Name:______________________________________Global 10 Vocabulary

Term Definition Picture or Explain in your own words

Personal Association/ Examples

Heliocentric Theory that the sun is the center of the solar system

Scientific

Revolution

Revolution where scientists used Reason, observation and experimentation to challenge old assumptions

Heliocentric theory

Enlightenment Movement where thinkers used Reason to change the relationship between people and their government

Reason/Natural Rights

Government should protect the rights of the governed

Enlightened

Despot

Absolute rulers who used Enlightenment ideas.

Catharine the Great

Joseph II

Estates General A body made up of representatives of all three estates in France.

National

Assembly

Made up of members of the third estate in France. They vowed to write a new constitution for France.

Storming of the

Bastille

On July 14th, 1789 the Bastille prison was stormed. This led to the GREAT FEAR where peasants attacked nobles and destroyed homes

Declaration of the

Rights of Man

Created by the National Assembly to stop privileges for the first and second estate. Used enlightenment ideas to give more rights to those in the third estate

Nationalism Feeling of pride for a group with a common background and common values

Increased in France after French revolution

Congress of

Vienna

Created after the reign of Napoleon to create A BALANCE OF POWER in Europe. Power was given back to the monarchs (Kings) in charge before the Revolution

Balance of Power A distribution of military and economic power that prevents one nation from becoming too strong.

Cash Crop

Economy

An economy based on a single crop. Not a reliable economy if that crop fails.

Peninsulares Spanish-born Europeans at the top of the social class system in Latin America. A small group that controlled the wealth and power in Spanish colonies

"Blood and Iron" Otto Von Bismarck used this policy to unite Germany. He increased nationalism leading 3 wars.

Agrarian

(Agricultural)

Revolution

A change in the methods of farming after 1750. Involved inventions like Jethro Tull’s seed drill and the use of enclosures. This led to more food production and rapid population growth.

Industrial

Revolution

A movement from hand tools to complex machines which began in England. Led to mass production and urbanization

Laissez-Faire

Capitalism

Ideas that businesses should operate with little or no government involvement. Developed by Adam Smith with his book The Wealth of Nations

Socialism System that puts the interests of society before the interests of individuals. The goal was to stop an unequal distribution of wealth.

Communism Radical form of socialism developed by Karl Marx in his Communist Manifesto. He claimed that history was a class struggle between rich and poor and the proletariat (workers) should unite to overthrow capitalism

Urbanization People moved to cities during the Industrial Revolution. Many lived in crowded buildings that lacked sanitation systems

Communist

Manifesto

Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It said that the proletariat should unite in a violent revolution and create a classless society.

Proletariat Working class people who Karl Marx encouraged to unite in a communist revolution against capitalism

Romanticism Art movement from 1750 to 1850 that appealed to emotion rather than reason. It was a reaction against the impersonal nature of the industrial age

Irish Potato

Famine

A disease struck potatoes in Ireland in 1845. The British continued to export crops not impacted by the disease out of Ireland. As a result, many Irish starved or migrated to the United States and Canada.

Imperialism The domination of one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country.

British imperialism in Africa, India and China

Social Darwinism Argument that it was natural for stronger peoples to take over weaker ones. This was used to justify European Imperialism in Africa and Asia.

White Man's

Burden

Based on a poem by Rudyard Kipling. Claimed that white Imperialists had a moral duty to civilize people in Africa and Asia. This was also used to justify Imperialism.

Berlin

Conference

Conference held in 1884 that divided Africa into European controlled areas. No Africans were invited to the conference.

Boer War War from 1899 to 1902 where the British fought the Dutch Boers over land in South Africa. The British imperialists won.

Suez Canal Canal built to connect the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. Made travel and trade between Europe and Asia more efficient.

An examples of geopolitics (using land for its strategic location.)

Sepoy Mutiny Hindu and Muslims soldiers resisted British Imperialism. They rebelled when rumors spread that their guns were greased with pig and cow fat (This violated their religions)

Opium War War between British and Chinese that began when the British refused to stop selling Opium in China. Britain won with their superior military and created spheres on influence in China.

Treaty of Nanjing Treaty that the British forced the Chinese to sign after the Opium War. China had to give up Hong Kong, pay for the war, and created European controlled spheres of influence in China.

Sphere of

Influence

Areas where an outside power claimed trade rights. This occurred in China after the Opium War

Taiping Rebellion Chinese peasants revolted against Qing officials from 1850 to 1864. Many died and China was weakened

Boxer Rebellion Chinese resisted imperialism in 1900. A group called the Boxers attacked and tried to force foreigners out of China. The rebellion was crushed and the Qing dynasty soon ended.

