @)!$ df sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg c7f/f}+ ;fs{ ;Dd]ngdf 5nkmn ul/Psf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/, sNof0f, ;'/Iff / cfTd;Ddfg ;DaGwdf blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g -;fs{_ d'n'sx¿n] ;femf /0fgLlt agfpg' kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 . ;fs{sf /fi6« k|d'vx¿n] cfk\mgf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ o; If]qeGbf afxL/sf uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;+/If0f, ;'/Iff / sNof0f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu blIf0f Plzofaf6 >d cfk|jf;gsf] ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / lhDd]jf/k"0f{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;xsfo{ / ;xof]u ug]{ s'/f d~h'/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o; ;Dd]ngn] @! a'Fb] 3f]if0ff kq hf/L u¥of],h;df If]qLo ;xof]usf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfo{;"rLsf] ?kdf >d cfk|jf;gsf] ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z u¥of] . >d cfk|jf;Lsf] ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ul/;s]kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tLgj6f p2]Zosf ;fy cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ljifodf ;xof]u ug{sf nflu Pp6f ;fs{ sfo{ of]hgfsf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/]sf] 5 M != ;fs{ :t/df >d cfk|jf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xsfo{ / ;xof]usf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ vfnsf]

If]qLo :t/df Pp6f ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .@= cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf clwsf/ / sNof0fsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{sf nflu ;fs{ 3f]if0ff kq tof/ ug{;xhLs/0f ug]{ .#= If]qLo ;xof]usf nflu k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ljifout If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{sf ;fy} >d cfk|jf;gsf ljifox¿df

;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg / 1fg clej[l4sf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .


k|To]s p2]Zosf nflu Pp6f lj:t[t sfo{ of]hgf / /0fgLltx¿sf] th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf ;xof]usf nflu sfo{ of]hgfsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/]sf] x'gfn] g]kfnn] d:of}bf sfo{ of]hgfsf] cg'df]bgsf nflu ;fs{ If]qLo sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf u/L 5nkmnsf nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf g]t[Tj ug'{ kb{5 .

g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo ?kdf pRr -!),))) jf ;f]eGbf a9L_ ePsf tyf dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf] pNn]Vo ;ª\Vof ePsf b]zx¿df g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] :yfkgf ug'{sf ;fy} tL b'tfjf;x¿df >d ;xrf/Lsf ;fy} sNof0fsf/L clws[tx¿ lgo'Qm ul/g' kb{5 . uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf tL /fhb't / clws[tx¿sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;jfnx¿df ;3g cled'vLs/0f ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5 . >d ;xrf/L / sNof0fsf/L clws[tx¿n] uGtJo d'n'ssf] efiff l;Sg' kb{5 / pgLx¿nfO{ g]kfn 5f]8\g' cl3 efiffsf] tflnd lbOg' kb{5 .

/fhb't / cGo clws[tx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L ljj/0fdf o:tf ;jfnx¿sf] Jojl:yt ?kn] Joj:yfkg ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu >d s'6gLlt / cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf clwsf/x¿;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿;dfj]z x'g' kb{5 . g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ d'n'sx¿sf nflu /fhb'tx¿ lgo'Qm ubf{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / >ldssf ;jfnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt cg'ej / 1fg ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ug'{ kb{5 .

cfk\mgf] ;Lk, k};f / bIftf pTkfbgzLn nufgLtk{m k|of]u ug{ rfxg] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] cfjZos pks/0f / k|fljlws ;fdu|Lx¿ cfoft ubf{ ljz]if 5'6 nufot cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s k'gMPsLs/0fnfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd oyflz3| k|f/De ul/g' kb{5 . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] cfk}+m z'? u/]sf ljleGg k|sf/sf pTkfbgzLn kxnx¿sf] af/]df kQf nufO{ clen]vg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;n] cGo JolQmx¿nfO{ o:tf kxnx¿sf nflu lgZro g} /fd|f] pbfx/0f k|bfg ug]{5 .

>d cfk|jf;g / dfgj a]rlavglarsf] cGt/–;DaGwx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/ eO b'O{j6f ;jfnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljBdfg g]kfnsf] sfg'gL sfo{9fFrfx¿nfO{ ;fdGh:o ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL / cGo ;DalGwt gLltx¿ k|ltkfbg ug{sf nflu dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno;Fusf] ;+o'St k/fdz{sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, u[x dGqfno, lzIff dGqfno, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno / g]knf k|x/Lsf] lardf ;+o'St k/fdz{, ;dGjo / sfo{x¿sf] cfjZostf 5 .

