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Global Change AbstractsThe Swiss ContributionO8.2
Global Change AbstractsThe Swiss Contribution
February 2008 – April 2008
Published and distributed by:ProClim-Forum for Climate and Global ChangeSwiss Academy of SciencesSchwarztorstrasse 9 | CH-3007 BernT (+41 31) 328 23 23 | F (+41 31) 328 23 [email protected] | www.proclim.ch
Editor: Gabriele Müller-Ferch, [email protected]
Source: Science Citation Index®Social Science Citation Index®Institute for Scientific Information®
Cover Pictures:Library: Image provided by H. Diaz
Issue: GCA 08.2, August 2008, Bern, Switzerland
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Contents 3
Concept and Methods 4
Short List of all Abstracts 5
1 Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies 27
1.1 Atmosphere 27 1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 48 1.3 Soil and Litosphere 81 1.4 Cryosphere 84 1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems 88 1.6 Energy Balance 99 1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles 100
2 Past Global Changes 104
3 Human Dimensions 129
4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies 135
5 General Topics 140
Index of Authors 145
Index of Disciplines 157
Contents
4 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Concept and Methods
Global Change Abstracts: The Swiss Contribution (GCA) is a compendium of abstracts for papers on the topic of global environmental change. The abstracts are written or co-authored by Swiss sci-entists and other experts working in Switzer land. The papers are published in one of the 6000 jour-nals covered by the data bases Science Citation Index® and Social Sciences Citation Index®, which are compiled by the Institute for Scientific Information®.
A total of 311 papers that were published during the period February – April 2008 are included in this issue. These papers are classified according to the following categories, which are also used to order the abstracts in GCA (refer to the Table of Contents):
1 Earth system process studies and methodologie 1.1 Atmosphere 1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 1.3 Soil and Lithosphere 1.4 Cryosphere 1.5 Ocean/Fresh Water Systems 1.6 Energy Balance 1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles2 Past Global Changes3 Human Dimensions4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies5 General Topics
The papers are also referenced by an alphabetical list of authors and by scientific discipline (as preassigned by the Institute for Scientific Information®).
We use three different searches to identify the papers in GCA, namely: (i) a search in both databa-ses mentioned above for the names of the princi-pal investigators and their coworkers contained in
the ProClim- Infosystem (about 800 names) or for projects with Switzer land as a country of origin; (ii) a search for additional Swiss papers that have been published in a selection of journals chosen from the Science Citation Index® based on the themes they cover (using “journal catagory codes” assigned by the database producer); (iii) a search in the database Social Sciences Citation Index® for Swiss papers in the social sciences that contain one of over 50 keywords on the topic of global change. ProClim- staff then scan these selected papers to determine which are relevant for inclu-sion in GCA.
GCA is available as PDF document only and is distributed by e-mail. Please send your request to [email protected]. As a novelty, hyperlinks to the full text are included (in blue color, sources of the articles) whenever possible. So you can easily find the scientific article on the web by clicking on the corresponding link in the electronic GCA. Searching for keywords is also possible.
You can also find all papers published in GCA on the ProClim- web site at www.proclim.ch/ Publications.html. On this site you will find a database including all Swiss articles of the GCAs.If you are interested in ordering a copy of a paper quoted in this issue, you can get further informa-tion in the ProClim- database, for example the address of the first author. A double click on the selected article will show you more detailed infor-mation not printed in the following document.
If you think a paper should be published in an issue of GCA, you can send it to ProClim- and we will consider including it in a future issue. We hope that Global Change Abstracts: The Swiss Contribution will facilitate the exchange of information and with it the interdisciplinarity among the global change research community.
Concept and Methods
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 5
1.1 Atmosphere
Information-based skill scores for probabilistic forecasts (08.2-1)Ahrens B, Walser A
Kinetic model framework for aerosol and cloud surface chemistry and gas-particle interactions - Part 2: Exemplary practical applications and numerical simulations (08.2-2)Ammann M, Pöschl U
Secondary aerosols in Switzerland and northern Italy: Modeling and sensitivity studies for summer 2003 (08.2-3)Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Prevot A S H, Baltensperger U, Flemming J
Monitoring climate at Jungfraujoch in the high Swiss Alpine region (08.2-4)Appenzeller C, Beyert M, Zenklusen E, Scherrer S C
Determination of ambient gas-particle partitioning constants of non- polar and polar organic com-pounds using inverse gas chromatography (08.2-5)Arp H P H, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U
Impact of climate warming on passive night cooling potential (08.2-6)Artmann N, Gyalistras D, Manz H, Heiselberg P
Towards improving the simulation of meteorological fields in urban areas through updated/advanced surface fluxes description (08.2-7)Baklanov A, Mestayer P G, Clappier A, Zilitinkevich S, Joffre S, Mahura A, Nielsen N W
Spectral absorption properties of atmospheric aerosols (08.2-8)Bergstrom R W, Pilewskie P, Russell P B, Redemann J, Bond T C, Quinn P K, Sierau B
The ABC-Pyramid Atmospheric Research Observatory in Himalaya for aerosol, ozone and halocarbon measurements (08.2-9)Bonasoni P, Laj P, Angelini F, Arduini J, Bonafe U, Calzolari F, Cristofanelli P, Decesari S, Facchini M C, Fuzzi S, Gobbi G P, Maione M, Marinoni A, Petzold A, Roccato F, Roger J C, Sellegri K, Sprenger M, Venzac H, Verza G P, Villani P, Vuillermoz E
Carbon isotope fractionation during diffusion and biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone: Field experiment at Vaerlose airbase, Denmark, and modeling (08.2-10)Bouchard D, Hunkeler D, Gaganis P, Aravena R, Hohener P, Broholm M M, Kjeldsen P
Toward distinguishing woodsmoke and diesel exhaust in ambient particulate matter (08.2-11)Braun A, Huggins F E, Kubatova A, Wirick S, Maricq M M, Mun B S, Mc Donald J D, Kelly K E, Shah N, Huffman G P
Defant’s work on North Atlantic climate variability revisited (08.2-12)Brönnimann S, Frei F
Impacts of the convention on long-range transboundary air pollution on air quality in Europe (08.2-13)Bull K, Johansson M, Krzyzanowski M
Chemical composition of free tropospheric aerosol for PM1 and coarse mode at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (08.2-14)Cozic J, Verheggen B, Weingartner E, Crosier J, Bower K N, Flynn M J, Coe H, Henning S, Steinbacher M, Henne S, Collaud Coen M, Petzold A, Baltensperger U
Cut-induced VOC emissions from agricultural grasslands (08.2-15)Davison B, Brunner A, Ammann C, Spirig C, Jocher M, Neftel A
Short List of all Abstracts27
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts6
Atmospheric comparison of electrochemical cell ozonesondes from different manufacturers, and with different cathode solution strengths: The Balloon Experiment on Standards for Ozonesondes (08.2-16)Deshler T, Mercer J L, Smit H G J, Stubi R, Levrat G, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, Kivi R, Thompson A M, Witte J, Davies J, Schmidlin F J, Brothers G, Sasaki T
Cloud forming potential of secondary organic aerosol under near atmospheric conditions (08.2-17)Duplissy J, Gysel M, Alfarra M R, Dommen J, Metzger A, Prevot A S H, Weingartner E, Laaksonen A, Raatikainen T, Good N, Turner S F, Mc Figgans G, Baltensperger U
An extended paciric-north American index from upper-air historical data back to 1922 (08.2-18)Ewen T, Brönnimann S, Annis J
Monitoring of air radioactivity at the Jungfraujoch research station: Test of a new high volume aero-sol sampler (08.2-19)Flury T, Völkle H
Regional differences in gas-particle partitioning and deposition of semivolatile organic compounds on a global scale (08.2-20)Götz C W, Scheringer M, Macleod M, Wegmann F, Hungerbühler K
Development of a model-based high-resolution extreme surface wind climatology for Switzerland (08.2-21)Goyette S
Closure study between chemical composition and hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles during TORCH2 (08.2-22)Gysel M, Crosier J, Topping D O, Whitehead J D, Bower K N, Cubison M J, Williams P I, Flynn M J, Mcfiggans G B, Coe H
An unexpected pattern of distinct weekly periodicities in climatological variables in Germany (08.2-23)Hendricks Franssen H J
Development of probability distributions for regional climate change from uncertain global mean warming and an uncertain scaling relationship (vol 11, pg 1097, 2007) (08.2-24)Hingray B, Mezghani A, Buishand T A
Transport of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone to the Alpine Global Atmosphere Watch stations Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Zugspitze and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria) and Mt. Krvavec (Slovenia) (08.2-25)Kaiser A, Schelfinger H, Spangl W, Weiss A, Gilge S, Fricke W, Ries L, Cemas D, Jesenovec B
Global surface-based sun photometer network for long-term observations of column aerosol optical properties: Intercomparison of aerosol optical depth (08.2-26)Kim S W, Yoon S C, Dutton E G, Kim J, Wehrli C, Holben B N
Source attribution of submicron organic aerosols during wintertime inversions by advanced factor analysis of aerosol mass spectra (08.2-27)Lanz A, Alfarra M R, Baltensperger U, Buchmann B, Hueglin C, Szidat S, Wehrli M N, Wacker L, Weimer S, Caseiro A, Puxbaum H, Prevot A S H
Measurements of organic trace gases including oxygenated volatile organic compounds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): Seasonal variation and source allocations (08.2-28)Legreid G, Folini D, Staehelin J, Lööv J B, Steinbacher M, Reimann S
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 7
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) at an urban background site in Zürich (Europe): Seasonal variation and source allocation (08.2-29)Legreid G, Lööv J B, Staehelin J, Hüglin C, Hill M, Buchmann B, Prevot A S H, Reimann S
Research at Jungfraujoch (08.2-30)Leuenberger M, Flückiger E
Positive and negative phases of the wintertime north Atlantic oscillation and drought occurrence over Europe: A multitemporal-scale approach (08.2-31)Lopez Moreno J I, Vicente Serrano S M
Localization of source regions of selected hydrofluorocarbons combining data collected at two European mountain stations (08.2-32)Maione M, Giostra U, Arduini J, Belfiore L, Furlani F, Geniali A, Mangani G, Vollmer M K, Reimann S
Photoenhanced uptake of NO2 on mineral dust: Laboratory experiments and model simulations (08.2-33)Ndour M, D’anna B, George C, Ka O, Balkanski Y, Kleffmann J, Stemmler K, Ammann M
Spatial accuracy of a simplified disaggregation method for traffic emissions applied in seven mid-sized Chilean cities (08.2-34)Osses de Elcker M, Zah R, Trivino R, Hurni H
Kinetic model framework for aerosol and cloud surface chemistry and gas-particle interactions - Part 1: General equations, parameters, and terminology (08.2-35)Pöschl U, Rudich Y, Ammann M
Northern hemisphere extratropical cyclones: A comparison of detection and tracking methods and different reanalyses (08.2-36)Raible C C, Della Marta P M, Schwierz C, Wernli H, Blender R
Monthly air temperature trends in Switzerland 1901-2000 and 1975-2004 (08.2-37)Rebetez M, Reinhard M
Observations of long-lived anthropogenic halocarbons at the high- Alpine site of Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) for assessment of trends and European sources (08.2-38)Reimann S, Vollmer M K, Folini D, Steinbacher M, Hill M, Buchmann B, Zander R, Mahieu E
A study of wood burning and traffic aerosols in an Alpine valley using a multi-wavelength Aethalometer (08.2-39)Sandradewi J, Prevot A S H, Weingartner E, Schmidhauser R, Gysel M, Baltensperger U
SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 over Switzerland: estimates of NOx lifetimes and impact of the com-plex Alpine topography on the retrieval (08.2-40)Schaub D, Brunner D, Boersma K F, Keller J, Folini D, Buchmann B, Berresheim H, Staehelin J
Trends and variability of midlatitude stratospheric water vapour deduced from the re-evaluated Boulder balloon series and HALOE (08.2-41)Scherer M, Vömel H, Fueglistaler S, Oltmans S J, Staehelin J
The precipitation climate of Central Asia - intercomparison of observational and numerical data sources in a remote semiarid region (08.2-42)Schiemann R, Lüthi D, Vidale P L, Schär C
A UT/LS ozone climatology of the nineteen seventies deduced from the GASP aircraft measurement program (08.2-43)Schnadt Poberaj C, Staehelin J, Brunner D, Thouret V, Mohnen V
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts8
Polar stratospheric chlorine kinetics from a self-match flight during SOLVE-II/EUPLEX (08.2-44)Schofield R, Frieler K, Wohltmann I, Rex M, von Hobe M, Stroh F, Koch G, Peter T, Canty T, Salawitch R, Volk C M
Coatings and their enhancement of black carbon light absorption in the tropical atmosphere (08.2-45)Schwarz J P, Spackman J R, Fahey D W, Gao R S, Lohmann U, Stier P, Watts L A, Thomson D S, Lack D A, Pfister L, Mahoney M J, Baumgardner D, Wilson J C, Reeves J M
Interannual variability of Greenland winter precipitation sources: Lagrangian moisture diagnostic and North Atlantic Oscillation influence (08.2-46)Sodemann H, Schwierz C, Wernli H
An evaluation of the current radiative forcing benefit of the Montreal Protocol at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch (08.2-47)Steinbacher M, Vollmer M K, Buchmann B, Reimann S
The Zürich Ice Nucleation Chamber (ZINC) - A new instrument to investigate atmospheric ice forma-tion (08.2-48)Stetzer O, Baschek B, Lüönd F, Lohmann U
Use of FLUXNET in the community land model development (08.2-49)Stöckli R, Lawrence D M, Niu G Y, Oleson K W, Thornton P E, Yang Z L, Bonan G B, Denning A S, Running S W
SAGE II measurements of stratospheric aerosol properties at non- volcanic levels (08.2-50)Thomason L W, Burton S P, Luo B P, Peter T
The development of loads of cations, anions, Cd and Pb in precipitation and of atmospheric concen-trations of N-components, in Switzerland from 1988 to 2003 (08.2-51)Thöni L, Seitler E, Meier M, Zürcher F, Hertz J
The air and noise situation in the alpine transit valleys of Frejus, Mont-Blanc, Gotthard and Brenner (08.2-52)Thudium J
Evaluations of land-ocean skin temperatures of the ISCCP satellite Retrievals and the NCEP and ERA reanalyses (08.2-53)Tsuang B J, Chou M D, Zhang Y, Roesch A, Yang K
Comparison between real time and flask measurements of atmospheric O-2 and CO2 performed at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (08.2-54)Uglietti C, Leuenberger M, Valentino F L
Measurements and trend analysis of O-2, CO2 and delta C-13 of CO2 from the high altitude research station Junfgraujoch, Switzerland - A comparison with the observations from the remote site Puy de Dome, France (08.2-55)Valentino F L, Leuenberger M, Uglietti C, Sturm P
Climatic influences on Midwest drought during the twentieth century (08.2-56)White W B, Gershunov A, Annis J
1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biological control and sustainable food production (08.2-57)Bale J S, van Lenteren J C, Bigler F
48
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 9
Tracing the influence of larch-bud-moth insect outbreaks and weather conditions on larch tree-ring growth in Engadine (Switzerland) (08.2-58)Baltensweiler W, Weber U M, Cherubini P
Genetic structure and phylogeography of alpine relict populations of Ranunculus pygmaeus and Saxifraga cernua (08.2-59)Bauert M R, Kaelin M, Edwards P J, Baltisberger M
Nitrogen rhizodeposition assessed by a (NH3)-N-15 shoot pulse- labelling of Lolium perenne L. grown on soil exposed to 9 years of CO2 enrichment (08.2-60)Bazot S, Blum H, Robin C
Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: a review (08.2-61)Beauchemin K A, Kreuzer M, Omara F, Mcallister T A
Indicators for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: a pan- European study (08.2-62)Billeter R, Liira J, Bailey D, Bugter R, Arens P, Augenstein I, Aviron S, Baudry J, Bukacek R, Burel F, Cerny M, de Blust G, de Cock R, Diekoetter T, Dietz H, Dirksen J, Dormann C F, Durka W, Frenzel M, Hamersky R, Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Koolstra B, Lausch A, Le Coeur D, Maelfait J P, Opdam P, Roubalova M, Schermann A, Schermann N, Schmidt T, Schweiger O, Smulders M J M, Speelmans M, Simova P, Verboom J, van Wingerden W K R E, Zobel M, Edwards P J
Thicket clumps: A characteristic feature of the Kagera savanna landscape, East Africa (08.2-63)Bloesch U
Traumatic resin ducts in Larix decidua stems impacted by debris flows (08.2-64)Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Schneuwly D M, Bourqui K
Changes in prey abundance unlikely to explain the demography of a critically endangered Central European bat (08.2-65)Bontadina F, Schmied S F, Beck A, Arlettaz R
How do local habitat management and landscape structure at different spatial scales affect fritillary butterfly distribution on fragmented wetlands? (08.2-66)Cozzi G, Müller C B, Krauss J
Importance of species abundance for assessment of trait composition: an example based on pollina-tor communities (08.2-67)de Bello F, Leps J, Lavorel S, Moretti M
Prediction uncertainty of environmental change effects on temperate European biodiversity (08.2-68)Dormann C F, Schweiger O, Arens P, Augenstein I, Aviron S, Bailey D, Baudry J, Billeter R, Bugter R, Bukacek R, Burel F, Cerny M, de Cock R, de Blust G, Defilippi R, Diekoetter T, Dirksen J, Durka W, Edwards P J, Frenzel M, Hamersky R, Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Koolstra B, Lausch A, Le Coeur D, Liira J, Maelfait J P, Opdam P, Roubalova M, Schermann Legionnet A, Schermann N, Schmidt T, Smulders M J M, Speelmans M, Simova P, Verboom J, van Wingerden W, Zobel M
Evolutionary rates do not drive latitudinal diversity gradients (08.2-69)Escarguel G, Brayard A, Bucher H
Comparison of horizontal and vertical advective CO2 fluxes at three forest sites (08.2-70)Feigenwinter C, Bernhofer C, Eichelmann U, Heinesch B, Hertel M, Janous D, Kolle O, Lagergren F, Lindroth A, Minerbi S, Moderow U, Molder M, Montagnani L, Queck R, Rebmann C, Vestin P, Yernaux M, Zeri M, Ziegler W, Aubinet M
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts10
Methanol emissions from deciduous tree species: dependence on temperature and light intensity (08.2-71)Folkers A, Hüve K, Ammann C, Dindorf T, Kesselmeier J, Kleist E, Kuhn U, Uerlings R, Wildt J
Tree roots - Methodological review and new development in dating and quantifying erosive pro-cesses (08.2-72)Gärtner H
Combining classification tree analyses with interviews to study why sub-alpine grasslands some-times revert to forest: A case study from the Swiss Alps (08.2-73)Gellrich M, Baur P, Robinson B H, Bebi P
Exotic invasive knotweeds (Fallopia spp.) negatively affect native plant and invertebrate assemblages in European riparian habitats (08.2-74)Gerber E, Krebs C, Murrell C, Moretti M, Rocklin R, Schaffner U
Reconstructing anthropogenic disturbance regimes in forest ecosystems: A case study from the Swiss Rhone Valley (08.2-75)Gimmi U, Bürgi M, Stuber M
The platform for European root science, COST action E38: An introduction and overview (08.2-76)Godbold D L, Brunner I
The influence of spatial errors in species occurrence data used in distribution models (08.2-77)Graham C H, Elith J, Hijmans R J, Guisan A, Townsend Peterson A, Loiselle B A C
Effects of climate on population fluctuations of ibex (08.2-78)Grotan V, Saether B E, Filli F, Engen S
Application of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) roots to determine erosion rates in mountain torrents (08.2-79)Haitz O M, Gartner H, Heinrich I, Monbaron M
No stimulation in root production in response to 4 years of in situ CO2 enrichment at the Swiss treeline (08.2-80)Handa I T, Hagedorn F, Hättenschwiler S
Testing the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis in a novel framework (08.2-81)Handley R J, Steinger T, Treier U A, Müller Schärer H
The effect of the tillage system on soil organic carbon content under moist, cold-temperate condi-tions (08.2-82)Hermle S, Anken T, Leifeld J, Weisskopf P
Effects of topographic variability on the scaling of plant species richness in gradient dominated landscapes (08.2-83)Hofer G, Wagner H H, Herzog F, Edwards P J
Landscape genetics (08.2-84)Holderegger R, Wagner H HOxygen and carbon isotopic signatures reveal a long-term effect of free-air ozone enrichment on leaf conductance in semi-natural grassland (08.2-85)Jäggi M, Fuhrer J
Habitat structure affects reproductive success of the rare endemic tree Syzygium mamillatum (Myrtaceae) in restored and unrestored sites in mauritius (08.2-86)Kaiser C N, Hansen D M, Müller C B
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 11
Mountain grassland biodiversity: Impact of site conditions versus management type (08.2-87)Kampmann D, Herzog F, Jeanneret P, Konold W, Peter M, Walter T, Wildi O, Lüscher A
Hierarchical Bayes estimation of species richness and occupancy in spatially replicated surveys (08.2-88)Kery M, Royle J A
Low seed bank of herb species suitable for grazing hampers the establishment of wood pastures in the Swiss lowlands (08.2-89)Kipfer T, Bosshard A
The methanogenic potential and C-isotope fractionation of different diet types represented by either C-3 or C-4 plants as evaluated in vitro and in dairy cows (08.2-90)Klevenhusen F, Bernasconi S M, Kreuzer M, Soliva C R
Representative estimates of soil and ecosystem respiration in an old beech forest (08.2-91)Knohl A, Soe A R B, Kutsch W L, Göckede M, Buchmann N
Impact of regional species pool on grasshopper restoration in hay meadows (08.2-92)Knop E, Schmid B, Herzog F
Alien spider introductions to Europe supported by global trade (08.2-93)Kobelt M, Nentwig W
Competition alters plant species response to nickel and zinc (08.2-94)Kölbener A, Ramseier D, Suter M
Climatic treelines: Conventions, global patterns, causes (08.2-95)Körner C
Small differences in arrival time influence composition and productivity of plant communities (08.2-96)Körner C, Stöcklin J, Reuther Thiébaud L, Pelaez Riedl S
Invasive trees show only weak potential to impact nutrient dynamics in phosphorus-poor tropical forests in the Seychelles (08.2-97)Küffer C, Klingler G, Zirfass K, Schumacher E, Edwards P J, Güsewell S
Cut-over peatland regeneration assessment using organic matter and microbial indicators (bacteria and testate amoebae) (08.2-98)Laggoun Defarge F, Mitchell E, Gilbert D, Disnar J R, Comont L, Warner B G, Buttler A
Response of gross ecosystem productivity, light use efficiency, and water use efficiency of Mongolian steppe to seasonal variations in soil moisture (08.2-99)Li S G, Eugster W, Asanuma J, Kotani A, Davaa G, Oyunbaatar D, Sugita M
Plant functional group composition and large-scale species richness in European agricultural land-scapes (08.2-100)Liira J, Schmidt T, Aavik T, Arens P, Augenstein I, Bailey D, Billeter R, Bukacek R, Burel F, de Blust G, de Cock R, Dirksen J, Edwards P J, Hamersky R, Herzog F, Klotz S, Kühn I, Le Coeur D, Miklova P, Roubalova M, Schweiger O, Smulders M J M, van Wingerden W K R E, Bugter R, Zobel MNutritive quality of a species-rich, extensively managed pasture exposed to elevated ozone in a free-air fumigation system (08.2-101)Lin J C, Nadarajah K, Volk M, Muntifering R B, Fuhrer J
Nutritive quality of a species-rich, extensively managed pasture exposed to elevated ozone in a free-air fumigation system (08.2-102)Lin J C, Nadarajah K, Volk M, Muntifering R B, Fuhrer J
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts12
Resource selection by roe deer: Are windthrow gaps attractive feeding places? (08.2-103)Moser B, Scuetz M, Hindenlang K E
Absence of persistent methane emission differences in three breeds of dairy cows (08.2-104)Münger A, Kreuzer M
Effect of lead pollution on testate amoebae communities living in Sphagnum fallax: An experimen-tal study (08.2-105)Nguyen Viet H, Bernard N, Mitchell E A D, Badot P M, Gilbert D
Interactive effects of plant species diversity and elevated CO2 on soil biota and nutrient cycling(08.2-106)Niklaus P A, Alphei J, Kampichler C, Kandeler E, Körner C, Tscherko D, Wohlfender M
Ozone effects on visible foliar injury and growth of Fagus sylvatica and Viburnum lantana seedlings grown in monoculture or in mixture (08.2-107)Novak K, Schaub M, Fuhrer J, Skelly J M, Frey B, Kräuchi N
Impact of abundance weighting on the response of seed traits to climate and land use (08.2-108)Pakeman R J, Garnier E, Lavorel S, Ansquer P, Castro H, Cruz P, Dolezal J, Eriksson O, Freitas H, Golodets C, Kigel J, Kleyer M, Leps J, Meier T, Papadimitriou M, Papanastasis V P, Quested H, Quetier F, Rusch G, Sternberg M, Theau J P, Thebault A, Vile D
Niche dynamics in space and time (08.2-109)Pearman P B, Guisan A, Brönnimann O, Randin C F
Belowground ectomycorrhizal communities in three Norway spruce stands with different degrees of decline in the Czech Republic (08.2-110)Peter M, Ayer F, Cudlin P, Egli S
Predicting geographical distribution models of high-value timber trees in the Amazon Basin using remotely sensed data (08.2-111)Prates Clark C D, Saatchi Sassan S, Agosti D
A plant diversity x water chemistry experiment in subalpine grassland (08.2-112)Rixen C, Huovinen C, Huovinen K, Stöckli V, Schmid B
Assessing land-use statistics to model land cover change in a mountainous landscape in the European Alps (08.2-113)Rutherford G N, Bebi P, Edwards P J, Zimmermann N E
Swiss spring plant phenology 2007: Extremes, a multi-century perspective, and changes in tempera-ture sensitivity (08.2-114)Rutishauser T, Luterbacher J, Defila C, Frank D, Wanner H
Biodiversity conservation and agricultural sustainability: towards a new paradigm of ‘ecoagricul-ture’ landscapes (08.2-115)Scherr S J, Mcneely J A
Metal accumulation in mosses across national boundaries: Uncovering and ranking causes of spatial variation (08.2-116)Schröder W, Pesch R, Englert C, Harmens H, Suchara I, Zechmeister H G, Thoeni L, Mankovska B, Jeran Z, Grodzinska K, Alber R
A test of the growth-limitation theory for alpine tree line formation in evergreen and deciduous taxa of the eastern Himalayas (08.2-117)Shi P, Körner C, Hoch G
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 13
Wind dispersal of alpine plant species: A comparison with lowland species (08.2-118)Tackenberg O, Stöcklin J
Predicting global change impacts on plant species’ distributions: Future challenges (08.2-119)Thuiller W, Albert C, Araujo M B, Berry P M, Cabeza M, Guisan A, Hickler T, Midgely G F, Paterson J, Schurr F M, Sykes M T, Zimmermann N E
Scan statistics analysis of forest fire clusters (08.2-120)Tuia D, Ratle F, Lasaponara R, Telesca L, Kanevski M
The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial eco-systems (08.2-121)van der Heijden M G A, Bardgett R D, van Straalen N M
Phylogenetically independent associations between autonomous self- fertilization and plant inva-siveness (08.2-122)van Kleunen M, Manning J C, Pasqualetto V, Johnson S D
The influence of competition from herbaceous vegetation and shade on simulated browsing toler-ance of coniferous and deciduous saplings (08.2-123)Vandenberghe C, Frelechoux F, Buttler A
Seed dispersal distances: a typology based on dispersal modes and plant traits (08.2-124)Vittoz P, Engler R
Effects of climate and land-use change on the establishment and growth of cembran pine (Pinus cembra L.) over the altitudinal treeline ecotone in the Central Swiss Alps (08.2-125)Vittoz P, Rulence B, Largey T, Frelechoux F
Using a retrospective dynamic competition index to reconstruct forest succession (08.2-126)Weber P, Bugmann H, Fonti P, Rigling A
Sensitivity of stand dynamics to grazing in mixed Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pubescens forests: A modelling study (08.2-127)Weber P, Rigling A, Bugmann H
Does biodiversity increase spatial stability in plant community biomass? (08.2-128)Weigelt A, Schumacher J, Roscher C, Schmid B
Assessing the role of bark- and wood-boring insects in the decline of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the Swiss Rhone valley (08.2-129)Wermelinger B, Rigling A, Schneider Mathis D, Dobbertin M
Plant and soil lipid modifications under elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions: I. Lipid distribution patterns (08.2-130)Wiesenberg G L B, Schmidt M W I, Schwark L
Plant and soil lipid modification under elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions: II. Stable carbon iso-topic values (delta C-13) and turnover (08.2-131)Wiesenberg G L B, Schwarzbauer J, Schmidt M W I, Schwark L
Future changes in vegetation and ecosystem function of the Barents Region (08.2-132)Wolf A, Callaghan T V, Larson K
Impact of non-outbreak insect damage on vegetation in northern Europe will be greater than expected during a changing climate (08.2-133)Wolf A, Kozlov M V, Callaghan T V
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts14
Predicting tree mortality from growth data: how virtual ecologists can help real ecologists (08.2-134)Wunder J, Reineking B, Bigler C, Bugmann H
Water and carbon fluxes of European ecosystems: An evaluation of the ecohydrological model RHESSys (08.2-135)Zierl B, Bugmann H, Tague C L
Potential impact of climate change and reindeer density on tundra indicator species in the Barents Sea region (08.2-136)Zockler C, Miles L, Fish L, Wolf A, Rees G, Danks F
1.3 Soil and Litosphere
Probabilistic dynamics of soil nitrate: Coupling of ecohydrological and biogeochemical pro-cesses (08.2-137)Botter G, Daly E, Porporato A, Rodriguez Iturbe I, Rinaldo A
Relative stability of soil carbon revealed by shifts in delta N-15 and C : N ratio (08.2-138)Conen F, Zimmermann M, Leifeld J, Seth B, Alewell C
