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Index
Abiotic factors, 284, 284–291; air,284, 285, 289; climate, 289,289–290, 290; soil, 286, lab 286,lab 291; sunlight, 286, 286;temperature, 287, 287–288, 288;water, 284, 285, 285
Accelerating, gravity, 5
Active virus, 240, 240
Activities, Applying Math, 17, 26,37, 53, 63, 66, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83,84, 91, 97, 123, 138, 139, 174,193, 197, 237, 238, 288, 290, 301,304, 315, 328; Applying Science,58, 113, 166, 261; ApplyingSkills, 11, 20, 30, 46, 169, 179,205, 208, 257, 265, 270; detailedobservation, 29
Advertising, evaluating, 30
Africa, savannas of, 323, 323
Agriculture, on grassland, 323;nitrogen fixation, 294, 295, 295
Air, as abiotic factor inenvironment, 284, 285, 289;heated, 175, 175; mass of, lab167; movement of, 175–179,176, 177; oxygen in, 162, 163,163
Air conditioner, 151
Air current, computer modelpredicting weather, 22
Air mass, 198, 198
Air pollution, ozone depletion,168, 168–169, 169; smog, 163
Air temperature, 191, 191, 193,193, 207
Algae, mutualism and, 268, 268;oxygen production in, 168; asproducer, 266
Alligator, 270
Alternative resource, 59
Altitude, and atmosphericpressure, 166, 166, act 166
Altostratus cloud, 195
Amino acid, 233
Amorphous solid, 106, 111, 111
Analyzing, energy transformation,lab 49
Anemometer, 191
Animal, competition among, 258,258; cooperation among, 270; indesert, 322, 322; in energy flow,299, 299, 300, 300; food chain,299, 299; in grassland, 323, 323;habitat, 257, 257, 258, 258;insulation of, 134; migrating,263; on taiga, 318, 318; intemperate deciduous forest, 318,319; in temperate rain forest,319, 319; and temperature, 287,287; in tropical rain forest, 319,319; on tundra, 317, 317
Animal cell, 235
Antarctica, ozone hole in, 169, 169
Anticyclone, 199
Apple, creating energy, 66
Applying, science, 11
Applying Math, 26, 37, 53, 63, 66,69; average monthly snowfall,304; Chapter Review, 97; find anunknown, 123; find a ratio, 237;graphing temperature versuselevation, 288; Make a DataTable, 17; Section Review, 78, 84,91, 139, 197, 238, 290, 301, 315;solving a one-step equation, 76,77, 81, 83, 174; solving a simpleequation, 138; temperatureconversion, 328; usingpercentages, 193
Applying Science, Do you have toomany crickets?, 261; How can icesave oranges?, 113; How doesaltitude affect air pressure?, 166;Is energy consumption
outpacing production?, 58
Applying Skills, 11, 20, 30, 46, 108,145, 151, 169, 179, 205, 208, 225,228, 243, 297, 323, 331; changingdeer population, 265; classifyingsymbiotic relationship, 270;forming a hypothesis, 257
Aquatic animal, hydroelectricitydisrupting life cycle, 58
Aquatic ecosystem, 325–333;freshwater, 325, 325–327, 326,lab 326, 327, lab 332–333, 334,334; saltwater, 328–331, 329, act329, 330, 331
Archimedes’ principle, 123, 123,lab 126–127
Area, and pressure, 119, 119
Artificial body parts, 94, 94
Astronaut, training, 25, 25
Atmosphere, 160–181, 162, 162,174; as abiotic factor inenvironment, 285; carbondioxide in, 163; energy transferin, 171–174, 172, lab 180–181;gas in, 163, 163; gravity, 289act;heated air in, 175, 175; heattransfer in, 171–172, 172, lab180–181; importance of, 162;layers, 164, 164–165, act 164,165; makeup of, 162–163, 163;oxygen in, 162, 163, 163; ozonelayer in, 168, 168–169, 169;temperature in, 162, 162, 167,167; uniqueness of, 174, 174
Atmospheric pressure, 119,119–121, 120, lab 161, 166, 166,act 166, 199, act 199, 207, 208
Atom, nucleus, 46, 46
Automobile, hybrid, 49; internalcombustion engine, 148, 148, act148, 149
Axle. See Wheel and axle
A
Abiotic factors Axle
402 STUDENT RESOURCES
Ind
ex
Italic numbers � illustration/photo Bold numbers � vocabulary termlab � indicates a page on which the entry is used in a lab
act � indicates a page on which the entry is used in an activity
Index
Bacteria, at ocean bottom, 224
Balance, laboratory, 15, 15
Balanced pressure, 120, 120
Barometer, 199, 199
Battery, electrical current, 46
Behavior, learning, 9, 9
Bicycle, 85, 85
Binomial nomenclature, 226, 226,227
Biological organization, 256, 256
Biologist, 13
Biomass, containing chemicalenergy, 49
Biome, 316–323. See also Landbiome
Bionics, 94
Biosphere, 254, 254–255
Biotic factor, 284
Biotic potential, 262, 263
Bird, competition, 258, 258;habitat, 257, 257, 258, 258;interaction with other animals,252; migrating, 263
Bison, 255, 255
Blizzard, 205, 205
Blood pressure, act 125
Body part, artificial, 94, 94
Body temperature, 83, 191;controlling, 51
Boiling point, 114, 114
Boiling water, creating steam, 40
Bowling ball, differing fromvolleyball, 43, 43
Brightfield microscope, 230
Building material, insulator, 144,144
Buoyant force, 122, 122–123, 123,lab 126–127
Butterfly, 269
Cactus, 258, 258
Calculating, number of power
plants, 69; ratio of energy, 69
Calculator, using photovoltaic, 60
Calorie, creating energy, 66
Camel, 287, 287
Cancer, research, 246, 246
Car, hybrid, 49