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno / :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnolar klg lkmtL{ ePsf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] dgf];fdflhs ;d:ofx¿nfO{ /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu ;+o'Qm k/fdz{ / ;dGjosf] cfjZostf 5 . ;g\ @)!$ sf] g]kfn :jf:Yo gLltcg';f/ dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿tyf ljlzli6s[t :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ ;d'bfo :t/sf c:ktfnxx¿af6 lj:tf/ ul/g' kb{5 .

hg :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿df k|fo kx'Fr kfpg g;s]sf /÷jf :jb]z lkmtf{ ul/g] 8/n] pknAw ;]jfx¿ k|of]u ug{ clgR5's clgoldt cfk|jf;Lx¿ nufotsf nflu uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg -;dfwfgtk{m nlIft_ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .


uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cjl:yt g]kfnL b'tfjf;x¿sf nflu :yfgLo jlsnsf] cfjZostf kb{5, h;n] ubf{ yfFtL /x]sf aLdf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿ oyfy{k/s ?kdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] kmfObfsf nflu ;dfwfg x'G5g\, lsgeg] uGtJo d'n'sx¿df aLdfsf] e'QmfgL 7"nf] ;d:of xf]Og .

Hf]lvddf /x]sf dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbfx¿sf] klxrfg tyf ltgLx¿sf] p4f/ ug{sf nflu /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;~hfnx¿sf] klxrfg / kl/rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

lghL Dofgkfj/ Ph]G;Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] k]zfut Ifdtf, sfddf kf/blz{tf, sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/, sfdsf] dfqf, cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngf, sfdsf] u'0f:t/ / sDkgLsf] ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/Lsf] dfqfsf cfwf/df k'/lis[t ul/g' kb{5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Pslqt, ;dGjofTds / lj:t[t tj/n] of]hgf agfO sfof{Gjog ug'{ cfjZos 5 lsgeg] clwsf+z lqmofsnfkx¿ cnu cnu ul/G5g\ / kl/0ffd:j?k sd k|efjsf/L x'g'sf ;fy} sfdsf] k'g/fj[lQ x'G5 . >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] kfFr jif]{ /fli6«o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfn] ;'zf;g ;+oGqsf] ?kdf If]qut k4lQsf] sNkgf u/]sf] 5, h;df Pp6f hfx]/L, Pp6f cg'udg, Pp6f n]vfk/LIf0f / Pp6f ;'zf;g k|0ffnL x'g]5g\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ vfnsf clwsf+z ;d:of / r'gf}ltx¿sf] nfut k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu /fli6«««o /0fgLltd"ns sfo{ of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog cfwf/e"t s'/f xf] .


g]kfn b]lv vf8L d'n'ssf ljleGg 7fpFdf w]/} p8fgx? . © ILO/O. Havana


s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu . @)!! . /fli6«o hg;ª\Vof tyf cfjf; u0fgf, @)!! . -sf7df8f}+, s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, g]kfn ;/sf/_, kfgf @!!–@#& . .

____ . @)!# . æcGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g / g]kfndf gful/stfÆ, g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof df]gf]u|fkmdf, @)!#, efu ! -sf7fdf8f}+, s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, g]kfn ;/sf/_ .

Sof;N;\, P;= @))* . æljsf; / cfk|jf;g – cfk|jf;g / ljsf; M s'g klxn] cfpF5 <cg';Gwfg / gLltsf nflu cfk|jf;g / ljsf;sf] eflj lbzf df, P;\P;\cf/l; cfk|jf;g / ljsf; ;Dd]ng sfo{kqx¿ -Go" of]s{, ;dfh lj1fg cg';Gwfg kl/ifb_ .

lhcfO{h] tyf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g . @)!% . >d ahf/sf k|j[lQx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / blIf0f Pl;ofaf6 vf8L ;xfotf kl/ifb b]zx¿, ef/t / dn]l;ofsf nflu >d cfk|jf;g -sf7df8f}+, cfOPncf]_

u'?ª\u, lh= @))$ . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL ;ldIff sfo{kq -sf7df8f}+, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g_g]kfn /fi6« a}+s . cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)!% -sf7df8f}+, @)!% .kGt, la= @))^ . æg]kfn lelqg] ljk|]if0fsf] k|jfx M cfly{s k|efj / gLltut ljsNkx¿Æ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] Osf]gf]lds

l/Eo", efu !* df -sf7df8f}+, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s_ k|wfg, P= / cGo . @)!! . k|df0fsf] k'g/fjnf]sg M g]kfndf dlxnf cfTdxTof -sf7df8f}+, :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno,

g]kfn ;/sf/_ . kf]v/]n, s]= @))( . æg]kfndf of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofsf] ljj]rgfTds ;dLIffÆ, hg k|zf;gsf nflu g]kfnL h/gn df