How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils? (08.2-139)Marschner B, Brodowski S, Dreves A, Gleixner G, Gude A, Grootes P M, Hamer U, Heim A, Jandl G, Ji R, Kaiser K, Kalbitz K, Kramer C, Leinweber P, Rethemeyer J, Schaeffer A, Schmidt M W I, Schwark L, Wiesenberg G L B
Analysing the preferential transport of lead in a vegetated roadside soil using lysimeter experiments and a dual-porosity model (08.2-140)Roulier S, Robinson B, Kuster E, Schulin R
Channelized and hillslope sediment transport and the geomorphology of mountain belts (08.2-141)Schneider H, Schwab M, Schlunegger F
Assessing the reversibility of soil displacement after wheeling in situ on restored soils (08.2-142)Tobias S, Haberecht M, Stettler M, Meyer M, Ingensand H
The fate of N2O consumed in soils (08.2-143)Vieten B, Conen F, Seth B, Alewell C
1.4 Cryosphere
Recent evolution (1981-2005) of the Maladeta glaciers, Pyrenees, Spain: extent and volume losses and their relation with climatic and topographic factors (08.2-144)Chueca J, Julian A, Lopez Moreno J I
Snow physics as relevant to snow photochemistry (08.2-145)Domine F, Albert M, Huthwelker T, Jacobi H W, Kokhanovsky A A, Lehning M, Picard G, Simpson W R
Monitoring mountain permafrost evolution using electrical resistivity tomography: A 7-year study of seasonal, annual, and long-term variations at Schilthorn, Swiss Alps (08.2-146)Hilbich C, Hauck C, Hoelzle M, Scherler M, Schudel L, Völksch I, Vonder Mühll D, Mäusbacher R
Determination of the seasonal mass balance of four Alpine glaciers since 1865 (08.2-147)Huss M, Bauder A, Funk M, Hock R
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Chute experiments on slushflow dynamics (08.2-148)Jaedicke C, Kern M A, Gauer P, Baillifard M A, Platzer K
Measuring the specific surface area of snow with X-ray tomography and gas adsorption: comparison and implications for surface smoothness (08.2-149)Kerbrat M, Pinzer B, Huthwelker T, Gäggeler H W, Ammann M, Schneebeli M
Statistical analysis of the snow cover variability in a subalpine watershed: Assessing the role of topography and forest, interactions (08.2-150)Lopez M J I, Stähli M
Influence of canopy density on snow distribution in a temperate mountain range (08.2-151)Lopez Moreno J I, Latron J
Estimation of Arctic glacier motion with satellite L-band SAR data (08.2-152)Strozzi T, Kouraev A, Wiesmann A, Wegmueller U, Sharov A, Werner C
Objective quantitative spatial verification of distributed snow cover simulations - an experiment for the whole of Switzerland (08.2-153)Zappa M
19th century glacier representations and fluctuations in the central and western European Alps: An interdisciplinary approach (08.2-154)Zumbühl H J, Steiner D, Nussbaumer S U
1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems
Where hides the aquatic biodiversity of macroinvertebrates in the Canton of Geneva (Switzerland)? (08.2-155)Angelibert S, Indermühle N, Luchier D, Oertli B, Perfetta J
Evaporation from three water bodies of different sizes and climates: Measurements and scaling analysis (08.2-156)Assouline S, Tyler S W, Tanny J, Cohen S, Bou Zeid E, Parlange M B, Katul G G
Global diversity of mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Insecta) in freshwater (08.2-157)Barber J H M, Gattolliat J L, Sartori M, Hubbard M D
DNA sequences identify invasive alien Cardamine at Lake Constance (08.2-158)Bleeker W, Klausmeyer S, Peintinger M, Dienst M
Risk assessment of herbicide mixtures in a large European lake (08.2-159)Chevre N, Edder P, Ortelli D, Tatti E, Erkman S, Rapin F
Freezing of lakes on the Swiss plateau in the period 1901-2006 (08.2-160)Hendricks Franssen H J , Scherrer S C
Generation of meteorological scenarios from NCEP reanalyses. Application for the generation of flood scenarios for the Rhone upstream to Lake Leman (08.2-161)Hingray B, Mezghani A
Noble gas anomalies related to high-intensity methane gas seeps in the Black Sea (08.2-162)Holzner C P, Mcginnis D F, Schubert C J, Kipfer R, Imboden D M
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Restoration of riverine ponds along the Rhone River (Teppes de Verbois, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland): what is the gain for Odonata? (08.2-163)Indermühle N, Oertli B
Historical profiles of chlorinated paraffins and polychlorinated biphenyls in a dated sediment core from Lake Thun (Switzerland) (08.2-164)Iozza S, Müller C E, Schmid P, Bogdal C, Oehme M
Global diversity of inland water cnidarians (08.2-165)Jankowski T, Collins A G, Campbell R
Sedimentary and geochemical balance of a dam without flushing: the case study of the Wettingen reservoir (Switzerland) (08.2-166)Jüstrich S, Hunzinger L, Wildi W
Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain (08.2-167)Korup O, Tweed F
Biodiversity in the benthic diatom community in the upper river toss reflected in water quality indices (08.2-168)Kupe L, Schanz F, Bachofen R
Stakes regarding the Rhone River. The flush-drains of the Verbois dam: a local issue with regional and global ramifications (08.2-169)Lachavanne J B, Juge R, Wildi W
Progress in the ecological genetics and biodiversity of freshwater bacteria (08.2-170)Logue J B, Bürgmann H, Robinson C T
Identifying functional groups of phytoplankton using data from three lakes of different trophic state (08.2-171)Mieleitner J, Borsuk M, Bürgi H R, Reichert P
Modelling functional groups of phytoplankton in three lakes of different trophic state (08.2-172)Mieleitner J, Reichert P
Diverting the Arve floods into Lake Geneva: A feasible solution? (08.2-173)Moukhliss H, Schleiss A, Kantoush S, Decesare G
Pollution menacing lake victoria: Quantification of point sources around Jinja Town, Uganda (08.2-174)Oguttu H W, Bugenyi F W B, Leuenberger H, Wolf M, Bachofen R
Post-flood recovery of a macroinvertebrate community in a regulated river: Resilience of an anthro-pogenically altered ecosystem (08.2-175)Rader R B, Voelz N J, Ward J V
Proposed methodology of vulnerability and contamination risk mapping for the protection of karst aquifers in Slovenia (08.2-176)Ravbar N, Goldscheider N
Potential impact of climate change on ecosystems of the Barents Sea Region (08.2-177)Roderfeld H, Blyth E, Dankers R, Huse G, Slagstad D, Ellingsen I, Wolf A, Lange M A
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts 17
Remote in situ voltammetric techniques to characterize the biogeochemical cycling of trace metals in aquatic systems (08.2-178)Tercier Waeber M L, Taillefert M
Two endemic and endangered fishes, Poecilia sulphuraria (Alvarez, 1948) and Gambusia eurystoma Miller, 1975 (Poeciliidae, Teleostei) as only survivors in a small sulphidic habitat (08.2-179)Tobler M, Riesch R, de Leon F J Garcia, Schlupp I, Plath M
Potential factors controlling the population viability of newly introduced endangered marble trout populations (08.2-180)Vincenzi S, Crivelli A J, Jesensek D, Rubin J F, Poizat G, de Leo G A
Sedimentation in Proval Bay (Lake Baikal) after catastrophic flooding of the coastal plain in 1862 (08.2-181)Vologina E G, Kalugin I A, Osukhovskaya Yu N, Sturm M, Ignatova N V, Radziminovich Ya B, Darin A V, Kuzmin M I
Global diversity of dipteran families (Insecta Diptera) in freshwater (excluding Simulidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Tipulidae and Tabanidae) (08.2-182)Wagner R, Bartak M, Borkent A, Courtney G, Goddeeris B, Haenni J P, Knutson L, Pont A, Rotheray G E, Rozkosny R, Sinclair B, Woodley N, Zatwarnicki T, Zwick P
A strategy to assess river restoration success (08.2-183)Weber C, Woolsey S, Peter A
Sediment quality of the Verbois reservoir, comparison with sediments of Swiss rivers and Lake Geneva (08.2-184)Wildi W, Koukal B, Ischi V, Perroud A
1.6 Energy Balance
Deriving historical total solar irradiance from lunar borehole temperatures (08.2-185)Miyahara H, Wen G, Cahalan R F, Ohmura A
Long-term reconstruction of the total solar irradiance based on neutron monitor and sunspot data (08.2-186)Schoell M, Steinhilber F, Beer J, Haberreiter M, Schmutz W
Dual-aureole and sun spectrometer system for airborne measurements of aerosol optical properties (08.2-187)Zieger P, Ruhtz T, Preusker R, Fischer J
1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles
Transport of methane and noble gases during gas porous media (08.2-188)Gomez K, Gonzalez G G, Schroth M H, Zeyer J
Regional differences in winter sea level variations in the Baltic Sea for the past 200 yr (08.2-189)Huenicke B, Luterbacher J, Pauling A, Zorita E
Effects of mesoscale eddies on global ocean distributions of CFC-11, CO2, and Delta C-14 (08.2-190)Lachkar Z, Orr J C, Dutay J C, Delecluse P
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Geochemical records of limestone facades exposed to urban atmospheric contamination as monitor-ing tools? (08.2-191)Monna F, Puertas A, Leveque F, Losno R, Fronteau G, Marin B, Dominik J, Petit C, Forel B, Chateau C
Quantifying gas ebullition with echosounder: the role of methane transport by bubbles in a medi-um-sized lake (08.2-192)Ostrovsky I, Mcginnis D F, Lapidus L, Eckert W
Effects of salt compensation on the climate model response in simulations of large changes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (08.2-193)Stocker T F, Timmermann A, Renold M, Timm O
Quantification of microbial methane oxidation in an alpine peat bog (08.2-194)Urmann K, Graciela Gonzalez G, Schroth M H, Zeyer J
Assessment of microbial methane oxidation above a petroleum- contaminated aquifer using a com-bination of in situ techniques (08.2-195)Urmann K, Schroth M H, Noll M, Graciela Gonzalez G, Zeyer J
Sensitivity of an ecosystem model to hydrology and temperature (08.2-196)Wolf A, Blyth E, Harding R, Jacob D, Keup Thiel E, Goettel H, Callaghan T V
2 Past Global Changes
A case for a downwasting mountain glacier during Termination I, Vercenik valley, northeastern Turkey (08.2-197)Akcar N, Yavuz V, Ivy Ochs S, Kubik P W, Vardar M, Schlüechter C
Tree-ring reconstructions of precipitation and streamflow for north- western Turkey (08.2-198)Akkemik U, D’arrigo R, Cherubini P, Koese N, Jacoby G C
Diatoms community structure in superficial sediments of eight Andean lakes of central Chile (08.2-199)Alvial I E, Cruces F J, Araneda A E, Grosjean M, Urrutia R E
High-precision U-series measurements of more than 500,000 year old fossil corals (08.2-200)Andersen M B, Stirling C H, Potter E K, Halliday A N, Blake S G, Mcculloch M T, Ayling B F, O’leary M
Glacial geomorphology and chronology of deglaciation, South Georgia, sub-Antarctic - Reply (08.2-201)Bentley M J, Evans D J A, Fogwill C J, Sugden D E, Hansom J D, Kubik P W
The Lago Cardiel Basin, Argentina (49 degrees S): Origin and evolution revealed by high-resolution multichannel seismic reflection studies (08.2-202)Beres M, Gilli A, Ariztegui D, Anselmetti F S
Reconstruction of the Holocene seismotectonic activity of the Southern Andes from seismites recorded in Lago Icalma, Chile, 39 degrees S (08.2-203)Bertrand S, Charlet F, Chapron E, Fagel N, de Batist M
Quantifying human-induced eutrophication in Swiss mountain lakes since AD 1800 using diatoms (08.2-204)Bigler C, von Gunten L, Lotter A F, Hausmann S, Blass A, Ohlendorf C, Sturm M
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19Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts
The role of pingos in the development of the Dzhangyskol lake-pingo complex, central Altai Mountains, southern Siberia (08.2-205)Blyakharchuk T A, Wright H E, Borodavko P S, van der Knaap W O, Ammann B
Reconstructing spatio-temporal patterns of debris-flow activity using dendrogeomorphological methods (08.2-206)Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Ehmisch M, Monbaron M
Changes in sedimentary patterns of coastal and deep-sea successions from the North Atlantic (Portugal) linked to Early Cretaceous environmental change (08.2-207)Burla S, Heinihofer U, Hochuli P A, Weissert H, Skelton P
Seismic stratigraphy of Lago Puyehue (Chilean Lake District): new views on its deglacial and Holocene evolution (08.2-208)Charlet F, de Batist M, Chapron E, Bertrand S, Pino M, Urrutia R
Aerosol radiative forcing and climate sensitivity deduced from the last glacial maximum to Holocene transition (08.2-209)Chylek P, Lohmann U
The evolution of ecological specialization in southern African ungulates: competition- or physical environmental turnover? (08.2-210)Codron D, Brink J S, Rossouw L, Clauss M
On the ‘Divergence Problem’ in Northern Forests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes (08.2-211)D’arrigo R, Wilson R, Liepert B, Cherubini P
Lake systems: Sedimentary archives of climate change and tectonics (08.2-212)de Batist M, Chapron E
A 17,900-year multi-proxy lacustrine record of Lago Puyehue (Chilean Lake District): introduction (08.2-213)de Batist M, Fagel N, Loutre M F, Chapron E
Landscape evolution and deglaciation of the Upper Peninsula, Michigan: An examination of chro-nology and stratigraphy in kettle lake cores (08.2-214)Derouin S A, Lowell T V, Hajdas I
Megaturbidite deposits in the Holocene basin fill of Lake Como (Southern Alps, Italy) (08.2-215)Fanetti D, Anselmetti F S, Chapron E, Sturm M, Vezzoli L
Pollen and plant macrofossils at Lac de Fully (2135 m a.s.l.): Holocene forest dynamics on a highland plateau in the Valais, Switzerland (08.2-216)Finsinger W, Tinner W
Changing boreal methane sources and constant biomass burning during the last termination (08.2-217)Fischer H, Behrens M, Bock M, Richter U, Schmitt J, Loulergue L, Chappellaz J, Spahni R, Blunier T, Leuenberger M, Stocker T F
Evidence for a widespread climatic anomaly at around 9.2 ka before present (08.2-218)Fleitmann D, Mudelsee M, Burns S J, Bradley R S, Kramers J, Matter A
20 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts
Unlocking paleo-environmental information from Early Cretaceous shelf sediments in the Helvetic Alps: stratigraphy is the key! (08.2-219)Föllmi K B, Bodin S, Godet A, Linder P, van de Schootbrugge B
Warmer early instrumental measurements versus colder reconstructed temperatures: shooting at a moving target (08.2-220)Frank D, Büntgen U, Böhm R, Maugeri M, Esper J
Beryllium isotopes in central Arctic Ocean sediments over the past 12.3 million years: Stratigraphic and paleoclimatic implications (08.2-221)Frank M, Backman J, Jakobsson M, Moran K, O’regan M, King J, Haley B A, Kubik P W, Garbe Schönberg D
Variability of the low-level cross-equatorial jet of the western Indian Ocean since 1660 as derived from coral proxies (08.2-222)Gong D Y, Luterbacher J
Tracing the Nd isotope evolution of North Atlantic deep and intermediate waters in the Western North Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum from Blake Ridge sediments (08.2-223)Gutjahr M, Frank M, Stirling C H, Keigwin L D, Halliday A N
High-altitude varve records of abrupt environmental changes and mining activity over the last 4000 years in the Western French Alps (Lake Bramant, Grandes Rousses Massif) (08.2-224)Guyard H, Chapron E, St Onge G, Anselmetti F S, Arnaud F, Magand O, Francus P, Melieres M A
Hydrological variability in southeastern Patagonia and explosive volcanic activity in the southern Andean Cordillera during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 and the Holocene inferred from lake sediments of Laguna Potrok Aike, Argentina (08.2-225)Haberzettl T, Kück B, Wulf S, Anselmetti F S, Ariztegui D, Corbella H, Fey M, Janssen S, Lücke A, Mayr C, Ohlendorf C, Schäbitz F, Schleser G H, Wille M, Zolitschka B
Be-10 measured in a GRIP snow pit and modeled using the ECHAM5-HAM general circulation model (08.2-226)Heikkilae U, Beer J, Jouzel J, Feichter J, Kubik P W
Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years (08.2-227)Joos F, Spahni R
Millennial temperature reconstruction intercomparison and evaluation (08.2-228)Juckes M N, Allen M R, Briffa K R, Esper J, Hegerl G C, Moberg A, Osborn T J, Weber S L
Cosmogenic nuclide measurements in southernmost South America and implications for landscape change (08.2-229)Kaplan M R, Coronato A, Hulton N R J, Rabassa J O, Kubik P W, Freeman S P H T
Palaeoclimate from glaciers: Examples from the Eastern Alps during the Alpine Lateglacial and early Holocene (08.2-230)Kerschner H, Ivy Ochs S
In-phase anomalies in Beryllium-10 production and palaeomagnetic field behaviour during the Iceland Basin geomagnetic excursion (08.2-231)Knudsen M F, Henderson G M, Frank M, Mac Niocaill C, Kubik P W
Late Pleistocene glaciation in the Central Andes: Temperature versus humidity control - A case study from the eastern Bolivian Andes (17 degrees S) and regional synthesis (08.2-232)Kull C, Imhof S, Grosjean M, Zech R, Veit H
21Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts
Bathymetrical profiles in northern Croatia: Index of sea-level pauses in the Holocene (08.2-233)Lagares F
Dust-climate couplings over the past 800,000 years from the EPICA Dome C ice core (08.2-234)Lambert F, Delmonte B, Petit J R, Bigler M, Kaufmann P R, Hutterli M A, Stocker T F, Ruth U, Steffensen J P, Maggi V
Palaeoecological evidence for anthropogenic acidification of a kettle-hole peatland in northern Poland (08.2-235)Lamentowicz M, Tobolski K, Mitchell E A D
Late-glacial chironomid-based temperature reconstructions for Lago Piccolo di Avigliana in the southwestern Alps (Italy) (08.2-236)Larocque I, Finsinger W
Exploring the potential of tree-ring chronologies from the Trafoi Valley (Central Italian Alps) to reconstruct glacier mass balance (08.2-237)Leonelli G, Pelfini M, Cherubini P
Dating late Cenozoic erosional surfaces in Victoria Land, Antarctica, with cosmogenic neon in pyrox-enes (08.2-238)Oberholzer P, Baroni C, Salvatore M C, Baur H, Wieler R
Prediction of plant species distributions across six millennia (08.2-239)Pearman P B, Randin C F, Brönnimann O, Vittoz P, van der Knaap W O, Engler R, Le Lay G, Zimmermann N E, Guisan A
Extent of the last ice sheet in northern Scotland tested with cosmogenic Be-10 exposure ages(08.2-240)Phillips W M, Hall A M, Ballantyne C K, Binnie S, Ikubille P W, Freeman S
Characterisation and evolution of the River Rhine system (08.2-241)Preusser F
The influence of the de Vries (similar to 200-year) solar cycle on climate variations: Results from the Central Asian Mountains and their global link (08.2-242)Raspopov O M, Dergachev V A, Esperc J, Kozyreva O V, Frank D, Ogurtsov M, Kolstrom T, Shao X
Holocene climate inferred from biological (Diptera : Chironomidae) analyses in a Southampton island (Nunavut, Canada) lake (08.2-243)Rolland N, Larocque I, Francus P, Pienitz R, Laperriere L
Italy as a major ice age refuge area for the bat Myotis myotis (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae) in Europe (08.2-244)Ruedi M, Walter S, Fischer M C, Scaravelli D, Excoffier L, Heckel G
A phenology-based reconstruction of interannual changes in past spring seasons (08.2-245)Rutishauser T, Luterbacher J, Jeanneret F, Pfister C, Wanner H
Lateglacial environmental variability from Swiss tree rings (08.2-246)Schaub M, Büntgen U, Kaiser K F, Kromer B, Talamo S, Krogh Andersen K, Rasmussen Sune O
Environmental change during the Allerod and Younger Dryas reconstructed from Swiss tree-ring data (08.2-247)Schaub M, Kaiser K F, Frank D C, Büntgen U, Kromer B, Talamo S
22 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts
Possible environmental effects on the evolution of the Alps-Molasse Basin system (08.2-248)Schlunegger F, Rieke Zapp D, Ramseyer K
Human and climatic impact on mires: a case study of Les Amburnex mire, Swiss Jura Mountains (08.2-249)Sjögren P, Lamentowicz M
Historical and Holocene glacier-climate variations: General concepts and overview (08.2-250)Solomina O, Haeberli W, Kull C, Wiles G
Unraveling the patterns of late Holocene debris-flow activity on a cone in the Swiss Alps: Chronology, environment and implications for the future (08.2-251)Stoffel M, Conus D, Grichting M A, Lievre I, Mditre G
Charcoal and fly-ash particles from Lake Lucerne sediments (Central Switzerland) characterized by image analysis: anthropologic, stratigraphic and environmental implications (08.2-252)Thevenon F, Anselmetti F S
A 700-year paleoecological record of boreal ecosystem responses to climatic variation from Alaska (08.2-253)Tinner W, Bigler C, Gedye S, Gregory Eaves I, Jones R T, Kaltenrieder P, Krähenbühl U, Hu F S
Dating methods and geomorphic evidence of palaeoenvironmental changes at the eastern margin of the South Peruvian coastal desert (14 degrees 30 ‘ S) before and during the Little Ice Age (08.2-254)Unkel I, Kadereit A, Mächtle B, Eitel B, Kromer B, Wagner G, Wacker L
Seasonal temperatures for the past similar to 400 years reconstructed from diatom and chironomid assemblages in a high-altitude lake (Lej da la Tscheppa, Switzerland) (08.2-255)von Gunten L, Heiri O, Bigler C, van Leeuwen J, Casty C, Lotter A F, Sturm M
The potential of Lake Ohrid for long-term palaeoenvironmental reconstructions (08.2-256)Wagner B, Reicherter K, Daut G, Wessels M, Matzinger A, Schwalb A, Spirkovski Z, Sanxhaku M
Seismic stratigraphy of Lago Fagnano sediments (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina) - A potential archive of paleoclimatic change and tectonic activity since the Late Glacial (08.2-257)Waldmann N, Ariztegui D, Anselmetti F S, Austin J A Jr, Dunbar R, Moy C M, Recasens C
Dust storm frequency and its relation to climate changes in Northern China during the past 1000 years (08.2-258)Yang B, Braeuning A, Zhang Z, Dong Z, Esper J
Lateglacial and early Holocene climate oscillations in the Matanuska Valley, south-central Alaska (08.2-259)Yu Z, Walker K N, Evenson E B, Hajdas I
LGM and Late Glacial glacier advances in the Cordillera Real and Cochabamba (Bolivia) deduced from 10Be surface exposure dating (08.2-260)Zech R, Kull C, Kubik P W, Veit H
3 Human Dimensions
The sufficiency strategy: Would rich-world frugality lower environmental impact? (08.2-261)Alcott B
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23Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts
Willingness to pay for energy-saving measures in residential buildings (08.2-262)Banfi S, Farsi M, Filippini M, Jakob M
Who drives landscape change? Participation and decision making in landscape management (08.2-263)Felber Rufer P, Wastl Walter D, Bauer N
Cost-effective reduction of fine primary particulate matter emissions in Finland (08.2-264)Karvosenoja N, Klimont Z, Tohka A, Johansson M
Socio-ecological regime transitions in Austria and the United Kingdom (08.2-265)Krausmann F, Schandl H, Sieferle R P
Charter of water management in the Lemanic region. Possible actions for its implementation by communal administrations (08.2-266)Lachavanne J B, Juge R
Snow reliability, snow-making and climate change in West-Austrian ski destinations (08.2-267)Mayer M, Steiger R, Trawoeger L
Global environmental change and health: impacts, inequalities, and the health sector (08.2-268)Mcmichael A J, Friel S, Nyong A, Corvalan C
Environmental progress through litigation? Climate change litigation: Analysing the law, scientific evidence and impacts on the environment, health and property. (08.2-269)Michaelowa A
Crisis management and warning procedures: actors and their roles in the case of flooding risks in Switzerland (08.2-270)November V, Delaloye R, Penelas M
The potential for premium-intermodal services to reduce freight CO2 emissions in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor (08.2-271)Patterson Z, Ewing G O, Haider M
Managing the transition to climate stabilization (08.2-272)Richels R G, Rutherford T F, Blanford G J, Clarke L
Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003 (08.2-273)Robine J M, Cheung S L K, Le Roy S, van Oyen H, Griffiths C, Michel J P, Herrmann F R
Contingent valuation: A new perspective? (08.2-274)Schläpfer F
Implementing CDM for the Indian dairy sector: prospects and issues (08.2-275)Sirohi S, Michaelowa A
Droughts and famines: The underlying factors and the causal links among agro-pastoral households in semi-arid Makueni district, Kenya (08.2-276)Speranza Chinwe I, Kiteme B, Wiesmann U
A comparison of environmental regulations regarding agriculture (08.2-277)Steinmann P
Greening as strategic development in industrial change - Why companies participate in eco-net-works (08.2-278)Störmer E
24 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts
Decision framework for chemical process design including different stages environmental, health, and safety assessment (08.2-279)Sugiyama H, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K, Hirao M
Intergenerational transfers, lifetime welfare, and resource preservation (08.2-280)Valente S
Regional CO2 budget, countermeasures and reduction aims for the Alpine tourist region of Davos, Switzerland (08.2-281)Walz A, Calonder G P, Hagedorn F, Lardelli C, Lundström C, Stöckli V
Simulation of children exposure to NO2 and PM10 in the urban area of Bologna (Italy) (08.2-282)Zauli Sajani S, Passoni L, Hänninen O, Poluzzi V, Deserti M, Lauriola P
4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies
Inclusion of technology diffusion in energy-systems models: some gaps and needs (08.2-283)Barreto L, Kemp R
Capturing the hydrokinetic energy of the Rhone River (08.2-284)de Cesare G, Moukhliss H, Randall K, Schleiss A
Towards the industrial solar carbothermal production of zinc (08.2-285)Epstein M, Alde G, Santen S, Steinfeld A, Wieckert C
Investigation of particles emitted from modern 2-stroke scooters (08.2-286)Etissa D, Mohr M, Schreiber D, Buffat P A
Well-to-wheel analysis of solar hydrogen production and utilization for passenger car transportation (08.2-287)Felder R, Meier A
Thermo-economic optimisation of the integration of electrolysis in synthetic natural gas production from wood (08.2-288)Gassner M, Marechal F
Diesel engine development in view of reduced emission standards (08.2-289)Knecht W
Measuring host country risk in CDM and JI projects: a composite indicator (08.2-290)Oleschak R, Springer U
MCMC for wind power simulation (08.2-291)Papaefthymiou G, Klöckl B
Development of thermoelectric oxides for renewable energy conversion technologies (08.2-292)Weidenkaff A, Robert R, Aguirre M, Bocher L, Lippert T, Canulescu S
Model-based determination of hydrogen system emissions of motor vehicles using climate-chamber test facilities (08.2-293)Weilenmann M, Bach C, Novak P, Fischer A, Hill M
Secondary effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Reduced aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of the exhaust (08.2-294)Wenger D, Gerecke A C, Heeb N V, Zennegg M, Kohler M, Naegeli H, Zenobi R
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25Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts
Regulating the geological sequestration of CO2 (08.2-295)Wilson E J, Granger Morgan M, Apt J, Bonner M, Bunting C, Gode J, Stuart Haszeldine R, Jaeger C C, Keith D W, Mccoy S T, Pollak M F, Reiner D M, Rubin E S, Torvanger A, Ulardic C, Vajjhala S P, Victor D G, Wright I W
Optimal compliance with emission constraints: dynamic characteristics and the choice of technique (08.2-296)Winkler R
Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy - IV. Reactor experimentation with vacuum residue (08.2-297)Z’graggen A, Haueter P, Maag G, Romero M, Steinfeld A
5 General Topics
Severe accident risks in fossil energy chains: A comparative analysis (08.2-298)Burgherr P, Hirschberg S
Mining landscape: A cultural tourist opportunity or an environmental problem? The study case of the Cartagena-La Union Mining District (SE Spain) (08.2-299)Conesa H M, Schulin R, Nowack B
Representing mountains: From local and national to global common good (08.2-300)Debarbieux B, Price M F
Singularly perturbed piecewise deterministic games (08.2-301)Haurie A, Moresino F
Ecological footprint accounting in the life cycle assessment of products (08.2-302)Huijbregts M A J, Hellweg S, Frischknecht R, Hungerbühler K, Hendriks A J
Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: a framework for integrating pathways into policy (08.2-303)Hulme P E, Bacher S, Kenis M, Klotz S, Kühn I, Minchin D, Nentwig W, Olenin S, Panov V, Pergl J, Pysek P, Roques A, Sol D, Solarz W, Vila M
Is the global conservation status assessment of a threatened taxon a utopia? (08.2-304)Kozlowski G
The Swiss National Research Programme Landscapes and habitats of the Alpine Arc (08.2-305)Lehmann B, Messerli P
From science to policy through transdisciplinary research (08.2-306)Pohl C
Investigating the global fate of DDT: Model evaluation and estimation of future trends (08.2-307)Schenker U, Scheringer M, Hungerbohler K
Is environmental research in a crisis? Conclusion and outlook (08.2-308)Scheringer M, Jaeger J
Integrated assessment of agricultural systems - A component-based framework for the European Union (SEAMLESS) (08.2-309)van Ittersum M K, Ewert F, Heckelei T, Wery J, Olsson J A, Andersen E, Bezlepkina I, Brouwer F, Donatelli M, Flichman G, Olsson L, Rizzoli A E, van der Wal T, Wien J E, Wolf J
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26 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Short List of all Abstracts
LCA tool for the environmental evaluation of potable water production (08.2-310)Vince F, Aoustin E, Breant P, Marechal F
Conservation performance payments for carnivore conservation in Sweden (08.2-311)Zabel A, Holm Müller K
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 27
08.2-1Information-based skill scores for probabilistic forecastsAhrens B, Walser AGermany, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe information content, that is, the predictive capability, of a forecast system is often quanti-fied with skill scores. This paper introduces two ranked mutual information skill (RMIS) scores, RMISO and RMISY, for the evaluation of proba-bilistic forecasts. These scores are based on the concept of mutual information of random vari-ables as developed in information theory. Like the ranked probability skill score (RPSS)-another and often applied skill score- the new scores com-pare cumulative probabilities for multiple event thresholds. The RMISO quantifies the fraction of information in the observational data that is ex-plained by the forecasts. The RMISY quantifies the amount of useful information in the forecasts. Like the RPSS, the new scores are biased, but they can be debiased with a simple and robust method. This and additional promising characteristics of the scores are discussed with ensemble forecast assessment experiments. Monthly Weather Review, 2008, V136, N1, JAN, pp 352-363.