Carbon cycle, 296, 297
Carbon dioxide, in atmosphere,163; in carbon cycle, 296, 297;from fossil fuel, 56
Carnivore, 87, 267, 267, 299, 299
Carrying capacity, 261
Carson, Rachel, 327
Cascade Mountains, 290
Cell, 222, 222; animal, 235;comparing, lab 239; eukaryotic,232, 232, 233; host, 240, 240,241, 241; nucleus of, 234; plant,235; prokaryotic, 232, 232, 233;structure, 229–238, 235; viewing,229, 229; volume, act 237
Cell membrane, 232, 232
Cell model, 21
Cell nucleus, 234
Cell theory, 229
Cellulose, 232
Cell wall, 232, 232
Celsius scale, 137, 137–138, act 138
Chapter Review, 68–69, 130–131
Chart, observation, 15
Checking Concepts, 36, 68
Chemical compound, 22
Chemical energy, 45, 45; changingto thermal energy, 48, 49;molecule releasing, 56;transforming, 49; transformingto electrical energy, 52
Chemical reaction, 83; energycausing, 44
Chemist, 10, 10, 11
Chemistry, 10
Chemosynthesis, 266, 298,298–299
Chesapeake Bay, 331
Chicken pox, 242
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), 168,168
Chlorophyll, 234, 234, 266, 268
Chloroplast, 234, 234
Cirrostratus cloud, 195, 195
Cirrus cloud, 195
City, heat, 154, 154
Classifying, cloud, 194–196; livingthings, 221lab , 226, 226; part ofa system, lab 8; scientific name,226, 226–227
Climate, as abiotic factor inenvironment, 289, 289–290, 290;extreme, 304, 304; and land, 316
Climax community, 315, 315, 316
Climate, 289
Cloud, 173, 173, 194, 194–196, 195,201, 201, 203
Cloud seedling, 212, 212
Clown fish, 268
Coal, energy contained within, 40;forming, 56, 56; making plastic,63; transforming chemicalenergy to electrical energy, 52
Cobb, Jewell Plummer, 246, 246
Cold front, 199, 200
Columbus, Christopher, 176
Commensalism, 268, 268
Communicating, idea, lab 227;Science Journal, act 46; scientificfinding, 17, 17; through model,25
Communicating Data, 117, 127
Communicating Your Data, 31, 33,54, 65, 79, 93, 146, 153, 170, 181,209, 211, 239, 245, 271, 291, 303,324, 333
Community, 256; climax, 315, 315,316; interacting with, 256,266–270; symbiosis in, 268,268–270, 269, 270
Complex chemical, 45
Compound chemical, 22
Compound light microscope, lab244–245
Compound machine, 85, 85
Compressor, 150, 150
Computer model, 22, 22
Computer Skills, 360-362
C
B
Bacteria Computer Skills
INDEX 403
Ind
ex
Index
Concept map, 35
Concept Map, 67, 69
Conclusion, drawing, 16;evaluating, 29
Condensation, 112, 115, 115, act115, 173, 173, 192, 192, 293, 293
Conduction, 141, 141, 172, 172
Conductor, 143
Conservation, energy law of, 48; ofenergy, 147
Constant, 18
Consumer, 0, 267, 267, 298, 299,299
Controlled experiment, 18; 400-mrace, 18
Convection, 142, 142–143, 143, lab143, 172, 172–173
Coolant, 150, 150, 151, 151
Cooling, lab 146
Cooperation, 270
Coral reef, 329, 329, act 329
Coriolis effect, 176, 176, 177
Cowpox, 242
Crankshaft, 148
Crash-test dummy, testing effect ofautomobile accident, 25, 25
Cricket, 258, 259, 260
Critical thinking, 11, 20, 26, 27, 30,37, 46, 53, 63, 69
Crystal, 105, 105
Crystalline solid, 105, 105, 111
Cumulonimbus cloud, 196, 201,201, 203
Cumulus cloud, 195
Cycle, 292–297; carbon, 296, 297;nitrogen, 294, 294–295, 295; in asystem, 8, 8; water, lab 117, 173,173, 292, 292–293, 293
Cyclone, 199
Cylinder, 148, 149
Cytoplasm, 233, 233, lab 233
Cytoskeleton, 233
Darkfield microscope, 230
Data, 28. See also CommunicatingYour Data
Data Source, 332
Decomposer, 267, 267
Deer, 318
Density, 123, act 123
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 234
Dependent variable, 18
Desert, 254, 254, 322, 322;competition in, 258, 258; waterin, 285
Desert ecosystem, studying, 4
Desertification, 322
Design Your Own, comparing lightmicroscopes, 244–245;comparing thermal insulators,152–153; Design your own ship,126–127; heat is on, 180–181;Population growth in fruit flies,272–273; pulley power, 92–93
Development, living things, 223,223
Dew point, 192, lab 192, 193, act193
Dichotomous key, 228
Dinosaur model, 21
Direction, changing, 82, 82; force,75, 75, 82, 82
Disease, viral, 242, 242
Distance, changing, 82, 82; andwork, 76, 82, 82
Diversity of Life, 383-386
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 234
Doldrum, 177
Dolphin, 227, 227
Domain, 227
Doppler radar, 206, 206
Dry ice, 116, 116
Earth, biosphere, 254, 254–255;ecosystem of, lab 283; producing
heat, 60. See also Atmosphere
Earth science, 10; solar energy, 66.See also Integrate Earth Science
Ecological succession, 312–315,314
Ecology, 255
Ecosystem, 255, 255, 283lab ,310–333; aquatic, 325–333, lab326, lab 332–333; carryingcapacity, 261; change in, 312,312–315, 313, 314; competitionin, 258, 258; habitat in, 257, 257,258, 258, 269, 269; land, 316,316–324, lab 324; limiting factorin, 261, 261; population in, 256,259, 259–265, 260, act 272–273;studying desert, 4
Efficiency, 83–84, 84; calculating,act 84; equation for, 84; andfriction, 85
Einstein, Albert, theory ofrelativity, 23
Electrical current, 46
Electrical energy, 40, 45, 46, 147;generating, 52; source of, 53;transforming, 51