-sf7df8f}+, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/_ . e§, lh= @)!# . æg]kfndf ljk|]if0f / Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] ;DaGw M leOl;Pd k4ltÆ, Osf]gf]lds l/Eo", efu @#, g+= ! .eb|f, l;= @)!# . cfly{s ;'/Iff j[l4 ug{ tyf g]kfnL dlxnf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿lar dlxnf la?4sf] lx+;fnfO{ ;Daf]wg

ug{ Pj+ ;'/lIft cfk|jf;gsf nflu :yfgLo zf;gsf] bfloTjdf ljb]zdf x'g] u/]sf] >lds cfk|jf;gsf] k|efj . -sf7df8f}+, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/_ .

e]Hhf]nL, P;= @)!$ . cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;gdf /fHosf] e"ldsf M pklgj]z b]lv :jtGqtf;Ddsf] cGj]if0f . sfo{kq v08x¿ !)@ . cS;kmf]8{, cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g kl/of]hgfsf lgwf{/s tTjx¿, cS;kmf]8{ ljZj ljBfno_ .

dlk{m, cf/= @))* . æcfk|jf;gdf dlxnfx¿sf] cg'ej;DaGwL ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts dfGotfx¿sf k|efj / ljsf;sf nflu o;sf] c;/Æ cg';Gwfg / gLlt;DaGwL cfk|jf;g / ljsf;sf nflu eflj lbzf lgb]{z, P;P;ccf/l; cfk|jf;g ljsf; ;Dd]ng sfo{kqx¿ -Go" of]s{, ;fdflhs lj1fg cg';Gwfg kl/ifb_

/lgh, lh= @))* . æcfk|jf;g / ljsf;larsf] ;DaGwÆ, cg';Gwfg / gLltsf nflu cfk|jf;g / ljsf;sf] eflj lbzf df, P;\P;\cf/l; cfk|jf;g / ljsf; ;Dd]ng sfo{kqx¿ -Go" of]s{, ;dfh lj1fg cg';Gwfg kl/ifb_ .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . @)!# . g]kfn ;xz|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|ult k|ltj]bg @)!# -sf7df8f}+, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 g]kfnsf nflu sfo{bn_ .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ljsf; sfo{qmd -o'Pgl8lk_, @)!$ . g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!$ -sf7df8f}+, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 g]kfnsf nflu sfo{bn_ .

n]le6, lk= !((* . æ;fdflhs ljk|]if0f cfk|jf;gåf/f kl/rflnt :yfgLo txsf ;f+:s[lts lj:tf/sf] :j?kÆ cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g ;dLIff, efu #@ -$_, k]h g+= (@^–($* df -Go" of]s{ M Go" of]s{ cfk|jf;g cWoog s]Gb|, Ogs=_

;Gbe{ ;"rL


ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g -8An'Prcf]_ . @)!% . g]kfnsf] ;fª\VoLsLo k|f]kmfOn, @)!% . www.who.int/gho/ countries/npl.pdf?ua=1df pknAw .

ljZj a}+s . @)!! . 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] cfk|jf;g / g]kfndf ljk|]if0f M ;jfnx¿, r'gf}ltx¿ / cj;/x¿ -sf7df8f}+, ljZj j}+s_____ @)!$ . cfk|jf;g / ljsf; ;+lIfKt, ;ª\Vof @# -jflzª\6g l8=;L=_ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ . jif{ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lzIff M cled'vLs/0f kf7\oqmd -sf7df8f}+_>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno . @)!$ . /f]huf/sf nflu >d cfk|jf;g M g]kfnsf] l:ylt k|ltj]bg, @)!#÷!$ -sf7df8f}+_>]i7, la= . @))* . æg]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfgÆ, Osf]gf]lds l/Eo", efu @), ;ª\Vof !

-sf7df8f}+, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, g]kfn ;/sf/_ . l;hfklt, aL=Ù lnDa', P= @)!@ . g]kfndf >d cfk|jf;g ;~rfng M df}h'bf lgltx¿ tyf ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿sf] ljZn]if0f

-sf7df8f}+, >d tyf ljBdfg ultzLntf cWoog s]Gb|_:s]N8g, cf/= @))* . æljsf;] gLltdf cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf; Pp6f ;fwgsf] ?kdf M c:yfoL r/0f <Æ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 -o'Pg_ . @)!$ . cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] k|ltj]bg, @)!$ M ;+/rgfut ?kfGt/0f;Fu} j[l4M @)!%

kl5sf] ljsf;] Ph]G8f -h]g]ef, Aofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;lrjfno;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ;Dd]ng_ .