08.2-2Kinetic model framework for aerosol and cloud surface chemistry and gas-particle inter-actions - Part 2: Exemplary practical applica-tions and numerical simulationsAmmann M, Pöschl USwitzerland, GermanyMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling , Instruments & InstrumentationA kinetic model framework with consistent and unambiguous terminology and universally ap-plicable rate equations and parameters for aero-sol and cloud surface chemistry and gas-particle interactions has been presented in the preceding companion paper by Poschl, Rudich and Ammann (Poschl et al., 2007), abbreviated PRA. It allows to describe mass transport and chemical reaction at the gas-particle interface and to link aerosol and cloud surface processes with gas phase and particle bulk processes. Here we present multiple exemplary model systems and calculations illus-trating how the general mass balance and rate equations of the PRA framework can be easily re-duced to compact sets of equations which enable a mechanistic description of time and concentra-tion dependencies of trace gas uptake and particle composition in systems with one or more chemi-cal components and physicochemical processes.
Time-dependent model scenarios show the effects of reversible adsorption, surface-bulk transport, and chemical aging on the temporal evolution of trace gas uptake by solid particles and solubility saturation of liquid particles. They demonstrate how the transformation of particles and the varia-tion of trace gas accommodation and uptake coef-ficients by orders of magnitude over time scales of microseconds to days can be explained and pre-dicted from the initial composition and basic ki-netic parameters of model systems by iterative cal-culations using standard spreadsheet programs. Moreover, they show how apparently inconsistent experimental data sets obtained with different techniques and on different time scales can be efficiently linked and mechanistically explained by application of consistent model formalisms and terminologies within the PRA framework. Steady-state model scenarios illustrate character-istic effects of gas phase composition and basic kinetic parameters on the rates of mass trans-port and chemical reactions. They demonstrate how adsorption and surface saturation effects can explain non-linear gas phase concentration dependencies of surface and bulk accommoda-tion coefficients, uptake coefficients, and bulk solubilities (deviations from Henry’s law). Such effects are expected to play an important role in many real atmospheric aerosol and cloud systems involving a wide range of organic and inorganic components of concentrated aqueous and organic solution droplets, ice crystals, and other crystal-line or amorphous solid particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7, N23, pp 6025-6045.
08.2-3Secondary aerosols in Switzerland and north-ern Italy: Modeling and sensitivity studies for summer 2003Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Prevot A S H, Bal-tensperger U, Flemming JSwitzerland, EnglandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingThe formation and transport of secondary aero-sols during a 4-day period in summer 2003 were studied using the 3-dimensional air quality mod-el CAMx ( Comprehensive Air quality Model with eXtensions) over an area covering regions north and south of the Swiss Alps with different air pol-lution characteristics. The modeled components were particulate sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, pri-mary (POA) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and elemental carbon (EC) with a particle diam-eter smaller than 2.5 µm. Highest concentrations were predicted in northern Italy. The modeled sum of particle mass concentrations was in gener-
1.1 Atmosphere
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al lower than PM2.5 measurements most probably due to an underestimation of organic aerosols. Differences between the regions in the north and the south of the Alps are discussed with respect to the aerosol concentrations and to the sensitiv-ity of aerosol formation. Sensitivity tests using reduced NH3 and NOx emissions suggest that in northern Switzerland secondary aerosol forma-tion is unlikely to be limited by NH3 but rather by HNO3. On the other hand, aerosol formation around Milan seems to be similarly dependent on HNO3 and NH3 most of the time. However, there are times when limitation by NH3 is stronger. The contribution of biogenic sources to SOA was pre-dicted to be rather high, about 80% in the north, matching the measurements whereas it was lower in southern Switzerland (40%). Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2008, V113, ND6, MAR 20 ARTN: D06303.
08.2-4Monitoring climate at Jungfraujoch in the high Swiss Alpine regionAppenzeller C, Beyert M, Zenklusen E, Scherrer S CSwitzerland, USAMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesA homogenized temperature record measured at Jungfraujoch, the highest permanently manned meteorological station in Europe at 3580 in asl, is presented based on almost 70 years of record (1937-2005). The observed decadal variability as well as the overall trend (1.8 degrees C/69 years) in the homogenized data is comparable to other homogenized Swiss time series at other altitudes. A detailed analysis of seasonal mean temperature trends revealed no significant height dependence for the period 1961-2005. The dominant trend fea-tures are the weaker trends in autumn, significant only at low altitudes. Temperature indices such as thawing days, derived from newly homogenized minimum temperature series, exhibit strong ver-tical and seasonal trend dependence. Strongest relative trends occur in winter at an altitude around 1000 and 1600 in asl. For the summer sea-son relative trends in thawing days are strongest at the highest stations, as expected. At Jungfrau-joch an increase of about 50% is observed for the period 1961-2005 even when the extraordinary warm summer of 2003 is excluded. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, V391, N2-3, MAR 1, pp 262-268.
08.2-5Determination of ambient gas-particle par-titioning constants of non- polar and polar organic compounds using inverse gas chroma-tographyArp H P H, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K USwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesGas-particle equilibrium partition coefficients for organic compounds, K-ip, are traditionally determined using sample-and- extract methods, in which particles and the surrounding air are si-multaneously sampled and concentrations are de-termined from extracts. Though these techniques are necessary for determining actual ambient concentrations, they have several shortcomings when they are used to gain insight on the sorp-tion properties of ambient particles. Some exam-ples are that (i) the role of relative humidity and temperature are difficult to account for due to fluctuating conditions, (ii) only compounds that are present in ambient air can be studied, and (iii) extracts themselves do not directly indicate if par-ticle-bound compounds are in equilibrium with the air phase or not. An alternative approach that could overcome these shortcomings is inverse gas chromatography (IGC). In this work, we developed an IGC method that uses particle-loaded fiber filters as a stationary phase. The measured reten-tion of analytes injected into the IGC system is a direct measure of the collected particle’s sorption behavior. A validation study that used particles with known sorption properties indicates that this approach gives reliable K-ip values for a wide variety of compounds. Further, ambient particles from a suburban and urban location were found to be stable over time and to exhibit equilibrium sorption in the IGC, showing that this method is suitable for studying ambient particles. The IGC method presented here is a promising new tool for gaining deeper insights into the gas-particle partitioning behavior of polar and non-polar or-ganic compounds. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, V42, N2, JAN, pp 303-312.
08.2-6Impact of climate warming on passive night cooling potentialArtmann N, Gyalistras D, Manz H, Heiselberg PSwitzerland, DenmarkMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesNight-time ventilation is often seen as a promis-ing passive cooling concept. However, as it re-quires a sufficiently high temperature difference between ambient air and the building structure,
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 29
this technique is highly sensitive to changes in cli-matic conditions. In order to quantify the impact of climate warming on the night-time ventilative cooling potential in Europe, eight representative locations across a latitudinal transect were consid-ered. Based on a degree-hours method, site-specific regression models were developed to predict the climatic cooling potential (CCP) from minimum daily air temperature (T-min). CCP was computed for present conditions (1961-90) using measured T-min data from the European Climate Assessment (ECA) database. Possible time-dependent changes in CCP were assessed for 1990-2100, with particu-lar emphasis on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ‘A2’ and ‘B2’ scenarios for future emissions of greenhouse gases and aero-sols. Time-dependent, site-specific Tmin scenarios were constructed from 30 Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulated data sets, as obtained from the European PRUDENCE project. Under both emis-sions scenarios and across all locations and sea-sons, CCP was found to decrease substantially by the end of the 21st century. For the six Cen-tral and Northern European locations (47N) CCP was found to decrease in summer (June-August) by 20-50%. For the two Southern European loca-tions (Madrid and Athens), future CCP was found to become negligible during the summer and to decrease by 20-55% during the spring and the autumn. The study clearly shows that night-time cooling potential will cease to be sufficient to en-sure thermal comfort in many Southern and Cen-tral European buildings. In Central and Northern Europe, a significant passive cooling potential is likely to remain, at least for the next few decades. Upper and lower bound estimates for future CCP were found to diverge strongly in the course of the 21st century, suggesting the need for flexible building design and for risk assessments that ac-count for a wide range of emissions scenarios and uncertainty in climate model results. Building Research and Information, 2008, V36, N2, pp 111-128.
08.2-7Towards improving the simulation of meteoro-logical fields in urban areas through updated/advanced surface fluxes descriptionBaklanov A, Mestayer P G, Clappier A, Zilitinkevich S, Joffre S, Mahura A, Nielsen N WDenmark, France, Switzerland, FinlandModelling , Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric SciencesThe increased resolution of numerical weather prediction models allows nowadays addressing more realistically urban meteorology and air pol-
lution processes. This has triggered new interest in modelling and describing experimentally the specific features and processes of urban areas. Re-cent developments and results performed within the EU- funded project FUMAPEX on integrated systems for forecasting urban meteorology and air pollution are reported here. Sensitivity studies with respect to optimum resolution, parametri-sation of urban roughness and surface exchange fluxes and the role of urban soil layers are carried out with advanced meso- or sub-meso meteoro-logical models. They show that sensible improve-ments can be achieved by higher model resolution that is accompanied with better description of urban surface features. Recommendations, espe-cially with respect to advanced urban air quality forecasting and information systems, are given to-gether with an assessment of the needed further research and data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2008, V8, N3, pp 523-543.
08.2-8Spectral absorption properties of atmospheric aerosolsBergstrom R W, Pilewskie P, Russell P B, Redemann J, Bond T C, Quinn P K, Sierau BUSA, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments & InstrumentationWe have determined the solar spectral absorption optical depth of atmospheric aerosols for specific case studies during several field programs (three cases have been reported previously; two are new results). We combined airborne measurements of the solar net radiant flux density and the aerosol optical depth with a detailed radiative transfer model for all but one of the cases. The field pro-grams (SAFARI 2000, ACE Asia, PRIDE, TARFOX, INTEX-A) contained aerosols representing the ma-jor absorbing aerosol types: pollution, biomass burning, desert dust and mixtures. In all cases the spectral absorption optical depth decreases with wavelength and can be approximated with a power-law wavelength dependence (Absorption Angstrom Exponent or AAE). We compare our re-sults with other recent spectral absorption mea-surements and attempt to briefly summarize the state of knowledge of aerosol absorption spectra in the atmosphere. We discuss the limitations in using the AAE for calculating the solar absorp-tion. We also discuss the resulting spectral single scattering albedo for these cases. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7, N23, pp 5937-5943.
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08.2-9The ABC-Pyramid Atmospheric Research Ob-servatory in Himalaya for aerosol, ozone and halocarbon measurementsBonasoni P, Laj P, Angelini F, Arduini J, Bonafe U, Calzolari F, Cristofanelli P, Decesari S, Facchini M C, Fuzzi S, Gobbi G P, Maione M, Marinoni A, Petzold A, Roccato F, Roger J C, Sellegri K, Sprenger M, Venzac H, Verza G P, Villani P, Vuillermoz EItaly, France, Germany, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments & InstrumentationIn this work we present the new ABC-Pyramid At-mospheric Research Observatory (Nepal, 27.95 N, 86.82 E) located in the Himalayas, specifically in the Khumbu valley at 5079 in a.s.l. This measure-ment station has been set-up with the aim of in-vestigating natural and human-induced environ-mental changes at different scales (local, regional and global). After an accurate instrumental set-up at ISAC- CNR in Bologna (Italy) in autumn 2005, the ABC-Pyramid Observatory for aerosol (physi-cal, chemical and optical properties) and trace gas measurements (ozone and climate altering halo-carbons) was installed in the high Khumbu valley in February 2006. Since March 2006, continuous measurements of aerosol particles (optical and physical properties), ozone (03) and meteorologi-cal parameters as well as weekly samplings of par-ticulate matter (for chemical analyses) and grab air samples for the determination of 27 halocar-bons, have been carried out. These measurements provide data on the typical atmospheric compo-sition of the Himalayan area between India and China and make investigations of the principal differences and similarities between the monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons possible. The study is carried out within the framework of the Ev-K-2-CNR “SHARE-Asia” (Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment in Asia) and UNEP-”ABC” (Atmospheric Brown Clouds) projects. With the name of “Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyra-mid” the station is now part of the Observatory program of the ABC project. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, V391, N2-3, MAR 1, pp 252-261.
08.2-10Carbon isotope fractionation during diffu-sion and biodegradation of petroleum hy-drocarbons in the unsaturated zone: Field experiment at Vaerlose airbase, Denmark, and modelingBouchard D, Hunkeler D, Gaganis P, Aravena R, Hohener P, Broholm M M, Kjeldsen PSwitzerland, Greece, Canada, France, Denmark
Modelling , Energy & Fuels , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric SciencesA field experiment was conducted in Denmark in order to evaluate the fate of 13 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were buried as an artificial fuel source in the unsaturated zone. Compound-specific isotope analysis showed distinct phases in the C-13/C-12 ratio evolution in VOC vapors within 3 m from the source over 114 days. At day 3 and to a lesser extent at day 6, the compounds were depleted in C-13 by up to -5.7%o with increasing distance from the source compared to the initial source values. This trend can be explained by fast-er outward diffusion of the molecules with C-12 only compared to molecules with a C-13. Then, the isotope profile leveled out, and several com-pounds started to become enriched in C-13 by up to 9.5 parts per thousand with increasing distance from the source, due to preferential removal of the molecules with C-12 only, through biodeg-radation. Finally, as the amount of a compound diminished in the source, a C-13 enrichment was also observed close to the source. The magnitude of isotope fractionation tended to be larger the smaller the mass of the molecule was. This study demonstrates that, in the unsaturated zone, car-bon isotope ratios of hydrocarbons are affected by gas-phase diffusion in addition to biodegra-dation, which was confirmed using a numerical model. Gas-phase diffusion led to shifts in delta C-13 >1 parts per thousand during the initial days after the spill, and again during the final stages of source volatilization after >75% of a compound had been removed. In between, diffusion has less of an effect, and thus isotope data can be used as an indicator for hydrocarbon biodegradation. Environmental Science Technology, 2008, V42, N2, JAN 15, pp 596-601.
08.2-11Toward distinguishing woodsmoke and diesel exhaust in ambient particulate matterBraun A, Huggins F E, Kubatova A, Wirick S, Maricq M M, Mun B S, Mc Donald J D, Kelly K E, Shah N, Huffman G PUSA, Switzerland, South KoreaMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesParticulate matter (PM) from biomass burning and diesel exhaust has distinct X-ray spectroscop-ic, carbon specific signatures, which can be em-ployed for source apportionment. Characteriza-tion of the functional groups of a wide selection of PM samples (woodsmoke, diesel soot, urban air PM) was carried out using the soft X-ray spec-troscopy capabilities at the synchrotron radiation sources in Berkeley (ALS) and Brookhaven (NSLS).
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Atmosphere 31
The spectra reveal that diesel exhaust particulate (DIP) matter is made up from a semigraphitic solid core and soluble organic matter, predominantly with carboxylic functional groups. Woodsmoke PM has no or a less prevalent, graphitic signature, instead it contains carbon-hydroxyl groups. Using these features to apportion the carbonaceous PM in ambient samples we estimate that the relative contribution of DEP to ambient PM in an urban area such as Lexington, KY and St. Louis, MO is 7% and 13.5%, respectively. These values are compa-rable to dispersion modeling data from nonurban and urban areas in California, and with elemental carbon measurements in urban locations such as Boston, MA, Rochester, NY, and Washington, DC. Environmental Science Technology, 2008, V42, N2, JAN 15, pp 374-380.
08.2-12Defant’s work on North Atlantic climate vari-ability revisitedBrönnimann S, Frei FSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesIn 1924, Albert Defant published an illuminating paper on North Atlantic climate variability. He identified and analysed the main modes of atmo-spheric circulation over the North Atlantic and compared corresponding index series with other geophysical time series (e.g., volcanic eruptions, sea ice, tropical circulation). This view was antici-pating many aspects of the current perspective in research on North Atlantic climate variability and hence is an important forerunner. At about the same time, Sir Gilbert Walker published a number of articles on global climate variability, thereby taking a statistical point of view. In these papers he distinguished three major large-scale modes, one of which he termed the North Atlantic Oscil-lation (NAO). While Defant’s work is not particu-larly well known, Walker’s papers are often cited. Here we contrast the work of the two scientists and discuss possible reasons for the very different reception histories. To embed Defant’s perspec-tive in the current scientific debate, we revisit his approach, thereby making use of a much longer data record. We find that his approach of defining an index series is offering interesting perspectives to studying North Atlantic climate variability. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2008, V17, N1, pp 93-102.
08.2-13Impacts of the convention on long-range transboundary air pollution on air quality in EuropeBull K, Johansson M, Krzyzanowski MGermany, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Toxicology , Human & Public HealthThe Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution has been one of the main ways of protect-ing the environment in Europe from air pollution. This convention has successfully bridged different political systems even through times of political change, and is a prime example of what can be achieved through intergovernmental coopera-tion. Through creating an effective framework for controlling and reducing the damage to human health and the environment from transboundary air pollution, this convention has proved success-ful. This article considers the development of the convention and its work on adverse air pollution effects, in particular on activities related to quan-tifying effects on human health as carried out by the convention’s joint (with WHO) Task Force on the Health Effects of Air Pollution (Task Force on Health), and concludes with some indications of the convention’s future priorities. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A Current
08.2-14Chemical composition of free tropospheric aerosol for PM1 and coarse mode at the high alpine site JungfraujochCozic J, Verheggen B, Weingartner E, Crosier J, Bower K N, Flynn M J, Coe H, Henning S, Stein-bacher M, Henne S, Collaud Coen M, Petzold A, Baltensperger USwitzerland, England, GermanyMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe chemical composition of submicron (fine mode) and supermicron (coarse mode) aerosol particles has been investigated at the Jungfrau-joch high alpine research station (3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland) as part of the GAW aerosol monitor-ing program since 1999. A clear seasonality was observed for all major components throughout the period with low concentrations in winter (pre-dominantly free tropospheric aerosol) and higher concentrations in summer (enhanced vertical transport of boundary layer pollutants). In addi-tion, mass closure was attempted during inten-sive campaigns in March 2004, February-March 2005 and August 2005. Ionic, carbonaceous and non-refractory components of the aerosol were quantified as well as the PM1 and coarse mode to-
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tal aerosol mass concentrations. A relatively low conversion factor of 1.8 for organic carbon (OC) to particulate organic matter (OM) was found in winter (February-March 2005). Organics, sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate were the major compo-nents of the fine aerosol fraction that were identi-fied, while calcium and nitrate were the only two measured components contributing to the coarse mode. The aerosol mass concentrations for fine and coarse mode aerosol measured during the intensive campaigns were not typical of the long-term seasonality due largely to dynamical differ-ences. Average fine and coarse mode concentra-tions during the intensive field campaigns were 1.7 µg m(-3) and 2.4 µg m(-3) in winter and 2.5 µg m(-3) and 2.0 µg m(-3) in summer, respectively. The mass balance of aerosols showed higher contribu-tions of calcium and nitrate in the coarse mode during Saharan dust events (SDE) than without SDE. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2008, V8, N2, pp 407-423.
08.2-15Cut-induced VOC emissions from agricultural grasslandsDavison B, Brunner A, Ammann C, Spirig C, Jocher M, Neftel AEngland, SwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric SciencesThe introduction of proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR- MS) for fast response measure-ments of volatile organic compounds (VOC) has enabled the use of eddy covariance methods to investigate VOC fluxes on the ecosystem scale. In this study PTR-MS flux measurements of VOC were performed over agricultural grassland during and after a cut event. Selected masses detected by the PTR-MS showed fluxes of methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone. They were highest directly after cut-ting and during the hay drying phase. Simultane-ously, significant fluxes of protonated ion masses 73, 81, and 83 were observed. Due to the limited identification of compounds with the PTR-MS technique, GC-MS and GC-FID-PTR-MS techniques were additionally applied. In this way, ion mass 73 could be identified as 2-butanone, mass 81 mainly as (Z)-3-hexenal, and mass 83 mainly as the sum of (Z)-3-hexenol and hexenyl acetates. Hexenal, hex-enols, and the hexenyl acetates are mostly related to plant wounding during cutting. It was found that legume plants and forbs emit a higher num-ber of different VOC species than graminoids. Plant Biology, 2008, V10, N1, JAN, pp 76-85.
08.2-16Atmospheric comparison of electrochemical cell ozonesondes from different manufac-turers, and with different cathode solution strengths: The Balloon Experiment on Stan-dards for OzonesondesDeshler T, Mercer J L, Smit H G J, Stubi R, Levrat G, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, Kivi R, Thompson A M, Witte J, Davies J, Schmidlin F J, Brothers G, Sasaki TUSA, Germany, Switzerland, Finland, Canada, JapanMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesA balloon flight to compare 18 ozonesondes with an ozone photometer and with ozone column measurements from Dobson and Brewer spectro-photometers was completed in April 2004. The core experiment consisted of 12 electrochemical concentration cell ozonesondes, 6 from Science Pump Corporation (SP) and 6 from ENSCI Corpora-tion (ES), prepared with cathode solution concen-trations of 0.5% KI (half buffer) and 1.0% KI (full buffer). Auxiliary ozonesondes consisted of two electrochemical concentration cell sondes with 2.0% KI (no buffer), two reconditioned sondes, and two Japanese-KC96 sondes. Precision of each group of similarly prepared ozonesondes was <2-3%. The six ozonesondes prepared according to the manu-facturer’s recommendations (SP, 1.0% KI, ES 0.5% KI) overestimated the photometer measurements by 5-10% in the stratosphere, but provided ozone columns in good agreement with the ground-based spectrophotometer measurements. This is consistent with the difference (similar to 5%) in ozone photometer and column measurements ob-served during the experiment. Using cathode cell concentrations of 1.0% KI for ES sondes caused overestimates of the photometer by 10-15% and of ozone column by 5-10%. In contrast, 0.5% KI in SP sondes led to good agreement with the photome-ter, but underestimates of ozone column. The KC96 sondes underestimated the photometer measure-ments by about 5-15% at air pressures above 30 hPa. Agreement was within 5% at lower pressures. Diluting the solution concentration and the buf-fers from 1.0% to 0.5% KI causes an approximately linear pressure-dependent decrease in ozone for both SP and ES sondes, ratio (0.5 KI/1.0 KI) = 0.9 + 0.024* log(10)(Pressure) . Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2008, V113, ND4, FEB 29 ARTN: D04307.
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08.2-17Cloud forming potential of secondary organic aerosol under near atmospheric conditionsDuplissy J, Gysel M, Alfarra M R, Dommen J, Metzger A, Prevot A S H, Weingartner E, Laak-sonen A, Raatikainen T, Good N, Turner S F, Mc Figgans G, Baltensperger USwitzerland, England, FinlandModelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesCloud droplets form by nucleation on atmospher-ic aerosol particles. Populations of such particles invariably contain organic material, a major source of which is thought to be condensation of photo- oxidation products of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We demonstrate that smog chamber studies of the formation of such biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during photo- oxidation must be conducted at near atmospheric concentrations to yield atmo-spherically representative particle composition, hygroscopicity and cloud-forming potential. Un-der these conditions, the hygroscopicity measured at 95% relative humidity can be used reliably to predict the CCN activity of the SOA particles by as-suming droplet surface tension of pure water. We also show that the supersaturation required to ac-tivate a given size of particle decreases with age. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, V35, N3, FEB 15 ARTN: L03818.
08.2-18An extended paciric-north American index from upper-air historical data back to 1922Ewen T, Brönnimann S, Annis JSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingThis paper presents a reconstruction of a Pacific-North America (PNA) index from historical upper-level data for the period 1922-47. The data have been compiled from a number of sources and cover the Pacific-North American sector relatively well over this time period. Temperature and geo-potential height profiles from aircraft, kite, and radiosonde ascents back to 1922 have been digi-tized and validated. Wind speed and direction from pilot balloon data back to the early 1920s, provided by NCAR, have also been used. A statis-tical regression approach is used for the recon-struction and calibrated in the post-1948 period using NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data. Split-sample validation experiments were performed within the NCEP-NCAR period, and sensitivity experi-ments with different subsets of predictors were performed. Similar reconstructions and valida-tion experiments were carried out using a 540-yr control run from the Community Climate System
Model, version 3 (CCSM3). The reconstructed index series together with validation statistics for both the historical and model data are presented. Ex-cellent reconstruction skill is found for the winter months, while the reconstructions are somewhat worse in summer. Compared with a reconstruc-tion based only on surface data, the addition of the newly digitized upper-air stations improves the reconstruction skill in all seasons. The his-torical reconstruction is presented with respect to its imprint on hemispheric fields of surface air temperature, sea level pressure, and precipitation with a special focus on extreme cases. In addition, the extended PNA index is compared with indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Pacific dec-adal oscillation, and the El Nifio-Southern Oscilla-tion. The relationship to these indices is found to be stationary over the analysis period. Journal of Climate, 2008, V21, N6, MAR 15, pp 1295-1308.