Electricity, generating from nuclearenergy, 57, 57
Elevation, and temperature, 288,288, act 288
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 236,236
Energy, 42, 147, 149, lab 180–181;alternative resource, 59–61; toBurn, 66; from calorie intake, 66;causing change, 42; causingchemical reaction, 44; changingform, 47, 49; changing mass, 23;chemical, 45, 45; conserving, 63;consumption, act 58; converting,298, 298–299; electrical, 40; flowof, 298–301; in food chain, 299,299; geothermal, 60; kinetic, 43,43; law of conservation, 48; livingthings using, 224; loss of, 301,301; and Marbles, lab 41; nuclear,46; obtaining, 266, 266–267, 267;from ocean, 62; organelle thatprocess, 234; and photosynthesis,
E
D
Concept map Energy
404 STUDENT RESOURCES
Ind
ex
Index
298; photosynthesis and, 266;potential, 44, 44; and power, 78;powering life, lab 64–65; radiant,45, 45; Science Online, act 48;solar, 44, 55, 55, 59, 171, 171;source of, 55–63; source ofelectrical, 53; studying, 10; fromsun, 224, 282; sunlight, 11;thermal, 44, 44, 109, 109–110;tidal, 62; transfer, 299, 299–300,300; transfer of, 171–174, 172;transferring, 42; type of, 110; andwork, 78. See also Thermal energy
Energy pyramid, 300–301, 301
Energy transformation, 47, 47;analyzing, lab 49, 53; chemical zenergy, 48, 49; electricity fromnuclear energy, 57, 57; hybrid car,49; kinetic to potential energy, 48,48; listening to radio, 51, 51;within muscle, 50; NationalGeographic Visualizing, 50;tracking, 47
Engine, 147, 147–149, 148, act 148,act 149
Engineer, 11
Environment, abiotic factor in, 284,284–291, lab 291; biotic factor in,284; dry, 4; for houseplants, lab311; modeling freshwater, lab 326
Environmental Protection Agency,329
Equation, for efficiency, 83; formechanical advantage, 81; one-step, act 76, act 77, act 81, act 83;for power, 77; simple, 138; forwork, 76
Eruption, volcanic, 163, 163
Estuaries, 330–331, 331
Eukaryotic cell, 232, 232, 233
Evaluating, advertising claim, 30
Evaporation, 112, 114, 114–115, lab114, 292, 293
Everglades, 327
Examination Practice, 38–39;Intermediate-Level Science, 70–71
Exhaust valve, 149
Exosphere, 164, 164, 165, 167
Expansion, thermal, 137, 137
Experiment, 18
Explanation, modifying, 7; ofobservation, 12; scientific, 7
Exponential growth, 265, 265
Fahrenheit scale, 137, 137–138, act138
Favorite food, tab 28
Fertilizer, lab 295
Fiber-optic wire, 11
First-class lever, 89, 89
Fixed pulley, 90, 91
Flooding, 204
Florida Everglades, 327
Flower, producing in desert, 4
Fluid, 118–125; and Archimedes’principle, 123, 123, lab 126–127;and buoyant force, 122, 122–123,123, lab 126–127; and density,123, act 123; and Pascal’sprinciple, 124, 124–125, 125; andpressure, 118–122. See also Gas;Liquid
Fluorescence microscope, 230
Fog, 195, 195
Foldables, 5, 41, 73, 103, 135, 161,189, 221, 253, 283, 311
Food, favorite, tab 28; source of, 225;as thermal energy, 44
Food chain, 267, 267; energy in, 299,299
Food web, 300
Force, 118; and area, 119, 119;buoyant, 122, 122–123, 123, lab126–127; changing, 81;comparing, lab 73; computermodel predicting, 22; directionof, 75, 75, 87, 87; input, 80, 80;measurement of, 118; output,80, 80; and pressure, 118–122;and work, lab 73, 75, 75, lab 79,lab 81
Force pump, 125, 125
Forecasting weather, 206, 206–209,207, 208, lab 209
Forest, as climax community, 315,
315, 316, 316, 318, 318–319; andwildfire, 310, 310, 313, 314. Seealso Rain forest; temperaturedeciduous
Fossey, Dian, 9, 9
Fossil fuel, decreasing supply, 59;making plastic, 63; asnonrenewable resource, 56;polluting air, 56; power plant, 52
Four-stroke cycle, 148, 149
Freezing, lab 103, 112, 113
Freezing point, 113, act 113
Frequency table, 28
Freshwater ecosystem, 325–327;lake and pond, 326, 326–327, lab326; river and stream, 325,325–326; wetland, 327, 327, lab332–333, 334, 334
Friction, 84, 84
Front, 199–200, 200
Fruit fly, growing population of,act 272–273
Fuel, mining, 59. See also fossil fuel
Fujita scale, 203
Fulcrum, 88, 89
Fungi, mutualism and, 268, 268;niche of, 269
Gas, 108, 108; in atmosphere, 163,163; condensation of, 112, 115,115, act 115; natural, 56;pressure of, 121, 121–122, 122.See also Fluid
Generator, 52
Gene therapy, 243
Genus, 226
Geologist, 10
Geothermal energy, 60
Geothermal power plant, 61, 61
Geothermal reservoir, 60, 61, 61
Glass, 111, 111
Global warming, 204
Global wind, 176, 176–178, act176, 177
Golgi body, 236, 236
G
F
Energy pyramid Golgi body
INDEX 405
Ind
ex
Index
Gorilla, observing, 9, 9
Graph, source of electrical energy,53; temperature change of solarcollector, act 59
Graphing, data, lab 32–33
Grass, life in, lab 253
Grassland, 323, 323
Gravity, accelerating object, lab 5;and atmosphere, act 289;explaining, 7
Great Barrier Reef, 329
Growth, exponential, 265, 265;living things, 223, 223; plant, lab302–303; of population,262–265, 263, 264, 265, act272–273
Gumdrop-toothpick model, 22
Habitat, 257, 257, 258, 258, 269
