GLENCOE DIVISIONcf.edliostatic.com/PeKZV0wAfhEHnHcJXer0rRhHy1If6pxm.pdfsuspected of being a spy. The Spanish ordered him not to return to Texas. •In 1800 Nolan and 27 others returned

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Spanish Texas, 1763–1819

Section 2 Unrest Grows in Texas

Section 3 Spanish Rule Ends in Texas

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

TEX%20Reference%20Atlas.ppt

Section 1: Spanish Texas, 1763–1819

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Chapter Objectives

• Analyze how the balance of power changed between Spain and France.

• Explain why Spain closed missions.

• Discuss the Louisiana Purchase.


Section 2: Unrest Grows in Texas


Chapter Objectives (cont.)

• Explain why Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla called for freedom from Spain.

• Discuss how the Republican Army of the North received its name.


Section 3: Spanish Rule Ends in Texas


Chapter Objectives (cont.)

• Identify what towns were the largest in Texas at the end of Spanish rule.

• Examine how the Spanish culture influenced Texas.


Click the Speaker buttonto replay the audio.


Europeans had ruled the New World for centuries. In the late 1700s people in the Americas began to throw off European rule. The thirteen English colonies were first. The French colony of Haiti was next. Texas was one part of the grand story of independence of the Spanish colonies. For the people living in Texas, though, the transition from Spanish province to a territory in the independent nation of Mexico was tremendously important.

Why It Matters


• Texas was the region of North America in which Spanish, French, English, and Native Americans met.

The Impact Today

• Contact among people encourages new ways of thinking. Later the number of groups in Texas increased as African and Asian people, as well as others from all over the world, brought their cultures.





Guide to Reading

Main Idea

Alliances among several countries changed the boundary and settlement of Texas.

Key Terms

• alliance


• filibuster


Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy

Identifying Cause and Effect Write an “effect” for each “cause” in the chart on page 138 of your textbook.

Read to Learn

• how the balance of power changed between Spain and France.

• why Spain closed missions.

• about the Louisiana Purchase.




Section Theme

Geography and History Changes in boundaries and land possession changed Texas history.



Catching mustangs


Did You Know?

• In the 1700s the dispute over the East Texas boundary stemmed in part from the poor maps available at the time. Some mapmakers showed the Sabine River as one river, but others showed it as two. Some maps showed the Sabine and Neches Rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico; other maps showed the two rivers joining and omitted Sabine Lake.



Spain Acquires Louisiana

(pages 138–139)

• Spain acquired all French land west of the Mississippi under the Treaty of Paris of 1763 as a result of Great Britain’s victory over France.

• Spanish authorities questioned the need for presidios and missions.


Spain Acquires Louisiana (cont.)

How did the Treaty of Paris affect Texas settlement?

The Spanish authorities considered their missions and presidios in Texas unnecessary because Spain acquired land west of the Mississippi River, which eliminated the threat of French settlement in the region.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

(pages 138–139)



Spain Closes East Texas Missions

(page 139)

• Spain could not afford to maintain and defend the missions.

• In 1773 the new Spanish governor of Texas closed the three remaining missions in East Texas and ordered the settlers to move to San Antonio.



Spain Closes East Texas Missions (cont.)

Why did Spain abandon all but two missions in Texas?

They were too expensive to operate.

(page 139)



Nacogdoches Founded

(pages 139–140)

• In 1779 Gil Ybarbo led settlers back into East Texas.

• They built the town of Nacogdoches near an abandoned mission, isolated from Spain.



Nacogdoches Founded (cont.)

Why did Spain have little control over the settlers of Nacogdoches?

Spain had abandoned its missions in the remote area of East Texas.

(pages 139–140)



Settlers Face Many Dangers

(page 140)

• Conflict with Apaches and Comanches prevented colonization.

• In the 1790s Spain ended government funding of missions.



Settlers Face Many Dangers (cont.)

Why was Spain losing its hold on Texas?

It ended funding for missions; Spanish settlement was hindered by Apache and Comanche raids.

(page 140)



Spain Helps the American Colonists

(pages 140–141)

• Spain and France supported colonists in the American Revolution.

• The governor opened the port of New Orleans to American ships and supplied weapons, clothing, money, and medical supplies to the American troops.

• Spanish efforts kept New Orleans and the lower Mississippi Valley out of British hands.


(pages 140–141)

• British and American leaders signed a treaty in 1783 recognizing the U.S. as an independent nation.

Spain Helps the American Colonists (cont.)