08.2-19Monitoring of air radioactivity at the Jung-fraujoch research station: Test of a new high volume aerosol samplerFlury T, Völkle HSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (SFOPH) is responsible for the surveillance of environmen-tal radioactivity in Switzerland and for the protec-tion of the public from ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. In order to improve the Swiss radioac-tivity monitoring network, a new high volume air sampler (DIGITEL DHA-80) was tested in Fribourg and at the Jungfraujoch High Altitude Research Station at 3454 m. The filters are analyzed in the laboratory by a high purity coaxial germanium detector. In the test period natural radio nuclides and traces of Cs-137, due to the Chernobyl ac-cident of April 1986, were measured and are in good agreement with values from Germany and Poland. Albeit, the main purpose of this radioac-tivity monitoring network is to detect rapidly any input of artificial radioactivity, it is also helpful to understand transport of natural radio nuclides in the atmosphere, as for example the cosmogenic Be-7 and the long- lived radon daughter Pb-210. The DIGITEL sampler proved to be sufficiently reli-able for aerosol radioactivity monitoring even in extreme meteorological conditions at Jungfrau-joch. A detection limit for artificial Cs-137 of 2 µBq/m(3) is obtained. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, V391, N2-3, MAR 1, pp 284-287.
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08.2-20Regional differences in gas-particle partition-ing and deposition of semivolatile organic compounds on a global scaleGötz C W, Scheringer M, Macleod M, Wegmann F, Hungerbühler KSwitzerlandModelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Remote SensingVariability in gas-particle partitioning of semivol-atile organic compounds (SOCs) and related atmo-spheric processes (particle- associated deposition, rain washout and degradation) are investigated on a global scale. Two different sorption approaches (one using the octanol-air partition coefficient, K-OA, and one based on poly- parameter linear free energy relationships, ppLFER) and two differ-ent atmospheric box models (unit-world and high-ly spatially and temporally resolved) are applied. In the unit-world model, the overall deposition and atmospheric fate of SOCs calculated with the K-OA-based sorption approach are similar to the ones calculated with the ppLFER approach. Rain washout dominates the atmospheric removal of polar chemicals in the unit-world model while non-polar chemicals are removed mainly through degradation or particle-associated deposition. In contrast, big differences and a high sensitiv-ity to the selected sorption approach are found in the spatially and temporally resolved model. The highly resolved geographic variability cannot be represented using the KOA-based approach if aerosol components other than OM are of impor-tance for sorption. In particular, aerosols in dry regions (desert) and regions with low OM aerosols (arctic, some oceanic regions) are more appropri-ately described by the ppLFER approach. With the ppLFER approach, good agreement between mod-eled deposition fluxes and measurement data are found for higher chlorinated PCBs and TCDD/Fs. In general, we recommend the ppLFER approach for highly resolved environmental fate models. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, V42, N3, JAN, pp 554-567.
08.2-21Development of a model-based high-resolu-tion extreme surface wind climatology for SwitzerlandGoyette SSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingAn innovative methodology aimed at establishing a numerical model- based high-resolution clima-tology of extreme winds over Switzerland is de-scribed, that makes use of the Canadian Regional
Climate Model where a new windgust parameter-ization has been implemented. Self- nesting pro-cedures allow windstorms to be studied at reso-lution as high as 2-km. The analysis of ten major windstorms concludes that the average spatial pat-tern and magnitude of the simulated windspeeds are well captured, and the areas that experienced extreme winds correspond well with observations and to the location where forest damage was reported following the last two of these storms. This climatology would eventually serve to form risk assessment maps based on the exceedance of windspeed thresholds. There is, however, a need for further investigations to encompass the full range of potential extreme wind cases. The ul-timate goal of this methodology is to assess the change in the behaviour of extreme winds for a climate forced by enhanced greenhouse gas con-centrations, and the impact of future windstorms over the Alpine region at high resolution. Natural Hazards, 2008, V44, N3, MAR, pp 329-339.
08.2-22Closure study between chemical composition and hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles during TORCH2Gysel M, Crosier J, Topping D O, Whitehead J D, Bower K N, Cubison M J, Williams P I, Flynn M J, Mcfiggans G B, Coe HEngland, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingMeasurements of aerosol properties were made in aged polluted and clean background air masses encountered at the North Norfolk (UK) coastline as part of the TORCH2 field campaign in May 2004. Hygroscopic growth factors (GF) at 90% rela-tive humidity (RH) for D-0=27-217 nm particles and size-resolved chemical composition were simulta-neously measured using a Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (HTDMA) and an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (Q-AMS), re-spectively. Both hygroscopic properties and chem-ical composition showed pronounced variability in time and with particles size. With this data set we could demonstrate that the Zdanovskii- Stokes-Robinson (ZSR) mixing rule combined with chemical composition data from the AMS makes accurate quantitative predictions of the mean GF of mixed atmospheric aerosol particles possible. In doing so it is crucial that chemical composition data are acquired with high resolution in both particle size and time, at least matching the ac-tual variability of particle properties. The closure results indicate an ensemble GF of the organic fraction of similar to 1.20 + /- 0.10 at 90% water
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activity. Thus the organics contribute somewhat to hygroscopic growth, particularly at small sizes, however the inorganic salts still dominate. Fur-thermore it has been found that most likely sub-stantial evaporation losses of NH4NO3 occurred within the HTDMA instrument, exacerbated by a long residence time of similar to 1 min. Such an artefact is in agreement with our laboratory experiments and literature data for pure NH4NO3, both showing similar evaporation losses within HTDMAs with residence times of similar to 1 min. Short residence times and low temperatures are hence recommended for HTDMAs in order to min-imise such evaporation artefacts. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7, N24, pp 6131-6144.
08.2-23An unexpected pattern of distinct weekly peri-odicities in climatological variables in GermanyHendricks Franssen H JSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesGeophysical Research Letters, 2008, V35, N5, MAR 5 ARTN: L05802.
08.2-24Development of probability distributions for regional climate change from uncertain global mean warming and an uncertain scaling rela-tionship (vol 11, pg 1097, 2007)Hingray B, Mezghani A, Buishand T ASwitzerland, NetherlandsMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Water ResourcesTo produce probability distributions for regional climate change in surface temperature and pre-cipitation, a probability distribution for global mean temperature increase has been combined with the probability distributions for the appro-priate scaling variables, i.e. the changes in region-al temperature/precipitation per degree global mean warming. Each scaling variable is assumed to be normally distributed. The uncertainty of the scaling relationship arises from systematic differ-ences between the regional changes from global and regional climate model simulations and from natural variability. The contributions of these sources of uncertainty to the total variance of the scaling variable are estimated from simulated temperature and precipitation data in a suite of regional climate model experiments conducted within the framework of the EU-funded project PRUDENCE, using an Analysis Of Variance (ANO-VA). For the area covered in the 2001–2004 EU-funded project SWURVE, five case study regions
(CSRs) are considered: NW England, the Rhine ba-sin, Iberia, Jura lakes (Switzerland) and Mauvoisin dam (Switzerland). The resulting regional climate changes for 2070–2099 vary quite significantly between CSRs, between seasons and between me-teorological variables. For all CSRs, the expected warming in summer is higher than that expected for the other seasons. This summer warming is accompanied by a large decrease in precipitation. The uncertainty of the scaling ratios for tempera-ture and precipitation is relatively large in sum-mer because of the differences between regional climate models. Differences between the spatial climate-change patterns of global climate model simulations make significant contributions to the uncertainty of the scaling ratio for temperature. However, no meaningful contribution could be found for the scaling ratio for precipitation due to the small number of global climate models in the PRUDENCE project and natural variability, which is often the largest source of uncertainty. In contrast, for temperature, the contribution of natural variability to the total variance of the scaling ratio is small, in particular for the annual mean values. Simulation from the probability dis-tributions of global mean warming and the scal-ing ratio results in a wider range of regional tem-perature change than that in the regional climate model experiments. For the regional change in precipitation, however, a large proportion of the simulations (about 90%) is within the range of the regional climate model simulations.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2008, V12, N1, p 75.
08.2-25Transport of nitrogen oxides, carbon mon-oxide and ozone to the Alpine Global Atmo-sphere Watch stations Jungfraujoch (Swit-zerland), Zugspitze and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria) and Mt. Krvavec (Slovenia)Kaiser A, Schelfinger H, Spangl W, Weiss A, Gilge S, Fricke W, Ries L, Cemas D, Jesenovec BAustria, Switzerland, Germany, SloveniaMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe Alpine stations Zugspitze, Hohenpeissenberg, Sonnbick, Jungfraujoch and Mt. Krvavec contrib-ute to the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW) of the World Meteorological Organiza-tion (WMO). The aim of GAW is the surveillance of the large-scale chemical composition of the atmosphere. Thus, the detection of air pollutant transport from regional sources is of particular interest. In this paper, the origin of NOx (mea-sured with a photo-converter), CO and O-3 at the
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four Alpine GAW stations is studied by trajectory residence time statistics. Although these methods originated during the early 1980s, no comprehen-sive study of different atmospheric trace gases measured simultaneously at several background observatories in the Alps was conducted up to present. The main NOx source regions detected by the trajectory statistics are the northwest of Eu-rope and the region covering East Germany, Czech Republic and southeast Poland, whereas the main CO source areas are the central, north eastern and eastern parts of Europe with some gradient from low to high latitudes. Subsiding air masses from west and southwest are relatively poor in NOx and CO. The statistics for ozone show strong seasonal effects. Near ground air masses are poor in ozone in winter but rich in ozone in summer. The main source for high ozone concentration in winter is air masses that subside from higher elevations, often enhanced by foehn effects at Hohenpeis-senberg. During summer, the Mediterranean con-stitutes an important additional source for high ozone concentrations. Especially during winter, large differences between Hohenpeissenberg and the higher elevated stations are found. Hohenpeis-senberg is frequently within the inversion, where-as the higher elevated stations are above the inver-sion. Jungfraujoch is the only station where the statistics detect an influence of air rich in CO and NOx from the Po Basin. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N40, DEC, pp 9273-9287.
08.2-26Global surface-based sun photometer network for long-term observations of column aerosol optical properties: Intercomparison of aerosol optical depthKim S W, Yoon S C, Dutton E G, Kim J, Wehrli C, Holben B NSouth Korea, France, USA, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments & InstrumentationComparisons of aerosol optical depths (AODs) de-termined from several types of Sun photometers operating side by side as part of four different net-works (GAW PFR, AERONET, SKYNET, and NOAA/ESRL aerosol monitoring programs) were made at 6 different environmental stations to evalu-ate the different types of current state-of-the-art instruments under different aerosol loading conditions. A comparison between AERONET CI-MEL and GAW PFR at a high altitude calibration site, Mauna Loa, shows an excellent agreement with 0.001 bias for 500 nm AOD. AODs obtained from direct Sun-pointing instruments are within
0.01 bias, though these results are similar to or slightly larger than those given in previous short-term intensive studies. These results suggest that well-maintained networks of direct Sun-pointing instruments developed by different companies/institutions can provide quality-assured AOD data across the globe to the aerosol-climate research community. The poorer agreement between a hemispherical field-of-view (FOV) MFRSR and the finite FOV Sun-pointing instrument is found to be due to uncertainty in the angular characteriza-tion of the MFRSR optics. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2008, V42, N1, JAN, pp 1-9.
08.2-27Source attribution of submicron organic aero-sols during wintertime inversions by advanced factor analysis of aerosol mass spectraLanz A, Alfarra M R, Baltensperger U, Buchmann B, Hueglin C, Szidat S, Wehrli M N, Wacker L, Weimer S, Caseiro A, Puxbaum H, Prevot A S HSwitzerland, Austria, PortugalMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Engineering, ModellingReal-time measurements of submicrometer aero-sol were performed using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) during three weeks at an urban background site in Zürich (Switzerland) in January 2006. A hybrid receptor model which incorporates a priori known source composition was applied to the AMS highly time-resolved or-ganic aerosol mass spectra. Three sources and components of submicrometer organic aerosols were identified: the major component was oxy-genated organic aerosol (OOA), mostly represent-ing secondary organic aerosol and accounting on average for 52-57% of the particulate organic mass. Radiocarbon (C-14) measurements of organic car-bon (OC) indicated that similar to 31 and similar to 69% of OOA originated from fossil and nonfossil sources, respectively. OOA estimates were strongly correlated with measured particulate ammo-nium. Particles from wood combustion (35-40%) and 3-13% traffic-related hydrocarbon-like organ-ic aerosol (HOA) accounted for the other half of measured organic matter (OM). Emission ratios of modeled HOA to measured nitrogen oxides (NOx) and OM from wood burning to levoglucosan from filter analyses were found to be consistent with literature values. Environmental Science Technology, 2008, V42, N1, JAN 1, pp 214-220.
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08.2-28Measurements of organic trace gases includ-ing oxygenated volatile organic compounds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzer-land): Seasonal variation and source alloca-tionsLegreid G, Folini D, Staehelin J, Lööv J B, Steinbach-er M, Reimann SSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesAt the high alpine site Jungfraujoch ( Switzerland) mixing ratios of 21 oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and selected nonmethane hydrocarbons ( NMHCs) have been measured by a newly developed two-stage double adsorbent system coupled to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer ( GC-MS). In addition, formaldehyde was measured by the Hantzsch technique. Four measurement campaigns were performed once every season in 2005, providing for the first time a unique data set of OVOCs in the free troposphere of central Europe. The dominating OVOCs mea-sured were acetone, methanol, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, with mean mixing ratios of 622-867 ppt, 362-790 ppt, 303-505 ppt and 310-392 ppt, respectively. These compounds explained 95% of the measured organic compounds in summer and 83% in fall. Elevated mixing ratios in sum-mer were observed for compounds with strong biogenic sources ( e. g., methanol and acetone) , whereas mainly anthropogenic compounds ( e. g., ethanol and benzene) had higher mixing ratios during winter. Potential European source regions were estimated for the organic trace gases by com-bining the measured data with a statistical trajec-tory model. Northern Italy, southern France and southern and eastern Germany were identified as the main European contributors to the measured organic compounds at Jungfraujoch. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2008, V113, ND5, MAR 7 ARTN: D05307.
08.2-29Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) at an urban background site in Zürich (Europe): Seasonal variation and source alloca-tionLegreid G, Lööv J B, Staehelin J, Hüglin C, Hill M, Buchmann B, Prevot A S H, Reimann SSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban StudiesTwenty-one oxygenated volatile organic com-pounds (OVOCs) were measured in four seasonal campaigns at an urban background site in Zürich (Switzerland) with a newly developed double ad-sorbent sampling unit coupled to a gas chromato-
graph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). In addition, se-lected non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured, as well as formaldehyde in the sum-mer and winter campaign. The most abundant compound measured in all seasons was ethanol, with peak values of more than 60 ppb. Its season-al variation with a lower mean value in summer compared to that in winter implied mostly anthro-pogenic sources. In contrast, compounds with ad-ditional biogenic sources, or compounds known to be produced in the troposphere by oxidation processes, had seasonal maxima in summer (e.g. methanol, acetone, formaldehyde, methacrolein and 2-butenone (methyl vinyl ketone, MVK)). For the OVOCs it was estimated that local sources con-tributed 40% and 49% to the mixing ratios of the measured compounds in summer and in winter, respectively. Combustion was estimated to con-tribute 75% to these local sources independent of the season. About 50% of both the OVOC and NMHC levels in Zürich could be explained by the regional background, which included regional biogenic and anthropogenic sources in addition to secondary production. Industrial sources were identified for acetone, butanone (methyl ethyl ke-tone, MEK), n- propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N38, DEC, pp 8409-8423.
08.2-30Research at JungfraujochLeuenberger M, Flückiger ESwitzerlandInternational Relations , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric SciencesThe High Altitude Research Station at Jungfrau-joch is widely recognised as an important re-search site. This is : documented by the fact that jungfraujoch was recently selected as one of the 24 Global Atmosphere Watch stations (GAW) with-in the framework of WMO activities. The GAW ac-tivities are in line with the international Global Observing Strategy (IGOS) on Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observation (IGACO). In addition, Jungfraujoch is an alpine site within the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Compo-sition Change (NDACC). jungfraujoch is also a sta-tion within national networks such as the Swiss national network of air pollution observation (NABEL), which is part of the European Monitor-ing and Evaluation Program (EMEP), investigating particularly the large-scale dissemination of air pollutants within Europe. The station was opened in 1931. Therefore, an international conference to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the High Al-titude Research Station Jungfraujoch was held at
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Interlaken, Switzerland (11-13 September, 2006). Studies across different research fields were pre-sented, stimulating discussions among represen-tatives of many disciplines from chemists physi-cists, astronomers, and biologists to physicians. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, V391, N2-3, MAR 1, pp 169-176.
08.2-31Positive and negative phases of the winter-time north Atlantic oscillation and drought occurrence over Europe: A multitemporal-scale approachLopez Moreno J I, Vicente Serrano S MSpain, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesIn this study, droughts are analyzed using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) at differ-ent time scales for all of Europe over the period 1901-2000. The SPI is calculated at different time scales (1-12 months), as are the average values that correspond to negative and positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The responses of droughts to the phases of the NAO vary spatially, but the response also depends on the month of the year and the time scale of the analysis. During the positive/negative phases, negative /positive SPI values are generally recorded in southern Europe, with the opposite pattern recorded in northern Europe. In certain regions, significant differences in the SPI are also recorded during spring, sum-mer, and even autumn. In several regions, the magnitude of the average SPI anomalies is notice-ably different for the positive and negative phases of the NAO, indicating the asymmetric response of droughts to the NAO. The unstable response of drought occurrence is also demonstrated, at dif-ferent time scales, to positive and negative phases of the NAO throughout the twentieth century. During the second half of the twentieth century, there is a strengthening of the influence of the positive phases of the NAO on droughts. In con-trast, the negative phases show a weaker influence on the SPI during the second half of the twenti-eth century. This pattern is related to changes in the wintertime sea level pressure fields associated with positive and negative phases of the NAO. Journal of Climate, 2008, V21, N6, MAR 15, pp 1220-1243.
08.2-32Localization of source regions of selected hy-drofluorocarbons combining data collected at two European mountain stationsMaione M, Giostra U, Arduini J, Belfiore L, Furlani F, Geniali A, Mangani G, Vollmer M K, Reimann SItaly, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesGround-based in situ measurements of hydro-fluorocarbons HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-152a, which are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol, are carried out at four European sites within the SOGE (System of Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe) program. Concen-trations measured at the high mountain stations of Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) and Mte Cimone (It-aly) together with back-trajectory statistical analy-sis are used in order to identify potential source regions on a European scale. Combining concen-tration data recorded at the two sites allows to reduce one of the problem which is inherent to the back-trajectory approach, i.e. the localisation of “ghost” sources in the wake of real sources. In this way, a more reliable picture of the location of European potential source regions is given. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, V391, N2-3, MAR 1, pp 232-240.
08.2-33Photoenhanced uptake of NO2 on mineral dust: Laboratory experiments and model simulationsNdour M, D’anna B, George C, Ka O, Balkanski Y, Kleffmann J, Stemmler K, Ammann MFrance, Switzerland, Senegal, GermanyModelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesMineral dust contains material such as TiO2 that is well known to have photocatalytic activity. In this laboratory study, mixed TiO2-Si O2, Saharan dust and Arizona Test Dust were exposed to NO2 in a coated wall flow tube reactor. While uptake in the dark was negligible, photoenhanced up-take of NO2 was observed on all samples. For the mixed TiO2-SiO2, the uptake coefficients increased with increasing TiO2 mass fraction, with BET up-take coefficients ranging from 0.12 to 1.9 x 10(-6). HONO was observed from all samples, with varying yields, e. g., 80% for Saharan dust. Three-dimensional modeling indicates that photochem-istry of dust may reduce the NO2 level up to 37% and ozone up to 5% during a dust event in the free troposphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, V35, N5, MAR 12 ARTN: L05812.
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08.2-34Spatial accuracy of a simplified disaggregation method for traffic emissions applied in seven mid-sized Chilean citiesOsses de Elcker M, Zah R, Trivino R, Hurni HSwitzerland, ChileModelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban StudiesThe spatial accuracy of top-down traffic emission inventory maps obtained with a simplified dis-aggregation method based on street density was assessed in seven mid-sized Chilean cities. Each top-down emission inventory map was compared against a reference, namely a more accurate bot-tom-up emission inventory map front the same study area. The comparison was carried out using a combination of numerical indicators and visual interpretation. Statistically significant differences were found between the seven cities with regard to the- spatial accuracy of their top-down emission inventory maps. In compact cities with a simple street network and a single center, a good accu-racy of the spatial distribution Of emissions was achieved with correlation values >0.8 with respect to the bottom-up emission inventory of reference. In contrast, the simplified disaggregation method is not suitable for complex cities consisting of interconnected nuclei, resulting in correlation values <0.5. Although top-down disaggregation of traffic emissions generally exhibits low accuracy, the accuracy is significantly higher in compact cities and might be further improved by applying a correction factor for the city center. Therefore, the method call be used by local environmental authorities in cities with limited resources and with little knowledge on the pollution situation to get an overview on the spatial distribution of the emissions generated by traffic activities. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, V42, N7, MAR, pp 1491-1502.
08.2-35Kinetic model framework for aerosol and cloud surface chemistry and gas-particle in-teractions - Part 1: General equations, param-eters, and terminologyPöschl U, Rudich Y, Ammann MGermany, Israel, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling , Instruments & InstrumentationAerosols and clouds play central roles in atmo-spheric chemistry and physics, climate, air pollu-tion, and public health. The mechanistic under-standing and predictability of aerosol and cloud properties, interactions, transformations, and ef-fects are, however, still very limited. This is due
not only to the limited availability of measure-ment data, but also to the limited applicability and compatibility of model formalisms used for the analysis, interpretation, and description of heterogeneous and multiphase processes. To sup-port the investigation and elucidation of atmo-spheric aerosol and cloud surface chemistry and gas-particle interactions, we present a compre-hensive kinetic model framework with consistent and unambiguous terminology and universally applicable rate equations and parameters. It en-ables a detailed description of mass transport and chemical reactions at the gas-particle interface, and it allows linking aerosol and cloud surface processes with gas phase and particle bulk pro-cesses in systems with multiple chemical compo-nents and competing physicochemical processes. The key elements and essential aspects of the presented framework are: a simple and descrip-tive double-layer surface model (sorption layer and quasi-static layer); straightforward flux-based mass balance and rate equations; clear separa-tion of mass transport and chemical reactions; well-defined and consistent rate parameters (up-take and accommodation coefficients, reaction and transport rate coefficients); clear distinction between gas phase, gas-surface, and surface-bulk transport (gas phase diffusion, surface and bulk accommodation); clear distinction between gas-surface, surface layer, and surface-bulk reactions (Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal mecha-nisms); mechanistic description of concentration and time dependences (transient and steady-state conditions); flexible addition of unlimited num-bers of chemical species and physicochemical processes; optional aggregation or resolution of intermediate species, sequential processes, and surface layers; and full compatibility with tradi-tional resistor model formulations. The outlined double-layer surface concept and formalisms rep-resent a minimum of model complexity required for a consistent description of the non-linear concentration and time dependences observed in experimental studies of atmospheric multiphase processes (competitive co-adsorption and surface saturation effects, etc.). Exemplary practical ap-plications and model calculations illustrating the relevance of the above aspects are presented in a companion paper (Ammann and Poschl, 2007). We expect that the presented model framework will serve as a useful tool and basis for experimental and theoretical studies investigating and describ-ing atmospheric aerosol and cloud surface chem-istry and gas-particle interactions. It shall help to end the ‘Babylonian confusion’ that seems to inhibit scientific progress in the understanding of
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heterogeneous chemical reactions and other mul-tiphase processes in aerosols and clouds. In par-ticular, it shall support the planning and design of laboratory experiments for the elucidation and determination of fundamental kinetic param-eters; the establishment, evaluation, and quality assurance of comprehensive and self-consistent collections of rate parameters; and the develop-ment of detailed master mechanisms for process models and derivation of simplified but yet real-istic parameterizations for atmospheric and cli-mate models. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7, N23, pp 5989-6023.
08.2-36Northern hemisphere extratropical cyclones: A comparison of detection and tracking methods and different reanalysesRaible C C, Della Marta P M, Schwierz C, Wernli H, Blender RSwitzerland, GermanyMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe applicability of three different cyclone detec-tion and tracking schemes is investigated with reanalysis datasets. First, cyclone climatologies and cyclone characteristics of the 40-yr ECMWF Re- Analysis (ERA-40) are compared with the NCEP-NCAR dataset using one method. ERA-40 shows sys-tematically more cyclones, and therefore a higher cyclone center density, than the NCEP-NCAR re-analysis dataset. Geostrophically adjusted geopo-tential height gradients around cyclone centers, a measure of cyclone intensity, are enhanced in ERA-40 compared with the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset. The variability of the number of cyclones per season is significantly correlated between the two reanalysis datasets, but time series of the ex-treme cyclone intensity exhibit a higher correla-tion. This suggests that the cyclone intensity is a more robust measure of variability than the num-ber of cyclones. Second, three cyclone detection and tracking schemes are compared, based on the ERA-40 dataset. In general the schemes show a good correspondence. The approaches differ in technical aspects associated with the cyclone identification and the tracking procedure, lead-ing to deviations in cyclone track length. Howev-er, it is often not clear which scheme is correct or incorrect. With the application of lifetime thresh-olds, some of the cyclone tracks are too short to be included in statistical measures of cyclones. Nevertheless, consequences of these differences in mean cyclone characteristics are minor, but for specific research questions - for example, what is the cyclone activity in the Mediterranean in win-
ter - the users should be aware of these potential differences and adjust their scheme if necessary. A trend analysis of cyclone characteristics shows that results appear to be sensitive to both the choice of cyclone detection and tracking schemes and the reanalysis dataset. Monthly Weather Review, 2008, V136, N3, MAR, pp 880-897.
08.2-37Monthly air temperature trends in Switzerland 1901-2000 and 1975-2004Rebetez M, Reinhard MSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesWe analysed long-term temperature trends based on 12 homogenised series of monthly tempera-ture data in Switzerland at elevations between 316 m.a.s.l. and 2490 m.a.s.l for the 20(th) century (1901-2000) and for the last thirty years (1975-2004). Comparisons were made between these two peri-ods, with changes standardised to decadal trends. Our results show mean decadal trends of +0.135 degrees C during the 20(th) century and +0.57 de-grees C based on the last three decades only. These trends are more than twice as high as the averaged temperature trends in the Northern Hemisphere. Most stations behave quite similarly, indicating that the increasing trends are linked to large-scale rather than local processes. Seasonal analyses show that the greatest temperature increase in the 1975-2004 period occurred during spring and summer whereas they were particularly weak in spring during the 20(th) century. Recent temperature in-creases are as much related to increases in maxi-mum temperatures as to increases in minimum temperature, a trend that was not apparent in the 1901-2000 period. The different seasonal warming rates may have important consequences for vegeta-tion, natural disasters, human health, and energy consumption, amongst others. The strong increase in summer temperatures helps to explain the ac-celerated glacier retreat in the Alps since 1980. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2008, V91, N1-4, FEB, pp 27-34.