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lhNnf s'n 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'n

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tfKn]h'ª s'n 326 434 352 1 112kfFry/ s'n 477 696 499 1 672Onfd s'n 312 577 379 1 268emfkf s'n 1 722 2 626 1 765 6 113;+v'jf;ef s'n 334 523 377 1 234Tf]x|y'd s'n 279 506 328 1 113Eff]hk'/s'n 423 737 495 1 655wgs'6f s'n 450 637 442 1 529df]/Ë s'n 1 477 2 351 1 494 5 322;'g;/L s'n 1 421 2 046 1 595 5 062;f]n'v'Da's'n 148 251 159 558vf]6fª s'n 621 946 699 2 266cf]vn9'+ufs'n 231 408 255 894pbok'/ s'n 368 582 376 1 326;Kt/L s'n 810 1 407 984 3 201l;/fxf s'n 2 334 3 120 1 891 7 345bf]nvf s'n 208 344 293 845/fd]5fk s'n 281 463 387 1 131l;Gw'nL s'n 232 443 329 1 004wg'iff s'n 3 206 4 031 2 514 9 751dxf]Q/L s'n 1 827 2 434 1 631 5 892;nf{xL s'n 606 1 062 748 2 416/;'jf s'n 39 66 56 161wflbª s'n 436 735 622 1 793Gf'jfsf]6 s'n 351 616 565 1 532sf7df8f}+ s'n 635 952 811 2 398eQmk'/ s'n 123 229 178 530Nflntk'/ s'n 255 394 341 990sfe|]knf~rf]s s'n 337 707 565 1 609l;Gw'kfNrf]s s'n 338 597 491 1 426Dfsjfgk'/ s'n 361 674 532 1 567/f}tx6 s'n 463 638 524 1 625Aff/f s'n 657 847 733 2 237k;f{ s'n 411 587 480 1 478lrtjg s'n 1 017 1 700 1 290 4 007Uff]vf{ s'n 648 1 057 831 2 536


lhNnf 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'n

dgfª s'n 13 9 8 30Nfdh'ª s'n 715 963 680 2 358sf:sL s'n 1 475 1 889 1 303 4 667Tfgx' s'n 1 437 1 933 1 340 4 710:ofªhf s'n 1 995 2 719 1 957 6 671Uf'NdL s'n 1 592 2 140 1 778 5 510kfNkf s'n 984 1 428 937 3 349c3f{vfrL s'n 673 940 685 2 298Gfjnk/f;L s'n 1 649 2 361 1 529 5 539?k/Gb]xL s'n 2 226 2 945 2 019 7 190slknj:t' s'n 1 897 1 991 1 461 5 349Df':tfª s'n 14 29 23 66DofUbL s'n 725 893 651 2 269Affun'ª s'n 1 481 2 181 1 871 5 533Kfj{t s'n 782 1 067 816 2 665?s'd s'n 119 218 142 479/f]Nkf s'n 274 456 267 997Ko'7fg s'n 201 363 263 827;Nofg s'n 86 178 127 391bfª s'n 330 569 355 1 2548f]Nkf s'n 1 6 1 8Df'u' s'n 3 5 5 13Hf'Dnf s'n 1 10 5 16sfnLsf]6 s'n 3 10 5 18x'Dnf s'n 3 1 3 7Hffh/sf]6 s'n 20 26 17 63b}n]v s'n 78 129 94 301;'v]{t s'n 134 201 132 467afFs] s'n 712 796 493 2 001Aflb{of s'n 277 410 234 921Affh'/f s'n 4 10 8 22c5fd s'n 30 44 38 112ahfª s'n 8 16 17 418f]6L s'n 37 58 45 140s}nfnL s'n 162 191 129 482bfr'{nf s'n 37 47 45 129a}t8L s'n 54 90 87 23188]nw'/f s'n 56 74 66 196s~rgk'/ s'n 185 271 174 630


tYofª\s ;]6 $ M JolQmut ?kdf cfj]bg lbO >d :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof -JolQmut cfj]bsx¿_, &% j6f pTklQ lhNnfx¿sf cfwf/df, ;g\ @)!@÷!#–@)!$÷!%

