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Global atmospheric circulation
Location of cyclonic storms
Due to Coriolis forces, cyclonic storms must form at least 300 mi from the Equator (about 5 degrees N or S)
Traits common to tropical cyclones Form between latitudes of 5° and 20° N
or S Most common in summer months of
respective hemisphere Form in E or SW Pacific, E N Atlantic
Ocean, and N Indian Ocean Rotational winds produce low pressure Warm water of 25 - 26° C [77-80° F]
Extratropical cyclones Form over land or water in higher
latitudes, usually 30 - 70 ° latitude Cool central cores driven by jet stream
Circulation pattern around eye
Eye wall
North Atlantic storm tracks
Definitions of Tropical, Low-Pressure Weather Systems. Storms begin as Disturbances and can Become
Hurricanes Tropical disturbance
Organized mass of convectional air and thunderstorms with partial rotation present; generally 100 to 300 nautical miles in diameter that originate in the subtropics or tropics
Tropical depression Closed circulation with sustained winds of 38 mph (33 kt
or 62 kph) or less Tropical storm – NAME ASSIGNED NOW
Sustained winds (1-minute measurement, 10 m above water) of 39 mph (63 kph or 34 kts) up to 73 mph (63 kts)
Hurricane Sustained winds of 74 mph (119 kph or 64 kts) or more
Naming of storms Done when tropical storm forms (winds
> 39 mph) Helps keep track of storm Six lists are used which repeat in 6 yrs Men’s names added in 1979 and
alternate with women’s names each year
This year–Alberto, Beryl, Chris, Debby, Ernesto…
Names retired for major storms Hugo, Carla, Floyd, Katrina, Rita, Sandy,
Wilma 77 retired since 1954, 28 since year 2000!
For United States, between 1851 and 2004, tropical storm occurrence rate
On average 8.5 storms per year 5.2 hurricanes 1.8 hurricanes hit land in U.S.
Worst months September, August, October
NOAA Predictions for 2013 season Jun 1 – Nov 30)
13 to 20 named storms 7 to 11 become hurricanes (>74 mph
winds) 3 to 6 will be major hurricanes (111 mph
or greater – Category 3)William Gray (Colorado State University) predicts 18 named storms 9 make hurricane status (>74 mph
winds) 4 major hurricanes (Category 3 or
higher)
Thermal energy drives cyclone Rotational forces extract more water
and heat from ocean surface Unstable conditions aloft Concentration of energy toward
center Spinning ice skater effect Conditions worsen
In northern hemisphere Storms curve to right Prevailing trade winds, Bermuda High
and Coriolis forces affect storm tracks
Two jet streams33,000 ft altStronger110 mph winter55 mph summer
43,000 ft altweaker
Cape Verde source area
Year 2005 was the worst in terms of number of named storms 21 formed, all names were used, so
Greek letters were assigned to the last six
Letter not used for names Q, U, X, Y, Z
Comparative activity2005 hurricane activity
2006 hurricane activity
Comparative activity2008 hurricane activity
2010 hurricane activity
Hurricane season for 2012
Hurricane Sandy changes
Oct 25, 2012 Oct 28, 2012
Hurricane Sandy facts Worst North Atlantic storm in 2012; second most costly in US
history ($50 billion; 285 died in seven countries)
Category 3 when it hit Cuba; intensity changed but was Cat 2 when offshore of US
Largest Atlantic storm (1,100 miles in diameter) Called “Superstorm” due to its severity and widespread damage;
merged with Arctic cold front Hit coast of New Jersey on Oct 29th, relatively late in the season Warm sea surface temperatures off East Coast (about 5 deg F
above normal) High pressure cell off Greenland stopped its normal eastward
motion Massive flooding in New Jersey and New York city.
Effects of cyclonic storms Storm surge
Wind-pushed waves; fetch in NE quadrant Lower pressure raises water level Effects amplified in bays and lagoons; seiches Worst at high tide Record surge 42 ft in Australia!
Flooding Greatest killer; often freshwater (rainfall
flooding) Avg hurricane produces rainfall equal to the
flow of the St. Lawrence River in THREE SECONDS!
Heavy rain Average storm produces about one trillion
gallons of rainwater daily, 3x annual usage in U.S.
T. S. Allison in 2001 dumped 37 in rain on Houston
Hilly topography affects rainfall; H. Agnes 1972 in Appalachian Mtns of eastern United States
High winds Direct damage Storm surge
Hatteras Island, NC, breached by Hurricane Isabel Sept 2003
Beach erosion in H. Dennis, 9/1/99
NC Outer Banks
Categories of Cyclones Wind damage
Category 1: 74 – 95 mph Category 2: 96 –110 mph Category 3: 111 – 130 mph Category 4: 131 – 155 mph Category 5: > 155 mph
Highest recorded winds – 190 mph Eyewall has highest velocity; landfall
location important
Wind velocities within a hurricane
Typical storm track off east coast of U. S.
H. Andrew, Aug 23-25,1992
Damage from Hurricane Andrew 1992
Risk factor for United States
Insurance Flood insurance $300 per year Wind and hail damage - $2,100 per year
Additional add on to cover roof damage Both required by bank for lending Deductible is 10 per cent of home value, so for a
$300,000 home it is $30,000; amount goes to 15% if the storm has a name
If a dead tree fall into your property, the owner of
the tree is liable; if it is a live tree, you pay! Ha!
Major hurricane hazard map
Highest
Second highest
Most costly storms in U.S.Rank Hurricane Year Category Damage
1 Katrina (LA,MS,AL) 2005 3 81,000,000,000
2 Andrew (SE FL, SE LA) 1992 5 26,500,000,000
3 Wilma (S FL) 2005 3 20,600,000,000
4 Charley (SW FL) 2004 4 15,000,000,000
5 Ivan (AL/NW FL) 2004 3 14,200,000,000
6 Rita (SW LA, N TX ) 2005 3 11,300,000,000
7 Frances (FL) 2004 2 8,900,000,000
8 Hugo (SC) 1989 4 7,000,000,000
9 Jeanne (FL) 2004 3 6,900,000,000
10 Allison (N TX) 2001 TS 5,000,000,000
11 Floyd (Mid-Atlantic & NE ) 1999 2 4,500,000,000
12 Isabel (Mid-Atlantic) 2003 2 3,370,000,000
13 Fran (NC) 1996 3 3,200,000,000
14 Opal (NW FL, AL) 1995 3 3,000,000,000
15 Frederic (AL, MS) 1979 3 2,300,000,000
Sandy $50 billion2012