How did Spain keep Britain from acquiring the Mississippi Valley?

It supported the American Revolution against Britain, and the Colonists won.

(pages 140–141)

Spain Helps the American Colonists (cont.)



The United States Buys Louisiana

(page 141)

• In 1800 Spain was forced to return Louisiana to France, and three years later the United States bought the Louisiana Territory for $15 million, which doubled the size of the United States.

• After the purchase of Louisiana, Anglos pushed across the Mississippi River toward Spanish-held Texas.



The United States Buys Louisiana (cont.)

What effect did the Louisiana Purchase have on the settlement of Texas?

It encouraged Anglo settlers to migrate west of the Mississippi River and into Spanish Texas.



Disputes About Boundaries

(pages 141–142)

• The United States and Spain disputed the boundary between Texas and Louisiana.

• Troop commanders from the United States and Spain compromised. Neither would occupy the area between the Sabine River and the Arroyo Hondo-Calcasier, establishing the Neutral Ground.

• In 1819 the two countries signed the Adams–Onís Treaty settling the border dispute.


(pages 141–142)

• The United States surrendered claims to Texas; the Spanish agreed to the Sabine River as the eastern boundary of Texas and gave the United States Florida.

Disputes About Boundaries (cont.)



What did the United States receive for agreeing that the Sabine River was the eastern boundary of Texas?

The United States received Florida.

(pages 141–142)

Disputes About Boundaries (cont.)



Americans Migrate to Texas

(page 142)

• Those who migrated to Texas were farmers, traders, and filibusters.

• Philip Nolan, who was a filibuster, was suspected of being a spy. The Spanish ordered him not to return to Texas.

• In 1800 Nolan and 27 others returned to Texas, but in 1801 the Spanish captured them after a fight in which Nolan was killed.



Americans Migrate to Texas (cont.)

What was Philip Nolan’s goal?

He wanted to take control of Texas.

(page 142)


Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Checking for Understanding

1. An _________ is an agreement by two or more nations, people, or groups to work together.

2. A _________ is an individual who carries out rebellious activities in a foreign country.

alliance

Using Key Terms Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.

filibuster


Checking for Understanding (cont.)

Reviewing Facts What change in the period 1763–1819 had the greatest impact on Texas?


Possible answer: The Adams–OnÍs Treaty.


Reviewing Themes

Geography and History How did the Neutral Ground become a haven for smugglers and fugitives?

The Neutral Ground was not governed by any nation.



Critical Thinking

Making Predictions If France had not sold the Louisiana Territory to the Unites States in 1803, how might Texas be different today?


Possible answer: Texans might be French-speaking.


TAKS Practice

Analyzing Outcomes The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the Seven Years’ War. How did the treaty benefit Spain?


Spain received New Orleans and all French land west of the Mississippi and rid North America of the French threat.


Guide to Reading

Main Idea

As the call for freedom from Spain was proclaimed in Mexico, many patriots also called for the freedom of Texas.

Key Terms

• liberation


• republic



Reading Strategy

Classifying Information Complete a chart like the one shown on page 144 of your textbook.

Read to Learn

• why Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla called for freedom from Spain.

• how the Republican Army of the North received its name.




Section Theme

Government and Democracy Father Hidalgo’s call for the independence of Mexico from Spain resulted in many attempts to seize control of Texas.



José María Morelos y Pavón


Did You Know?

• Jean Lafitte was called a patriot, “The Corsair,” “The Buccaneer,” “Terror of the Gulf,” “Hero of New Orleans,” and “Prince of Pirates.” However, he never considered himself a pirate, but a privateer who tried to earn a living in economically difficult times.



Hidalgo Calls for Independence

(pages 144–145)

• On September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla called for Mexico’s freedom from Spain.

• Hidalgo and his followers believed that the people of Mexico should govern themselves.

• Hidalgo’s forces failed to capture Mexico City.


Hidalgo Calls for Independence (cont.)

Why did Father Hidalgo call for a rebellion against Spain?

He believed that the people of Mexico should govern themselves.


(pages 144–145)



Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition

(pages 145–146)

• Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara, one of Hidalgo’s supporters, recruited soldiers to invade Texas to free it from Spanish rule. They were called the Republican Army of the North.

• The Republican Army captured Nacogdoches and Goliad.

• Spanish officials surrendered San Antonio, and the Republican Army declared Texas a state separate from Spain.



Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition (cont.)

How were the Republican Army’s activities similar to and different from Father Hidalgo’s struggle in Mexico?