Treaty of

Kanagawa

Treaty that US Commodore Matthew Perry pushed the Japanese to sign in 1855. It opened up trade between Japan and the west. This ended the isolation of Japan that had existed under the Tokugawa Shogunate

Meiji Era A time of modernization and Westernization in Japan. Japan built railroads, factories and established a western style government. They also modernized their military.

Sino-Japanese

War

1894 war between Chinese and Japanese over Korea. Japan won with their modern military.

Russo-Japanese

War

War fought between Russia and Japan over Korea from 1904-1905. Japan won with their modern military.

Zionism Nationalist movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Monroe Doctrine United States document that said that the US would not tolerate colonization of countries in Latin America

Spanish-

American War

United States defeated Spain in 1898 and gained the territories of Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines

Roosevelt

Corollary

US document stating that European countries should not intervene in Latin America. (However, under certain conditions, the US could intervene)

La Reforma Liberal Political and social reform movement in Mexico under the leadership of Benito Juarez. Involved land reform.

Militarism Building up of military strength.*A Main cause of WWI, WWII

Otto Von Bismarck’s “Blood and Iron”

Triple Alliance military alliance between Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914

Triple Entente Alliance of Russia, Britain and France before and during WWI

Central Powers Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire in WWI

Similar to triple Alliance

Allies Alliance of Britain, France, Russia and eventually United States

Same as Triple Entente

Armenian

Massacre (1915)

Muslim Turks distrusted Christian Armenians. This caused oppression for Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and led to the massacre of over 1 million Armenians

Genocide

Propaganda The spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause

Armistice An agreement to end fighting. Occurred on Nov. 11, 1918 to end World War I.

Reparations Payments for war damages. Germany was expected to pay them after WWI

Treaty of

Versailles

**Treaty that blamed Germany for World War I, and took land and territories from Germany. It also limited Germany’s military and forced Germany to pay huge war reparations.**Also formed the League of Nations

League of Nations Formed by the Treaty of Versailles that hoped to keep peace. United States did not join. The league would fail at keeping peace in WWII.

Bolsheviks Revolutionary socialists in Russia that led the communist revolution

Totalitarianism Government in which a dictator attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of his citizens.

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Hitler’s Germany

Command

Economy

Economy where government officials made all basic economic decisions. Government controls all factories, businesses and farms.

Five Year Plan Plan to build heavy industry and increase farm output. As a result, heavy industry increased but many starved

Collective Farms Large government controlled farms operated by peasants as a group. Many peasants resisted collectives and killed farm animals, destroyed tools and burnt crops

Stalin’s Russia

Forced Famine When peasants resisted growing food for collectives in the Ukraine, Stalin took all food away from them. More than 5 million people died from starvation in Ukraine.

The Long March In 1934, Mao Zedong and communists retreated from Nationalistic (Guomindang) forces. Communists traveled more than 60,000 miles.

May Fourth Movement

Student movement in China that aimed to make China stronger through modernizations.

Great Leap

Forward

Mao Zedong’s plan in 1958 to increase industrial and agricultural production. He used farms called communes. communes for farming and industry failed and many starved.

Similar to Stalin’s five year plan

Cultural

Revolution

Mao’s 1966 movement to eliminate political opponents. Schools and universities were shut down and many intellectuals were sent to labor with peasants. Red guards attacked professors and government officials.

Red Guards Groups of students turned fighters who fought for Mao Zedong during cultural Revolution

Civil

Disobedience

Refusal to obey unjust laws Mohandas Gandhi

Fascism Political system ruled by a dictator. Government is extremely Nationalistic and Imperialistic. **anti-communist.

Mussolini in Italy

Hitler in Germany

Appeasement Giving in to the demands

of aggressors to prevent war.

Yalta Conference Meeting at the end of WWI the divided Germany and gave Stalin power over Eastern Europe.

Genocide The attempt to destroy an entire ethnic or religious group.

Violence and attacks on

one specific group

(No picture needed)

Armenians in 1915

Jewish people in Holocaust

Violation of human rights

Holocaust Hitler’s use of concentration camps to eliminate the Jewish population in Germany. Also included attacks on Slavs, Catholics, gypsies, mentally and physically diabled.

Attempt to rid Germany

of Jewish population

(No picture needed)

Jewish people in Germany

Violation of human rights

Bataan Death

March

Japanese soldiers forced American and Filipino prisoners of war on a forced march during WWII. Prisoners were stabbed, beaten and shot along the way.