08.2-38Observations of long-lived anthropogenic ha-locarbons at the high- Alpine site of Jungfrau-joch (Switzerland) for assessment of trends and European sourcesReimann S, Vollmer M K, Folini D, Steinbacher M, Hill M, Buchmann B, Zander R, Mahieu ESwitzerland, BelgiumMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Interna-tional Relations
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Anthropogenic halocarbons, such as chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), bromocar-bons (halons) and long-lived chlorinated solvents have been measured continuously at the high-Alpine site of Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) since January 2000. Chloro- and bromo-containing ha-locarbons are responsible for the stratospheric ozone depletion and will be globally banned from usage within the next years. With the exception of the stable CFC-12 (CF2Cl2), all major CFCs and chlorinated solvents show a negative trend in recent years in their background concentrations at Jungfraujoch. HCFCs, as their first- generation substitute, are still increasing with a few percent per year. However, the frequency and the strength of HCFCs pollution events, which are caused by re-gional European emissions, are already declining. This can be seen as a sign of the impending ban of these gases within the next years in Europe. On the other hand, HFCs as the second-generation substitutes, are increasing with relative rates of at least 10% per year (e.g. almost 5 ppt per year for HFC-134a). An allocation of European sources was attempted by combining measured concentra-tions with trajectories of air masses reaching the Jungfraujoch during pollution events. Potential source regions could be detected in Italy, France, Spain and Germany. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, V391, N2-3, MAR 1, pp 224-231.
08.2-39A study of wood burning and traffic aerosols in an Alpine valley using a multi-wavelength AethalometerSandradewi J, Prevot A S H, Weingartner E, Schmidhauser R, Gysel M, Baltensperger USwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Human & Public HealthWe present a study of aerosol light absorption us-ing a multi- wavelength Aethalometer (lambda = 370-950nm) in an Alpine valley where the major local emissions of aerosols in winter are from domestic wood burning and traffic. The measure-ments were done in winter and summer periods in 2004 and 2005. Much stronger diurnal trends in CO, NOx and aerosol light absorption parame-ters were observed in winter than in summer. The average (+/- 1 S.D.) PM10 concentrations measured at this site were 31.5 +/- 21.7 µg m(-3) in winter and 15.8 +/- 10.0 µg m(-3) in summer. The highest PM10 concentrations were observed between 18:00 and 22:00 h CET in both campaigns, with 45.4 +/- 21.0 µg m(-3) for winter and 21.0 +/- 9.5 µg m(-3) for
summer. The average (+/- 1 S.D.) power law expo-nents of the absorption coefficients (also called absorption exponent) with lambda = 370-950 nm, alpha(370-950 nm) were 1.6 +/- 0.25 in winter and 1.1 +/- 0.05 in summer. The calculation of alpha separately for lower and higher wavelengths (i.e., alpha(370-520nm) and alpha (660-950nm)) pro-vided a better description of the wavelength de-pendence from the UV- to the near-IR region. The highest mean values of alpha(370-520 nm), and alpha(660-950nm) were observed between 22:00 and 02:00 h CET in winter with 2.7 +/- 0.4 and 1.3 +/- 0.1, respectively. Comparison of alpha(370-520nm) with CO and NOx data indicated that the relative contribution of wood burning versus traf-fic was responsible for the seasonal and diurnal variability of alpha. The seasonal and diurnal trends of alpha were not attributed to changes in the particle size since the aerosol volume size dis-tributions (dV/d log D) were found to be similar in both campaigns. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, V42, N1, JAN, pp 101-112.
08.2-40SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 over Switzer-land: estimates of NOx lifetimes and impact of the complex Alpine topography on the retrievalSchaub D, Brunner D, Boersma K F, Keller J, Folini D, Buchmann B, Berresheim H, Staehelin JSwitzerland, USA, GermanyMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban StudiesThis study evaluates NO2 vertical tropospheric column densities (VTCs) retrieved from measure-ments of the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spec-trometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIA-MACHY) above Switzerland and the Alpine region. The close correlation between pixel averaged NOx emission rates from a spatially and temporally highly resolved inventory and the NO2 VTCs un-der anticyclonic meteorological conditions dem-onstrates the general ability of SCIAMACHY to detect sources of NOx pollution in Switzerland. This correlation is further used to infer seasonal mean NOx lifetimes carefully taking into account the influence of the strong diurnal cycle in NOx emissions on these estimates. Lifetimes are esti-mated to 3.6 (+/- 0.8) hours in summer and 13.1 (+/- 3.8) hours in winter, the winter value being somewhat lower than previous estimates. A com-parison between the 2003-2005 mean NO2 VTC dis-tribution over Switzerland and the corresponding 1996-2003 mean from the Global Ozone Monitor-ing Experiment (GOME) illustrates the much bet-
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ter capability of SCIAMACHY to resolve regional scale pollution features. However, the comparison of seasonal averages over the Swiss Plateau with GOME and ground based in situ observations indicates that SCIAMACHY exhibits a too weak seasonal cycle with comparatively high values in summer and low values in winter. A problem likely contributing to the reduced values in win-ter (not reported in earlier literature) is the use of inaccurate satellite pixel surface pressures de-rived from a coarse resolution global model in the retrieval. The marked topography in the Alpine region can lead to deviations of several hundred meters between the model assumed and the real pixel-averaged surface height. A sensitivity study based on selected clear sky SCIAMACHY NO2 VTCs over the Swiss Plateau and two fixed a priori NO2 profile shapes indicates that inaccurate pixel sur-face pressures affect retrieved NO2 columns over complex terrain by up to 40%. For retrievals in the UV-visible spectral range with a decreasing sensi-tivity towards the earth’s surface, this effect is of major importance when the NO2 resides close to the ground, a situation most frequently observed during winter. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7, N23, pp 5971-5987.
08.2-41Trends and variability of midlatitude strato-spheric water vapour deduced from the re-evaluated Boulder balloon series and HALOEScherer M, Vömel H, Fueglistaler S, Oltmans S J, Staehelin JEngland, Switzerland, USAMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , ModellingThis paper presents an updated trend analysis of water vapour in the lower midlatitude strato-sphere from the Boulder balloon-borne NOAA frostpoint hygrometer measurements and from the Halogen Occulation Experiment (HALOE). Two corrections for instrumental bias are applied to homogenise the frostpoint data series, and a qual-ity assessment of all soundings after 1991 is pre-sented. Linear trend estimates based on the cor-rected data for the period 1980-2000 are up to 40% lower than previously reported. Vertically resolved trends and variability are calculated with a multi regression analysis including the quasi- biennal oscillation and equivalent latitude as explanatory variables. In the range of 380 to 640 K potential temperature (approximate to 14 to 25 km), the frostpoint data from 1981 to 2006 show positive linear trends between 0.3 +/- 0.3 and 0.7 +/- 0.1%/yr. The same dataset shows trends between -0.2 +/- 0.3 and 1.0 +/- 0.3%/yr for the period 1992 to 2005.
HALOE data over the same time period suggest negative trends ranging from -1.1 +/- 0.2 to -0.1 +/- 0.1%/yr. In the lower stratosphere, a rapid drop of water vapour is observed in 2000/2001 with little change since. At higher altitudes, the transition is more gradual, with slowly decreasing concen-trations between 2001 and 2007. This pattern is consistent with a change induced by a drop of wa-ter concentrations at entry into the stratosphere. Previously noted differences in trends and vari-ability between frostpoint and HALOE remain for the homogenised data. Due to uncertainties in re-analysis temperatures and stratospheric transport combined with uncertainties in observations, no quantitative inference about changes of water entering the stratosphere in the tropics could be made with the mid latitude measurements analy-sed here. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2008, V8, N5, pp 1391-1402.
08.2-42The precipitation climate of Central Asia - in-tercomparison of observational and numerical data sources in a remote semiarid regionSchiemann R, Lüthi D, Vidale P L, Schär CSwitzerland, EnglandModelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , HydrologyIn this study, we systematically compare a wide range of observational and numerical precipita-tion datasets for Central Asia. Data considered include two re-analyses, three datasets based on direct observations, and the output of a regional climate model simulation driven by a global re-analysis. These are validated and intercompared with respect to their ability to represent the Cen-tral Asian precipitation climate. In each of the datasets, we consider the mean spatial distribu-tion and the seasonal cycle of precipitation, the amplitude of interannual variability, the repre-sentation of individual yearly anomalies, the pre-cipitation sensitivity (i.e. the response to wet and dry conditions), and the temporal homogeneity of precipitation. Additionally, we carried out part of these analyses for datasets available in real time. The mutual agreement between the observations is used as an indication of how far these data can be used for validating precipitation data from oth-er sources. In particular, we show that the obser-vations usually agree qualitatively on anomalies in individual years while it is not always possible to use them for the quantitative validation of the amplitude of interannual variability. The regional climate model is capable of improving the spatial distribution of precipitation. At the same time, it
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strongly underestimates summer precipitation and its variability, while interannual variations are well represented during the other seasons, in particular in the Central Asian mountains during winter and spring. International Journal of Climatology, 2008, V28, N3, MAR, pp 295-314.
08.2-43A UT/LS ozone climatology of the nineteen seventies deduced from the GASP aircraft measurement programSchnadt Poberaj C, Staehelin J, Brunner D, Thouret V, Mohnen VSwitzerland, France, USAMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesWe present ozone measurements of the Global At-mospheric Sampling Program (GASP) performed from four commercial and one research aircraft in the late 1970s. The GASP quality assurance and control program was reviewed, and an ozone climatology of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) of the years 1975-1979 was built. The data set was estimated to have an over-all uncertainty of 9% or 3 ppb whichever is greater for the first two years and 4% or 3 ppb for the re-maining years, i.e. after implementation of sili-cone rubber membranes in the pumps. Two cases of nearly coincident flights of two GASP airliners along the same flight route, and the comparison with independent observations from the litera-ture, including ozonesondes and aircraft cam-paigns, indicate that the ozone measurements are of high quality. The UT/LS climatology of the GASP data set is in general agreement with that derived from MOZAIC in the 1990s in regions cov-ered by both programmes. GASP provides unique large-scale climatological information on UT/LS ozone above the northern hemisphere Pacific re-gion, which is not covered by MOZAIC. There, the GASP climatology confirms several characteristic features derived from individual research aircraft campaigns and from ozone soundings. In particu-lar, summertime ozone in the UT over the midlati-tude eastern Pacific Ocean was significantly lower in the 1970s than over the American continent. The generally lower ozone concentrations in the tropics near the dateline as compared to farther east are indicative of convective uplifting of ozone poor air from the marine boundary layer. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7, N22, pp 5917-5936.
08.2-44Polar stratospheric chlorine kinetics from a self-match flight during SOLVE-II/EUPLEXSchofield R, Frieler K, Wohltmann I, Rex M, von Hobe M, Stroh F, Koch G, Peter T, Canty T, Sala-witch R, Volk C MGermany, USA, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesIn-situ measurements of ClO made onboard the Geophysica aircraft on 30 January 2003 in the Arctic afford a novel approach to constrain the kinetic parameters governing polar stratospheric chlorine chemistry using atmospheric observa-tions. The self-match flight pattern, i.e.sampling individual air masses twice at different zenith an-gles, was utilized by simulating the evolution of ClO mixing ratios between two ‘matching’ points using a photochemical model and optimizing the model parameters to fit the observations within a retrieval framework. Our results suggest a ClO/ClOOCl thermal equilibrium constant K-eq a fac-tor of 5 smaller and a ratio J/k(f) a factor of 2 larger than the values based on the JPL recommenda-tions. This concurs with other studies based on observed ClOx partitioning and corroborates that our understanding of stratospheric chlorine chemistry is incomplete, particularly in the light of the most recent laboratory experiments point-ing to a J/k(f) ratio almost an order of magnitude below the JPL recommendation. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, V35, N1, JAN 11 ARTN: L01807.
08.2-45Coatings and their enhancement of black carbon light absorption in the tropical atmo-sphereSchwarz J P, Spackman J R, Fahey D W, Gao R S, Lohmann U, Stier P, Watts L A, Thomson D S, Lack D A, Pfister L, Mahoney M J, Baumgardner D, Wil-son J C, Reeves J MUSA, Mexico, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesBlack carbon ( BC) is the dominant aerosol absorb-er of solar radiation in the atmosphere and is an important component of anthropogenic climate forcing. BC’s role is strongly dependent on its physical state, which can influence the way that BC particles may act as ice and cloud nuclei, as well as the way they interact with solar radiation. In situ measurements made with a single-particle soot photometer flown on a NASA high-altitude research aircraft show the mass and size of indi-vidual BC particles in the tropics, as well as their propensity to be found mixed with additional ma-terials. Mie theory was used to connect observed
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light scattering off BC particles to the optical ef-fects of coatings on the particles. The observations indicate that as BC from ground-based emission sources rises in altitude to the lower stratosphere, coatings on BC particles become both thicker and more prevalent, while BC mass mixing ratios de-crease dramatically from their values near the ground. Coatings enhance light absorption by the ambient BC column by at least 30%. These results reveal the microphysical state of BC in the atmo-sphere while providing important constraints for models evaluating BC’s role in climate change. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2008, V113, ND3, FEB 14 ARTN: D03203.
08.2-46Interannual variability of Greenland winter precipitation sources: Lagrangian moisture diagnostic and North Atlantic Oscillation influ-enceSodemann H, Schwierz C, Wernli HGermany, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , HydrologyWe present a new Lagrangian diagnostic for iden-tifying the sources of water vapor for precipita-tion. Unlike previous studies, the method allows for a quantitative demarcation of evaporative moisture sources. This is achieved by taking into account the temporal sequence of evaporation into and precipitation from an air parcel during transport, as well as information on its proximity to the boundary layer. The moisture source region diagnostic was applied to trace the origin of water vapor for winter precipitation over the Greenland ice sheet for 30 selected months with pronounced positive, negative, and neutral North Atlantic Os-cillation (NAO) index, using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ ERA-40 re-analysis data. The North Atlantic and the Nordic seas proved to be the by far dominant moisture sources for Greenland. The location of the identi-fied moisture sources in the North Atlantic basin strongly varied with the NAO phase. More specifi-cally, the method diagnosed a shift from sources north of Iceland during NAO positive months to a maximum in the southeastern North Atlantic for NAO negative months, qualitatively consistent with changes in the concurrent large-scale mean flow. More long-range moisture transport was identified during the NAO negative phase, leading to the advection of moisture from more southerly locations. Different regions of the Greenland ice sheet experience differing changes in the average moisture source locations; variability was largest in the north and west of Greenland. The strong moisture source variability for Greenland winter
precipitation with the NAO found here can have a large impact on the stable isotope composition of Greenland precipitation and hence can be impor-tant for the interpretation of stable isotope data from ice cores. In a companion paper, the implica-tions of the present results are further explored in that respect. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2008, V113, ND3, FEB 12 ARTN: D03107.
08.2-47An evaluation of the current radiative forcing benefit of the Montreal Protocol at the high-Alpine site JungfraujochSteinbacher M, Vollmer M K, Buchmann B, Rei-mann SSwitzerlandInternational Relations , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric SciencesA combination of reconstructed histories, long-term time series and recent quasi-continuous observations of non-CO2 greenhouse gases at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch is used to assess their current global radiative forcing budget and the influence of regulations due to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in terms of climate change. Extrapolated atmospheric greenhouse gases trends from 1989 assuming a business-as-usualscenario, i.e. no Mon-treal Protocol restriction, are presented and com-pared to the observations. The largest differences between hypothetical business- as-usual mixing ratios and current atmospheric observations over the last 16 years were found for chlorinated spe-cies, in particular methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) at 167 to 203 ppt and chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12) at 121 to 254 ppt. These prevented increases were used to estimate the effects of their restrictions on the radiative forcing budget. The net direct effect due to the Montreal Protocol regulations reduces global warming and offsets about 14 to 30% of the positive greenhouse effect related to the major greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O and also SF6, and about 12 to 22% of the hypothetical current radiative forcing increase without Mon-treal Protocol restrictions. Thus, the Montreal Protocol succeeded not only in reducing the atmo-spheric chlorine content in the atmosphere but also dampened global warming. Nevertheless, the Montreal Protocol controlled species still add to global warming. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, V391, N2-3, MAR 1, pp 217-223.
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08.2-48The Zürich Ice Nucleation Chamber (ZINC) - A new instrument to investigate atmospheric ice formationStetzer O, Baschek B, Lüönd F, Lohmann USwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments & InstrumentationA new instrument to study ice nucleation, the Zürich Ice Nucleation Chamber (ZINC), has been constructed. It is a continuous flow diffusion chamber following the design by Rogers (1988) but has a flat parallel plate geometry. The instrument can operate at temperatures as low as 236 K with the current setup with ice supersaturations of up to 50%. The typical sample flow is 1 lpm with a total flow of 10 lpm using twice 4.5 lpm for sheath flows. FLUENT simulations were performed and are presented to discuss the flow, temperature, and humidity profiles within the main chamber. Activation experiments with silver iodide parti-cles were used to validate the instrument against literature data. We report the onset of freezing for an activated fraction of 2% of all particles. The data exhibit an almost linear trend between 257 K (111.5% RHi) and 237 K (119% RHi) with very good agreement with literature data. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2008, V42, N1, JAN, pp 64-74.
08.2-49Use of FLUXNET in the community land model developmentStöckli R, Lawrence D M, Niu G Y, Oleson K W, Thornton P E, Yang Z L, Bonan G B, Denning A S, Running S WUSA, SwitzerlandModelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments & InstrumentationThe Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3.0) simulates land-atmosphere exchanges in response to climatic forcings. CLM3.0 has known biases in the surface energy partitioning as a result of de-ficiencies in its hydrological and biophysical pa-rameterizations. Such models, however, need to be robust for multidecadal global climate simu-lations. FLUXNET now provides an extensive data source of carbon, water and energy exchanges for investigating land processes, and it encompasses a global range of ecosystem-climate interactions. Data from 15 FLUXNET sites are used to iden-tify and improve model deficiencies. Including a prognostic aquifer, a bare soil evaporation resis-tance formulation and numerous other changes in the model result in a significantly improved soil hydrology and energy partitioning. Terres-
trial water storage increased by up to 300 mm in warm climates and decreased in cold climates. Nitrogen control of photosynthesis is revealed as another missing process in the model. These im-provements increase the correlation coefficient of hourly and monthly latent heat fluxes from a range of 0.5-0.6 to the range of 0.7-0.9. RMSE of the simulated sensible heat fluxes decrease by 20-50%. Primary production is overestimated during the wet season in mediterranean and tropical ecosys-tems. This might be related to missing carbon- ni-trogen dynamics as well as to site-specific param-eters. The new model (CLM3.5) with an improved terrestrial water cycle should lead to more realis-tic land-atmosphere exchanges in coupled simula-tions. FLUXNET is found to be a valuable tool to develop and validate land surface models prior to their application in computationally expensive global simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 2008, V113, NG1, MAR 19 ARTN: G01025.
08.2-50SAGE II measurements of stratospheric aerosol properties at non- volcanic levelsThomason L W, Burton S P, Luo B P, Peter TUSA, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesSince 2000, stratospheric aerosol levels have been relatively stable and at the lowest levels observed in the historical record. Given the challenges of making satellite measurements of aerosol proper-ties at these levels, we have performed a study of the sensitivity of the product to the major com-ponents of the processing algorithm used in the production of SAGE II aerosol extinction measure-ments and the retrieval process that produces the operational surface area density (SAD) product. We find that the aerosol extinction measure-ments, particularly at 1020 nm, remain robust and reliable at the observed aerosol levels. On the other hand, during background periods, the SAD operational product has an uncertainty of at least a factor of 2 due to the lack of sensitivity to par-ticles with radii less than 100 nm. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2008, V8, N4, pp 983-995.
08.2-51The development of loads of cations, anions, Cd and Pb in precipitation and of atmospheric concentrations of N-components, in Switzer-land from 1988 to 2003Thöni L, Seitler E, Meier M, Zürcher F, Hertz JSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
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This study presents the results of the analyses of Cd, Pb, cations and anions present in precipita-tion and dust at a pre-alpine and a suburban site in Switzerland in the period from 1988 to 2003. The aim of these measurements was to monitor the success of measures taken to diminish pollut-ant emissions. No change was found for Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Mg2+ loads - in line with expectations, as no reducing measures had been taken. Statisti-cally significant and largely decreasing values (50-90%) were found for Cl- and Cd (linked to the fit-ting of filters in incineration plants), Pb (unleaded petrol), SO4
2- (diminishing the use of mineral oil with high S content), and the proton (lower HCl and SO2 emissions). A smaller decrease (up to 30%) or none was registered for oxidised nitrogen com-ponents (fitting cars with catalytic converters, but an increase in numbers of cars and trucks). No significant change was found for NH3 as farm-ing techniques had undergone no major changes. The long-term measurements show that the mea-sures taken to reduce emissions were successful. A shorter monitoring period would have been mis-leading owing to data variability and temporary incidents e.g. amount of precipitation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008, V138, N1-3, MAR, pp 207-218.
08.2-52The air and noise situation in the alpine transit valleys of Frejus, Mont-Blanc, Gotthard and BrennerThudium JSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe environmental consequences of road trans-port with regard to air and noise in the transit val-leys of Frejus, Mont-Blanc, Gotthard, and Brenner have been analysed and compared with each other for the year 2004. In respect of the share of transport passing through the Alps in transport as a whole, there are in part considerable differ-ences between the valleys under investigation as well as within the individual valleys. The air pollution produced per emission unit of road transport is two to three times higher than in the open country, mainly because of the topography and the climate. At numerous monitoring points, the thresholds for the air pollution were exceed-ed. With regard to noise, the valleys are affected equally bad: The amphitheatre effect carries the noise to the higher reaches that would not be ex-posed to so much acoustic irradiation if the source of noise was situated at the same distance in the open country; furthermore, protection from the noise reflected by the slope is difficult. In aggre-
gate, all transit valleys under investigation can be considered as sensitive regions. Revue de Geographie Alpine Journal of Alpine Research, 2007, V95, N1, MAR, pp 33-51.
08.2-53Evaluations of land-ocean skin temperatures of the ISCCP satellite Retrievals and the NCEP and ERA reanalysesTsuang B J, Chou M D, Zhang Y, Roesch A, Yang KTaiwan, USA, Switzerland, JapanModelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThis study evaluates the skin temperature (ST) datasets of the International Satellite Cloud Cli-matology Project (ISCCP) D satellite product, the ISCCP FD satellite product, the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis, and the NCEP-Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospher-ic Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-II Reanal-ysis. The monthly anomalies of all the datasets are correlated to each other and to most of the ground-truth stations with correlation coefficients > 0.50. To evaluate their qualities, the 5 ST datasets are used to calculate clear-sky (CS) outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and upward surface longwave ra-diation (USLR); the results are compared with the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) satel-lite observation and 14 surface stations. The satel-lite-derived STs and ERA- 40 ST tend to bias high on hot deserts (e.g., Sahara Desert), and the reana-lyzed STs tend to bias low in mountain areas ( e. g., Tibet). In Northern Hemisphere high-latitude regions ( tundra, wetlands, deciduous needle-leaf forests, and sea ice), the CS OLR anomalies calcu-lated using the satellite-derived STs have higher correlations and lower root-mean-squared errors with the ERBE satellite observation than those derived from using the reanalyzed STs. ERA- 40 underestimates the amplitude of the seasonal ST over glaciers. All the reanalysis products (ERA-40, NCEP-NCAR, and NCEP- DOE AMIP-II) overestimate the ST during partial sea ice-covered periods in the middle-high-latitude oceans. Nonetheless, suspected spurious noises with an amplitude of 2 K in the satellite- derived STs produce a physically unviable anomaly over earth’s surface where the amplitude of the anomaly is weak (such as open-water bodies, croplands, rain forest, grasslands, hot deserts, and cold deserts). Better land - ocean - ice schemes for a reanalysis should be developed for desert regions, high plateaus, fractional sea ice - covered oceans, and seasonally snow-covered lands, where the largest ST errors are identified. Journal of Climate, 2008, V21, N2, JAN 15, pp 308-330.
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08.2-54Comparison between real time and flask measurements of atmospheric O-2 and CO2 performed at the High Altitude Research Sta-tion Jungfraujoch, SwitzerlandUglietti C, Leuenberger M, Valentino F LSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesFirst real time CO2 and O-2 measurements on the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) are compared with corresponding flasks samples. Whereas CO2 measurements show a good agreement, O-2 compares only moderately. Real time O-2 measurements are performed using two different methods, i.e. by paramagnetic and fuel cells. Fuel cell values exhibit significantly higher scatter, but they compare acceptably well with the paramagnetic values when averaging over 228 min (20 point running mean). Continu-ous measurements are powerful in many respects in contrast to spot-like flask sampling. They help to set up data selection criteria and to improve the robustness of trend calculations. Further, real time measurements help to partition the anthro-pogenic CO2 increase into ocean and terrestrial biosphere for short-time variations of minutes, hours, days, which are not covered by flask sam-pling. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, V391, N2-3, MAR 1, pp 196-202.
08.2-55Measurements and trend analysis of O-2, CO2 and delta C-13 of CO2 from the high altitude research station Junfgraujoch, Switzerland - A comparison with the observations from the remote site Puy de Dome, FranceValentino F L, Leuenberger M, Uglietti C, Sturm PSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesAtmospheric O-2 and CO2 flask measurements from the high altitude research station Jungfrau-joch, Switzerland, and from the observatory at Puy de Dome, France, are presented. Addition-ally, the Jungfraujoch delta C-13 record Of CO2 is discussed. The observations on flask samples collected at the Jungfraujoch station show, since 2003, an enhancement of the oxygen trend which amounts to about 45 per meg /year with a corre-sponding CO2 increase of around 2.4 ppm/year. This enhancement is comparable with that ob-served at the Puy de Dome station where oxygen, since mid 2002, has decreased with a rate of about 50 per meg/year whilst the CO2 increase was of around 1.7 ppm /year but exhibiting a higher vari-ability. Several processes influence delta O-2/N-2.
However, these processes are marked with differ-ent oxidation ratios (O-2:CO2) that can be used to distinguish them. The apparent slopes calculated from correlation plots between de-trended CO2 and delta O-2/N-2 records as well as between corre-sponding trends are significantly larger than the observed terrestrial exchange and fossil fuel emis-sion slopes indicating a strong oceanic influence. Since ocean-atmosphere exchange can have very variable O-2:CO2 ratios depending on processes within the ocean, it is to our understanding the only possibility to explain our observations. The stability of the delta O-2/N-2 scale is critical in this regard, therefore, it is addressed here and we found no significant scale drift which would influ-ence our trend calculations. In our view more im-portant are criterions on the data selection before trend analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, V391, N2-3, MAR 1, pp 203-210.
08.2-56Climatic influences on Midwest drought dur-ing the twentieth centuryWhite W B, Gershunov A, Annis JUSA, SwitzerlandOceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci-encesThe Dustbowl Era drought in the 1930s was the principal Midwest drought of the twentieth cen-tury, occurring primarily in late spring- summer (April-August (AMJJA)) when > 70% of annual rain-fall normally occurred. Another major Midwest drought occurred in the 1950s but primarily in fall-early winter (September-December (SOND)) when normal rainfall was similar to 1/2 as much. Optimized canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is applied to forecast AMJJA and SOND Midwest rainfall variability in cross-validated fashion from antecedent DJF and JJA sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the surrounding oceans. These CCA models simulate (i. e., hindcast, not forecast) the Dustbowl Era drought of the 1930s and four of seven secondary AMJJA droughts (>= 3-yr dura-tion) during the twentieth century, and the prin-cipal Midwest drought of the 1950s and one of three secondary SOND droughts. Diagnosing the model canonical correlations finds the superposi-tion of tropical Pacific cool phases of the quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO) and interdecadal oscil-lation (IDO) responsible for secondary droughts in AMJJA when ENSO was weak and finds the eastern equatorial Pacific cool phase of the ENSO respon-sible for secondary droughts during SOND when ENSO was strong. These explain why secondary droughts in AMJJA occurred more often (nearly ev-
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ery decade) and were of longer duration than sec-ondary droughts in SOND when decadal drought tendencies were usually interrupted by ENSO. These diagnostics also find the AMJJA Dustbowl Era drought in the 1930s and the principal SOND
drought in the 1950s driven primarily by different phases (i. e., in quadrature) of the pentadecadal signal in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). Journal of Climate, 2008, V21, N3, FEB, pp 517-531.