Each group wanted independence from a controlling country. However, Father Hidalgo failed and was executed, whereas Gutiérrez and the Republican Army succeeded by capturing San Antonio.

(pages 145–146)



Disagreements and Defeats

(page 146)

• Americans wanted a republic, but the Mexicans wanted a government with appointed officials.

• Americans wanted independence from Mexico, but Mexicans wanted Texas to remain part of Mexico.

• The Spanish defeated the Republican Army in 1813.

• Most of the Republican Army troops died on the battlefield, and many survivors were executed after surrendering.



Disagreements and Defeats (cont.)

What was the fate of the Republican Army and its independence movement?

A Mexican army defeated the Republican Army and retook San Antonio. Most Republican Army troops died in battle. Many survivors and some San Antonio settlers were executed.

(page 146)



Revolutionaries and Pirates

(pages 146–147)

• Texas revolutionaries continued their activities in Louisiana and along the Gulf Coast.

• Revolutionaries secured the aid of French pirates Louis-Michel Aury and Jean Laffite.

• Laffite was more interested in capturing Spanish vessels for their cargo than fighting for Mexican independence.



Revolutionaries and Pirates (cont.)

How did pirates assist the Texas revolutionaries against Spain?

They attacked the Spanish fleet in the Gulf.

(pages 146–147)



Spain Exiles French Colonists

(pages 147–148)

• French colonists tried to settle on the Trinity River.

• Lallemand built a fort and settlement, but the Spanish governor ordered the colonists to leave in 1818 and the colony was abandoned.



Spain Exiles French Colonists (cont.)

Why did the Spanish order Lallemand’s colonists out of Texas?

The Spanish may have feared a renewed colonization effort by the French.

(pages 147–148)



James Long Invades Texas

(page 148)

• James Long, a filibuster, was angry that the United States surrendered claim to Texas.

• Long led a force of rebels and captured Nacogdoches. Long and his followers claimed that Texas was free and independent, and he was elected president.

• While Long was in Galveston seeking Laffite’s aid, Spanish troops defeated Long’s forces in East Texas.


(page 148)

• Long recruited more troops and captured Galiad, but they were surrounded by the Spanish troops and surrendered.

James Long Invades Texas (cont.)



Where was Long when the Spanish defeated his troops?

He was seeking the aid of pirate Jean Laffite in Galveston.

(page 148)

James Long Invades Texas (cont.)




1. _________ is setting something free.

2. A _________ is a government in which the power lies with the citizens, who vote for people to represent them.

Liberation


republic



Reviewing Facts Why did James Long disagree with the Adams–Onís Treaty?


He felt that the U.S. should retain its claim to Texas.


Reviewing Themes

Government and DemocracyGive examples from this section of instances when the Americans cooperated with the Mexicans.

One example is the Gutiérrez–Magee expedition.



Critical Thinking

Using Judgment If Long had convinced Laffite to help fight for independence, how might Texas history be different?


TAKS Practice

Making Inferences Charles François Lallemand brought 120 men and women and started a settlement near present-day Liberty. Shortly thereafter the Spanish governor sent troops who ordered the colonists to leave. Since there is no indication that they were breaking laws, why were they forced to leave?


They were French, and the Spanish were very fearful of the French gaining a foothold in their territory.


Guide to Reading

Main Idea

After independence from Spain, Mexicans and settlers in Texas maintained cultural ties to their places of origin.

Key Terms

• vaquero


• lariat



Reading Strategy

Creating Maps Draw an outline of the state of Texas like the one shown on page 150 of your textbook, and label the names of the towns and rivers mentioned in this section.

Read to Learn

• what towns were the largest in Texas at the end of Spanish rule.

• how the Spanish culture influenced Texas.




Section Theme

Culture and Traditions The Spanish influences on Texas continue into the present.



Peter Ellis Bean


Did You Know?

• Of Texas’s 254 counties, 42 have names that are either Spanish or derived from Spanish, such as Galveston (for Gálvez).



Texas at the End of Spain’s Rule

(pages 150–151)

• When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1832, Texas was part of the new country.

• San Antonio, Goliad, and Nacogdoches were the only settlements in the interior of Texas.

• San Antonio, the capital, had 2,000 people, and Goliad and Nacogdoches had been mostly abandoned.

• A few settlements existed along Texas’s borders.



(pages 150–151)

• Laredo, on the lower Rio Grande, was a ranching center, and some settlers lived in Ysleta.

• Some Anglo Americans from Arkansas had settled along the Red River in northern Texas.

