GKN Materials and Processes EN.pdf

8/14/2019 GKN Materials and Processes EN.pdf

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Materials and Processes


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The GKN Sinter Metals List of Materials provides an over-view of PM alloys that are commonly used for powdermetal structural components and self-lubricating bearings

including selected material properties. Other compositi-ons can be supplied by GKN Sinter Metals when agreedwith sales and technology. Modifications and supple-ments to the material list will be introduced without refe-rence or notification. This does not refer to the duty ofinformation on the current supply of parts. Additional in-formation and references are given in the brochure relatedto special processes or products.

Remarks Referring to the Tables

The tables are divided into four main sections StandardReferences I, Typical Properties (References), Chemi-cal Compositions (Standard) and Standard ReferencesII.

Admissible ranges of density are given in the sectionStandard References I on the left.

The range of chemical composition is listed in the sectionChemical Compositions (Standard).

The section Typical Properties (References) contains in-formative values of selected material properties represen-ting a specified density value and a certain chemicalcomposition within the range specified in the section onthe left and the right.

These properties should not be regarded as guaranteedproperties in a legal sense.Informative property values have been determined on testbars (ISO 2740) in the as-sintered state; therefore theycannot be verified in the finished components. The use ofmicro tensile test bars cut out of a supplied component isnot allowed nor can the tensile strength be deducted from

a hardness measurement.

GKN Sinter Metals Material Lists

Many material properties are positively affected by subse-quent sizing or heat treatment. It is strongly recommendedto inquire the consequences of these processes on me-

chanical and physical properties as well as on part dimen-sions from the supplying plant.

Determination of Properties

Mechanical and physical properties stated in the tableshave been determined on the basis of Sint Test Standards(DIN 30910 Parts 1, 3 and 4).Further details are given in DIN 30910 Part 1, Section 6.The chemical composition is determined according to therespective standards.Where these are not applicable, suitable test methodsshould be agreed.

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Index of Contents I

Part II: Sintered Metal Processes

Part I: Material Lists

3

Sintered Steels

Surface Densified Sintered Steels

Stainless Steels and Powder Forged Steels

Bearing Materials and PM Aluminium Materials

Soft Magnetic Materials (Sintered)

SMC (Non Sintered)

MIM - Case Hardened Steels

MIM - Corrosion Resistant Steels

MIM - Heat Treatable Steels

MIM - Soft Magnetic SteelsMIM - Alloys for High Temperatur Applications

MIM - Tool Steels

4

6

8

10

12

12

14

14

14

1616

16

Economical Aspects

Index of Contents II

Material Forming Processes

Production ProcessAuxiliary Operations

Compacting Tool

Principle of PM-Tools

Surface Quality on P/M Parts

Definitions, Surface Measurement

Hardness Comparison Table

Design Guidelines

Technical Support

Markets

GKN - Innovation by Research and Development

Quality - QS-ManagementIs Your Part a Candidate for P/M?

Notes

GKN Worldwide

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19

20

2223

24

25

26

28

29

30

32

34

36

3839

39

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Sintered Steels

Standard References I Typical Properties (References)

DINSINT-

Density[g/cm3]

ISO Typical composition1)Typicaldensity[g/cm3]

Hard-nessHB

UTS[MPa]

FEL3)[MPa]

YS0,1

[MPa]

YS0,2

[MPa]

A2)

[%]E

[GPa]

C 00 6.4 - 6.8 -F-00-100 Fe 6.60 40 130 35 60 75 4 100

C 01 6.4 - 6.8 -F-05-140 Fe-0.5C 6.60 75 250 80 140 160 1.5 100C 10 6.4 - 6.8 -F-00C2-140 Fe2Cu 6.60 65 230 90 170 185 2 100

D 00 6.8 - 7.2 -F-00-120 Fe 7.00 50 150 45 75 90 10 140

D 00 6.8 - 7.2 -F-00-120 Fe-0.2C 7.00 75 230 70 130 150 5 140

D 01 6.8 - 7.2 -F-05-170 Fe-0.5C 7.00 90 300 95 160 180 3 140

n/a 6.8 - 7.2 -F-08-240 Fe-0.7C 7.00 120 380 120 200 230 2 140

D 10 6.8 - 7.2 -F-00C2-175 Fe2Cu 7.00 85 270 75 210 230 4 140

D 11 6.8 - 7.2 -F-05C2-300 Fe2Cu-0.5C 7.00 140 500 160 300 330 2.5 140

D 11 6.8 - 7.2 -F-05C2-620H Fe2Cu-0.5C 7.00 380 690 240 580 660 < 1 140

D 11 6.8 - 7.2 -F-08C2-390 Fe2Cu-0.7C 7.00 170 560 180 370 410 1.5 140

D 30 6.8 - 7.2 n/a Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.2C 7.00 140 470 150 340 360 3.5 140

E 30 > 7.2 n/a Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.2C 7.25 160 500 160 370 390 4 160

D 39 6.8 - 7.2 -FD-05N2C-400 Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.00 180 540 185 400 420 2.5 140

D 39 6.8 - 7.2 -FD-05N2C-950H Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.00 400 1020 270 760 900 < 1 140

E 39 > 7.2 -FD-05N2C-440 Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.25 190 570 175 300 340 5 160

D 39 6.8 - 7.2 n/a Fe1.5Cu1.75Ni0.5Mo-0.7C 7.00 210 580 180 340 380 1.5 140

D 30 6.8 - 7.2 n/a Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.2C 7.00 150 520 170 280 330 3.5 140

E 30 > 7.2 n/a Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.2C 7.25 170 570 180 290 350 4 160

D 39 6.8 - 7.2 -FD-05N4C-420 Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.00 180 620 200 280 340 2 140

D 39 6.8 - 7.2 -FD-05N4C-930H Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.00 380 1050 300 680 820 < 1 140

E 39 > 7.2 -FD-05N4C-450 Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.5C 7.25 200 700 200 310 370 2.5 160

D 39 6.8 - 7.2 n/a Fe1.5Cu4Ni0.5Mo-0.7C 7.00 230 610 190 320 380 1.5 140

D 31 6.8 - 7.2 n/a Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.2C 7.00 160 620 170 390 450 2 140