lhNnf 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'ntfKn]h'ª s'n 84 127 40 251kfFry/ s'n 159 228 52 439Onfd s'n 247 333 103 683emfkf s'n 1 158 1 548 422 3 128;+v'jf;ef s'n 117 124 52 293Tf]x|y'd s'n 64 99 25 188Eff]hk'/s'n 139 235 43 417wgs'6f s'n 126 161 48 335df]/Ë s'n 828 1 027 276 2 131;'g;/L s'n 456 614 171 1 241;f]n'v'Da's'n 82 138 52 272vf]6fª s'n 165 185 65 415cf]vn9'+ufs'n 69 83 37 189pbok'/ s'n 181 213 69 463;Kt/L s'n 37 38 10 85l;/fxf s'n 18 21 12 51bf]nvf s'n 140 211 94 445/fd]5fk s'n 148 216 68 432l;Gw'nL s'n 140 224 60 424wg'iff s'n 42 52 13 107dxf]Q/L s'n 41 48 18 107;nf{xL s'n 136 154 49 339/;'jf s'n 113 119 26 258wflbª s'n 184 235 93 512Gf'jfsf]6 s'n 205 301 141 647sf7df8f}+ s'n 283 431 291 1 005eQmk'/ s'n 53 63 40 156Nflntk'/ s'n 107 152 90 349sfe|]knf~rf]s s'n 239 317 131 687l;Gw'kfNrf]s s'n 726 1 001 338 2 065Dfsjfgk'/ s'n 400 526 162 1 088/f}tx6 s'n 33 38 10 81Aff/f s'n 72 88 22 182k;f{ s'n 32 55 13 100lrtjg s'n 350 496 176 1 022Uff]vf{ s'n 116 167 74 357


lhNnf 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 s'n

dgfª s'n 7 3 6 16Nfdh'ª s'n 94 118 45 257sf:sL s'n 212 273 124 609Tfgx' s'n 143 167 70 380:ofªhf s'n 136 252 94 482Uf'NdL s'n 145 176 87 408kfNkf s'n 154 172 87 413c3f{vfrL s'n 93 120 41 254Gfjnk/f;L s'n 488 613 147 1 248?k/Gb]xL s'n 359 569 200 1 128slknj:t' s'n 103 130 48 281Df':tfª s'n 0 6 2 8DofUbL s'n 41 73 37 151Affun'ª s'n 69 125 56 250Kfj{t s'n 86 115 45 246?s'd s'n 28 48 12 88/f]Nkf s'n 42 64 17 123Ko'7fg s'n 53 70 24 147;Nofg s'n 66 98 9 173bfª s'n 181 307 51 5398f]Nkf s'n 0 1 0 1Df'u' s'n 1 7 1 9Hf'Dnf s'n 1 2 1 4sfnLsf]6 s'n 2 2 1 5x'Dnf s'n 4 0 0 4Hffh/sf]6 s'n 12 17 2 31b}n]v s'n 24 57 10 91;'v]{t s'n 164 212 32 408afFs] s'n 105 174 36 315Aflb{of s'n 162 203 44 409Affh'/f s'n 2 0 2 4c5fd s'n 1 7 1 9ahfª s'n 1 4 0 58f]6L s'n 5 4 2 11s}nfnL s'n 64 89 21 174bfr'{nf s'n 3 3 0 6a}t8L s'n 2 4 7 1388]nw'/f s'n 2 6 2 10s~rgk'/ s'n 46 72 11 129


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lhNnf2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

Kf'?if dlxnf s'n Kf'?if dlxnf s'n Kf'?if dlxnf s'n

tfKn]h'ª s'n 266 22 288 387 50 437 315 35 350kfFry/ s'n 414 33 447 633 84 717 437 45 482Onfd s'n 248 71 319 519 139 658 340 90 430emfkf s'n 1 375 365 1 740 2 332 658 2 990 1 506 379 1 885;+v'jf;ef s'n 277 33 310 473 43 516 328 43 371Tf]x|y'd s'n 227 9 236 459 33 492 297 23 320Eff]hk'/s'n 347 28 375 659 101 760 422 42 464wgs'6f s'n 375 25 400 587 64 651 394 41 435df]/Ë s'n 1 147 265 1 412 2 079 490 2 569 1 294 240 1 534;'g;/L s'n 939 143 1 082 1 683 311 1 994 1 160 148 1 308;f]n'v'Da's'n 99 27 126 211 79 290 130 32 162vf]6fª s'n 513 42 555 828 79 907 622 60 682cf]vn9'+ufs'n 176 27 203 353 46 399 203 32 235pbok'/ s'n 271 57 328 521 79 600 316 61 377;Kt/L s'n 565 14 579 1 238 13 1 251 782 4 786l;/fxf s'n 2 025 5 2 030 2 910 11 2 921 1 638 8 1 646bf]nvf s'n 145 41 186 277 96 373 226 64 290/fd]5fk s'n 195 47 242 377 111 488 307 51 358l;Gw'nL s'n 166 29 195 380 85 465 277 50 327wg'iff s'n 2 822 16 2 838 3 744 28 3 772 2 183 11 2 194dxf]Q/L s'n 1510 17 1 527 2 218 19 2 237 1 347 13 1 360;nf{xL s'n 415 30 445 898 63 961 578 44 622/;'jf s'n 23 24 47 62 65 127 45 23 68wflbª s'n 336 56 392 618 99 717 519 67 586Gf'jfsf]6 s'n 286 68 354 505 124 629 491 100 591sf7df8f}+ s'n 434 107 541 782 234 1 016 630 185 815eQmk'/ s'n 78 19 97 197 30 227 138 25 163Nflntk'/ s'n 185 40 225 309 87 396 274 71 345sfe|]knf~rf]s s'n 220 54 274 579 141 720 441 100 541l;Gw'kfNrf]s s'n 234 236 470 503 540 1 043 408 299 707Dfsjfgk'/ s'n 250 83 333 561 181 742 439 138 577/f}tx6 s'n 329 12 341 521 16 537 370 9 379Aff/f s'n 419 13 432 634 37 671 507 19 526k;f{ s'n 293 8 301 462 22 484 352 10 362lrtjg s'n 764 103 867 1 438 218 1 656 989 135 1 124Uff]vf{ s'n 535 38 573 888 80 968 703 49 752