Hail, 197, 197, 201
Heart, 125, 125
Heat, 110, 140–146; conduction of,141, 141; convection of, 142,142–143, 143, lab 143; radiationof, 141; specific, 111, 111, 144,172; and temperature, 110–111;and thermal energy, 140–143;transfer, 140, 140
Heated air, 175, 175
Heat engine, 147, 147–149, 148, act148, act 149
Heating, lab 146
Heat island, 154, 154
Heat pump, 61, 151, 151
Heat transfer, in atmosphere,171–172, 172, lab 180–181;modeling, lab 172
Height, plant, tab 33
Herbivore, 87, 267, 267, 299, 299
High pressure area, 199, 207, 209
History and Science, Women inScience, 34
Homeostasis, 224, act 224
Hooke, Robert, 229
Host cell, 240, 240, 241, 241
Human body, system, 9
Humidity, 192, 192, act 1903;relative, 192, act 193, 198
Humus, 286, lab 291
Hurricane, 204, 204, 205; releasingenergy, 66
Hybrid car, energy transformation,49
Hydraulic system, 124, 124
Hydroelectricity, as renewablesource of energy, 58; ScienceOnline, act 58
Hydroelectric power plant, 53
Hydrosphere, 173, 173
Hydrothermal vent, 299
Hypothesis, 14; forming, lab 14,lab 64; testing, 15, 65; using amodel to test, 21
Ice, dry, 116, 116
Idea, communicating, 227lab
Idea model, 22, 23
Immunity, natural, 242
Incline plane, 85–87, 86
Independent variable, 18
Inexhaustible resource, 59; tidalenergy, 62; wind, 63
Infer, 16
Inference, accuracy, 27, 27
Input force, 80, 80
Insect, competition in, 258;counting population of, 259;interactions of, 0; niche of, 269,269, 270
Insulator, 144, 144, lab 152–153
Integrate Astronomy, Life onEarth, 255
Integrate Career, biologist, 13;farmer, 289; Science Writer, 327
Integrate Chemistry, glucose, 267
Integrate Earth Science, 182;desertification, 322; EnergySource Origin, 56; hydrothermalvent, 299; rain shadow effect,290; seashore, 330
Integrate Environment, globalwarming, 204
Integrate Health, HealthIntegration System, 9; humanstages of development, 223;ozone hole, 169
Integrate History, 106; JamesPrescott Joule, 76; plant poison,269
Integrate Life Science, animalinsulation, 144; bodytemperature, 83, 191; ControllingBody Temperature, 51; effects ofultraviolet light on algae, 168;thermal pollution, 145;Transforming Chemical Energy,49; wedges in your body, 87
Integrate Physics, highs and lows,199; organelles that processenergy, 234; specific heat, 172;type of energy, 110
Integrate Social Science, recycle,237
Intermediate-Level ScienceExamination Practice, 38–39,70–71, 98–99, 132–133,158–159, 186–187, 250–251,308–309
Internal combustion engine, 148,148, act 148, 149
International Space Station, usingphotovoltaic, 60
Intertidal zone, 330, 330
Investigating, identifying parts, lab32–33; question andobservation, 13, 13
Ionosphere, 165, 165, 167
Isobar, 207, 208
Isotherm, 207
Jaw, hearing with, lab 54
Jenner, Edward, 242
Jet stream, 178, 178
Joule, James Prescott, 76
Journal, 0, 72, 102, 134, 160, 188,282, 310. See also Science Journal
J
IH
Gorilla Journal
406 STUDENT RESOURCES
Ind
ex
Index
Kelvin scale, 138
Kilopascal (kPa), 118
Kinetic energy, 43, 43; changing topotential energy, 48, 48;positioning, 44, 44; producingfrom steam, 51
Kingdom, 227
Lab, building the pyramids, 79;comparing cells, 239; DesignYour Own: Comparing lightmicroscopes, 244–245; DesignYour Own: Comparing thermalinsulators, 152–153; Design YourOwn: Design your own ship,126–127; Design Your Own:Heat is on, 180–181; DesignYour Own: Population growthin fruit flies, 272–273; DesignYour Own: Pulley Power, 92–93;evaluating sunscreens, 170;Feeding habits of plania, 271;Hearing with Your Jaw, 54;heating up and cooling down,146; humus farm, 291;Identifying Parts of anInvestigation, 32–33; LaunchLab, 5, 41, 73, 103, 135, 161, 189,221, 253, 283, 311; Mini Lab, 23,59, 114, 167, 202, 233, 263, 295,326; Model and Invent:Measuring wind speed, 202;reading a weather map, 209;Studying a land ecosystem, 324;Try at Home Mini Lab, lab 8, lab14, 49, 77, 121, 173, 207, 227,259, 286, 320, 354-359; Use theInternet, 64–65, 332–333; WaterCycle, 117; What is the rightanswer?, 31; Where does themass of a plant come from?,302–303
Laboratory, safety, 19, 19, 20, 20
Laboratory balance, 15, 15
Lake, 326, 326–327
Land biome, 316, 316–324, lab 324;desert, 322, 322; grassland, 323,323; taiga, 318, 318; temperaturedeciduous forest, 316, 318,318–319; temperature rainforest, 319, 319; tropical rainforest, 316, 320, 320–321, 321;tundra, 317, 317
Land breeze, 179, 179
Latent virus, 241, 241, act 241
Latitude, and temperature, 287,287
Launch Lab, 135; classifying life,221; compare forces, 73; Earthhas many ecosystems, 283;Experiment with a freezingpoint, 103; How do lawnorganisms survive?, 253;Marbles and Energy, 41; observeair pressure, 161; Observe HowGravity Accelerates Objects, lab5; What causes rain?, 189; Whatenvironment do houseplantsneed?, 311
Law, conservation of energy, 147;scientific, 7
Law of conservation of energy, 48
Leaves, lab 320
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 229