E 31 > 7.2 n/a Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.2C 7.25 190 710 190 400 470 2.5 160

D 32 6.8 - 7.2 n/a Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.6C 7.00 300 900 220 500 650 1 140

E 32 > 7.2 n/a Fe2Cu4Ni1.5Mo-0.6C 7.25 330 1050 240 520 670 1.5 160

D 31 6.8 - 7.2 n/a Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.2C 7.00 150 550 170 320 400 1.5 140

E 31 > 7.2 n/a Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.2C 7.25 180 600 180 380 450 2 160

D 32 6.8 - 7.2 n/a Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.6C 7.00 320 850 200 680 800 0.5 140

E 32 > 7.2 n/a Fe2Cu1.5Mo-0.6C 7.25 400 1000 220 800 930 1 160

D 35 6.8 - 7.2 -F-00P05-210 Fe0.45P 7.00 100 380 120 180 230 10 140

n/a 6.8 - 7.2 n/a Fe1Cr1Ni0.85Mo0.6Si-0.6C 7.00 350 950 220 780 900 1 140

n/a 6.8 - 7.2 n/a Fe1Cr1Ni0.85Mo0.6Si-0.6C 7.15 380 1150 250 860 1000 1 150

1) In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.2) Sizing will reduce the elongation.3) Bending load. 2 x 106cycles, notch factor

k= 1.0 (ref. 30912 Part 6); R= -1.

4) Austenitized at 900 C, 60 minutes oil quenched; tempered at 180 - 220 C, 60 minutes, air.5) Sinterhardening is performed in the sinter furnace by gas quenching subsequently to the sintering process. Materials can be

tempered as well at 160 C 240 C for 30 min 120 min due to requirements.6) High temperature sintering (HT) is performed at 1200 C 1300 C depending on furnace type.

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Chemical Compositions (Standard)1) Standard References II

emarkC

[wt.-%]Cu

[wt.-%]Ni

[wt.-%]Mo

[wt.-%]Cr

[wt.-%]Si

[wt.-%]P

[wt.-%]Fe

[wt.-%]Others[wt.-%]

GKNSM Material

CodeMPIF


6/40


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UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit YS: Yield Strength

A: Fracture Elongation E: Youngs Modulus


RemarkC

[wt.-%]

Cu

[wt.-%]

Ni

[wt.-%]

Mo

[wt.-%]

Cr

[wt.-%]

Si

[wt.-%]

P

[wt.-%]

Mn

[wt.-%]

Fe

[wt.-%]

Others

[wt.-%]

GKNSM Material

Code

MPIF

e harde-g steel2)

0.1 - 0.5


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Stainless Steels6)

Powder Forged Steels


DIN

SINT-

Density

[g/cm3]

ISOTypical

composition

1)

Typicaldensity

[g/cm3]

Hard-ness

HB

UTS

[MPa]

FEL3)

[MPa]

YS0.1

[MPa]

YS0.2

[MPa]

A 2)

[%]

E

[GPa]

Remark

n/a 6.4 - 6.8 -FL304-210N Fe18Cr10Ni 6.60 125 370 105 200 280 1.5 115Nitrogen containingsintering atmosphere

n/a > 7.2 -FL304-210N Fe18Cr10Ni 7.25 130 520 140 320 420 2.5 160sintered with shrinkageat HT

C 40 6.4 - 6.8 -FL316-170NFe16Cr12Ni

2.5Mo6.60 115 410 120 210 270 2 115

Nitrogen containingsintering atmosphere

D 40 6.8 - 7.2 -FL316-260NFe16Cr12Ni

2.5Mo6.90 130 480 130 240 310 3 135

Nitrogen containingsintering atmosphere

D 40 6.8 - 7.2 -FL316-150Fe16Cr12Ni

2.5Mo6.90 80 280 90 150 200 8 135

pure Hydrogenatmosphere

n/a > 7.2 n/a Fe12Cr0.5Nb 7.25 100 380 130 175 200 12 160 sintered with shrinkageat HT

C 43 6.4 - 6.8 -FL410-140 Fe12Cr 6.60 220 420 120 250 320 7.6 n/a Fe2Cu-0.2C 7.65 125 380 150 250 24 200 case hardening steel5)

F 11 > 7.6 n/a Fe2Cu-0.6C 7.65 250 810 270 530 12 200

n/a > 7.6 n/a Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.2C 7.65 150 520 180 380 20 200 case hardening steel5)

n/a > 7.6 n/a Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.6C 7.65 230 760 250 520 12 200

n/a > 7.6 n/a Fe0.45Ni0.6Mo0.25Mn-0.6C 7.65 38 HRC 1310 420 1170 5 200 quench + temper 4)

F 30 > 7.6 n/a Fe1.8Ni0.55Mo-0.2C 7.65 180 550 200 410 20 200 case hardening steel5)

1) In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.2) Sizing will reduce the elongation.3) Bending load. 2 x 106 cycles, notch factor

k= 1.0 (ref. 30912 Part 6); R = -1.

4) Austenitized at 900 C, 60 minutes oil quenched; tempered at 600 C, 60 minutes, air.5) Case hardening or carbo-nitriding is performed depending on the required case depth and is in general followed by a stress relief operation as well.6) Corrosion resistance depending on temperature and medium.