lhNnf2012/13 2013/14 2014/15


dgfª s'n 12 3 15 8 2 10 5 3 8Nfdh'ª s'n 612 29 641 846 59 905 600 34 634sf:sL s'n 1 258 72 1 330 1 639 165 1 804 1 105 95 1 200Tfgx' s'n 1 208 46 1 254 1 702 73 1 775 1 144 48 1 192:ofªhf s'n 1 607 58 1 665 2 319 141 2 460 1 626 67 1 693Uf'NdL s'n 1 137 50 1 187 1 653 92 1 745 1 110 66 1 176kfNkf s'n 807 58 865 1 246 76 1 322 761 76 837c3f{vfrL s'n 517 23 540 792 53 845 553 33 586Gfjnk/f;L s'n 1 280 163 1 443 2 045 276 2 321 1 172 120 1 292?k/Gb]xL s'n 1 685 176 1 861 2 480 333 2 813 1 514 184 1 698slknj:t' s'n 1 410 32 1 442 1 667 66 1 733 1 046 44 1 090Df':tfª s'n 11 0 11 16 1 17 17 2 19DofUbL s'n 613 12 625 789 38 827 538 24 562Affun'ª s'n 942 18 960 1 673 47 1 720 1 113 43 1 156Kfj{t s'n 618 29 647 895 58 953 623 35 658?s'd s'n 104 7 111 187 9 196 128 9 137/f]Nkf s'n 238 10 248 425 19 444 242 14 256Ko'7fg s'n 153 15 168 331 26 357 211 22 233;Nofg s'n 65 5 70 155 23 178 123 8 131bfª s'n 258 41 299 507 89 596 303 38 3418f]Nkf s'n 1 0 1 6 0 6 0 0 0Df'u' s'n 2 0 2 5 2 7 4 0 4Hf'Dnf s'n 1 0 1 7 1 8 3 1 4sfnLsf]6 s'n 3 0 3 9 1 10 4 1 5x'Dnf s'n 2 0 2 1 0 1 2 0 2Hffh/sf]6 s'n 15 2 17 22 6 28 17 2 19b}n]v s'n 58 2 60 98 18 116 67 10 77;'v]{t s'n 99 23 122 164 66 230 104 31 135afFs] s'n 598 36 634 725 72 797 438 36 474Aflb{of s'n 222 60 282 358 90 448 191 39 230Affh'/f s'n 3 0 3 10 0 10 5 1 6c5fd s'n 27 0 27 35 2 37 32 1 33ahfª s'n 5 0 5 13 0 13 13 0 138f]6L s'n 22 3 25 44 2 46 31 1 32s}nfnL s'n 131 17 148 163 25 188 104 15 119bfr'{nf s'n 26 1 27 41 0 41 40 0 40a}t8L s'n 39 0 39 77 2 79 72 4 7688]nw'/f s'n 44 2 46 65 4 69 60 1 61s~rgk'/ s'n 132 9 141 241 34 275 143 9 152


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Anne

x III

: Fr

amew

ork

for “

Labo

ur m

igra

tion

for f

orei

gn e

mpl

oym

ent:

A s

tatu

s re

port

for N

epal

201

4/15

”

Tabl

e of

Con

tent

sPu

rpos

e an

d O

bjec

tive

sRe

sear

ch

Que

stio

nsPr

obes

So

urce

of d

ata

Dat

a co

llect

ion

Met

hod

Part

I :

Intr

oduc

tion

Revi

ew a

nd s

umm

ary

of L

M1

Stat

e ob

ject

ives

of t

he

repo

rt, m

etho

dolo

gy,

limita

tions

and

pr

ovid

e a

sum

mar

y of

LM

I

__

_

_

_

_

__

Obj

ectiv

es o

f the

repo

rtM

etho

dolo

gy

Lim

itatio

ns

Part

II:

