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Glaciers, Groundwater and

Drainage system

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t    t   o  u  r   i   s  t    a  t   t   r   a  c  t   i   o  n  s   o  n   L  a  n  z   a  r   o  t   e   ,  i   n   t   h  e   C   a  n  a  r    y    I   s  l   a  n  d   s  .  T    h  e   v   o  l   c  a  n  i   c   n  a  t   u  r   

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4 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

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GEYSER

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Geyser, hot spring that erupts intermittently in

a column of steam and hot water. Some

geysers erupt at regular intervals, but mosterupt irregularly, the intervals ranging from amatter of minutes to years.

A geyser erupts when the base of a column of water resting in the Earth is vaporized by hotvolcanic rock. The force with which the watercolumn is expelled depends on its depth. The

weight of the water column increases with itsdepth.

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moraine

is an accumulation of sediment depositedby a glacier. Moraines that form as bandsof irregular hills around the edge of a

glacier are known as ice marginalmoraines.

Three types of ice marginal moraine aremedial moraine, lateral moraine, andterminal moraine.

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Cheddar Gorge, Somerset

The scenery of Cheddar Gorge, insouth-west England,is a result of water erosion of the

limestone bedrock of the MendipHills by the undergroundCheddar Yeo, one of Britain’s

largest subterranean rivers. Thegorge was formed when the roof of a cave system collapsed. Many

other caves, rich in stalactites

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Mammoth cave

Kentucky Mammoth Cave, in south-westernKentucky in the United States, is the longestknown cave system in the world, with morethan 484 km (301 mi) of passageways. Thesystem has five levels, the lowest of which liesabout 110 m (360 ft) below the Earth’s surface.

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Stalactites and stalagmites

The “Hall of Giants” in Carlsbad Caverns, NewMexico, has both stalagmites and stalactites

in its vaulted interior. The icicle-like

formations grow as calcium-rich water seeps

through the cave.

As the water evaporates, minerals (primarily 

calcite) are precipitated, gradually forming stalactites on the ceiling and stalagmites on 

the floor. Columns are created where 

stalactites and stalagmites meet and grow 

together.

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MEANDER

bend in the channel of a river with awinding course. The term meander is

derived from the River Menderes in south-western Turkey. Not all river bends arenecessarily meanders and to be classedas meandering the course should

comprise a series of almost symmetricalbends linked by short intervening straightreaches, called crossings.

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MONOTES, CHINA

This spectacular riverside

landscape is an example of thelimestone feature karst. Thesteep-sided, pointed hills are

known as mogotes and thistype of weathered karsticterrain is found most notably

along the course of the Yangzi