• Large stretches of northern and western Texas lay unoccupied or controlled by Native Americans.

Texas at the End of Spain’s Rule (cont.)


At the time of Mexico’s independence from Spain, what was the condition of Texas settlement?

Texas was sparsely settled, with large areas unoccupied or controlled by Native Americans.


(pages 150–151)

Texas at the End of Spain’s Rule (cont.)



Spanish Neglect

(pages 151–152)

• Few Spanish settlers came to Texas because there was no gold, land was more fertile elsewhere, and Native Americans were unfriendly or indifferent.

• Mexico City offered universities, artists, and physicians, and it was renowned for its advances in law politics, military, and the church.

• Ambitious men moved to the more sophisticated and developed Mexico City, which claimed all the comforts of civilized societies.


(pages 151–152)

• Spanish authorities neglected the province of Texas, where food supplies for troops and maintenance funds were low.

Spanish Neglect (cont.)



Why was there little pressure to immigrate to Texas?

There was abundant land and the lure of the comforts of civilized societies in Mexico City.

(pages 151–152)

Spanish Neglect (cont.)



Spanish Legacy

(page 153)

• Spanish influence in Texas includes mapping and exploring the territory made by Native Americans and giving places Spanish names.

• Spaniards laid out the first roads. The best known was El Camino Real, or King’s Highway, later known as Old San Antonio Road.

• Another road was the Atascocita Road connecting Texas to Louisiana.

• Spanish settlers brought horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs to the area.



(page 153)

• Texans adopted Spanish ranching methods and special terms, such as lariats and chaps.

• Texas settlers adapted these customs, forming the beginning of Tejano culture.

• Many Spanish settlers remained in Texas after it achieved independence, and others immigrated from Mexico later.

Spanish Legacy (cont.)



What were some Spanish influences on Texas?

Possible answers: Mapping the territory, naming places, laying the first roads, reintroducing horses and livestock, and beginning the Tejano culture were some Spanish influences on Texas.

(page 153)

Spanish Legacy (cont.)




1. A _________ is a cowhand.

2. A _________ is a long, light rope (as of hemp or leather) used with a running noose to catch livestock, or without the noose to tether grazing animals.

vaquero


lariat



Reviewing Facts Name five places in Texas, such as cities or rivers, that have Spanish names.


Possible answers: Amarillo and Rio Grande


Reviewing Themes

Culture and Traditions Describe two cultures other than Spanish that have influenced Texas.


Critical Thinking

Drawing Inferences In what region and what aspects of life in Texas would you expect the “Spanish influence to be greatest”?


Possible answer: Along the Mexican border because Mexicans speak Spanish and follow many traditions from Spain.


TAKS Practice

Using Judgment If Spain had been more successful in populating Texas with Spanish citizens, what might have been the outcome?


Possible answer: Spain might have controlled more of North America for longer.





Reviewing Key Terms


__ 1. a long, light rope (as of hemp or leather) used with a running noose to catch livestock, or without the noose to tether grazing animals

__ 2. an individual who carries out rebellious activities in a foreign country

__ 3. setting something free

A. alliance

B. filibuster

C. liberation

D. republic

E. vaquero

F. lariat

Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

F

B

C


Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)


__ 4. an agreement by two or more nations, people, or groups to work together

__ 5. a cowhand

__ 6. a government in which the power lies with the citizens, who vote for people to represent them

A. alliance

B. filibuster

C. liberation

D. republic

E. vaquero

F. lariat

Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

A

E

D


Reviewing Key Facts


What did Marqués di Rubi recommend after he completed his 7,000-mile tour of New Spain?

He recommended that Spain abandon all its missions in Texas except those at San Antonio and Goliad and that settlers in East Texas move closer to San Antonio for protection.


Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)


What happened to the Texas missions in the 1790s?

Spain stopped funding them and insisted that churches support themselves.




What was the significance of the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819?

Florida became U.S. territory, the Sabine River became the boundary of Texas, and the U.S. surrendered all claims to Texas and received Florida.




Give two reasons why Mexicans became unhappy with Spanish rule.

The best jobs were for men from Spain and Spain increased Mexican taxes to fund wars in Europe.




What was the important event that took place in September 1821? What happened to the province of Texas as a result?

Mexico gained independence from Spain, and Texas became part of this new country.


Critical Thinking


Analyzing Information Why did the Americans and Mexicans in the Republican army quarrel over the type of government for Texas?

The Americans favored an elected government, and the Mexicans preferred appointed officials.