Ove

rvie

w o

f th

e st

atus

of

labo

ur

mig

ratio

n in

N

epal

Mod

ality

of o

btai

ning

labo

ur

perm

it

Ass

ess

and

delin

eate

th

e m

agni

tude

of

labo

ur m

igra

tion

for

fore

ign

empl

oym

ent

in N

epal

in F

Y 20

08/0

9 to

201

4/15

in

all

its d

imen

sion

s by

col

lect

ing

and

colla

ting

info

rmat

ion

avai

labl

e w

ith re

leva

nt

gove

rnm

ent a

genc

ies

in th

e m

igra

tion

cycl

e

Wha

t tre

nds

are

obse

rved

of

Nep

ali

labo

ur

mig

rant

s?

Use

the

last

year

’s ta

bula

tion

form

at a

nd

refil

l the

tabl

es w

ith m

issin

g da

ta fo

r the

la

st 7

year

s. An

d up

date

on

last

year

’s da

ta p

robi

ng m

ore

disa

ggre

gatio

n in

the

DO

FE a

nd F

EPB

data

base

(p

artic

ular

ly d

isagg

rega

ted

data

on

mig

rant

s thr

ough

indi

vidu

al in

itiat

ive;

da

ta o

n pr

otec

tion

and

wel

fare

of

mig

rant

wor

kers

)

DO

FEFE

TFE

PBM

OFA

(inc

ludi

ng

Nep

ali e

mba

ssie

s in

des

tinat

ion

coun

trie

s)D

epar

tmen

t of

imm

igra

tion

Offi

ce o

f the

A

ttor

ney

Gen

eral

N

epal

Ras

tra

Bank

Min

istr

y of

W

omen

, Chi

ldre

n an

d So

cial

Wel

fare

Seco

ndar

y da

ta

colle

ctio

n

Sex

disa

ggre

gate

d da

taW

hat d

ata

sour

ces

can

be u

sed

to m

ore

accu

rate

ly a

sses

s th

e m

agni

tude

of m

igra

tion

for f

orei

gn

empl

oym

ent?

Orig

in d

istr

icts

of l

abou

r m

igra

nts

Des

tinat

ion

coun

trie

s fo

r lab

our

mig

rant

s

How

can

the

curr

ent d

ata

syst

ems

be u

sed

for p

rogr

amm

atic

in

terv

entio

ns?

Skill

s an

d oc

cupa

tion

How

can

the

curr

ent d

atab

ase

syst

em b

e im

prov

ed?

Mag

nitu

de o

f irr

egul

ar m

igra

nts

Recr

uitm

ent a

genc

ies

and

heal

th in

stitu

tions

that

regu

late

an

d ce

rtify

hea

lth s

tand

ards

of

mig

rant

wor

kers

Grie

vanc

es a

nd d

istr

ess

Prot

ectio

n an

d w

elfa

re o

f m

igra

nt w

orke

rs in

des

tinat

ion

and

orig

in c

ount

ryRe

mitt

ance

s


Tabl

e of

Con

tent

sPu

rpos

e an

d O

bjec

tive

sRe

sear

ch

Que

stio

nsPr

obes

So

urce

of d

ata

Dat

a co

llect

ion

Met

hod

Part

III:

Law

s, po

licie

s an

d st

ruct

ural

m

echa

nism

Polic

ies,

Lega

l Fra

mew

orks

, and

St

ruct

ural

Mec

hani

sms

Map

and

upd

ate

gove

rnm

ent-l

ed

initi

ativ

es to

pro

mot

e sa

fe m

igra

tion

and

the

right

s and

wel

fare

of

mig

rant

wor

kers

hom

e an

d ab

road

in F

Y 14

/15

How

is th

e go

vern

men

t re

gula

ting

man

agem

ent

of fo

reig

n em

ploy

men

t?

Upd

ate

on le

gisl

ativ

e an

d ad

min

istr

ativ

e m

easu

res,

plan

and

po

licie

s (e

spec

ially

Nat

iona

l Pla

n of

Ac

tion

for f

orei

gn e

mpl

oym

ent)

MO

LED

OFE

FET

FEPB

MO

FAD

epar

tmen

t of

Imm

igra

tion

Seco

ndar

y da

ta;

inte

ract

ion

and

cons

ulta

tions

w

ith re

spon

sibl

e au

thor

ity in

go

vern

men

t ag

enci

es

Prog

ram

s an

d Ac

hiev

emen

ts

Upd

ate

on im

plem

enta

tion

of Fo

reig

n Em

ploy

men

t Pol

icy

2012

and

FEA

, 20

07 (i

nclu

ding

maj

or d

ecisi

ons

take

n, co

llabo

ratio

n w

ith n

atio

nal a

nd

inte

rnat

iona

l org

aniza

tions

on

diffe

rent

pr

ojec

ts a

nd p

rogr

ams;

revi

ew o

n ag

e ba

n on

fem

ale

labo

ur m

igra

nts)