A violation of human rights against American prisoners of war in WWI

(No picture needed)I

Violation of human

rights

United Nations Created to keep peace after WWII. It included two main bodies called 1. The General Assembly with representatives from all nation 2. The Security Council with 5 permanent member nations

Superpowers The United States and the Soviet Union during the cold war.

Truman Doctrine Economic and military program designed to help nations resist Soviet aggression. It was an attempt to contain communism.

Containment

Containment Policy of stopping the spread of communism.

Truman Doctrine

and Marshall Plan

Marshall Plan A massive economic aid program designed to strengthen democratic governments and lessen the appeal of communism. Money was sent to European countries like Greece and Turkey.

Containment

North Atlantic

Treaty

Organization

Alliance between democratic western European nations during the cold war.

Warsaw Pact Alliance of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations in Eastern Europe.

Communists

Third World Underdeveloped countries that lack capital, educational opportunities and technology.

Import

Substitution

Idea promoted by Juan Peron in Argentina. Encouraged local manufacturers to produce goods at home instead of importing them.

European Union Expanded free trade and encouraged cooperation between European countries in the 1980s and 90s. Also introduced European currency called the euro.

Balance of Trade When a country exports more than it imports.

Japan had a favorable balance of trade after WWII

OPEC (1960) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Countries of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela set out to control production and

price of OILTiananmen

Square

Chinese student demonstrators asking for democratic reforms were attacked by Chinese troops in 1989. Showed that China limited political freedom and violated human rights.

Pan-Africanism Nationalistic movement in Africa that emphasized the unity of Africans all over the world.

Apartheid Separation of the races.Occurred in South Africa. Black Africans had to live in separate zones called homelands and use separate facilities.

African National

Congress

Organization that fought against Apartheid in South Africa. Often used boycotts and nonviolent disobedience. Nelson Mandela was an important leader.

Khmer Rouge Cambodian communist guerillas led by Pol Pot. Used terror to remove all western influence. Over a million Cambodians were slaughtered by this group.

No Picture needed Genocide

Palestinian

Liberation

Organization

Organization led by Yasir Arafat that represented many Palestinian groups. Used terrorist tactics against Jewish Israelis.

Camp David

Accords

An important peace agreement in the middle east. It was an agreement to end the state of war between Egypt and Israel.

Iranian Revolution (1979)

Ayatollah Khomeini declared Iran a strict Islamic state and tried to eliminate all western influence. *Rights were taken away from women.*Americans were taken hostage in Iran.*Iran encouraged other Muslims to overthrow their governments.

Iran-Iraq War A war in 1980 when Saddam Hussein’s forces took over an area between Iran and Iraq. War ended in 1988.

Persian Gulf War A war in 1991 when Iraq invaded Kuwait and took over its oil fields. US became involved Kuwait was liberated.

Islamic

Fundamentalism

Movement to oppose westernization and use Islamic principles in societies.

Iran, Libya, Algeria, Turkey

Détente Lessening of tensions during the cold war. Included arms control talks and trade agreements.

Perestoika Gorbachev’s policy that increased capitalist, free market practices in the Soviet Union.

Glasnost Gorbachev’s policy of openness that ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss problems in the Soviet Union.

Sandinistas Communists in Nicaragua who overthrew the government in 1979. They fought against the contras in a civil war

North American

Free Trade

Agreement

(NAFTA)

Signed in 1990 to allow free trade between Mexico, the US and Canada.

Post-Colonialism Many nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America remain poor and industrially underdeveloped. Many remain economically dependent on their former colonial rulers.

Multi-national

corporations

Businesses that operate in many countries. They can sometimes harm local industries which cannot compete with them.

Ethnic Cleansing Policy of removing or killing people from a certain ethnic group. Used in Bosnia to eliminate non-Serbs.

Slobodan Milosevic used it in Bosnia

Universal

Declaration of

Human Rights

(1948)

Written in 1948 by the United Nations. States that all human beings are born free and equal with dignity and rights.

Green Revolution Farmers in the 1960s in developing nations tried to increase food production by using new machinery, fertilizers, pesticides and hardier grains. Food production doubled in India and Indonesia.

Desertification Spreading of the desert due to the cutting of trees and overgrazing of animals

Sahara Desert in Africa

List the vocabulary words from this packet that are related to the topics below:

French Revolution

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Industrial Revolution

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Imperialism

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WWI

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Russian Revolution

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WWII

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Chinese Revolutions

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Cold War

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