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UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength FEL: Fatigue Endurance Limit YS: Yield StrengthA: Elongation E: Youngs Modulus


C

.-%]

Ni

[wt.-%]

Mo

[wt.-%]

Cr

[wt.-%]

Si

[wt.-%]

P

[wt.-%]

Mn

[wt.-%]

Fe

[wt.-%]

Others

[wt.-%]

GKNSM Material

Code

MPIF

0.1 8.0 - 12.0


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DIN

SINT-

Density

[g/cm

3

]

ISOTypical

composition

1)

Typicaldensity

[g/cm3]

Porosity6)

[%]

K-Factor7)

[N/mm

2

]

Hardness

HB

Remark

A 00 5.6 - 6.0 -F-00-K170 Fe 5.8 26 170 30 Fe-base

B 00 6.0 - 6.4 -F-00-K220 Fe 6.2 21 220 40 Fe-base

A 10 5.6 - 6.0 -F-00C2-K200 Fe2Cu 5.8 26 200 40 Fe-base

B 10 6.0 - 6.4 -F-00C2-K250 Fe2Cu 6.2 21 250 50 Fe-base

n/a 5.6 - 6.0 -F-03C36T-K90 Fe36Cu4Sn1C 5.8 27 90 40 Fe-base

n/a 6.0 - 6.4 -F-03C36T-K120 Fe36Cu4Sn1C 6.2 22 120 50 Fe-base

n/a 5.4 - 5.8 -F-03G3-K70 Fe1.5Cu3C 5.6 24 70 45 Fe-base

n/a 5.8 - 6.2 -F-03G3-K80 Fe1.5Cu3C 6.0 18 80 55 Fe-base

B 11 6.0 - 6.4 n/a Fe3Cu1.5C 6.2 18 170 60 Fe-base

B 11 6.0 - 6.4 n/a Fe2Cu0.4C 6.2 20 270 70 Fe-base

A 22 5.6 - 6.0 n/a Fe20Cu1.8C 5.8 25 120 40 Fe-base

B 22 6.0 - 6.4 n/a Fe20Cu1.8C 6.2 20 140 50 Fe-base

A 50 6.4 - 6.8 -C-T10K-140 Cu9Sn 6.6 25 140 30 Bronze

B 50 6.8 - 7.2 -C-T10K-180 Cu9Sn 7.0 20 180 35 Bronze

A 51 6.2 - 6.6 -C-T10GK-120 Cu9Sn1.5C 6.4 24 120 30 Bronze

B 51 6.6 - 7.0 -C-T10GK-160 Cu9Sn1.5C 6.8 19 160 35 Bronze


DINSINT-

Density[g/cm3]

ISO Typical composition1)Typicaldensity[g/cm3]

Hard-nessHB

UTS[MPa]

FEL3)[MPa]

YS0.1

[MPa]

YS0.2

[MPa]

A2)[%]

E[GPa]

E 73 2.55 - 2.65 n/a Al4.5Cu0.5Mg0.7Si 2.60 60 150 50 120 130 2.65 n/a Al4.5Cu0.5Mg0.7Si 2.70 80 200 65 150 170 1 60

F 73 > 2.65 n/a Al4.5Cu0.5Mg0.7Si 2.70 110 250 80 220 240 1 60

n/a > 2.65 n/a Al2.5Cu0.5Mg14Si 2.70 120 180 60 160 170 2.65 n/a Al5.5Zn1.6Cu2.5Mg 2.70 100 350 110 300 320 1 60

Bearing Materials

PM Aluminium Materials4)

1) In addition to the elements mentioned, further alloying elements up to 2 % are admitted.2) Sizing will reduce the elongation.3) Bending load. 2 x 106cycles, notch factor

k= 1.0 (ref. 30912 Part 6); R = -1.

4) Corrosion resistance depending on temperature and medium.5) T6 heat treatment for Aluminium alloys is normally composed of a homogenisation treatment at 450 C 550 C for ca. 60 min. and quenching.

Alternatively components can also be quenched from sintering temperature. Additionally parts are subjected to a second heat treatment known as agehardening which takes place at temperatures below 200 C for several hours depending on the exactly alloy composition.

6) The oil content is at least 90 % of the open porosity.7) Values determined after sizing.8) Carbon mainly in the form of free graphite.

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Cu

[wt.-%]

Sn

[wt.-%]

C

[wt.-%]

Fe

[wt.-%]

Others

[wt.-%]

GKNSM Material

Code

MPIF


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Standard References Typical Properties

DIN EN10331

DIN 30910 MPIF Density[g/cm]

Compo-sition

Density[g/cm]

CoercivityHc

[A/m]

SaturationInduction

Bmax

[T]

PermeabilityHardness

HBUTS [Mpa]

S-Fe-170 D 00 FF-0000-20X 6.8 - 7.2 Fe 7.1 140 1.44 3340 50 180

S-Fe-165 E 00 FF-0000-20Y 7.2 - 7.4 Fe 7.3 100 1.61 4250 60 210

S-FeP-150 D 35 FY-4500-17X 6.8 - 7.2 Fe0.45P 7.1 110 1.45 4210 110 350

S-FeP-130 FY-4500-17Y 7.2 - 7.5 Fe0.45P 7.4 70 1.7 6410 125 380

S-FeNi-20 FN-5000-5Z 7.6 - 8.0 Fe50Ni 7.8 16 1.3 19550 80 310

S-FeSi-80 FS-0300-12X 7.0 - 7.4 Fe3Si 7.2 75 1.6 4510 140 380

C 42 SS-430L 6.4 - 6.8 Fe16Cr 6.7 320 1.06 320 70 300

D 42 SS-430L 6.8 - 7.2 Fe16Cr 7.0 280 1.17 370 90 340

C 43 SS-410L 6.4 - 6.8 Fe12Cr 6.7 390 1.15 340 85 280

D 43 SS-410L 6.8 - 7.2 Fe12Cr 7.0 330 1.23 410 95 320


References Typical Properties**

DescriptionDensity[g/cm]

CompositionCoercivity

Hc[A/m]

SaturationInduction

Bmax[T]

PermeabilityRemanence

Br[T]

Core Loss1T / 50Hz

[W/kg]

GKN SMC-A 7.1 - 7.5 Insulated Fe 266 1.52 485 0.251 6.08

GKN SMC-50L 6.8 - 7.2 Insulated Fe 105 0.95 370 0.059 9.25

GKN SMC-70H 6.8 - 7.2 Insulated Fe 268 1.41 447 0.237 9.87

* Soft Magnetic Composites** Tested with standard rings

SMC* (Non Sintered)

DIN EN10331

DIN 30910 MPIF Applications

S-Fe-170 D 00 FF-0000-20XApplications in low frequency current or permanent magnetic systems

S-Fe-165 E 00 FF-0000-20Y

S-FeP-150 D 35 FY-4500-17XApplications in low frequency current or permanent magnetic systems with short response time