M

ajor

ach

ieve

men

ts in

the

FY

2014

/15

Part

IV:

Them

atic

Is

sues

Labo

ur m

igra

tion

and

natio

nal

deve

lopm

ent (

*thi

s th

eme

will

in

clud

e th

e is

sues

rais

ed a

s so

cial

cap

ital i

n th

e co

ncep

t pa

per a

nd a

lso

post

-dis

aste

r im

pact

on

labo

ur m

igra

tion)

Iden

tify

them

es

pert

inen

t to

the

issu

es o

f lab

our

mig

ratio

n fo

r for

eign

em

ploy

men

t and

pr

esen

t ana

lysi

s bas

ed

on a

vaila

ble

data

and

lit

erat

ure

Wha

t are

ec

onom

ic

and

soci

al

impl

icat

ions

of

in

tern

atio

nal

labo

ur

mig

ratio

n fo

r N

epal

?

How

has

inte

rnat

iona

l lab

our

mig

ratio

n co

ntrib

uted

tow

ards

na

tiona

l dev

elop

men

t? W

hat i

s th

e so

cial

cos

t of i

nter

natio

nal l

abou

r m

igra

tion?

Rese

arch

pap

ers,

jour

nals

art

icle

s, re

port

s, an

d an

y av

aila

ble

docu

men

ts

addr

essi

ng th

e re

sear

ch q

uest

ions

Them

atic

exp

erts

in

var

ious

in

stitu

tions

suc

h as

NPC

, ext

erna

l de

velo

pmen

t pa

rtne

rs, n

atio

nal

orga

niza

tions

MO

E

Seco

ndar

y da

ta c

olle

ctio

n;

Key

info

rman

t in

terv

iew

s an

d co

nsul

tatio

ns

Gen

der a

nd m

obili

ty

How

can

the

stat

e ha

rnes

s ski

lls a

nd

know

ledg

e of

inte

rnat

iona

l labo

ur

mig

rant

s for

nat

iona

l dev

elop

men

t?

(esp

ecia

lly in

the

post

-disa

ster

scen

ario

)D

ynam

ics

of c

hang

ing

labo

ur

mig

ratio

n pa

tter

ns (C

an u

se a

di

ffere

nt s

ub-h

eadi

ng la

ter;

in

this

sec

tion

we

disc

uss

labo

ur

mig

ratio

n ha

ppen

ing

in th

e pr

etex

t of e

duca

tion

abro

ad)

Expl

ore

issu

es o

f the

var

ious

age

ba

ns im

plem

ente

d by

the

GoN

in

clud

ing

patt

erns

of p

olic

ies

and

anal

ysis

on

the

impa

ct o

f mob

ility

.

Part

V:G

aps,

Chal

leng

es

and

Way

Fo

rwar

d

Gap

s

Iden

tify

gaps

and

ch

alle

nges

in th

e ex

istin

g po

licie

s and

st

ruct

ural

mec

hani

sms

that

supp

ort l

abou

r m

igra

tion

and

the

hum

an d

evel

opm

ent o

f m

igra

nts a

nd m

igra

nts’

hous

ehol

d an

d de

fine

stra

tegi

es to

fill t

he g

aps

How

can

the

stat

e be

tter

re

gula

te

inte

rnat

iona

l la

bour

m

igra

tion

to

ensu

re s

afet

y,

pros

perit

y an

d w

ell-b

eing

of

the

mig

rant

w

orke

rs?

Wha

t are

the

maj

or g

aps

in p

olic

ies,

law

s an

d st

ruct

ural

mec

hani

sms?

H

ow c

an it

be

refo

rmed

?

Key

info

rman

tsM

OLE

DO

FEFE

TFE

PB

Inte

ract

ion

and

cons

ulta

tion

with

re

pres

enta

tives

fr

om d

iffer

ent

inst

itutio

ns o

f the

go

vern

men

t and

ke

y in

form

ants

Chal

leng

es

Wha

t are

the

maj

or c

halle

nges

in

ensu

ring

safe

ty a

nd p

rote

ctio

n of

mig

rant

wor

kers

? H

ow c

an th

e si

tuat

ion

be a

mel

iora

ted?

Way

forw

ard

Who

are

the

key

acto

rs a

nd w

hat

are

thei

r rol

es in

impl

emen

ting

and

mon

itorin

g th

e re

quire

d ch

ange

s?




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