Leeuwenhoek microscope, 230
Lever, 88, 88, 89, 89
Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 34
Levy, Julia, 246
Lichen, and mutualism, 268, 268;as pioneer species, 312, 313
Life cycle, hydroelectricitydisrupting, 58
Life process, 297
Life science, 9
Life Science, Integrate. SeeIntegrate Life Science
Life span, 223
Light, as abiotic factor inenvironment, 286, 286; studying,10; study of behavior, 11;ultraviolet, 168, lab 170
Light energy, 45
Lightning, 202, 202, act 202
Limiting factor, 261, 261
Linnaeus, Carolus, 226
Liquid, 106, 106–107, 107; freezing,lab 103, 112, 123; and surfacetension, 107, 107; vaporizationof, 112, 114, 114–115, lab 114;viscosity of, 107. See also Fluid
Living organisms, biomass, 49
Living system, 10
Living thing, classifying, lab 221,226, 226; defining, 222; foodsource of, 225; growth anddevelopment, 223, 223;homeostasis in, 224, act 224;needs of, 225; organization of,222, 222, 232, 232, 238;reproducing, 224, 224; responseof, 224; using energy, 224
Low pressure area, 199, 207, 208
Lynx, 318
Lysosome, 237
Machine, 80–93; compound, 85,85; and efficiency, 83–84, 84; andfriction, 84, 84; and mechanicaladvantage, 80, 80–82, 88, 88. Seealso Simple machine
Magma, volcanic eruption, 60
Map, lab 209; concept, 35, 67;topographic, act 22; weather, 22,208, 208
Marbles, and Energy, lab 41
Mars, 255
Mass, 10, 42; changing to energy,23; and kinetic energy, 43, 43
Math Review, 364-373
Math Skill Handbook, 364-378
Matter, 10, 104; cycle of, 292–297.See also States of Matter
Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 34
Measles, 242
Measurement, lab 210–211; offorce, 118; of rain, lab 207;temperature, 137, 137–138; unitof, 77; wind speed, 191; of work,78
M
L
K
Kelvin scale Measurement
INDEX 407
Ind
ex
Index
Mechanical advantage, 80, 80–82,81, 88, 88
Mechanical energy, 147, 147, 148
Melting, 111, 111, 112; comparingrate of, lab 142
Melting point, 111
Mercury, 255
Mesosphere, 164, 164, 165, 167, 167
Meteorologist, 10, 206
Method, using scientific, lab 65
Mice, 228
Microscope, 229, 230–231, lab244–245; use and care of, 387
Migration, 263
Millipede, 269
Mini Lab, 143; Analyzing EnergyTransformation, 49; Building aSolar Collector, 59; ClassifyingParts of a System, 8; Comparingbiotic potential, 263; comparingfertilizers, 295; determining dewpoint, 192; determining if airhas mass, 167; Forming aHypothesis, 14; modelingcytoplasm, 233; modelingfreshwater environment, 326;observing convection, 143;observing pulleys, 90; observingvaporization, 114; Thinking Likea Scientist, 23
Mitochondria, 234, 234
Model, 21; communicatingobservation and idea, 25;creating, 23, 23; limitation, 26;scientific, 23; type of, 21, 22
Model and Invent, measuring windspeed, 210–211
Molten rock, 60
Motion, and kinetic energy, 43, 43;and work, 74, 74–75, 75
Mountain, rain shadow effect, 290,290; and temperature, 288, 288
Movable pulleys, 91, 91
Movement, of population, 263, 263
Mumps, 242
Mutualism, 268, 268
Name, scientific, 226, 226–227, 227
National Geographic ChapterOpener, 160; ecosystem, 310; life’sstructure and classification, 220;nonliving environment, 282;States of matter, 102; thermalenergy, 134; weather, 188; workand simple machines, 72
National Geographic Visualizing,carbon cycle, 296; EnergyTransformation, 50; four-strokecycle, 149; global winds, 177;levers, 89; microscope, 230–231,230–231; Modeling of King Tut,24; population growth, 264;secondary succession, 314; statesof matter, 112; tornadoes, 203
National Weather Service, 206
Natural gas, as fossil fuel, 56
Natural immunity, 242
Nature, studying, lab 5, 8
Needs, of living things, 225
Newton (unit of force), 118
Niche, 269, 269–270
Nimbostratus cloud, 196
Nimbus cloud, 196
Nitrogen, 163, 163
Nitrogen cycle, 294, 294–295, 295
Nitrogen fixation, 294, 294
Nonliving system, 10
Nonrenewable resource, 56
Nuclear energy, 46, 147; generatingelectricity, 57, 57
Nuclear power plant., energytransformation, 53
Nuclear waste, 57
Nucleolus, 234
Nucleus, 234
Observation, 12; accuracy, 27, 27;detailed, act 29; explaining, 12;gorilla, 9, 9; gravity acceleratingobject, lab 5; investigating, 13,
13; model communicating, 25;scientific law, 7; skill ofbiologist, 13; summarizing, 15;writing down, 28, 28
Observation chart, 15
Occluded front, 200, 200
Ocean, energy from, 62
Oil, as fossil fuel, 56; makingplastic, 63
Omnivore, 267, 267, 299, 299
One-step equations, act 76, act 77,act 81, act 83
Online. See Science Online
Oops! Accidents in Science,Incredible Stretching Goo, 128
Optical fiber, 11
Order, 227
Organ, 238, 238
Organelle, 234, 234; processing,transporting, and storage by, 236;recycling by, 237
Organism, 222; effect of virus on,241, 241; many-celled, 238, 238;tool for identifying, 228. See alsoLiving thing
Organizing, living things, 222, 222,232, 232, 238
Organ system, 238, 238
Output force, 80, 80
Oxygen, in atmosphere, 162, 163,163; production of, 168; andrespiration, 285
Ozone, 164, 167