S-FeP-130 FY-4500-17Y

S-FeNi-20 FN-5000-5Z Applications in low current magnetic systems with short response timeS-FeSi-80 FS-0300-12X Applications in middle frequency (< 100 Hz) current magnetic systems with short response time

C 42 SS-430L

Applications in low frequency current or permanent magnetic systems and a high corrosion resistanceD 42 SS-430L

C 43 SS-410L

D 43 SS-410L

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Standard Definitions

.2[Mpa]

A[%]

E[Gpa]

Fe[wt-%]

C[wt-%]

P[wt-%]

Ni[wt-%]

Co[wt-%]

Si[wt-%]

Cr[wt-%]

Other [wt-%]

80 12 150 bal. < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.5

100 16 165 bal. < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.5

250 10 150 bal. < 0.1 0.45 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.5

270 14 175 bal. < 0.1 0.45 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.5

220 20 150 bal. < 0.1 < 0.1 50 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.5

275 15 160 bal. < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 3 < 0.1 < 0.5

170 12 125 bal. < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 18 < 1

200 16 140 bal. < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 18 < 1

150 10 125 bal. < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 13 < 1

190 14 140 bal. < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 13 < 1

Applications

Core Loss1T / 1 KHz

[W/kg]UTS [Mpa] Density [g/cm]

205 150 7.45high frequency soft magnetic applications, BLDC electric motors, trans-versal flux machines, transformers

302 100 6.8

230 100 7.2

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I

UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength YS: Yield Strength A: ElongationE: Youngs Modulus


14/40



Material Sintered Heat Treated Chemical Compositions

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardn.[HV 10]

Density[g/cm]

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardn.[HV 10]

C[%]1

Ni[%]1

Cr[%]1

Mo[%]1

Mn[%]1

IMET Ni 2 280 140 25 90 > 7.40 by agreement < 0.11.90-

2.20

< 0.12 < 0.12 < 0.12

IMET Ni 8 350 200 15 90 > 7.40 by agreement < 0.17.50-

8.50< 0.12 < 0.12 < 0.12

IMET Ni Cr

Mo 2650 400 3 200 > 7.40 by agreement

0.12-

0.23

0.40-

0.70

0.40-

0.60

0.15-

0.25< 0.12

Material Sintered Heat Treated Chemical Composition

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardness

[HV 10]Density[g/cm]

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardness

[HV 10]C

[%]1Ni[%]1

Cr[%]1

Mo[%]1

Mn[%]1

Si[%]1

IMET Ni 2C 450 250 5 170 > 7.40 1000 800 2 6000.40-

0.70

1.90-

2.20< 0.12 < 0.12 < 0.12 < 0.12

IMET Ni 8C 700 350 3 320 > 7.40 1200 1000 2 6000.40-0.70

7.50-8.50

< 0.12 < 0.12 < 0.12 < 0.12

IMET Cr Mo 4 600 350 4 110 > 7.40 1350 1150 2 4500.32-

0.43< 0.12

0.90-

1.20

0.15-

0.30< 0.12 < 0.12

IMET 8740 600 350 5 180 > 7.40 1600 1100 1 4500.45-0.55

0.50-0.80

0.40-0.60

0.25-0.40

7.40 1700 1500 0.5 650 0.80-1.05

< 0.12 1.35-1.65

< 0.12 < 0.12 < 0.12

Material Sintered Heat Treated Chemical Composition

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardn.[HV 10]

Density[g/cm]

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardn.[HV 10]

C[%]1

Ni[%]1

Cr[%]1

Mo[%]1

Mn[%]1

Si[%]1

IMET 316 L 450 160 40 105 > 7.60 n/a < 0.0310.00-14.00

16.00-18.00

2.00-3.00

< 2.00 < 1.00

IMET 430 L 350 200 20 190 > 7.40 n/a < 0.08 < 0.1215.50-

17.50< 0.12 < 1.00 < 1.00

IMET 17-4 PH 800 700 3 250 > 7.50 1000 950 2 350 < 0.073.00-

5.00

15.00-

17.50< 0.12 < 1.00 < 1.00


14

1)Percent by weight2)Typical value, not specified


15/40

Other Designation Properties Applications

i%]1

Cu[%]1

Fe[%]1

Mat no:DIN

AISI/SAE/MPIF

Others

.12 < 0.12 bal. n/aMPIF MIM -

2200

carbonyl iron

with 2% nickel high strength, fatigue strength, highsurface hardness

mechanical engineering

.12 < 0.12 bal. n/aMPIF MIM -

2700carbonyl ironwith 8% nickel

.12 < 0.12 bal. 1.6523AISI/SAE

862021 NiCrMo 2

for parts with the highest mechanicalloading, high surface hardness

gear segments, crown wheels, cam-shafts, tools, mechanical engineering


e%]1

Mat no:DIN

AISI/SAE Others

al. n/a n/acarbonyl ironwith 2% nickel

excellent surface finish, high strengthmiscellaneous applications (e. g. mechanical engi-neering, firearm components)

al. n/a n/acarbonyl ironwith 8% nickel

al. 1.7225AISI/SAE

414042 CrMo 4

high strength and ductility, large heattreated diameter

mechanical engineering, firearms, gearbox com-ponents

al. 1.6546AISI/SAE8740

40NiCrMo2 2wear resistant, highly loaded components in me-chanical engineering and automotive industry

al. 1.3505 AISI/SAE52100

100 Cr 6 cold working tool steel, high wear resis-tance, high hardness

mechanical engineering


u]1

Nb[%]1

Fe[%]1

Mat no:DIN

AISI/SAE Others

12 < 0.12 bal. 1.4404 AISI 316 LX 2 Cr-NiMo 17

13 2

excellent corrosion resistance, austenitic,non-magnetic, moderate hardness, highductility, excellent polished surface andshape reproduction

apparatus engineering, chemicalindustry, watchmaking and jewellery,medical technology

12 < 0.12 bal. 1.4016 AISI 430 X 6 Cr 17high strength and corrosion resistance,ferritic

automotive industry

0-

0

0.15-

0.45bal. 1.4542

SAE J 467

(17-4PH)