1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
08.2-57Biological control and sustainable food pro-ductionBale J S, van Lenteren J C, Bigler FEngland, Netherlands, SwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , MicrobiologyThe use of biological control for the management of pest insects pre- dates the modern pesticide era. The first major successes in biological control occurred with exotic pests controlled by natural enemy species collected from the country or area of origin of the pest ( classical control). Augmenta-tive control has been successfully applied against a range of open-field and greenhouse pests, and conservation biological control schemes have been developed with indigenous predators and parasi-toids. The cost-benefit ratio for classical biological control is highly favourable ( 1 : 250) and for aug-mentative control is similar to that of insecticides ( 1 : 2-1 : 5), with much lower development costs. Over the past 120 years, more than 5000 introduc-tions of approximately 2000 non-native control agents have been made against arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands with remarkably few en-vironmental problems. Biological control is a key component of a ‘systems approach’ to integrated pest management, to counteract insecticide-resis-tant pests, withdrawal of chemicals and minimize the usage of pesticides. Current studies indicate that genetically modified insect-resistant Bt crops may have no adverse effects on the activity or function of predators or parasitoids used in bio-logical control. The introduction of rational ap-proaches for the environmental risk assessment of non-native control agents is an essential step in the wider application of biological control, but future success is strongly dependent on a greater level of investment in research and development by governments and related organizations that are committed to a reduced reliance on chemical control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 2008, V363, N1492, FEB 27, pp 761-776.
08.2-58Tracing the influence of larch-bud-moth insect outbreaks and weather conditions on larch tree-ring growth in Engadine (Switzerland)Baltensweiler W, Weber U M, Cherubini PSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Forestry , Zoology , EcologyTree-ring analysis of insect-defoliated trees has so far been used for detecting past insect outbreaks only. We hypothesize that the impact of the larch-bud-moth (LBM) Zeiraphera dinian outbreaks on the growth of larch Larix decidua in the Enga-dine (Switzerland) is closely coupled to the spatial development of the outbreak and the ecological characteristics of the respective sites and weather conditions. We tested this hypothesis by review-ing data sets available in the literature and by analysing original data. We monitored LBM popu-lation densities and the needle phenology, growth and defoliation of larch over 28 years, i.e. over four outbreak cycles. In addition, information on defoliation patterns covering six earlier outbreaks over 50 years was matched with tree-ring informa-tion. Tree-ring chronologies of 18 larch stands were analysed with regard to abrupt growth changes and latewood events. Defoliation induces an immediate reduction in latewood, followed by a reduction in needle length and a significant de-crease in radial growth in the subsequent year. We have called this tree-ring pattern the “larch- bud-moth syndrome”. A careful analysis of the various parameters of the LBM syndrome for two specific population cycles enabled us to define different interaction patterns between weather conditions and tree growth. These can then be included in climate change models to help disentangle the impact of insect defoliation from that of adverse climatic conditions. Oikos, 2008, V117, N2, FEB, pp 161-172.
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08.2-59Genetic structure and phylogeography of alpine relict populations of Ranunculus pyg-maeus and Saxifraga cernuaBauert M R, Kaelin M, Edwards P J, Baltisberger MSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , MicrobiologyRanunculus pygmaeus and Saxifraga cernua are arctic-alpine species with similar disjunct distributions: both occur as small, isolated rel-ict populations in the Alps, while they are more widespread in the Arctic. To improve our under-standing of their glacial and postglacial history, we investigated their genetic diversity within and among populations collected in the Alps and in. the Arctic using 80 RAPD primers. We found only two genotypes of R. pygmaeus, one in the Alps and one in the Arctic. The absence of genetic diversity within each region is probably the consequence of postglacial colonization from a single source, fol-lowed by inbreeding in very small populations. In S cernua, we found six genotypes among 11 popu-lations in the Alps but no genetic variation within alpine populations. This limited genetic variation probably results from an extreme reduction and fragmentation of populations during successive glacial periods. In contrast, there was a high level of genetic variation both among and within all arctic populations of S. cernua. We suggest that this arose at least partly through the immigration of plants from multiple sources after the last gla-ciation. The higher genetic diversity of S cernua compared to R. pygmaeus might also be related to their contrasting breeding systems: R. pygmaeus is an inbreeding diploid which propagates only by seeds, while S. cernua is a clonal polyploid which propagates mainly by vegetative means. Clonal growth, by prolonging the life span of a genotype, might contribute to the maintenance of genetic diversity under conditions which are difficult for sexual reproduction and seedling establishment. Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N2, DEC, pp 181-196.
08.2-60Nitrogen rhizodeposition assessed by a (NH3)-N-15 shoot pulse- labelling of Lolium perenne L. grown on soil exposed to 9 years of CO2 enrichmentBazot S, Blum H, Robin CFrance, SwitzerlandPedology , Plant Sciences , Geochemistry & Geo-physicsThe effects of elevated CO2 concentration upon rhizodeposition of nitrogen were investigated on field-grown Lolium perenne planted in soil cores set into the resident soil of a intensively managed
ryegrass sward treated with elevated CO2 for nine consecutive years, under two contrasted N fer-tilisation regimes (Swiss FACE Experiment). The planted cores were excavated from the ambiant (35 Pa pCO(2)) and enriched (60 Pa pCO(2)) rings at two dates during the growing season (spring and early autumn). The cores were brought back to the laboratory for a pulse-labelling of ryegrass shoots with (NH3)-N-15, in order to quantify N-15-rhizodeposition. A recovery of 10-16% of the total N-15 administred to the plant was recovered in the plant-soil system 48 h after the pulse-labelling; significant amounts of N-15 were released into the soil adhering (adhering soil: AS) to the roots (0.44 µg 15 N g AS(-1) and 0.60 µg g AS(-1) in the spring and the autumn samplings, respectively). In the spring sampling, there was no effect of atmo-spheric CO2 concentration on N rhizodeposition. In the autumn sampling, elevated CO2 stimulated N rhizodeposition that amounted to 7.2 and 5.2 mg N-15 m(-2), under elevated and ambient CO2, respectively. Nitrogen rhizodeposition was higher at high N (56 gN m(-2)) than at low N fertilisation (14 gN m(-2)), whatever the sampling date investi-gated. The mechanisms by which elevated atmo-spheric CO2 leads to a stimulation of the net root-released N flux remains to be investigated: was it caused by a higher nitrogen immobilisation by the microbial biomass and a reduced re-assimila-tion of mineralized N and/or by a stimulation of N efflux from roots? Concomitant to the observed reduction of C rhizodeposition, the stimulation of net N efflux suggests that the quality of root released compounds was modified under elevated CO2 concentration. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2008, V63, N1-3, MAY, pp 410-415.
08.2-61Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: a reviewBeauchemin K A, Kreuzer M, Omara F, Mcallister T ACanada, Switzerland, IrelandZoology , Agriculture, Soil SciencesA variety of nutritional management strategies that reduce enteric methane (CH4) production are discussed. Strategies such as increasing the level of grain in the diet, inclusion of lipids and supplementation with ionophores (> 24 ppm) are most likely to be implemented by farmers because there is a high probability that they reduce CH4 emissions in addition to improving production efficiency. Improved pasture management, re-placing grass silage with maize silage and using legumes hold some promise for CH4 mitigation but as yet their impact is not sufficiently docu-
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mented. Several new strategies including dietary supplementation with saponins and tannins, se-lection of yeast cultures and use of fibre-digesting enzymes may mitigate CH4, but these still require extensive research. Most of the studies on reduc-tions in CH4 from ruminants due to diet manage-ment are short-term and focussed only on changes in enteric emissions. Future research must exam-ine long-term sustainability of reductions in CH4 production and impacts on the entire farm green-house gas budget. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2008, V48, N1-2, pp 21-27.
08.2-62Indicators for biodiversity in agricultural land-scapes: a pan- European studyBilleter R, Liira J, Bailey D, Bugter R, Arens P, Augenstein I, Aviron S, Baudry J, Bukacek R, Burel F, Cerny M, de Blust G, de Cock R, Diekoetter T, Dietz H, Dirksen J, Dormann C F, Durka W, Fren-zel M, Hamersky R, Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Koolstra B, Lausch A, Le Coeur D, Maelfait J P, Opdam P, Roubalova M, Schermann A, Schermann N, Schmidt T, Schweiger O, Smulders M J M, Speel-mans M, Simova P, Verboom J, van Wingerden W K R E, Zobel M, Edwards P JSwitzerland, Estonia, Netherlands, France, GermanyAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology1. In many European agricultural landscapes, spe-cies richness is declining considerably. Studies performed at a very large spatial scale are helpful in understanding the reasons for this decline and as a basis for guiding policy. In a unique, large-scale study of 25 agricultural landscapes in seven European countries, we investigated relationships between species richness in several taxa, and the links between biodiversity and landscape struc-ture and management. 2. We estimated the total species richness of vascular plants, birds and five arthropod groups in each 16-km(2) landscape, and recorded various measures of both land-scape structure and intensity of agricultural land use. We studied correlations between taxonomic groups and the effects of landscape and land-use parameters on the number of species in different taxonomic groups. Our statistical approach also accounted for regional variation in species rich-ness unrelated to landscape or land-use factors. 3. The results reveal strong geographical trends in species richness in all taxonomic groups. No single species group emerged as a good predictor of all other species groups. Species richness of all groups increased with the area of semi-natural habitats in the landscape. Species richness of birds and vascular plants was negatively associated
with fertilizer use. 4. Synthesis and applications. We conclude that indicator taxa are unlikely to provide an effective means of predicting biodi-versity at a large spatial scale, especially where there is large biogeographical variation in species richness. However, a small list of landscape and land-use parameters can be used in agricultural landscapes to infer large-scale patterns of species richness. Our results suggest that to halt the loss of biodiversity in these landscapes, it is important to preserve and, if possible, increase the area of semi-natural habitat. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, V45, N1, FEB, pp 141-150.
08.2-63Thicket clumps: A characteristic feature of the Kagera savanna landscape, East AfricaBloesch USwitzerlandForestry , Plant Sciences , EcologyQuestion: What are the genesis and development of thicket clumps within a savanna landscape at geomorphically different locations and what are the driving forces? Location: The Kagera Region, in the border area of Rwanda, Uganda and Tanza-nia. Methods: The vegetation of 32 dry evergreen thicket clumps and their surrounding savannas have been analysed at different geomorphic lo-cations. At each vegetation plot Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Fe2+ /3+, H+, P, C, N, bulk density and particle size were determined for each soil horizon. The impact of soil and termite mounds on thicket clump dynamics on seasonally water-logged plains, gentle slopes and stony hillsides were assessed. Results: Thicket clumps and their surrounding savannas have a distinct structure and floristic composition. They also have distinct soil properties although parent materials are the same. On seasonally waterlogged plains, new thicket clumps can develop on Macrotermitinae mounds; on stony hillsides, Trinervitermes and Macrotermes show a uniform distribution pattern and may initiate the genesis of thicket clumps. Conclusions: Geomorphology broadly determines the significance and interactions of the main fac-tors affecting site-specific vegetation dynamics. On seasonally waterlogged plains, thicket clumps are restricted to termite mounds. Since intra-species competition dictates a minimal distance between neighbouring Macrotermitinae colonies, thicket clumps do not coalescence. By contrast, on stony hillsides, the vegetation mosaic is highly dynamic and determined by the interplay of several factors. The growth of thicket clumps is mainly a function of the fire regime and the browsing intensity. At
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the present time, frequent cool, early dry season fires and the near absence of large browsers have favoured the advance and coalescence of thicket clumps and forest patches on stony hillsides. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2008, V19, N1, FEB, pp 31-44.
08.2-64Traumatic resin ducts in Larix decidua stems impacted by debris flowsBollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Schneuwly D M, Bourqui KSwitzerlandGeomorphology , Plant Sciences , ForestryFollowing mechanical injury, stems of many co-nifers produce tangential rows of traumatic resin ducts (TRDs), the distribution of which has been used to date geomorphic events. However, little is known about how far TRD formation extends tangentially and axially from the point of injury or what the time course of TRD appearance is. We analyzed 28 injuries in eight Larix decidua Mill. tree stems resulting from debris flows in October 2000 and November 2004. Injuries occurred out-side the period of cambial activity, and TRD for-mation occurred in the first layers of the growth ring formed in the year following that of injury. The axial extent of TRD formation averaged 74 cm and was greater above the injury than below it. At the height of the wound center, TRDs extended horizontally to a mean of 18% of the stem circum-ference excluding that portion where the cam-bium had been destroyed. In subsequent growth rings, TRDs, if present, were confined mainly to the height of the center of injury. Both the vertical and horizontal extent of TRD formation was relat-ed to the injury size. Within growth rings, the po-sition of TRD formation changed with increasing distance from the wound progressing from early earlywood to later portions of the growth ring. Tree Physiology, 2008, V28, N2, FEB, pp 255-263.
08.2-65Changes in prey abundance unlikely to explain the demography of a critically endangered Central European batBontadina F, Schmied S F, Beck A, Arlettaz RSwitzerlandZoology , Biodiversity1. Recognizing the factor(s) that caused a demo-graphic crash is a prerequisite to the development of a tailored population restoration plan. While habitat destruction leaves little scope for popula-tion persistence, cryptic habitat deterioration (for example through reduction of food resources) may similarly render an area totally inhospitable,
while it still appears to have a suitable habitat con-figuration. 2. Most European bat species have un-dergone dramatic declines over the past decades. Once among the most widespread and abundant bat species of Central Europe, the lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein 1800), is today extinct in many regions. Although changes in the agricultural landscape have been suggested as the major cause of decline, recent studies have shown that this bat forages almost exclusively in woodland, a habitat that has increased in area across continental Europe over the past decades. This suggests that habitat eradication per se is un-likely to be the main cause of decline. But could cryptic habitat deterioration play a harmful role? 3. We looked at the abundance of insect prey in woodland in the vicinity of colonial roosts with diverging demographic status (extinct, declining or recovering populations), both in the Swiss low-lands (Swiss Plateau) and in the Alps. We predict-ed that population size correlates positively with prey abundance. 4. Diet composition mirrored lo-cal insect prey abundance, confirming an oppor-tunistic foraging strategy. Prey abundance showed marked seasonal variation, but did not differ between sites harbouring extinct, declining or recovering populations. There was also no differ-ence in food abundance between extinct popula-tions in the lowlands and recovering populations in the Alps. 5. Synthesis and applications. Cryptic habitat deterioration through a reduction in prey abundance is unlikely to preclude recolonization of abandoned areas by presently recovering popu-lations. However, sufficient areas of natural forest should be preserved or created around potential nursery roosts. Moreover, connectivity between forest patches must be ensured (by creation of hedges and tree lines) to prevent any spatial gap in recolonization within semi-open agricultural landscapes. Other threatened European forest bats may also benefit from these measures. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, V45, N2, APR, pp 641-648.
08.2-66How do local habitat management and landscape structure at different spatial scales affect fritillary butterfly distribution on frag-mented wetlands?Cozzi G, Müller C B, Krauss JGermany, SwitzerlandZoology , Ecology , BiodiversityHabitat fragmentation, patch quality and land-scape structure are important predictors for spe-cies richness. However, conservation strategies targeting single species mainly focus on habitat
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patches and neglect possible effects of the sur-rounding landscape. This project assesses the im-pact of management, habitat fragmentation and landscape structure at different spatial scales on the distribution of three endangered butterfly spe-cies, Boloria selene, Boloria titania and Brenthis ino. We selected 36 study sites in the Swiss Alps differing in (1) the proportion of suitable habitat (i.e., wetlands); (2) the proportion of potential dis-persal barriers (forest) in the surrounding land-scape; (3) altitude; (4) habitat area and (5) manage-ment (mowing versus grazing). Three surveys per study site were conducted during the adult flight period to estimate occurrence and density of each species. For the best disperser B. selene the prob-ability of occurrence was positively related to in-creasing proportion of wetland on a large spatial scale (radius: 4,000 m), for the medium disperser B. ino on an intermediate spatial scale (2,000 m) and for the poorest disperser B. titania on a small spatial scale (1,000 m). Nearby forest did not nega-tively affect butterfly species distribution but in-stead enhanced the probability of occurrence and the population density of B. titania. The fen- spe-cialist B. selene had a higher probability of occur-rence and higher population densities on grazed compared to mown fens. The altitude of the habi-tat patches affected the occurrence of the three species and increasing habitat area enhanced the probability of occurrence of B. selene and B. ino. We conclude that, the surrounding landscape is of relevance for species distribution, but manage-ment and habitat fragmentation are often more important. We suggest that butterfly conservation should not focus only on a patch scale, but also on a landscape scale, taking into account species-specific dispersal abilities. Landscape Ecology, 2008, V23, N3, MAR, pp 269-283.
08.2-67Importance of species abundance for assess-ment of trait composition: an example based on pollinator communitiesde Bello F, Leps J, Lavorel S, Moretti MFrance, Czech Republic, SwitzerlandBiodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology , ZoologyMeasurements of trait community composition are known to be sensitive to the way species abun-dance is assessed, but not to what extent. This was investigated by considering two of the most com-monly used indices of community trait composi-tion, trait averages and functional diversity, in bee communities along a post-fire environmental gradient. The indices were computed using three different species abundance measurements (log
and unlog number of individuals and species oc-currence only) and 5 traits. For certain traits, the responses of the indices to fire varied according to how species abundance was measured. The measurements that took species abundance into account in the most distinct way (e.g., occurrence vs. unlog data) produced the least similar results for all traits. Species were then grouped into dif-ferent classes on the basis of their relative abun-dance (i.e., dominants, subdominants, and rare species). As a result, the measure that attaches the highest importance to the abundance of species (unlog data) related mostly to the dominant spe-cies traits, while the measure attaching the low-est (i.e., species occurrence) related more to rare species traits. Species diversity was mostly inde-pendent of trait averages and functional diversity, regardless of the measure of species abundance used. We also quantified functional redundancy (i.e., the potential minus the observed functional diversity in each community). When more weight was attached to species abundance, redundancy decreased and tended to be less correlated with species diversity. Overall, the way species abun-dance is taken into consideration in indices of functional composition offers promising insights into the way community assembly mechanisms respond to environmental changes. Community Ecology, 2007, V8, N2, pp 163-170.
08.2-68Prediction uncertainty of environmental change effects on temperate European biodi-versityDormann C F, Schweiger O, Arens P, Augenstein I, Aviron S, Bailey D, Baudry J, Billeter R, Bugter R, Bukacek R, Burel F, Cerny M, de Cock R, de Blust G, Defilippi R, Diekoetter T, Dirksen J, Durka W, Edwards P J, Frenzel M, Hamersky R, Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Koolstra B, Lausch A, Le Coeur D, Liira J, Maelfait J P, Opdam P, Roubalova M, Schermann Legionnet A, Schermann N, Schmidt T, Smulders M J M, Speelmans M, Simova P, Verboom J, van Wingerden W, Zobel MGermany, Netherlands, France, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Belgium, EstoniaBiodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Modelling , EcologyObserved patterns of species richness at landscape scale (gamma diversity) cannot always be attrib-uted to a specific set of explanatory variables, but rather different alternative explanatory statistical models of similar quality may exist. Therefore pre-dictions of the effects of environmental change (such as in climate or land cover) on biodiversity may differ considerably, depending on the chosen
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set of explanatory variables. Here we use multi-model prediction to evaluate effects of climate, land-use intensity and landscape structure on spe-cies richness in each of seven groups of organisms (plants, birds, spiders, wild bees, ground beetles, true bugs and hoverflies) in temperate Europe. We contrast this approach with traditional best-model predictions, which we show, using cross-validation, to have inferior prediction accuracy. Multimodel inference changed the importance of some environmental variables in comparison with the best model, and accordingly gave deviat-ing predictions for environmental change effects. Overall, prediction uncertainty for the multimod-el approach was only slightly higher than that of the best model, and absolute changes in predicted species richness were also comparable. Richness predictions varied generally more for the impact of climate change than for land-use change at the coarse scale of our study. Overall, our study indi-cates that the uncertainty introduced to environ-mental change predictions through uncertainty in model selection both qualitatively and quanti-tatively affects species richness projections. Ecology Letters, 2008, V11, N3, MAR, pp 235-244.
08.2-69Evolutionary rates do not drive latitudinal diversity gradientsEscarguel G, Brayard A, Bucher HFrance, SwitzerlandBiodiversity , Zoology , EcologyAmong the several hypotheses invoked for ex-plaining latitudinal diversity gradients (LDGs), some models classified within the ‘evolution-ary hypothesis’ family assume that LDGs are the direct consequence of latitudinal variations in the speciation and/or extinctions rates. Spatially structured simulations of the biogeographical dis-persal of a randomly generated clade refute the central tenet of these explanatory models and in-dicate that global diversity patterns are combined outcomes of geographic and thermal mid-domain effects under a phylogenetically controlled niche conservatism constraint. The positive correlation observed in several higher taxa between specia-tion rate and diversity does not involve any causal relationship between these two parameters but is most likely the first order by-product of a positive correlation between temperature and per capita speciation rate. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 2008, V46, N1, FEB, pp 82-86.
08.2-70Comparison of horizontal and vertical advec-tive CO2 fluxes at three forest sitesFeigenwinter C, Bernhofer C, Eichelmann U, Hei-nesch B, Hertel M, Janous D, Kolle O, Lagergren F, Lindroth A, Minerbi S, Moderow U, Molder M, Montagnani L, Queck R, Rebmann C, Vestin P, Yernaux M, Zeri M, Ziegler W, Aubinet MSwitzerland, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Italy, Czech RepublicAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Forestry , PedologyExtensive field measurements have been performed at three Carbo Europe-Integrated Project forest sites with different topography (Renon/Ritten, Italian Alps, Italy; Wetzstein, Thuringia, Germany; Norun-da, Uppland, Sweden) to evaluate the relevant terms of the carbon balance by measuring CO2 concentra-tions (CO2) and the wind field in a 3D multi-tower cube setup. The same experimental setup (geometry and instrumentation) and the same methodology were applied to all the three experiments. It is shown that all sites are affected by advection in different ways and strengths. Everywhere, vertical advection (F-VA) occurred only at night. During the day, F-VA disappeared because of turbulent mixing, leading to a uniform vertical profile of (CO2). Mean F-VA was nearly zero at the hilly site (wetzstein) and at the flat site (Norunda). However, large, momentary positive or negative contributions occurred at the flat site, whereas vertical non-turbulent fluxes were generally very small at the hilly site. At the slope site (Renon), F-VA was always positive at night because of the per-manently negative mean vertical wind component resulting from downslope winds. Horizontal advec-tion also occurred mainly at night. It was positive at the slope site and negative at the flat site in the mean diurnal course. The size of the averaged non-turbulent advective fluxes was of the same order of magnitude as the turbulent flux measured by eddy-covariance technique, but the scatter was very high. This implies that it is not advisable to use directly measured quantities of the non-turbulent advective fluxes for the estimation of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) on e.g. an hourly basis. However, situations with and without advection were closely related to local or synoptic meteorological conditions. Thus, it is possible to separate advection affected NEE esti-mates from fluxes which are representative of the source term. However, the development of a robust correction scheme for advection requires a more detailed site-specific analysis of single events for the identification of the relevant processes. This paper presents mean characteristics of the advective CO2 fluxes in a first site-to- site comparison and evaluates the main problems for future research. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2008, V148, N1, JAN 7, pp 12-24.
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08.2-71Methanol emissions from deciduous tree spe-cies: dependence on temperature and light intensityFolkers A, Hüve K, Ammann C, Dindorf T, Kes-selmeier J, Kleist E, Kuhn U, Uerlings R, Wildt JGermany, Estonia, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sci-encesMethanol emissions from several deciduous tree species with predominantly mature leaves were measured under laboratory and field conditions. The emissions were modulated by temperature and light. Under constant light conditions in the laboratory, methanol emissions increased with leaf temperature, by up to 12% per degree. At constant temperatures, emissions doubled when light intensity (PAR) increased from darkness to 800 µmol.m(-2).s(-1). A phenomenological descrip-tion of light and temperature dependencies was derived from the laboratory measurements. This description was successfully applied to reproduce the diel cycle of methanol emissions from an Eng-lish oak measured in the field. Labelling experi-ments with (CO2)- C-13 provided evidence that less than 10% of the emitted methanol was produced de novo by photosynthesis directly prior to emis-sion. Hence, the light dependence of the emissions cannot be explained by instantaneous production from CO2 fixation. Additional experiments with selective cooling of plant roots indicated that a substantial fraction of the emitted methanol may be produced in the roots or stem and transported to stomata by the transpiration stream. However, the transpiration stream cannot be considered as the main factor that determines methanol emis-sions by the investigated plants. Plant Biology, 2008, V10, N1, JAN, pp 65-75.
08.2-72Tree roots - Methodological review and new development in dating and quantifying ero-sive processesGärtner HSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Forestry , GeomorphologyExposed roots have been used in Dendrogeomor-phology since the 1960s to determine erosion rates. This was done by using the root axis as the relative position of the former soil layer and then relating this measure to the age of the root in order to quantify the amount of soil erosion over time. Recently, wood anatomical research revealed the possibility of determining the first year of exposure of roots due to specific anatomi-cal changes within the respective annual ring. As
a consequence, using exposed roots that are still in contact to the soil surface, it is possible to re-construct the size and position of the root at the time of exposure. Consequently, a new equation is presented to calculate the thickness of the eroded soil layer allowing a detailed reconstruction of ero-sion rates. The technique also helps to determine if the root was exposed by erosional processes or just by its ongoing secondary growth without any erosion involved. Geomorphology, 2007, V86, N3-4, MAY 1, pp 243-251.
08.2-73Combining classification tree analyses with interviews to study why sub-alpine grasslands sometimes revert to forest: A case study from the Swiss AlpsGellrich M, Baur P, Robinson B H, Bebi PSwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Forestry , Modelling , EcologyNatural reforestation reflects a decline in tradi-tional agricultural practices. In the last decades, natural forest re-growth has replaced much of the grasslands in the Swiss mountains. This is an area where traditional cultivation has preserved unique landscapes and habitats of high ecologi-cal value. We investigated the patterns and de-terminants of natural reforestation of sub-alpine grasslands at the sub-parcel level using raster cells as the units of the analysis, and at the municipal-ity-level. The study encompassed four munici-palities in the Swiss Alps. Land-use data were de-rived from aerial photographs taken between the 1950s and 2000. We derived the research design for fieldwork (interviews in this study) from spa-tial statistical models (classification trees in this study). This method is known as the “finding an-swers in the errors” approach. This allowed us to relate the behaviour of landowners and operators to changes in land-use /land-cover types, which is one of the main challenges in land-use /land-cover change research. Three of four classification trees accurately described the locations where natu-ral reforestation occurred, which was mostly on steep and north-facing slopes. However, addition-al information from interviews was necessary to understand the patterns and determinants of re-forestation. Interviews revealed that policy factors (e.g. delayed land consolidations) enhanced forest re-growth. Some sites remained under cultivation despite model predictions of reforestation. Socio- economic factors, not incorporated into the mod-els, explained these discrepancies. These factors included the opportunity costs of farm labour
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(e.g. aged farmers retaining traditional practices), a conversion to low-cost cultivation practices (e.g. deer and horse pasturing), agri-environmental requirements (e.g. land required to avoid exceed-ing the prescribed number of livestock per hect-are) or other benefits (e.g. hobby farming). Many farms were abandoned during the 50-year study period. The remaining farms often increased in size, whereas farm labour remained stable or de-creased. Farm labour costs increased faster than incomes, leading to undergrazing and the cessa-tion of tree and shrub clearance. Although our discussion references specific case study areas, our methods are applicable to the study of other areas undergoing land-use change. Agricultural Systems, 2008, V96, N1-3, MAR, pp 124-138.
08.2-74Exotic invasive knotweeds (Fallopia spp.) negatively affect native plant and invertebrate assemblages in European riparian habitatsGerber E, Krebs C, Murrell C, Moretti M, Rocklin R, Schaffner USwitzerland, FranceBiodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology , ZoologyInvasive plants are, simply by occupying a large amount of space in invaded habitats, expected to impose a significant impact on the native veg-etation and their associated food webs. However, little is known about the impact of invasive plants both on native vegetation and on different inverte-brate feeding guilds at the habitat level. Yet, stud-ies addressing multiple trophic levels, e.g. plant species, herbivores, predators and detrivores, are likely to yield additional insight into how and under which conditions invasive weeds alter eco-system structures and processes. We set out to assess whether plant species richness and inver-tebrate assemblages in European riparian habi-tats invaded by exotic knotweeds (Fallopia spp.) differed from those found in native grassland- or bush-dominated riparian habitats, which are both potentially threatened by knotweed invasion. Our findings suggest that riparian habitats invaded by knotweeds support lower numbers of plant species and lower overall abundance and mor-phospecies richness of invertebrates, compared to native grassland-dominated and bush-dominated habitats. Total invertebrate abundance and mor-phospecies richness in Fallopia-invaded riparian habitats were correlated with native plant species richness, suggesting that there is a link between the replacement of native plant species by exotic Fallopia species and the reduction in overall in-vertebrate abundance and morphospecies rich-
ness. Moreover, biomass of invertebrates sampled in grassland and bush-dominated habitats was almost twice as high as that in Fallopia-invaded habitats. Large- scale invasion by exotic Fallopia species is therefore likely to seriously affect biodi-versity and reduce the quality of riparian ecosys-tems for amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals whose diets are largely composed of arthropods. Biological Conservation, 2008, V141, N3, MAR, pp 646-654.