Ozone depletion, 168, 168–169, 169
Ozone layer, 168, 168–169, 169
Parasitism, 268, 268
Pascal (Pa), 118
Pascal’s principle, 124, 124–125, 125
Penguin, 287, 287
Percentage, act 203; using energy, 69
Periodic Table of the Elements, 379-380
Permafrost, 317, 317
Phase-contrast microscope, 231
P
O
N
Mechanical advantage Phase-contrast microscope
408 STUDENT RESOURCES
Ind
ex
Index
Photosynthesis, 266, 268, 285, 286,286; and energy, 298; formingfossil fuel, 56; and respiration,297act
Photovoltaic, 60
Phylogeny, 227
Physical model, 22
Physical science, 10
Physicist, 10, 10
Physics, 10
Pinatubo volcano (Philippines),163
Pioneer species, 312, 313
Piston, 124, 124, 148, 149
Plains, 323
Planaria, feeding habit of, act 271
Plant, cell wall, 232, 232;chlorophyll in, 234, 234; growth,lab 302–303; height, tab 33;houseplants, lab 311; movementof, 263, 263; and nitrogenfixation, 294, 294; photosynthesis,285, 286, 286, 297act , 298;photosynthesis in, 266
Plant cell, 235
Plasma, act 107
Polar bear, 144, 254, 254
Polar easterlies, 177, 178
Pole, Earth, 287; south, 304
Polio, 242
Pollution, of air, 163, 168, 168–169;hydroelectricity, 58; thermal,145, 145; of water, 327, 327, 334,334
Pond, 326, 326–327
Population, 256; biotic potentialof, 262, 263; competition and,256, 256; growth of, 262–265,263, 264, 265, act 272–273;movement of, 263, 263; size of,259, 259–262, 260, 261
Potential energy, 44, 44; fromkinetic energy, 48, 48
Power, 77–78; calculating, 77, act77; and energy, 78; equation for,77; geothermal, 61; of pulley, lab92–93
Power plant, generating electrical
energy, 52, 53; obtaining usefulenergy, 46, 46; type of, 53
Prairie, 323
Precipitation, 196–197, 196–197;extreme amount of, 304; andland, 316; snow, 196–197. Seealso Rain
Predator, 270, 270
Prediction, 27; making, 14; modeltesting, 25
Presentation Skills, 362-363
Pressure, 118, 118–122; and area,119, 119; atmospheric, 119,119–121, 120, lab 161, 166, 166,act 166; balanced, 120, 120; andforce, 118–120; of gas, 121,121–122, 122; and temperature,122, 122; and volume, 121, 121
Prevailing westerlies, 177, 178
Prey, 270, 270
Primary succession, 312–313, 313,315
Process, in a system, 8, 8
Producer, 266, 266, 285, 299, 299
Prokaryotic cell, 232, 232, 233
Promotional material, evaluating,30
Prostheses, 94, 94
Protein, making, 233
Prototype model, 21
Ptarmigan, 317
Pulley, 90–93, lab 90; fixed, 90, 91;movable, 91, 91; power of, lab92–93
Pulley system, 91, 91, lab 92–93
Pyramid, building, lab 73, lab 79
Question, answering, 6, 7;investigating, 13, 13; scientificmethod, 12; scientist asking, 5, 6
Rabbit, 259, 260
Rabies vaccination, 242
Radiant energy, 45, 45, 147; fromsun, 55
Radiation, 141, 172, 172
Radioactive atom, energy from, 55,55; producing heat, 60
Radioactivity, from nuclear waste,57
Radio Wave, 165, 165
Rain, 196, 196; and clouds, 196,212, 212; extreme amount of,304; formation of, lab 189;measuring, lab 207;thunderstorm, 196, 199, 211,211–212, 212
Rain forest, 254, 254; leaves in, lab320; temperate, 319; tropical,316, 320, 320–321, 321; water in,285
Rain shadow effect, 290, 290
Ratio, 237act ; calculating energy,69; Earth’s temperature, 63;producing electrical energy, 53
Reaction, chemical, 83
Reading Check, 7, 8, 17, 22, 23, 43,45, 48, 52, 59, 74, 87, 90, 104,105, 106, 110, 115, 119, 122, 137,141, 143, 148, 165, 166, 172, 174,176, 179, 192, 196, 199, 202, 207,222, 224, 227, 233, 236, 242, 243,254, 255, 259, 261, 267, 269, 287,294, 297, 299, 301, 313, 320, 322,327, 331
Real-World Question, lab 31, lab32–33, 54, 64, 79, 90, 117, 126,146, 152, 170, 180, 209, 210, 239,244, 271, 272, 291, 302, 324, 332
Recycling, by organelle, 237
Reef, 329, 329, act 329
Reference Handbooks, 379-387
Refrigerator, 150, 150
Relative humidity, 202, act 203, 207
Relativity, theory of, 23
Renewable resource, 58
Reproducing, living things, 224,224; virus, 240, 240
Research, cancer, 246, 246; virus,243
Reservoir, geothermal, 60
R
Q
Photosynthesis Reservoir
INDEX 409
Ind
ex
Index
Resource, 55; of energy, 55
Respiration, and oxygen, 285; andphotosynthesis, act 297
Response, 224
Reviewing Main Ideas, 67
Ribosome, 233, 233, 234, 236
River, 325–326
Rock, molten, 60
Rocket, 165
Rough ER, 236
Roundworm, 268, 268
Safety, laboratory, 19, 19, 20, 20,352-353; in severe weather, 205;symbol, 19, 19, 351
Salamander, 226, 226, 319
Salt, crystal structure of, 105, 105
Saltwater ecosystem, 328–331, 329,act 329; coral reef, 329; estuary,330–331, 331; ocean, 329;seashore, 330, 330
Satellite, using photovoltaic, 60
Savanna, 323, 323
Scanning electron microscope(SEM), 231
Schleiden, Matthias, 229
Schwann, Theodor, 229
Science, 6; applying, 11, 11; Earth,10; and the heat is on, 154; life,9; physical, 10; women in, 34
Science and History, The Censusmeasures a human population,274; Cobb Against Cancer, 246;Women in Science, 34
Science and Language Arts, “Songof the Sky Loom”, 182
Science and Society, Bionic People,94; Creating wetlands to purifywastewater, 334; Rainmaker, 212