X 5 CrNi-

CuNb 17 4high corrosion resistance, martensitic, ferro-magnetic, precipitation hardening

pump components, medical enginee-ring, automotive industry, mechanicalengineering, aircraft and shipbuildingindustries

15

I

Rm: ultimate tensile strength R

P0.2: yield strength A: elongation to fracture


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MIM - Soft Magnetic Steels

Material Sintered Heat Treated Chemical

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardness

[HV 10]Density[g/cm]

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardn.[HV 10]

C[%]1

Ni[%]1

Cr[%]1

Mo[%]1

IMET Si 3 450 300 20 160 > 7.40 n/a < 0.10 2.50-3.00 < 0.12

< 0.12

IMET FN 50 400 150 25 110 > 7.40 n/a < 0.10 49.50-50.50 < 0.12 < 0.12

IMET F S 220 100 40 60 > 7.40 n/a < 0.10 < 0.12 < 0.12 < 0.12


Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardn.[HV 10]

Density[g/cm]

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardn.[HV 10]

C[%]1

Ni[%]1

Cr[%]1

Mo[%]1

IMET GHS-4 *) 700 550 1 310 >7.70 n/a 2.0-2.4 38.0-42.0 11.0-13.0 5.0-7.0

IMET 310N **) 650 380 7 220 >7.55 n/a 0.20-0.50 19.0-22.0 24.0-26.0 < 0.12


Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardn.[HV 10]

Density[g/cm]

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardn.[HV 10]

C[%]1

Cr[%]1

Co[%]1

Al[%]1

Ti[%]1

IMET N 90 ***) 1000 620 10 280 > 7.8 1100 650 10 300 0.1318.0-21.0

15.0-21.0

1.0-2.0 3.0-4.0

MIM - Alloys for High Temperature Applications

***)Superalloy

MIM - Tool Steels


Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardn.[HV 10]

Density[g/cm]

Rm

[MPa]R

p 0.2

[MPa]A

[%]Hardness

[HV 10]C

[%]1Cr[%]1

W[%]1

IMET M2 1100 700 1 480 > 7.70 - - - 800 0.95-1.05 3.80-4.50 5.50-6.75

1)Percent by weight2)Typical value, not specified

*)

Heat and wear resistant alloy**)Heat resistant alloy

16


17/40

mposition Other Designation Properties Applications

n]1

Si[%]1

Cu[%]1

Fe[%]1

Mat no:DIN

AISI/SAE/MPIF Others

12

< 0.12

< 0.12

bal. 1.0884MPIF

MIM-Fe-3%Sicarbonyl iron w.3% silicium relatively high

permeability

for pole shoes and relay components(where fast magnetic reversal is required)

12 < 0.12 < 0.12 bal. 1.3926MPIF

MIM-Fe-50%Nicarbonyl iron w.50% nickel pole shoes, relay parts, rotors, stators, etc.

12 < 0.12 < 0.12 bal. n/a n/a carbonyl iron high polarisation

mposition Other Designation Properties Applications

Si[%]1

Mn[%]1

V[%]1

Nb[%]1

Fe[%]1

Mat no:DIN

AISI/SAE Others

.5-1.9 0.8-1.3 0.8-1.0 < 0.12 bal. n/a n/a PI Ni 40 Cr 12 Mo 6high application tempe-rature, wear resistant

turbocharger

75-1.30


18/40

Economical and Ecological Aspects

The PM production technique excels when compared withthe cost of other different metal shaping processes. Threeimportant criteria characterize the process:

nearly 100 % materialutilization (no scrap loss)

wide variety of designs possible with limitedimpact on production costs, and accordingto customer application needs

wide range of adaptability ofmaterial properties to thefunction of the components

environmental friendly

In spite of the fact that metal powder is more expensivethan conventional steel, this difference is offset by the ad-vantage of nearly 100 % material utilization. This holds forthe typical PM part of less than 1 kg in weight and also forheavier parts, whereas the initial weight of the conventio-nal steel blank is much greater than that of the machinedpart.

The large amount of design capability leads to parts thatmay combine several functions in one component, often

replacing multiple piece assemblies made by blanking ormachining. For example, inner and outer gears, throughand blind holes of varied profiles, and countersunk orstepped openings may be produced in a single shapingoperation.

The efficiency depends on the operating speed of thepress, the flow properties of the powder and the height ofthe components to be compacted. The sintering costs areinfluenced by the required material quality, sintering tem-perature and time, protective atmosphere, but are fairlyindependent from parts geometry.

The parameters of the manufacturing process are deter-mined by the functional requirements of the componentproperties, related to the chemical composition, densityand precision of the component. Cost comparison withcompeting technologies, such as stamping, cold extrusion,precision casting, precision forging and plastic moulding isstrongly influenced by requirements of material, shapeand production quantity.

The higher the requirements on material properties, thecloser the tolerances required, and larger the productionquantity the greater the advantage is for using a sinteredcomponent. Even when machining is necessary due toclose tolerances or to geometry, the overall economics ofa sintered blank often turn out to be favourable.

Although the PM shaping process is flexible as to quanti-

ties, initial investment in tooling requires larger productionruns.

A further significant advantage - the PM process saves na-tural resources through recycling, conserves raw materialsand the manufacturing process yields low emissions.

18


19/4019


Sintered Steels

Surface Densified Sintered Steels

Stainless Steels and Powder Forged Steels

Bearing Materials and PM Aluminium Materials


SMC (Non Sintered)




MIM - Soft Magnetic SteelsMIM - Alloys for High Temperatur Applications

MIM - Tool Steels

4

6

8

10

12

12

14

14

14

1616

16

Part II: Sintered Metal ProcessesEconomical Aspects



Production ProcessAuxiliary Operations

Compacting Tool

Principle of PM-Tools

Surface Quality on P/M Parts

Definitions, Surface Measurement


Design Guidelines

Technical Support

Markets

GKN - Innovation by Research and Development

Quality - QS-ManagementIs Your Part a Candidate for P/M?