08.2-75Reconstructing anthropogenic disturbance re-gimes in forest ecosystems: A case study from the Swiss Rhone ValleyGimmi U, Bürgi M, Stuber MSwitzerland, USAForestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology , BiodiversityAnthropogenic disturbances of forest ecosystems are increasingly recognized as fundamental eco-logical processes with important long- term impli-cations for biogeochemical cycles and vegetation patterns. This article aims at reconstructing the extent and intensity of the two most common types of traditional forest uses-forest litter col-lecting and wood pasture-in the Swiss Rhone val-ley (Valais) by (i) identifying the spatiotemporal patterns, and (ii) modeling the biomass removal through these practices. Detailed information on agricultural practices and socio-economic con-text were essential to develop reliable estimates of anthropogenic disturbance regimes. In the Val-ais, predominately goats and sheep grazed in the forests. The intensity of grazing was a function of the number of grazing animals and the available grazing area. Forest litter was used as bedding for farm animals during the winter. Key factors deter-mining the intensity of litter collecting were the number of animal units, the amount of available substitute products (straw), and the area where litter raking could be practiced. The results show that wood pasture and forest litter collecting were practiced on a significant proportion of the forest-ed landscape in the Valais up to the second half of the 20th century. Until the implementation of for-est management plans in the 1930s, almost half of the forests in the study area were affected by wood pasture and/or forest litter collecting. The regulations in the management plans led to an es-sential reduction of the area available for these traditional practices but likewise to an increased pressure on the remaining areas. The results sug-gest that the notion of a slow but steady disap-pearance of traditional non- timber forest uses and the associated effects on forest ecosystems is oversimplified. Quantitative reconstructions
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of biomass output resulting from these practices confirm the importance of traditional non-timber forest uses for ecosystem development in this re-gion. Furthermore, it is very likely that similar effects have been widespread throughout regions with similar natural and socio-economic context, for example, throughout a significant proportion of the European Alps. This study underlines the importance of environmental history for ecologi-cal sciences as well as for forest management and conservation planning. Ecosystems, 2008, V11, N1, FEB, pp 113-124.
08.2-76The platform for European root science, COST action E38: An introduction and overviewGodbold D L, Brunner IWales, SwitzerlandModelling , Plant Sciences , ForestryGlobally, forests cover 4 billion ha or 30% of the Earth’s land surface and account for more that 75% of carbon stored in terrestrial ecosystem. However, 20-40% of the forest biomass is roots. Roots play a key role in acquisition of water and nutrients from the soil, the transfer of carbon to soil, as well as providing physical stabilisation. In temperate forests of Europe, average biomass of trees is estimated to be ca. 220 t ha(-1) of which 52 t ha(-1) are coarse roots and 2.4 t ha(-1) are fine roots. Thus, forests and their soils belong to the planets largest reservoirs of carbon. As an outcome of a recently established European platform for scientists working on woody roots, COST action E38, a series of papers has been initiated in order to review the current knowledge on processes in and of roots of woody plants and to identify pos-sible knowledge gaps. These reviews concentrate on aspects of roots as indicators of environmental change, biomass of fine roots, and modelling of course root systems. The reviews of roots as indi-cators of environmental change cover a number of aspects including, specific root length, the cal-cium to aluminium ratio, root electrolyte leakage, and ectomycorrhiza community composition. Plant Biosystems, 2007, V141, N3, NOV, pp 390-393.
08.2-77The influence of spatial errors in species occur-rence data used in distribution modelsGraham C H, Elith J, Hijmans R J, Guisan A, Townsend Peterson A, Loiselle B A CUSA, Australia, SwitzerlandModelling , Biodiversity , Ecology1. Species distribution modelling is used increas-ingly in both applied and theoretical research to
predict how species are distributed and to under-stand attributes of species’ environmental require-ments. In species distribution modelling, various statistical methods are used that combine species occurrence data with environmental spatial data layers to predict the suitability of any site for that species. While the number of data sharing initia-tives involving species’ occurrences in the scien-tific community has increased dramatically over the past few years, various data quality and meth-odological concerns related to using these data for species distribution modelling have not been addressed adequately. 2. We evaluated how uncer-tainty in georeferences and associated locational error in occurrences influence species distribu-tion modelling using two treatments: (1) a control treatment where models were calibrated with original, accurate data and (2) an error treatment where data were first degraded spatially to simu-late locational error. To incorporate error into the coordinates, we moved each coordinate with a random number drawn from the normal distribu-tion with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 5 km. We evaluated the influence of error on the performance of 10 commonly used distribu-tional modelling techniques applied to 40 species in four distinct geographical regions. 3. Locational error in occurrences reduced model performance in three of these regions; relatively accurate pre-dictions of species distributions were possible for most species, even with degraded occurrences. Two species distribution modelling techniques, boosted regression trees and maximum entropy, were the best performing models in the face of lo-cational errors. The results obtained with boosted regression trees were only slightly degraded by er-rors in location, and the results obtained with the maximum entropy approach were not affected by such errors. 4. Synthesis and applications. To use the vast array of occurrence data that exists currently for research and management relating to the geographical ranges of species, modellers need to know the influence of locational error on model quality and whether some modelling techniques are particularly robust to error. We show that certain modelling techniques are par-ticularly robust to a moderate level of locational error and that useful predictions of species distri-butions can be made even when occurrence data include some error. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, V45, N1, FEB, pp 239-247.
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08.2-78Effects of climate on population fluctuations of ibexGrotan V, Saether B E, Filli F, Engen SNorway, SwitzerlandEcology , Biodiversity , ZoologyPredicting the effects of the expected changes in climate on the dynamics of populations require that critical periods for climate- induced changes in population size are identified. Based on time series analyses of 26 Swiss ibex (Capra ibex) popu-lations, we show that variation in winter climate affected the annual changes in population size of most of the populations after accounting for the effects of density dependence and demographic stochasticity. In addition, precipitation during early summer also influenced the population fluc-tuations. This suggests that the major influences of climate on ibex population dynamics operated either through loss of individuals during winter or early summer, or through an effect on fecun-dity. However, spatial covariation in these climate variables was not able to synchronize the popu-lation fluctuations of ibex over larger distances, probably due to large spatial heterogeneity in the effects of single climate variables on different pop-ulations. Such spatial variation in the influence of the same climate variable on the local population dynamics suggests that predictions of influences of climate change need to account for local dif-ferences in population dynamical responses to climatic conditions. Global Change Biology, 2008, V14, N2, FEB, pp 218-228.
08.2-79Application of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) roots to determine erosion rates in mountain tor-rentsHaitz O M, Gartner H, Heinrich I, Monbaron MSwitzerlandWater Resources , Plant Sciences , ForestryDue to the effect of global change, the potential risk of natural hazards occurring in alpine areas is expected to increase to an even higher risklevel than has been recorded during the last century. These global changes potentially also have dis-tinct influences on fluvial processes in torrents causing erosion on slopes and riverbanks in for-ested areas. Dating the time of root exposure along riverbanks combined with common den-drogeomorphic analysis applied to tree trunks helps to reconstruct the erosion dynamics leading to a potential destabilization of adjoining trees. The advantage of using exposed roots compared to common erosion measurement techniques is
that the erosion rates can be quantified with an-nual resolution. The first year of exposure can be determined precisely by the characterization of the wood anatomical changes in the microscop-ic structure of the root. This study is the first to concentrate on the analysis of wood anatomical features of exposed roots of angiosperm trees aim-ing to reconstruct erosional processes. Two moun-tain torrents were selected as stud), sites based on a preliminary evaluation of various Swiss alpine areas. Sites of special interest concerning erosive processes were classified and examined in five different geomorphological groups representing different processes. The analysis comprised the examination of the exposed tree roots in each group. The project shows the potential of roots in general and in particular roots of deciduous angiosperm trees for geomorphological research, especially concerning erosion studies. Catena, 2008, V72, N2, JAN 15, pp 248-258.
08.2-80No stimulation in root production in response to 4 years of in situ CO2 enrichment at the Swiss treelineHanda I T, Hagedorn F, Hättenschwiler SSwitzerland, FranceForestry , Plant Sciences , Pedology1. Plants are frequently observed to increase car-bon allocation to below-ground sinks and particu-larly, to accelerate fine root turnover in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. While these strong below-ground responses have pre-dominantly been observed in rapidly expanding systems, late successional plant communities have rarely been studied. 2. In an ongoing free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, we assessed below-ground responses to elevated CO2 after 4 years, in a treeline ecosystem in the Swiss Central Alps (2180 m a.s.l.) dominated by a late succession-al ericaceous dwarf shrub community (Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum, Empetrum hermaph-roditum), and a sparse overstorey of 30-year-old Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata trees. Measure-ments included quantification of fine root growth using ingrowth root cores and parallel standing crop harvests and decomposition of roots using litter bags. 3. Elevated CO2 did not stimulate root growth of the treated vegetation (although some significant above-ground growth responses were observed), nor did altered root decomposition oc-cur. Root quality measurements indicated that el-evated CO2 resulted in significantly higher starch concentrations, but no change in N concentra-tion, or root dehydrogenase activity. 4. The use of the stable isotope delta C-13 permitted us to trace
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the new carbon entering the system through our CO2 enrichment treatment. We observed that only c. 30% of new root biomass (< 2 mm) was formed by new carbon indicating a rather slow root turn-over in this system. 5. Our data show that fine root growth may be much less stimulated by elevated CO2 in systems with late successional elements than has been reported in ecosystems with a rap-idly expanding plant community biomass. Functional Ecology, 2008, V22, N2, APR, pp 348-358.
08.2-81Testing the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis in a novel frameworkHandley R J, Steinger T, Treier U A, Müller Schärer HSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , EcologyThe “evolution of increased competitive ability’’ (EICA) hypothesis proposes that escape from natu-ral enemies, e. g., after transcontinental introduc-tions, alters the selection regime because costly defenses no longer enhance fitness. Such an evo-lutionary loss of defenses enables resources to be directed toward growth or other traits improving performance. We tested the EICA hypothesis in a novel framework in which the natural enemy is the traveler that follows its widespread host by ac-cidental or deliberate (biocontrol) introductions. In a greenhouse experiment we used populations of Senecio vulgaris from North America, Europe, and Australia that differ in the history of expo-sure to the rust fungus Puccinia lagenophorae. Contrary to what is predicted by EICA, we found no evidence for increased levels of resistance to the rust fungus in plant populations with a lon-ger history of rust exposure (Australia). Similarly, there was no evidence for reduced fecundity in these populations, although vegetative vigor, measured as secondary branching and growth rate, was lower. The maintenance of high rust re-sistance in populations with no (North America) or only a short history (Europe) of rust exposure is surprising given that resistance seems to incur considerable fitness costs, as indicated by the neg-ative association between family mean resistance and fitness in the absence of disease observed for all three continents. The comparison of popula-tion differentiation in quantitative traits with es-timates of differentiation in amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers suggests that a number of fitness-related traits are under diver-gent selection among the studied populations. The proposed framework to test changes in the evolutionary trajectory underlying EICA can be employed in an expanded range of systems. These
may include investigations on a cosmopolitan weed or crop when an antagonist is expanding its geographic range (such as our study), studies along a chronosequence of introduction time with expected increasing accumulation of natu-ral enemies over time, or comparisons between introduced plant populations that differ in expo-sure time to biocontrol organisms. Ecology, 2008, V89, N2, FEB, pp 407-417.
08.2-82The effect of the tillage system on soil organic carbon content under moist, cold-temperate conditionsHermle S, Anken T, Leifeld J, Weisskopf PSwitzerlandPedology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Agriculture, Soil SciencesSoil tillage and its interaction with climate change are widely discussed as a measure fostering car-bon sequestration. To determine possible carbon sinks in agriculture, it is necessary to study car-bon sequestration potentials in relation to agri-cultural management. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the soil carbon sequestration potential of a site in north-eastern Switzerland under dif-ferent tillage systems. The study was performed as a long-term (19-year) trial on an Orthic Luvisol (sandy loam) with a mean annual air temperature of 8.4 degrees C and a long-term precipitation mean of 1183 mm. The soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration was determined five times during the study period, with the paper focussing mainly on the year 2006. The main objective was to quan-tify the influence of mouldboard ploughing (PL), shallow tillage (ST), no-tillage (NT) practices, and grassland (GL) on soil organic carbon content, the latter’s different fractions (labile, intermediate, and stable), and its distribution by depth. In cal-culating the SOC content of the whole soil profile, we included a correction factor accounting for variations in bulk density (equivalent soil mass). The total SOC stock at a depth of 0-40 cm was 65 Mg C ha(-1) and although higher under GL, did not differ significantly between PL, ST, and NT. SOC concentrations per soil layer were significantly greater for NT and ST (0-10 cm) than for PL, which had greater SOC concentrations than NT and ST at 20-30 cm depth. Both SOC concentrations and stocks (0-20 cm) were largest under GL. In all treat-ments, most of the carbon was found in the inter-mediate carbon fraction. There was no significant difference in any of the three SOC fractions be-tween NT and ST, although there was between ST and PL. A sharp decrease in C-concentrations was observed in the first 7 years after the transition
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from grassland to arable land, with a new equilib-rium of the carbon concentration in the 0-40 cm layer being reached 12 years later, with no signifi-cant difference between the tillage treatments. Overall, the results indicate that effects of tillage on soil carbon are small in moist, cold-temperate soils, challenging conversion into no-till as a mea-sure for sequestering C. Soil Tillage Research, 2008, V98, N1, JAN, pp 94-105.
08.2-83Effects of topographic variability on the scaling of plant species richness in gradient dominated landscapesHofer G, Wagner H H, Herzog F, Edwards P JSwitzerland, CanadaBiodiversity , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil SciencesIt is commonly assumed that variation in abiotic site conditions influences the number of niches, which in turn affects the potential species rich-ness in an area. Based on theoretical consider-ations, abiotic variation is often used as an esti-mator of species richness at broad scales, while at finer landscape scales the diversity of habitat types is used. However, habitat estimators assume the landscape to be composed of discrete, homo-geneous patches with sharp boundaries, and such a concept is hard to apply in gradient-dominated landscapes. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the influence of topographic variabil-ity (TV) on species richness at the landscape level (gamma (gamma) diversity) and on its components (alpha (alpha) and beta (beta) diversity) at micro-site and habitat group levels. Using floristic data from 12 “landscapes” of 1 km(2) we investigated the influence on diversity components of two sim-ple and one complex measures of TV. While the standard deviation (SD) of altitude explained a high proportion of the variation in gamma diver-sity (linear regression model, R-2=0.63), the com-plex measure, SD of solar radiation explained it even better (R-2=0.82). There were strong effects of TV on alpha and beta diversity components at the microsite level, but only marginal increases of the diversity components at the habitat level. Further analyses revealed that the missing increase of the habitat level components was caused by differ-ences between habitat groups and that only grass-land diversity components increased significantly with TV. We conclude that TV at a landscape scale has strong effects on niche or microsite diversity and is an appropriate estimator of relative species richness in landscapes that are topographically heterogeneous and gradient dominated. Ecography, 2008, V31, N1, FEB, pp 131-139.
08.2-84Landscape geneticsHolderegger R, Wagner H HSwitzerland, CanadaMicrobiology , Biodiversity , EcologyLandscape genetics is a rapidly evolving interdis-ciplinary field that integrates approaches from population genetics and landscape ecology.)it the context of habitat fragmentation, the current fo-cus of landscape genetics is on assessing the de-gree to which landscapes facilitate the movement of organisms (landscape connectivity) by relating gene-flow patterns to landscape structure. Neutral genetic variation among individuals or direct esti-mates of current gene flow are statistically related to landscape characteristics such as the presence of hypothesized barriers or the least-cost distance for an organism to move from one habitat patch to another, given the nature of the intervening matrix or habitat types. In the context of global change, a major challenge for landscape genet-ics is to address the spread of adaptive variation across landscapes. Genome scans combined with genetic sample collection along environmental gradients or in different habitat types attempt to identify molecular markers that are statistically related to specific environmental conditions, indi-cating adaptive genetic variation. The landscape genetics of adaptive variation may also help an-swer fundamental questions about the collective evolution of populations. Bioscience, 2008, V58, N3, MAR, pp 199-207.
08.2-85Oxygen and carbon isotopic signatures reveal a long-term effect of free-air ozone enrich-ment on leaf conductance in semi-natural grasslandJäggi M, Fuhrer JSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sci-ences , EcologyThe effect of ozone on leaf gas diffusion was in-vestigated by analyzing the stable oxygen iso-topic signatures (00) in leaves of Holcus lanatus L., Plantago lanceolata L., Ranunculus friesianus (Jord.), and Trifolium pratense L. grown in temper-ate, semi-natural grassland. Dried material from plants exposed to ambient or elevated ozone lev-els in a long-term free-air experiment was sam-pled in 2002 and 2003. A general increase in 6180 in elevated ozone indicated increased limitation to gas diffusion, which was strongest during the driest and warmest period in 2003. In three out of four species, the increase in 6180 paralleled an increase in delta C-13 measured earlier in the
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same samples, meaning that the dominant effect of ozone was on gas diffusion and not on CO2 fixa-tion. Only in R. friesianus, ozone affected both processes simultaneously. It is concluded that ele-vated ozone not only affects productivity, but also the water status of important component species of grassland communities. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N38, DEC, pp 8811-8817.
08.2-86Habitat structure affects reproductive success of the rare endemic tree Syzygium mamilla-tum (Myrtaceae) in restored and unrestored sites in mauritiusKaiser C N, Hansen D M, Müller C BSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Forestry , EcologyInvasive alien plants affect the functioning of ecosystems by altering plant-animal interactions, such as pollination, which may impede natural regeneration of native plant species. In Mauri-tius, we studied the reproductive traits and pol-lination ecology of the rare endemic cauliflorous tree Syzygium mamillatum in a restored forest (all alien plant species removed) and an adjacent unrestored area (degraded by alien plants). Flow-ers of S. mamillatum were only visited by gener-alist bird species. Although the initial number of flower buds per tree in the restored forest tended to be higher than that of trees in the unrestored area, final fruit set and the number of seeds per fruit were lower in the restored forest. This cor-responded with lower bird visitation rates in the restored area. Additionally, during budding stage, most trees were severely attacked by lepidopteran larvae, and bud loss through herbivory was high-er in the restored forest. Thus, the difference in reproductive performance of S. mamillatum be-tween the two localities was caused by contrast-ing herbivore attack and bird visitation behavior in restored and unrestored areas. Our findings il-lustrate the importance of restoration efforts in mimicking the original physical structure of habi-tats and interaction structure of interspecific rela-tionships, and the difficulty of doing so given the imperfect knowledge and the reality that many native species have become locally extinct and re-placed by exotic species. Biotropica, 2008, V40, N1, JAN, pp 86-94.
08.2-87Mountain grassland biodiversity: Impact of site conditions versus management typeKampmann D, Herzog F, Jeanneret P, Konold W, Peter M, Walter T, Wildi O, Lüscher A
Switzerland, GermanyEcology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Zoology , Plant SciencesGrasslands of the Swiss Alps provide agricultural goods, ecological services, disaster protection, and scenic beauty. We identified influences of site conditions and management type on grassland biodiversity, and specifically evaluated the effec-tiveness of the agri-environmental programme in the Alps. Vascular plants and grasshoppers were mapped in conventionally managed cut mead-ows, cut meadows of the ecological compensation programme (ECA meadows), and conventionally managed pastures (n = 324). We determined cli-matic and topographic site conditions, quanti-fied the degree of remoteness of all plots in GIS, and estimated the habitat diversity in the vicinity of the sampling sites. The data were analysed by discriminant analysis, rank-correlation analysis, non-parametric ANOVA, general linear models, and ANCOVA. Plant biodiversity hot spots were in economically unattractive, remote sites. These were the typical site conditions of ECA meadows. Hence we concluded that the ecological compensa-tion programme was effectively ensuring manage-ment at these sites, and thus protecting mountain grassland plant species richness. Grasshoppers seemed not to benefit from mountain ECA mead-ows, which were probably often situated at the climatic limit of several species. Pastures were the most species rich management type (plants and grasshoppers), but conversion from cut grassland to pastures should be limited, as negative eco-nomic and ecological effects have been reported. We propose that the co-existence of well-managed pastures and long-term ECA meadows might best conserve mountain grassland biodiversity. Journal For Nature Conservation, 2008, V16, N1, pp 12-25.
08.2-88Hierarchical Bayes estimation of species rich-ness and occupancy in spatially replicated surveysKery M, Royle J ASwitzerland, USABiodiversity , Zoology , Ecology , Modelling1. Species richness is the most widely used bio-diversity metric, but cannot be observed directly as, typically, some species are overlooked. Imper-fect detectability must therefore be accounted for to obtain unbiased species-richness estimates. When richness is assessed at multiple sites, two approaches can be used to estimate species rich-ness: either estimating for each site separately, or pooling all samples. The first approach produces
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imprecise estimates, while the second loses site-specific information. 2. In contrast, a hierarchical Bayes (HB) multispecies site-occupancy model ben-efits from the combination of information across sites without losing site-specific information and also yields occupancy estimates for each species. The heart of the model is an estimate of the in-completely observed presence-absence matrix, a centrepiece of biogeography and monitoring stud-ies. We illustrate the model using Swiss breeding bird survey data, and compare its estimates with the widely used jackknife species-richness estima-tor and raw species counts. 3. Two independent observers each conducted three surveys in 26 1-km (2) quadrats, and detected 27-56 (total 103) species. The average estimated proportion of spe-cies detected after three surveys was 0.87 under the HB model. Jackknife estimates were less pre-cise (less repeatable between observers) than raw counts, but HB estimates were as repeatable as raw counts. The combination of information in the HB model thus resulted in species-richness es-timates presumably at least as unbiased as previ-ous approaches that correct for detectability, but without costs in precision relative to uncorrected, biased species counts. 4. Total species richness in the entire region sampled was estimated at 113.1 (CI 106-123); species detectability ranged from 0.08 to 0.99, illustrating very heterogeneous species de-tectability; and species occupancy was 0.06-0.96. Even after six surveys, absolute bias in observed occupancy was estimated at up to 0.40. 5. Synthe-sis and applications. The HB model for species-richness estimation combines information across sites and enjoys more precise, and presumably less biased, estimates than previous approaches. It also yields estimates of several measures of community size and composition. Covariates for occupancy and detectability can be included. We believe it has considerable potential for monitor-ing programmes as well as in biogeography and community ecology. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, V45, N2, APR, pp 589-598.
08.2-89Low seed bank of herb species suitable for grazing hampers the establishment of wood pastures in the Swiss lowlandsKipfer T, Bosshard ASwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant SciencesControlled forest grazing is expected to yield ben-efits for biodiversity conservation, landscape qual-ity, and in some cases also for land use economy. In
the Swiss lowlands, first attempts are being made to reintroduce forest grazing in productive beech forests, but methodic experience is still limited. One main issue concerns the development of the vegetation after forest stands have been thinned to improve light conditions: Will grassland veg-etation establish spontaneously? The present study analyses the composition of the soil seed bank of four beech forest stands. The seed bank density ranged from 1’244 to 28’651 seeds m(-2). Seed banks mainly consisted of forest and rud-eral species; most abundant were Juncus effusus, Carex sylvatica, Rubus spp. and Clematis vitalba. Seeds of grassland plants were restricted to a few species, and their abundance in the seed bank decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the forest edge. These results reveal that there is little potential for grasslands to develop sponta-neously from the seed bank. The introduction of grassland species of local origin using the green hay method is therefore recommended to prevent soil degradation during the first years of grazing, to fulfil minimal biodiversity requirements and to lower the risk of an establishment of neophytes and other problematic plant species. Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N2, DEC, pp 159-167.
08.2-90The methanogenic potential and C-isotope fractionation of different diet types represent-ed by either C-3 or C-4 plants as evaluated in vitro and in dairy cowsKlevenhusen F, Bernasconi S M, Kreuzer M, Soliva C RSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Zoology , Agriculture, Soil SciencesThe methanogenic potential of two major feed production systems, grassland and arable land, was tested in vitro and in vivo. Diets were differ-entiated into C-3 (grass, cereals) and C-4 plants (maize) to determine whether C-isotope fraction-ation during methane formation differed between the C-3 and C-4 plant based diets. In the in vitro experiment, four diets consisting of hay, maize, wheat (the latter two straw and grain) and a 1 : 1 mixture of the maize and wheat diet were inves-tigated using the Rusitec system (n = 4 per diet). In the in vivo experiment with 12 lactating cows, diets were basically similar, but barley was used instead of wheat and no maize-cereal mixture was tested (n = 4 per diet). Diets were always iso-ener-getic and iso-nitrogenous. Methane was either measured by gas chromatography from complete daily collections (in vitro) or by putting cows into respiratory chambers. In vitro, the methanogenic
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potential of the diets was similar. Methane relat-ed to apparently degraded neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was 50% lower in the hay than in the wheat diet, while the other diets ranged in between. The largest C-isotope fractionation between fermen-tation gases (alpha CO2 - CH4) was found in the wheat diet. In vivo, methane formation was high-est with the barley diet followed by the hay and the maize diet (580, 461 and 453 L/day). Relating methane emission to dry matter intake reduced differences among diets (average 34 L/kg). On aver-age, 118 L of methane were produced per kg di-gested NDF. Methane conversion rate was higher than the IPCC default value of 6.5% given for diets with less than 90% concentrate. No differences in the C- isotope fractionation were found in vivo. It was shown that forage- only diets, containing higher levels of fermentable fibre, do not neces-sarily have a higher methanogenic potential than mixed forage- concentrate diets. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2008, V48, N1-2, pp 119-123.
08.2-91Representative estimates of soil and ecosys-tem respiration in an old beech forestKnohl A, Soe A R B, Kutsch W L, Göckede M, Buchmann NSwitzerland, Germany, Denmark, USAPedology , Forestry , Plant Sciences , EcologyRespiration has been proposed to be the main de-terminant of the carbon balance in European for-ests and is thus essential for our understanding of the carbon cycle. However, the choice of experi-mental design strongly affects estimates of annual respiration and of the contribution of soil respira-tion to total ecosystem respiration. In a detailed study of ecosystem and soil respiration fluxes in an old unmanaged deciduous forest in Central Germany over 3 years (2000-2002), we combined soil chamber and eddy covariance measurements to obtain a comprehensive picture of respiration in this forest. The closed portable chambers of-fered to investigate spatial variability of soil respi-ration and its controls while the eddy covariance system offered continuous measurements of eco-system respiration. Over the year, both fluxes were mainly correlated with temperature. However, when soil moisture sank below 23 vol.% in the up-per 6 cm, water limitations also became apparent. The temporal resolution of the eddy covariance system revealed that relatively high respiration rates occurred during budbreak due to increased metabolic activity and after leaf fall because of in-creased decomposition. Spatial variability in soil respiration rates was large and correlated with
fine root biomass (r(2)=0.56) resulting in estimates of annual efflux varying across plots from 730 to 1,258 (mean 898) g C m(-2) year(-1). Power func-tion calculations showed that achieving a pre-cision in the soil respiration estimate of 20% of the full population mean at a confidence level of 95%, requires about eight sampling locations. Our results can be used as guidelines to improve the representativeness of soil respiration measure-ments by nested sampling designs, being applied in long-term and large-scale carbon sequestration projects such as FLUXNET and CarboEurope. Plant and Soil, 2008, V302, N1-2, JAN, pp 189-202.