Science Applications, 374-378
Science Journal, 0, 4, 40, 160, 282,310; charting observation, 15;flower growing in desert, 4;recording how energy is used,act 46; recording observation,
13, lab 14, 29
Science Online, 5, 17, 34, 41, 64,65, 73, 76, 77, 83, 94;atmospheric pressure, 199;automobile engine, 148;Birthrates and Death Rates, 262;blood pressure, 125;condensation, 115; coral reef,329; Earth’s atmospheric layers,164; Energy, 48; forests andwildfires, 313; freezing pointstudy, 113; global winds, 176;historical tools, 81; homeostasis,224; Human population, 256;Hydroelectricity, 58; James Watt,78; latent virus, 241; lifeprocesses, 297; lightning, 202;plasma, 107; Scientific method,18; Topographic Map, 22;weather data, 289
Science Skill Handbook, 342-352
Science Stats, Energy to Burn, 66;Extreme Climates, 304
Science writer, 327
Scientific data, evaluating, 29
Scientific law, 7
Scientific Methods, 21, 79, 92–93,117, 126–127, 146, 152–153, 170,180–181, 209, 210–211, 239,244–245, 291, 302–303, 324,332–333, 342-350; Analyze YourData, 93, 127, 153, 181, 211, 245,333; Conclude and Apply, 79, 93,117, 127, 146, 153, 170, 181, 209,211, 239, 271, 273, 291, 303, 324,333; Following a Pattern, 12, 12;Follow Your Plan, 93, 127, 153,245, 273; Form a Hypothesis, 92,126, 152, 180, 244, 272; Make aPlan, 92, 126, 152, 245, 272;Make the Model, 210; Test YourHypothesis, 126, 152, 181, 245,272; Test Your Model, 211;using, lab 65
Scientific model, 23
Scientific name, 226, 226–227, 227
Scientific theory, 7
Scientist, collection of skills, 12;thinking like, lab 23
Scorpion, 322
Screw, 87, 87
Sea anemone, 221, 268, 268
Sea breeze, 179, 179
Seashore, 330, 330
Seasonal temperature, act 17
Sea star, 330
Secondary succession, 313, 314,315
Second-class lever, 89, 89
Section Review, 11, 20, 26, 30, 46,53, 63
Seed, movement of, 263, 263
Shark, repelling water, 11
Sheep, 263
Ship, designing, 126–127
Simple machine, 85–93; inclineplane, 85–87, 86; lever, 88, 88,89, 89; pulley, 90, lab 90, lab90–91, 91, 93; screw, 87, 87;wedge, 86, 86–87, 87; wheel andaxle, 88, 88, 90, 90
Sleet, 206, 207
Smallpox, 242
Smog, 163
Smooth ER, 236
Snow, 196, 196, 205, 205
Sodium chloride, 105, 105
Soil, 286; as abiotic factor inenvironment, 286, lab 286,lab 291; building, 312–313, 313;determining makeup of, lab 286;nitrogen in, 295, 295; in tropicalrain forest, 320–321
Solar collector, building, lab 59
Solar energy, 171, 171; asinexhaustible resource, 59
Solar-powered car, 11
Solar system, model, 26, 26
Solid, 105, 105–106; amorphous,106, 111, 111; crystalline, 105,105, 111; melting, 111, 111, 112;sublimation, 116, 116
South Pole, 304
Space shuttle, 165, 165
Species, 227; pioneer, 312, 313
S
Resource Species
410 STUDENT RESOURCES
Ind
ex
Index
Specific heat, 111, 111, 144, 172
Speed, of heating and cooling, lab146; and kinetic energy, 43, 43
Spider, 269
States of matter, 102–127, 104;changes of, 109–117, lab 117;and condensation, 112, 115, 115,act 115; and evaporation, 102,114, 114–115, lab 114; fluid,118–125, 122, 123, 124, 125, act125, lab 126–127; and freezing,lab 102, lab 123; gas, 108, 108;liquid, 105, 106, 106–107; andmelting, 111, 111, 112; andpressure, 118–122; solid, 105,105–106; and sublimation, 116,116; and vaporization, 112, 114,114–115, lab 114
Stationary front, 200, 200
Station model, 207, 207
Steam, creating, 40; heat pump, 61,61; producing electrical energy,52; producing kinetic energy, 51
Stereomicroscope, lab 244–245
Stimuli, response to, 224
Stratosphere, 164, 165, 167, 167
Stratus cloud, 195
Stream, 325, 325–326
Structure, in a system, 8, 8
Study Guide, 35, 67, 95, 129, 155,183, 213, 247, 275, 305, 335
Sublimation, 116, 116
Succession, 312–315, 314; primary,312–313, 313, 315; secondary,313, 314, 315
Sugar, 45, 45
Sun, energy from, 0, 224; weather,190
Sunlight, collecting energy from,60; energy, 11; energy from, 55,55; as thermal energy, 44
Sunscreen, lab 170
Surface tension, 107, 107
Swimsuit, repelling water, 11, 11
Symbiosis, 268, 268–270, 269, 270
System, 8; combining, 9; computermodel predicting, 22; health
integration, 9; living andnonliving, 10; scientific, 8
Table, Favorite Food, 28; frequency,28; Observation chart, 15
Taiga, 318, 318
Technician, ultrasound and x-ray,11
Technology, air conditioner, 151;anemometer, 191; barometer,199, 199; bicycle, 85, 85;chlorofluorocarbon, 168, 168;Doppler radar, 206, 206; genetherapy, 243; heat pump, 151,151; internal combustionengine, 148, 148, act 148, 149;microscope, 229, 230–231, lab244–245; pyramid, lab 73, lab79; refrigerator, 150, 150; rocket,165; space shuttle, 165, 165;thermometer, 137, 137; usingscience, 11; wind sock, 191;wind vane, 191
Technology Skill Handbook, 360-363
Teeth, herbivore and carnivore, 87,87
Temperate deciduous forest, 316,318, 318–319
Temperate rain forest, 319, 319