Notes

GKN Worldwide

18

19

20

2223

24

25

26

28

29

30

32

34

36

3839

39

40

Part I: Material Lists


20/40

General RemarksThe sinter metal process covers a wide range of manufactured parts; from highly porous materialsfor filter applications, to full or near full dense components such as sinter forged engine and gear

box parts.


Sinter FiltersAn important application for the low density sintered process are filters. These filters are mainlyused in processing of chemicals in the food industry, as well as air filtration units in pneumatictools and fluid flow control devices. The ability to produce pores with various controlled sizes isone of the main, beneficial characteristics. In the loose powder process, spherical shaped particlesare filled and vibrated into moulds of steel or graphite. These parts are then sintered in a furnaceand removed from the mould as a finished component. Axial and isostatic filters are compacted indifferent kinds of presses. After this process these parts are also sintered in special furnances.Bronze and stainless steel are the primary materials for filter applications.

Sinter BearingsFor decades, the historic growth of sintered products was based on increasing bearing applications.The slightly open surface, porous structure enables the tribology of the parts to be more consistent.Additionally, by infiltration of lubricants, the resistance to galling is dramatically improved. Theseparts are made using dies of steel or carbide that surround the powder. When high loads force theupper and lower punches together, the part is produced in the green state. The parts are then pro-cessed in a special sinter furnace as the final step.

Sinter ComponentsToday, the largest market for sinter applications is with very complex component geometries. Thetools for these components are basically the same as those for bearings. The difference is the shapecomplexity and the ever tightening tolerance capabilities. After sintering, an additional sizing pro-cess can tighten up the finished part tolerances.The option to formulate mix compositions enable sinter metal components to surpass the stan-dard available conventional materials.

Powder Forged ComponentsIn the case where added strength and density is required, the powder forging process is applied.

This process maximizes the strength of high end-loaded components. A closed die is applied tothe part creating a high axial precision forging. This process step creates a nearly full dense part withhigh dynamic loads.

20


21/40

Metal Injection Moulded omponentsMetal Injection Moulding represents another technology adapted for PM that has been developedfrom the conventional injection moulding process. The raw material, called feedstock, is a mixtureof metal powder and a high percentage of wax. The high wax content allows the material to be in-jected into moulding cavities as in conventional injection moulding. MIM green parts are then sin-tered, causing a high percentage of part shrinkage.

Auxiliary OperationsVarious subsequent process steps can be performed on PM parts similar to conventionally madecomponents. These process steps, including milling, drilling, honing, turning and grinding, arehighly suitable for sinter and sinter forge components.Finally, a broad range of heat treatment processes can be made suitable to cultivate special proper-ties on the entire component or specific locations of the part geometry. These include steam treat-ment, rapid cooling, annealing, induction hardening, case hardening or carbon-nitriding as well asplasma-nitriding and others.

Gear RollingA new technology for partial densification and shape accuracy is Gear Rolling. The resulting combi-nation of basic, light weight components and dense functional regions of high loaded gears can beoffered to the customer.

II

21

Soft MagneticWith growing demand for electric motors the number of applications for sintered and non-sintered

(SMC) materials is expected to increase significantly. In general, sintered materials can be conside-red for AC (alternating current) applications 50 Hz and the need for low eddycurrent losses. Biggest advantage of P/M material: 3D magnetic flux is possible.


22/40

Production Process

Lubricant Graphite

Alloying Elements

CopperPowder

IronPowder Powder Blends

Lubricantburn-off

Sintering Cooling

Sizing Forging

1. Blending / MixingRaw material in powder form is mixed according to the specifiedcomposition.

Prealloyed powders may be used as well as elemental powders.

2. CompactionCompaction of components is carried out in specially designedtools. By selecting the compaction pressure usually in the rangeof 400 - 800 MN/m2, the density can be varied within wide li-mits.

3. SinteringDuring sintering (heating under controlled conditions of time,temperature and protective atmosphere) the compacted partsobtain their mechanical strength. Sintering, which takes placebelow the melting temperature of the major constituent of thematerial, results in interparticle bonding without appreciablychanging the shape of the component. During sintering diffusionand recrystallization occur.

4. Sizing / ForgingSizing: Sintering may produce small dimensional changes in thecompacts. Therefore, parts with very close tolerances, are sizedin separate tools. The sized component has an excellent surfacefinish.

Forging: To produce parts for extremely high duty applications aforging operation is carried out at high temperature instead of si-zing at room temperature and with the advantage of no need forburr removal.

5. Finished PartIn most of the cases the production process ends latest aftersizing / forging, leaving behind the finished part. However, ifthe customer requires closer tolerances or more complex sha-pes, GKN is able to fulfill these with auxiliary operations.

22


23/40

Production Process - Optional Auxiliary Operations

Joining Machining Heat treatment Surface treatment

Optional Auxiliary Operations - Examples

Turned inner cone Turned outer diameter

Induction hardenedteeth

Organic coated surface

Surface densificationby rolling process

Ground surface

23

II


24/40

The Compacting Tool

For the production of the P/M components, the metalpowder must be compressed so that the individual par-ticles will cold-weld at their contact points to make apart of sufficient green strength to be handled and ofa density great enough to meet specified properties. Thedesign and quality of the compacting tool must be suchthat the part will be, after sintering, of the desiredstrength and dimensions.

In the most simple case for a tablet shape the toolconsists of a die, and an upper and lower punch. Indivi-dually controlled press movement of these tool compo-nents controls the powder fill, compression stroke, andpart ejection.

Part complexity requires sophisticated compacting tooldesign, the use of core rods for holes, split punches and

adjustable powder fills for multilevel parts. For achievinguniform density in the part, the respective motions ofdie and lower punches are calculated and programmedin the press operating cycle.

Even undercuts can be produced with a special techno-logy being invented by GKN Sinter Metals.

In most cases, tooling is made from high speed steel orcarbide, and the life time may range from 10,000 to mil-lions of parts, depending on complexity, materials andtolerances.