Critical Thinking (cont.)


Evaluating Why was Mexico’s independence from Spain important for Texas?

Texas had grown little under Spanish rule.


Use the primary source passage to answer the following question.

The Treaty of Córdoba, 1821

This kingdom of America shall be recognized as a sovereign and independent nation; and shall, in future, be called the Mexican Empire.

The government of the empire shall be monarchical, limited by a constitution.


1. Which of the following is the main idea of these paragraphs from the Treaty of Córdoba?

F Mexico became an independent monarchy fromSpain.

G The Treaty of Córdoba awarded lands to NativeAmericans.

H The Mexican Empire claimed all of America as itsterritory and formed its own government.

J Texas won its freedom from Mexico.

Test-Taking Tip: The main idea is the most important idea that a paragraph or passage makes. Make sure the answer choice you select explains the text from the treaty.



1. Which of the following is the main idea of these paragraphs from the Treaty of Córdoba?

F Mexico became an independent monarchy fromSpain.

G The Treaty of Córdoba awarded lands to NativeAmericans.

H The Mexican Empire claimed all of America as itsterritory and formed its own government.

J Texas won its freedom from Mexico.

Answer Explanation: The passage makes no reference to Native Americans; it refers to “this kingdom of America,” or Mexican lands, not all of North America; and Texas was part of “this kingdom” and so was considered part of Mexico.



What significant transition occurred in Texas history in 1821?

Texas passed from an era of Spanish rule to one of Mexican rule.


Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Texas & Texans Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go tohttp://texans.glencoe.com.




History is the analysis of events. Usually one event produces, or causes, another event to happen. Historians look for cause-and-effect relationships to explain why things happen.

Determining Cause and Effect

This feature is found on page 143 of your textbook.Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Why Learn This Skill?

The diagram below illustrates a simple cause-and-effect relationship from Chapter 6.

This feature is found on page 143 of your textbook.Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.

Learning the Skill


The diagram on the previous slide shows that when France lost Louisiana to Spain, Spain no longer needed the missions in East Texas to protect its eastern boundary, so the missions were closed.

Learning the Skill (cont.)


This feature is found on page 143 of your textbook.

Often the effect of one action may in turn cause other events to occurs. This is called a cause-and-effect chain. This relationship is often illustrated in a flowchart like the one below.





Because so many historical events are related, cause-and-effect chains can be very long and can include events that happen over a long period of time. One effect may be produced by various causes. One event can produce several different effects.


When you are reading history, look for words and phrases such as because, as a result, for this reason, led to, produced, therefore, brought about, since and caused that indicate cause-and-effect relationships.




Below is another link in our cause-and-effect chain.

Practicing the Skill


• Spain gives Louisiana back to France, which then sells it to the United States.



Practicing the Skill (cont.)

• Adams–Onís Treaty gives the Neutral Ground to the U.S., which can then enforce laws there.

• Spain and the U.S. agree to create the Neutral Ground, which neither government rules.

• Spain and the U.S. dispute the boundary between Texas and Louisiana.


Place the following events in chronological order to complete the cause-and-effect flowchart.



Practicing the Skill (cont.)


• Spain gives Louisiana back to France, which then sells it to the United States. (Cause)

• Spain and the U.S. dispute the boundary between Texas and Louisiana. (Effect/Cause)

• Spain and the U.S. agree to create the Neutral Ground, which neither government rules. (Effect/Cause)

• Adams–Onís Treaty gives the Neutral Ground to U.S., which can then enforce laws there. (Effect)

Place the following events in chronological order to complete the cause-and-effect flowchart.

This feature is found on page 143 of your textbook.Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

Spain’s dependence on treasure from the Americas caused it to neglect its own business and agriculture. So Spain grew weaker as France and other countries grew stronger.

September 16, Diez y Seis de Septiembre, is to Mexico what the Fourth of July is to the United States. Tejanos and other Mexican Americans celebrate both holidays as important links to their past.

The first three presidents of Texas–David G. Burnet, Sam Houston, and Mirabeau B. Lamar–were guests at Jane Long’s hotel. Long lived to the age of 82 and died on December 30, 1880.

Disputes about the Texas–Louisiana boundary persisted until 1973 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the boundary between Texas and Louisiana was the middle of the Sabine River.

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GLENCOE DIVISIONcf.edliostatic.com/PeKZV0wAfhEHnHcJXer0rRhHy1If6pxm.pdfsuspected of being a spy. The Spanish ordered him not to return to Texas. •In 1800 Nolan and 27 others returned