Temperature, 110, 110, lab 135,136, 136–138; as abiotic factor inenvironment, 287, 287–288, 288;of air, 191, 191, 193, 193, 207; inatmosphere, 162, 162, 167, 167;body, 83; of body, 191;controlling body, 51; convertingmeasures of, act 328; andelevation, 288, 288, 288act ;extreme, 304, 304; and heat,110–111; and land, 316;measuring, 137, 137–138; ofocean, 328; and pressure, 122,122; seasonal, act 17; andthermal energy, 139, 139
Temperature scale, Celsius, 137,137–138, act 138; converting,
138, act 138; Fahrenheit, 137,137–138, act 138; Kelvin, 138
Termite, 269
Theory, 6; relativity, 23; scientific, 7
Thermal collector, 60
Thermal conductor, 143
Thermal energy, 44, 44, 109,109–110, 134–154, 139, 139,147, 147, 149; from chemicalenergy, 48; moving, 52, 52;radioactive atom, 55; andtemperature, 149, 149; transferof, 140–142, 141, 142;transforming, 51
Thermal expansion, 137, 137
Thermal insulator, 140, 140, lab152–153
Thermal pollution, 145, 145
Thermometer, 137, 137
Thermosphere, 164, 164, 165, 167
Think Critically, 11, 20, 26, 27, 30,37, 46, 53, 63, 69
Thinking, like a scientist, lab 23
Third-class lever, 89, 89
Thunderstorm, 196, 199, 201,201–202, 202
Tidal energy, 62
Tidal power plant, 62, 62
TIME, Science and History, 34,246, 274; Science and LanguageArts, 182; Science and Society,94, 154, 212, 334
Tissue, 238, 238
Tools, historical, act 81
Topographic Map, act 22; symbols,382
Tornado, 304
Tornadoes, 202, 203, 206
Trade wind, 177, 178
Transformation, 47. See alsoEnergy transformation
Transmission electron microscope(TEM), 231
Transpiration, 292
Tropical rain forest, 316, 320,320–321, 321. See also Rain forest
T
Specific heat Tropical rain forest
INDEX 411
Ind
ex
Index
Troposphere, 164, 164, 167, 167,178, 178
Try at Home Mini Lab, 142, 354-359; Analyzing EnergyTransformation, 49; ClassifyingParts of a System, 8;communicating ideas, 227;comparing rates of melting, 142;determining soil makeup, 286;Forming a Hypothesis, 14;measuring rain, 207; modelingheat transfer, 173; modeling rainforest leaves, 320; Observingseedling competition, 259;predicting a waterfall, 121; workand power, 77
Tundra, 317, 317
Tunnel, wind, 25, 25
Turbine, 52
Ultrasound technician, 11
Ultraviolet radiation, 168, lab 170
Unknown, finding, act 123
Use and Care of a Microscope, 387
Use the Internet, Energy to PowerYour Life, lab 64–65; exploringwetlands, 332–333
Using Scientific Methods, lab 65
Vaccination, 242, 242
Vaccine, 242, 242
Vapor, 108
Vaporization, 112, 114, 114–115,lab 114
Variable, 18
Venus, 255
Virchow, Rudolf, 229
Virus, 240; active, 240, 240; effecton organism, 241, 241; latent,241, 241, act 241; reproducing,240, 240; research, 243; treatingand preventing disease causedby, 242, 242
Viscosity, 107
Volcano, eruption, 163, 163
Volcanologist, 10, 10
Volleyball, differing from bowlingball, 43
Volume, and pressure, 121, 121
Wall cloud, 203
Wall socket, electrical current, 46
Warm front, 199, 200
Waste, nuclear, 57
Wastewater, purifying, 334, 334
Water, as abiotic factor inenvironment, 284, 285, 285;boiling creating steam, 40;boiling point, 114, 114;freshwater, 106; fromhydrothermal vent, 299; aslimiting factor in ecosystem,261; melting point, 111;pollution of, 327, 327, 334, 334;using, 293. See also Aquaticecosystem
Water cycle, lab 117, 173, 173, 292,292–293, 293
Waterfall, lab 121
Water vapor, in atmosphere, 163;and humidity, 202, 202, act 203;and temperature, 203, 203
Watt, James, 77, act 78
Watt (W), 77
Wave, radio, 165, 165
Weather, 188, 188, 190–212, act289; changes, 198–199, 199; andclouds, 194, 194–196, 195, 201,201, 203; forecasting, 206,206–209, 207, 208, lab 209; andfronts, 199–200, 200, 208, 208;measuring wind speed, 201, lab210–211; and precipitation,196–197, 196–197; and safety,205; severe, 201–205, 202, 203,204, 205; and sun, 190, 190
Weather map, 22, 208, 208, lab 209;symbols, 381
Weather pattern, computer modelpredicting, 22, 22
Wedge, 86, 86–87, 87
Wetland, 327, 327, lab 332–333,334, 334
Wheel and axle, 88, 88, 90, 90
Wildebeest, 260
Wildfire, act 313; benefit of, 314
Wind, 175–179, 201, 201, 289, 289,304; and Coriolis effect, 176,176, 177; global, 176, 176–178,act 176, 177; inexhaustibleenergy source, 63; jet stream,178, 178; as kinetic energy, 44;land breeze, 179, 179; local,178–179, 179; polar easterlies,177, 178; prevailing westerlies,177, 178; sea breeze, 179, 179;surface, 178; trade, 177, 178
Windmill, producing electricalenergy, 63, 63
Wind shear, 202
Wind sock, 201
Wind speed, 201, lab 210–211
Wind tunnel, testing airplanedesign, 25, 25
Wind vane, 191
Women in Science, 34
Wood, chemical energy, 46
Woodpecker, 257, 257, 258, 258
Work, 74–76; calculating, 76, act76; and distance, 76, 82, 82; andenergy, 78; equation for, 76; andforce, lab 73, 75, 75, lab 79, 81;measuring, 78; and mechanicaladvantage, 80, 80–82; andmotion, 74, 74–75, 75; andpower, lab 77
X-ray technician, 11
Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman, 34
Yellow fever, 242
Y
X
W
V
U
Troposphere Yellow fever
412 STUDENT RESOURCES
Ind
ex