Upper punch

Die

Die plate

Core rod

Base plate

Joining plate

Lower punch

24


25/40

Principle of PM-Tools - Dimensional AccuracyThe process of axial compaction offers a wide variety ofshaping possibilities and leads to excellent reproducibilityof the dimensions. The shaping of a sintered component isessentially defined by the tool design and its manufacture.The appropriate lay-out of the components geometry and

selection of the suitable material according to the PM pro-cess has a strong influence on tool life and -consequently-on the price of the part. It is therefore worthwhile to con-sider some of the guidelines of design related to the PMprocess. The specific forming parts of a tool are a die, corerod, upper and lower punch. The most important optionsin the design of a compacting tool are demonstrated in fi-gure 1.The die creates the outer shape of the component. It mayhave any geometry. Steps or slopes are possible in theaxial direction. Bores and apertures in the direction ofcompacting are shaped by core rods, which also may becontoured. The face contours of the parts are shaped by

punches. Sharp chamfers or sharp junctions to the area ofthe outer surface have to be avoided.

Dimensional AccuracyGKN Sinter Metals endeavours during the developmentphase to find a custom tailored solution for productionruns and offers components fulfilling exactly the require-ments of dimensional accuracy and performance.The design and manufacturing of the tools directly influ-ence the tolerances of the components. Tolerances ofshape and position are mainly influenced by the tool as-sembly. They are governed by the clearances between pun-

ches and die or punches and core rods respectively. Forparts with several split punches (multi level parts) the clea-rances add up to reduce the total accuracy. Tolerances inheight are influenced by the stiffness of the compacting orsizing presses and are typically between 0.1 and 0.2 mm.Closer tolerances as described above (Figure 1) can be at-tained by additional machining operations. The small dis-tortion caused by sintering process can be corrected bysizing (cold repressing) of the parts.Depending on density and material of a part an improve-ment of the dimensional quality can be achieved from e.g.ISO/IT 8-9 to ISO/IT 6-7.An additional advantage of the sizing step is the increasein density and improvement of the surface quality.

However, increased density and strength of the materiallimits the range of dimensional accuracy. Additional influ-ences on the dimensional accuracy of a component arecaused by subsequent surface or heat treatment operati-ons.

Tolerance classes ofunmachined, sizedcomponents

Tool for a componentwith 1 cross section

Tool withstepped die

Tool with steppedconical die

Tool for a componentwith multi cross sec-

tion

Tool with double toppunch for a componentwith multiple cross sec-

tion

Tool with split die

Figure 2

Steps of max. 15% of the final component height can beproduced without split punches. To avoid tooling problemsa minimum wall thickness of 2 mm should be maintained.

The following aspects are important for the ejection of the

part from the die:

Ejection draft angles on profile of the outer surfaceare not necessary

Face contours should have draft angles of lessthan 7

Junctions and edges should have radii when formed inthe die

Possibilities to press threads, grooves and bores perpen-dicular to the compacting direction are very limited andmost often need to be added as secondary machining. Ho-wever due to a special GKN owned technology undercuts

are very possible to a certain extent.The design guidelines are shown on page 30.

Figure 1

25

II


26/40

Surface Quality on P/M PartsToday surface qualities on sintered parts are often stilldefined by Rt, Rmax, R2 or R3z using values that seem to

be based on experiences with machined surface quali-ties on non porous materials.

Due to the special (porous) structure of P/M compo-nents the surface measurement with current measuringdevices according to DIN 476, 4768 and 4771 is mislea-ding and does not reflect the high quality of sinteredsurfaces. Hence deep pores may create extremely highR1 values even though the surface is plateau like andthus contains extraordinary well gliding properties.

By comparing profiles of surfaces from machined partswith porous P/M components it becomes obvious thatP/M materials offer without doubt an improved surfacesmoothness although the Pt values from the comparedSt 50 vs. P/M measurement plots are almost identical.

a) St 50 fine turned (Pt ~ 30)

c) Sint-C 00 as sintered (Pt ~ 30)

Figures a - d) Surface profiles of materials according to table 1

26

Figure Processing Condition Roughness

Pt

Rt

Ra

a) St 50 fine turned 33,2 32,7 4,4

b) St 50 grinded 4,6 4,4 0,5

c) SINT-C 00 as sintered 28,6 29,8 2,8

d) SINT-C 00 sized 6,9 6,3 0,1

Table 1 shows the summary from the surface measure-ment results comparing St 50 and P/M materials. It de-monstrates again that a simple comparison ofmeasured values without simultaneous analysis of thesurface profiles / the contact area curves leads to errorsof judgement because the influence of the pores is notconsidered.

Table 1Surface roughness measured on different processing conditionsof steel and P/M parts


27/40

II

b) St 50 grinded (Pt ~ 6)

d) Sint-C 00 sized (Pt ~ 6)

27

alues in mContact Area in %at Cutting Depth c

c (m) at tpma

zR

3zR

p1 m 2 m 4 m = 100 %

,6 17,8 12,4 < 1 6 12 28

6 2,7 2,2 < 1 71 100 4

,4 11,5 9,0 < 1 56 72 18

7 0,4 0,4 96 98 99 3

Sintered surface

Sized surface

omparison of surfaces as sintered and as calibrated


28/40

Rz= (Rz1+ Rz2+ Rz3+ Rz4+ Rz5)

28

Definitions Surface Measurement

Rz Rmax surface roughness index) DIN 4768a mean roughness index) DIN 4768, ISO/DIS 4287/1

Rz describes the arithmetic mean over 5 values from consecutive in-dividual sections of measurement (taken within their individual di-stances Ie) within the total measurement distance Im.

Rmax

is the largest out of the 5 measured surface roughness values.

Rk Rpk Rvk Mr1 Mr2

Indices of the material fraction curve (Abbott), DIN 4776 preliminary

design. Roughness core profile is the roughness profile to the exclu-sion of prominent spikes & grooves. Core roughness depth Rk is thedepth of the roughness core profile, Rpk the reduced spike height, istwice the middle height of the cut spikes. Rvk the reduced groovedepth, is twice the middle depth of the cut grooves. Material fractionMr1 is the smallest material fraction of the roughness core profile.Mr2 is the largest material fraction of the roughness core profile.

The mean roughness index Ra is the arithmetic mean over all devia-tions of the roughness profile from the middle line within the totalmeasurement distance Im.

The mean roughness index Rq

(DIN 4762/1 E) is the geometric meanover all deviations of the roughness profile from the middle line wit-hin the total measurement distance Im.

Tp material share graphMaterial share graph tp (percentage contact area) is the percental

proportion of material contact length of the total measured distanceIm in the cutting level c.

Cutting level c is the distance of the evaluated intersection to thechosen reference line. After tp-evaluations a reference line must bechosen and indicated. The material fraction curve (Abbott) showsthe cumulative frequency of the profile ordinates.

Rpm Rp Rt smooting depth DIN 4762/1 E

Averaged smoothing depth Rpm in the style of DIN 4768 is the arith-metic mean over the smoothing depths of five consecutive individualsections of measurement Ie. Smoothing depth Rp is the largest of thefive individual smoothing depths maximum surface roughness Rt isthe vertical distance between the highest & lowest point of theroughness profile R within Im.

R3z base surface roughness works standard DB N 31007 1983)

Base surface roughness R3z according to DIN 4768 is the arithmeticmean over the individual surface roughnesses of five consecutive in-dividual sections of measurement Im. The individual surfaceroughness results from the height difference between the 3rd highestprofile peak the 3rd lowest profile groove within the individual mea-surement section Ie. Each of them have to exceed both a vertical aswell as a horizontal minimum size.

Sk scewness, amplitude density curve DIN 4762/ 1 E

Scew Sk indicates the asymmetry of the amplitude distribution. A ne-gative scew Sk indicates a good load bearing behaviour of the profile.

Amplitude density curve is the recording of the joint frequency of theprofile ordinates.

Sm a q a q IoAverage groove spacing Sm (DIN 4762/1 E) is the mean distance ofthe profile elevations within the section of measurement Im. Evalua-tion threshholds are two parallels, that run parallel to the referencelines. Their distance is Ra.

Average decline a, q (DIN 4762/1 E) is the arithmetic or ratherquadratic mean value of all absolute profile slope values within themeasurement distance Im.

Average wave length a,q (DIN 4762/ 1E) the arithmetic or ratherquadratic mean value of the wave length, taking the amplitudes intoconsideration.

The profile length ratio Io (DIN 4762/1 E) is the ration of the stretchedprofile length to measurement distance Im.

1

5

1

Imtp= (L1+ L2...+ Ln).100 [%]

Rpm = (Rp1 + ... + Rp5)1

5R3z = (R3z1 + ... + R3z5)

1

5

Sk= Rq3

1

n i=1 (y - y)3

1 N

.


29/4029

II


TensileStrength

Rm

VickersHardness

HV (F>98N)

BrinellHardness

HB

Rockwell Hardness

HRC HRA HRB HRF

255 80 76,1

285 90 85,6 48,0 82,6

320 100 95,1 56,2 87,0

350 110 104,6 62,3 90,5

385 120 114,1 66,7 93,6

415 130 123,6 71,2 96,4

450 140 133,1 75,0 99,0

480 150 142,6 78,7 101,4

510 160 152,1 81,7 103,6

545 170 161,6 85,0 105,5

575 180 171,1 87,1 107,0

610 190 180,6 89,5 108,7

640 200 190,1 91,5 110,1

675 210 199,7 93,5 111,3

705 220 209,2 95,0 112,4

740 230 218,7 96,7 113,4

770 240 228,2 20,3 60,7 98,1 114,3

800 250 237,7 22,2 61,6 99,5 115,1

835 260 247,2 24,0 62,4 101

865 270 256,7 25,6 63,1 102

900 280 266,2 27,1 63,8 104

930 290 275,7 28,5 64,5 105

965 300 285,2 29,8 65,2

1030 320 304,2 32,2 66,4

1095 340 323,3 34,4 67,6

1155 360 342,3 36,6 68,7

1220 380 361,3 38,8 69,8

1290 400 380,3 40,8 70,8

1350 420 399,3 42,7 71,8

1420 440 418,3 44,5 72,8

1485 460 437,3 46,1 73,6

1555 480 456,4 47,7 74,5

1595 490 465,9 48,4 74,9

1665 510 484,9 49,8 75,7

1740 530 503,9 51,1 76,4

1810 550 522,9 52,3 77,0

1880 570 541,9 53,6 77,8

1955 590 560,9 54,7 78,4

2030 610 580,0 55,7 78,9

2105 630 599,0 56,8 79,5

2180 650 618,0 57,8 80,0

2251 670 637,0 58,8 80,6

2325 690 656,0 59,7 81,1

2399 720 684,5 61,0 81,8

2472 760 722,6 62,5 82,6

2546 800 760,6 64,0 83,4

2619 840 798,6 65,3 84,1

2693 880 836,7 66,4 84,7

2766 920 874,7 67,5 85,3

2840 940 893,7 68,0 85,6


30/40

A 2 mm B 2 mm

C 2 x A D ca. 3 x 1

R 0.3 - 1.5 max. 30

N 0.01/1 mm

E Shape acc. to DIN 8196

F3 x tooth

depth G 0.15 D

r/0 H optionallycounterprofil

Gear pitch dia. up to max. 2. 2 upto pitch dia. or more, inner or outerchamfers see detail "Z"; Posi-tioning/identification Mark "M" onupper face embossed < 0.2 or optio-nally engraved.

Undercuts, threads, cross bores notfeasible by compaction (secondaryoperation). Position marks, chamfersor curvatures only in direction outerdiameter, otherwise edges too sharp.

A 1 mm C 0.2 D

Apertures and edges require radii 0.3. Bores straight through, for blindholes diameter to depth ratio max.1:2. Except worm gear, all other gearshapes feasible; helical gear only upto 30 max.

Round aperturespreferred.Wall thicknessS = 2 mm min.

Version A or B preferredto avoid tangential junction Burr 0.15 permissibleburr pockets) Replace sharp edgesby plain diameter

Design Guidelines I

avoid

avoid

Tangential junction

Documents

GKN Materials and Processes EN.pdf