08.2-92Impact of regional species pool on grasshop-per restoration in hay meadowsKnop E, Schmid B, Herzog FSwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , ZoologyAgri-environment schemes are the most widely adopted political measure to maintain and re-store farmland biodiversity in Europe. However, abiotic and biotic factors often limit the success of ecological restoration. Among the biotic fac-tors, the size of the local and regional species pool is a major constraint. This is only well docu-mented for plants. We therefore wanted to know if a small regional species pool can also limit res-toration efforts of invertebrates. Specifically, we tested if by relocating grasshoppers from further away, we could overcome regional species pool limitations on hay meadows under the Swiss agri-environment scheme, so-called Ecological Compensation Area meadows (ECA meadows). All meadows had been under restoration for 6 years and were formerly intensively used hay meadows. Two grasshopper species, Euthystira brachyptera and Mecostethus parapleurus, were selected; E. brachyptera was not found in the regional species pool and M. parapleurus had nearly disappeared. In 2004, 1,400 grasshopper individuals of each species were taken from the nearest large source populations and distributed equally on seven ECA meadows and seven control meadows. In 2005, we evaluated whether the species had successfully es-tablished. Only one individual of M. parapleurus was found. We conclude that a small regional spe-cies pool is not the only constraint for the reestab-lishment of grasshoppers on restoration meadows. Also, other factors such as habitat quality appear to constrain the reestablishment of grasshoppers on restoration meadows. Additional restoration efforts specifically targeted at grasshopper res-
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toration are needed, and innovative techniques have to be developed to overcome the relocation constraints. Restoration Ecology, 2008, V16, N1, MAR, pp 34-38.
08.2-93Alien spider introductions to Europe support-ed by global tradeKobelt M, Nentwig WSwitzerlandBiodiversity , Zoology , EcologyGlobal trade is permanently ongoing and increas-es its volume every year. In this study, the occur-rence of 87 unintentionally introduced spider species alien to Europe is analysed. The analysis includes (1) the introduction potential of six dif-ferent origin areas of the world according to trade volume, area size, and geographical distance; (2) the body size of native and alien species; and (3) occurrence in or at buildings (synanthropic) or in natural habitats. We found the eastern Palearc-tic as the most influencing origin area with 44 introduced spider species to Europe. The eastern Palearctic and the Indomalayan provided a signif-icantly higher number of introductions than ex-pected, whereas the Nearctic, Neotropical, and Af-rotropical provided a significantly lower number of introduced species than expected. This can be explained with their lower trade volume, smaller area, larger geographical distance to Europe, and stronger climate differences to Europe. Compar-ing the body size of introduced and native Euro-pean spider species of the same family, we found for Theridiidae significantly larger alien spiders and for all other tested families a trend to a larger body size of alien species compared to the native spiders. The family affiliation of alien spiders is the most important factor for synanthropic occur-rence in Europe. On the base of a very conserva-tive estimation of spider species introductions to Europe combined with possible effects of climate change, we predict for the near future a perma-nent increase in the number of alien spider spe-cies in Europe. Diversity and Distributions, 2008, V14, N2, MAR, pp 273-280.
08.2-94Competition alters plant species response to nickel and zincKölbener A, Ramseier D, Suter MSwitzerlandBiodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences , Pedology , Agriculture, Soil SciencesPhytoextraction can be a cost-efficient method for
the remediation of contaminated soils. Using spe-cies mixtures instead of monocultures might im-prove this procedure. In a species mixture, an ef-fect of heavy metals on the species’ performance can be modified by the presence of a co-occuring species. We hypothesised that (a) a co- occuring species can change the effect of heavy metals on a target species, and (b) heavy metal application may modifiy the competitive behaviour between the plants. We investigated these mechanisms in a greenhouse experiment using three species to serve as a model system (Carex flava, Centaurea angustifolia and Salix caprea). The species were es-tablished in pots of monocultures and mixtures, which were exposed to increasing concentra-tions of Ni and Zn, ranging from 0 to 2,500 mg/kg. Increased heavy metal application reduced the species’ relative growth rate (RGR); the RGR reduction being generally correlated with Ni and Zn concentrations in plant tissue. S. caprea was an exception in that it showed considerable Zn uptake but only moderate growth reduction. In two out of six cases, competitors significantly modified the influence of heavy metals on a target species. The interaction can be explained by an in-creased uptake of Zn by one species (in this case S. caprea) that reduced the negative heavy metal effect on a target species (C. flava). In two further cases, increasing heavy metal application also al-tered competitive effects between the species. The mechanisms demonstrated in this experiment could be of relevance for the phytoextraction of heavy metals. The total uptake of metals might be maximised in specific mixtures, making phytoex-traction more efficient. Plant and Soil, 2008, V303, N1-2, FEB, pp 241-251.
08.2-95Climatic treelines: Conventions, global pat-terns, causesKörner CSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Ecology , Plant Sciences , ForestryThe high altitude treeline phenomenon is dis-cussed with a global perspective. If one disregards local/regional (including anthropogenic) reasons for the absence of trees, the high elevation tree-line is found at surprisingly uniform growing sea-son temperatures worldwide, while other types of thresholds (including the warmest month tem-perature) do not work on a global scale. This phe-nomenon is explained by the close aerodynamic coupling between tree crowns and atmospheric conditions. It is shown that the treeline posi-tion can be predicted well by thermal thresholds
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alone, which makes it an ideal biogeographic ref-erence line in modelling, for instance to estimate the global mountain forest area. Erdkunde, 2007, V61, N4, OCT-DEC, pp 316-324.
08.2-96Small differences in arrival time influence composition and productivity of plant com-munitiesKörner C, Stöcklin J, Reuther Thiébaud L, Pelaez Riedl SSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity‘Who comes first’ is decisive for plant commu-nity assembly and ecosystem properties. Early arrival or faster initial development of a species leads to space occupancy both above and below ground and contributes to species success. How-ever, regular disturbance (e.g. biomass removal) might permit later-arriving or slower-developing species to catch up. Here, artificial communities of grassland species belonging to the plant func-tional types (PFTs) herb, grass and legume were used to test the effect of stepwise arrival (sowing) of PFTs. Dramatic effects were found as a result of a 3 wk arrival difference on composition and above-ground biomass that persisted over four harvests and two seasons. Priority effects, such as unequal germination time (arrival), and thus dif-ferences in community age structure, had lasting effects on PFT biomass contribution and associ-ated ecosystem functioning. These effects were ro-bust against above-ground disturbance. Benefits of earlier root formation outweighed above-ground species interaction. Earlier space occupancy and bigger reserve pools are the likely causes. Natu-ral populations commonly exhibit age diversity and asynchrony of development among taxa. In experiments, artificial synchrony of arrival (sow-ing) may thus induce assembly routes favouring faster-establishing taxa, with consequences for ecosystem functioning (e.g. productivity). Found-er effects, such as those observed here, could be even greater in communities of slow-growing spe-cies or forests, given their longer generation time and minor disturbance. New Phytologist, 2008, V177, N3, pp 698-705.
08.2-97Invasive trees show only weak potential to impact nutrient dynamics in phosphorus-poor tropical forests in the SeychellesKüffer C, Klingler G, Zirfass K, Schumacher E, Ed-wards P J, Güsewell SSwitzerlandForestry , Plant Sciences , Pedology , Ecology
1. Some invasive alien plants accelerate nutri-ent turnover in the ecosystem because the litter they produce has a high specific leaf area (SLA), high concentrations of nutrients and low concen-trations of lignin and polyphenolics, and there-fore decomposes rapidly. These litter properties are typical of plants from nutrient-rich but not nutrient-poor ecosystems, and we therefore hy-pothesize that species that successfully invade nutrient-poor ecosystems might not exhibit them. We tested our hypothesis in a nutrient-poor tropi-cal forest on a granitic island in the Seychelles. 2. Leaf litter properties and annual decomposition rates of six native and six invasive woody species were compared in a field experiment. Each species group included two pioneer, two understorey and two canopy species. We also compared soil fertili-ty under trees of Cinnamomum verum (dominant alien canopy tree), Falcataria moluccana (alien pioneer N-fixing tree) and Northea hornei (domi-nant native canopy tree), measuring total nutrient concentrations and nutrient absorption by ion ex-change resins. 3. Within the ecological groups of pioneer and canopy species, litter of invasive spe-cies had higher mean values of SLA (120% higher) and leaf N concentration (80% higher), and litter decomposition was 40%-80% faster (rate k) than for native species; however, there were no such differences in the group of understorey species. Soils sampled under the three tree species dif-fered little in nutrient concentrations. 4. The re-sults indicate that even on the very nutrient-poor soils of the granitic Seychelles, some pioneer in-vasive species produce more decomposable litter and therefore have the potential to alter rates of nutrient cycling. However, the small differences in soil fertility beneath native and invasive trees suggest that impacts of invasive species on nutri-ent cycling are more complex and less predictable in nutrient-poor ecosystems, where several nutri-ents may be co-limiting, and native and alien spe-cies coexist. Functional Ecology, 2008, V22, N2, APR, pp 359-366.
08.2-98Cut-over peatland regeneration assessment using organic matter and microbial indicators (bacteria and testate amoebae)Laggoun Defarge F, Mitchell E, Gilbert D, Disnar J R, Comont L, Warner B G, Buttler AFrance, Switzerland, CanadaEcology , Microbiology1. Cut-over peatlands cover large surfaces of high potential value for enhancing biodiversity and carbon sequestration if successfully restored. Un-
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fortunately, evaluation of restoration success is not straightforward. We assessed the bioindica-tor value of organic matter (OM), testate amoebae (protozoa) and bacteria in peat from two regenera-tion stages and a reference site of a cut-over bog. 2. Contrasting biochemical signatures of peat OM were observed along the regenerating profiles, al-lowing clear differentiation between the newly regenerated peat and the old peat. Where peat macrofossils were absent sugar biomarkers were used to infer peat botanical origin and OM altera-tion. 3. Over the succession, the OM composition of the new peat differed. Peat from the more re-cent stage was dominated by Sphagnum-derived tissues and characterized by lower carbohydrate preservation and higher bacterial biomass than the advanced regeneration stage. 4. Surface tes-tate amoeba communities also changed from the recent to the advanced stages of regenera-tion, indicating a shift from wet and moderately acidic conditions to drier and more acidic con-ditions. Over this regeneration sequence (i) the biomass and average size of species declined but were higher at the unexploited site and (ii) spe-cies richness and diversity increased but density declined. 5. Synthesis and applications. Although secondary succession in the cut-over bog led to an ecosystem similar to that of the reference site in terms of surface vegetation, OM and testate amoe-bae continued to reflect disturbances associated with peat harvesting. Nevertheless, the described dynamics of both microbial and biochemical vari-ables over the succession showed similarities be-tween the advanced stage and the reference site: a higher testate amoeba diversity was associated with better carbohydrate preservation and a more heterogeneous botanical composition of the peat. The inferred water table depth and pH based on testate amoebae indicators proved to be an alterna-tive approach for assessing restoration processes, in contrast to labour-intensive repeated measure-ments in the field. The botanical and biochemi-cal composition of peat OM provided additional information on past anthropogenic perturbations of the bog and could be used for restoration moni-toring. The combination of several indicators therefore provides a more complete assessment of ecological conditions that could be valuable for the management of cut-over peatlands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, V45, N2, APR, pp 716-727.
08.2-99Response of gross ecosystem productivity, light use efficiency, and water use efficiency of Mongolian steppe to seasonal variations in soil moistureLi S G, Eugster W, Asanuma J, Kotani A, Davaa G, Oyunbaatar D, Sugita MPeoples R China, Switzerland, Japan, Mongol Peo RepPedology , Hydrology , EcologyThe examination of vegetation productivity and use of light and water resources is important for understanding the carbon and water cycles in semiarid and arid environments. We made con-tinuous measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes over an arid steppe ecosystem in Mongolia by using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. These measurements allow an exami-nation of EC-estimated gross ecosystem productiv-ity (GEP), light use efficiency (LUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) of the steppe. Daily variations of GEP, LUE, and WUE were associated with daily variations of incident photosynthetically active radiation ( PAR), ambient temperature ( T-a), and vapor pressure deficit ( VPD). The magnitudes of these variations were also dependent on canopy development. On the daily basis, GEP linearly cor-related with evapotranspiration rate and PAR. LUE correlated positively with leaf area index, Ta, and soil moisture availability but negatively with the surface reflectivity for short-wave solar radiation. Throughout the growing season, both GEP and LUE responded strongly to precipitation-fed soil mois-ture in the top 20 cm of the soil. An examination of the responses of LUE and WUE to PAR under dif-ferent soil moisture conditions shows that when soil water availability exceeded VPD, the steppe was most efficient in light use, whereas it was less efficient in water use. The multivariate analysis of variance also suggests that soil moisture avail-ability, especially water status in the upper 20-cm soil layer with dense distribution of grass roots, is the most significant factor that governs GEP, WUE, and LUE. This study provides a preliminary assessment of the use of available water and light by the Mongolian arid steppe ecosystems under seasonally varying soil moisture conditions. A bet-ter understanding of these functional responses is required to predict how climate change may af-fect arid steppe ecosystems. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 2008, V113, NG1, MAR 7 ARTN: G01019.
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08.2-100Plant functional group composition and large-scale species richness in European agricultural landscapesLiira J, Schmidt T, Aavik T, Arens P, Augenstein I, Bailey D, Billeter R, Bukacek R, Burel F, de Blust G, de Cock R, Dirksen J, Edwards P J, Hamersky R, Herzog F, Klotz S, Kühn I, Le Coeur D, Miklova P, Roubalova M, Schweiger O, Smulders M J M, van Wingerden W K R E, Bugter R, Zobel MEstonia, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Bel-gium, Czech Republic, FrancePlant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil SciencesQuestion: Which are the plant functional groups responding most clearly to agricultural distur-bances? Which are the relative roles of habitat availability, landscape configuration and agricul-tural land use intensity in affecting the function-al composition and diversity of vascular plants in agricultural landscapes? Location: 25 agricultural landscape areas in seven European countries. Methods: We examined the plant species richness and abundance in 4 km x 4 km landscape study sites. The plant functional group classification was derived from the BIOLFLOR database. Facto-rial decomposition of functional groups was ap-plied. Results: Natural habitat availability and low land use intensity supported the abundance and richness of perennials, sedges, pteridophytes and high nature quality indicator species. The abundance of clonal species, C and S strategists was also correlated with habitat area. An increas-ing density of field edges explained a decrease in richness of high nature quality species and an increase in richness of annual graminoids. Inten-sive agriculture enhanced the richness of annu-als and low nature quality species. Conclusions: Habitat patch availability and habitat quality are the main drivers of functional group composition and plant species richness in European agricul-tural landscapes. Linear elements do not compen-sate for the loss of habitats, as they mostly sup-port disturbance tolerant generalist species. In order to conserve vascular plant species diversity in agricultural landscapes, the protection and en-largement of existing patches of ( semi-) natural habitats appears to be more effective than rely-ing on the rescue effect of linear elements. This should be done in combination with appropriate agricultural management techniques to limit the effect of agrochemicals to the fields. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2008, V19, N1, FEB, pp 3-14.
08.2-101Nutritive quality of a species-rich, extensively managed pasture exposed to elevated ozone in a free-air fumigation systemLin J C, Nadarajah K, Volk M, Muntifering R B, Fuhrer JUSA, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences Journal of Animal Science, 2007, V85, S1, p 37.
08.2-102Nutritive quality of a species-rich, extensively managed pasture exposed to elevated ozone in a free-air fumigation systemLin J C, Nadarajah K, Volk M, Muntifering R B, Fuhrer JUSA, SwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences Effects of tropospheric ozone (O3) on nutritive quality of O3-sensitive species grown as mon-ocultures or in simple mixed cultures are well established, but its effects on complex, species-rich plant communities are unknown. A 5-year field experiment was conducted near Le Mouret, Switzerland to investigate the effects of exposure to elevated O3 on nutritive quality of an exten-sively managed, semi-natural pasture containing a diverse mixture of grasses, legumes and forbs. Using a free-air fumigation system, six circular plots (7-m diam.) were randomly exposed to either ambient air (control) or to air containing approxi-mately 1.5 ? ambient O3 concentration (n = 3). Six subplots (0.5 m2) in each ring were harvested each year in mid-June, early August and late October. Compared with controls, annual biomass yields from elevated-O3 plots decreased by 23% over the 5-yr period. Except for year and seasonal differ-ences, there was no effect of elevated O3 on forage N concentration. However, there were differences (P < 0.001) between control and O3-enriched plots in forage concentrations of NDF and ADF, but not lignin, and in relative feed value (RFV). Changes in proportions of grasses, legumes and forbs fol-lowed a similar pattern within treatments, but the magnitude of these changes was greater (P < 0.05) for the elevated-O3 than control treatment. Between the first harvest (spring, 1999) and spring of 2003, forbs increased (P < 0.05) from 23.4 to 36.2%, grasses decreased (P < 0.001) from 67.6 to 60.5%, and legumes decreased (P < 0.01) from 8.9 to 3.3% of total plant DM within the O3-enriched plots. Compared with control plots, forage from O3-enriched plots had lower concentrations of
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NDF (46.9 vs. 49.9%) and ADF (27.2 vs. 28.2%), and higher RFV (136 vs. 126, by reference to a mature legume forage of RFV = 100). Unlike earlier reports of negative effects of elevated O3 on nutritive quality resulting from altered leaf chemistry in individual plant species, this is the first report of altered nutritive quality associated with O3-driven shifts in proportions of plant functional groups in a complex, species-rich pasture. Journal of Dairy Science, 2007, V90, S1, p 37.
08.2-103Resource selection by roe deer: Are windthrow gaps attractive feeding places?Moser B, Scuetz M, Hindenlang K ESwitzerlandForestry , Zoology , EcologyWindthrow gaps are often regarded as attractive feeding places for roe deer Capreolus capreolus L. because they are considered to provide more forage than undisturbed forest stands. However, for temperate lowland forests in Central Europe, differences in the quantity of forage in gaps and undisturbed forest stands have not yet been quan-tified. In two deciduous forests in northern Swit-zerland, we studied seasonal forage availability in undisturbed forest stands compared to windthrow gaps, with the timber either cleared or uncleared, created by the storm Lothar in 1999. To assess the attractiveness of windthrow gaps for foraging roe deer, we measured seasonal browse consumption by roe deer in these three forest structure types. The amount of available forage mainly varied be-tween seasons and, to a lesser extent, between for-est structure types. Windthrow gaps did not gen-erally provide larger quantities of food resources than adjacent undisturbed forest stands. Browse consumption was not directly related to forest structure type, but seems to be dependent on the vertical structure of the understory vegetation (herb/shrub layer). Within forest structure types, browse consumption was constant over seasons, but browsing on individual plant species varied according to season and study site. (c) 2007 Elsevi-er B.V. All rights reserved. Forest Ecology and Management, 2008, V255, N3-4, MAR 20, pp 1179-1185.
08.2-104Absence of persistent methane emission dif-ferences in three breeds of dairy cowsMünger A, Kreuzer MSwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Microbiology , ZoologyIn the present study, data from an experiment with 10 purebred Holstein, Simmental and Jersey
cows each were analysed to test the assumption that there are genetically low methane-producing animals. Methane emission of cows offered forage ad libitum and some concentrate was measured for 3 days in open-circuit respiration chambers in weeks 8, 15, 23, 33 and 41 of lactation. Individual cow data were analysed in five different ways: (i) plotting the trend of methane per unit of dry mat-ter intake (DMI) and milk yield over time; relat-ing measured methane production to estimates derived from equations based on either; (ii) DMI or (iii) nutrient intake; (iv) relating residual feed intake (RFI) to methane emission; and (v) analysis of variance of cow x measurement interactions. The Holstein, Simmental and Jersey cows emitted on average 25, 25 and 26 g methane /kg DMI, re-spectively. There was no indication of individual cows with persistently low or high methane yield per kg DMI and per kg milk. Measured methane emissions differed from estimated values without a clear pattern, and the relationship between RFI and methane emission of the cows was weak. Fi-nally, analysis of variance failed to show distinct patterns of methane per unit of DMI and milk for individual animals. The apparent lack of persis-tence of individual animal differences in meth-ane yields suggests that genetic determination of this trait is of minor importance in dairy cows. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2008, V48, N1-2, pp 77-82.
08.2-105Effect of lead pollution on testate amoebae communities living in Sphagnum fallax: An experimental studyNguyen Viet H, Bernard N, Mitchell E A D, Badot P M, Gilbert DFrance, SwitzerlandBiodiversity , Ecology , Microbiology , ToxicologyWe studied the effects of lead pollution on testate amoebae communities living on Sphagnum fallax by growing this moss under controlled conditions. A progressive series of lead (Pb) concentration was used in the growing solution of the mosses: 0 (control), 625 and 2500 µg L-1. The mosses were sampled and analysed for accumulated Pb and testate amoeba communities after 0, 6, 12, and 20 weeks. Species richness, total density and total biomass of testate amoebae declined in response to the Pb treatment and changed over time. The Pb x Time cross-effect was significant for species richness, and total density but not for the total biomass and Shannon diversity. Furthermore, the testate amoebae species richness and the to-tal density were negatively correlated to the Pb concentrations actually accumulated in the moss
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at the end of the experiment. Species-specific re-sponses of testate amoebae to Pb pollution were identified. Our results thus confirm the sensitiv-ity of testate amoebae to lead pollution. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2008, V69, N1, JAN, pp 130-138.
08.2-106Interactive effects of plant species diversity and elevated CO2 on soil biota and nutrient cyclingNiklaus P A, Alphei J, Kampichler C, Kandeler E, Körner C, Tscherko D, Wohlfender MSwitzerland, Germany, MexicoPlant Sciences , Pedology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsTerrestrial ecosystems consist of mutually depen-dent producer and decomposer subsystems, but not much is known on how their interactions are modified by plant diversity and elevated at-mospheric CO2 concentrations. Factorially ma-nipulating grassland plant species diversity and atmospheric CO2 concentrations for five years, we tested whether high diversity or elevated CO2 sustain larger or more active soil communities, affect soil aggregation, water dynamics, or nu-trient cycling, and whether plant diversity and elevated CO2 interact. Nitrogen (N) and phospho-rus (P) pools, symbiotic N-2 fixation, plant litter quality, soil moisture, soil physical structure, soil nematode, collembola and acari communities, soil microbial biomass and micro. ora community structure (phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles), soil enzyme activities, and rates of C fluxes to soils were measured. No increases in soil Cfluxes or the biomass, number, or activity of soil organisms were detected at high plant diversity; soil H2O and aggregation remained unaltered. Elevated CO2 affected the ecosystem primarily by improving plant and soil water status by reducing leaf con-ductance, whereas changes in C cycling appeared to be of subordinate importance. Slowed-down soil drying cycles resulted in lower soil aggrega-tion under elevated CO2. Collembola benefited from extra soil moisture under elevated CO2, whereas other faunal groups did not respond. Di-versity effects and interactions with elevated CO2 may have been absent because soil responses were mainly driven by community-level processes such as rates of organic C input and water use; these drivers were not changed by plant diversity ma-nipulations, possibly because our species diversi-ty gradient did not extend below five species and because functional type composition remained unaltered. Our findings demonstrate that global change can affect soil aggregation, and we advo-
cate that soil aggregation should be considered as a dynamic property that may respond to environ-mental changes and feed back on other ecosystem functions. Ecology, 2007, V88, N12, DEC, pp 3153-3163.
08.2-107Ozone effects on visible foliar injury and growth of Fagus sylvatica and Viburnum lantana seedlings grown in monoculture or in mixtureNovak K, Schaub M, Fuhrer J, Skelly J M, Frey B, Kräuchi NSwitzerland, USAPlant Sciences , Forestry , EcologySeedlings of Fagus sylvatica (beech) and Vibur-num lantana (Viburnum) grown in monoculture and mixture were exposed to ambient and sub- ambient (charcoal-filtered) ozone concentrations in open-top chambers over the course of the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at the WSL Lattecaldo open-top chamber facility in southern Switzer-land. The aim of the study was to determine how the sensitivity to ozone in ambient air of these two species would differ between monocultures and mixtures in terms of growth and visible fo-liar injury development. Ambient ozone concen-trations were consistently higher from the end of April to the middle of October in 2003 than in 2004 with seasonal peaks and means reaching 147 and 50 parts-per-billion (ppb) in 2003 compared to 124 and 40 ppb in 2004. Ambient AOT40 (ozone concentration accumulated over a threshold of 40 ppb during daylight hours with global radiation >50 W m(-2)) values from the end of April to the middle of October reached 48.3 and 26.8 parts-per-billon hours (ppm h) in 2003 and 2004, respec-tively. In general, Viburnum was a stronger com-petitor than beech over the course of this 2-year study. Seedlings of Viburnum benefited from in-terspecific competition in terms of both height growth and above-ground biomass accumulation at the expense of beech seedlings, which showed significantly reduced growth in the mixture as compared to the monoculture. However, as this was only the case for Viburnum growing in the charcoal-filtered treatment, ozone seemed to counteract the beneficial effect of interspecific competition on above-ground biomass accumu-lation in Viburnum, while at the same time de-creasing relative biomass allocation to roots. Fo-liar sensitivity of the two species was also altered under interspecific competition suggesting that results based on seedlings of single species grown in monocultures may significantly over- or under-estimate foliar sensitivity to ozone. These results
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demonstrate that competition is an important factor affecting plant responses to ozone stress, but the direction and severity of these effects de-pend on the interacting species. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2008, V62, N3, APR, pp 212-220.
08.2-108Impact of abundance weighting on the re-sponse of seed traits to climate and land usePakeman R J, Garnier E, Lavorel S, Ansquer P, Cas-tro H, Cruz P, Dolezal J, Eriksson O, Freitas H, Golo-dets C, Kigel J, Kleyer M, Leps J, Meier T, Papadimi-triou M, Papanastasis V P, Quested H, Quetier F, Rusch G, Sternberg M, Theau J P, Thebault A, Vile DScotland, France, Portugal, Czech Republic, Swe-den, Israel, Germany, Greece, Norway, SwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences , Pedol-ogy1. Many studies have identified relationships be-tween plant reproductive behaviour and environ-mental conditions. However, they have all been based on cross-species analysis and take no ac-count of the relative abundance of species with vegetation. 2. Using two reproductive traits - seed mass and dispersal vector - as examples, a range of previously identified relationships were tested us-ing both unweighted and weighted-by-abundance data collected from land-use transitions at 12 sites across Europe. 3. Seed mass was correlated positive-ly with most measures of temperature (stronger relationships for unweighted data) and declined against measures of disturbance (stronger rela-tionships with weighted data). It was not related consistently to measures of water availability. 4. There was some evidence that endozoochory was associated with damper environments, hoarding with drier ones and exozoochory with more fer-tile habitats. 5. Weighting reduced the slope of relationships between seed mass and environmen-tal variables, possibly indicating that dominance within vegetation is determined by land use after the operation of a climatic filter. Fewer significant relationships were detected for weighted dispersal mechanisms compared to unweighted ones, indi-cating less difference of the dominants from other species with regard to this trait. 6. Synthesis. This analysis shows that weighting by abundance in the vegetation (compared to unweighted analysis) has a significant impact on the relationships between key species traits and a range of environmental pa-rameters related to climate and land use, and that this impact was not consistent in its effects. Journal of Ecology, 2008, V96, N2, MAR, pp 355-366.
08.2-109Niche dynamics in space and timePearman P B, Guisan A, Brönnimann O, Randin C FSwitzerlandEcology , Plant Sciences , BiodiversityNiche conservatism, the tendency of a species niche to remain unchanged over time, is often as-sumed when discussing, explaining or predicting biogeographical patterns. Unfortunately, there has been no basis for predicting niche dynamics over relevant timescales, from tens to a few hun-dreds of years. The recent application of species distribution models (SDMs) and phylogenetic methods to analysis of niche characteristics has provided insight to niche dynamics. Niche shifts and conservatism have both occurred within the last 100 years, with recent speciation events, and deep within clades of species. There is increasing evidence that coordinated application of these methods can help to identify species which like-lyfulfill one key assumption in the predictive ap-plication of SDMs: an unchanging niche. This will improve confidence in SDM-based predictions of the impacts of climate change and species inva-sions on species distributions and biodiversity. Trends in Ecology Evolution, 2008, V23, N3, MAR, pp 149-158.
08.2-110Belowground ectomycorrhizal communities in three Norway spruce stands with different degrees of decline in the Czech RepublicPeter M, Ayer F, Cudlin P, Egli SCzech Republic, SwitzerlandForestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology , BiodiversityWe investigated the ectomycorrhizal communities on the roots of adult trees and seedlings associated with three Norway spruce stands in the Czech Re-public using morphological and molecular tools. The stands had different degrees of forest decline due to air pollution. The aims of the study were to obtain information about the belowground ec-tomycorrhizal community in a heavily damaged spruce forest and to assess whether missing ecto-mycorrhizal fungal partners could be one of the reasons for the observed lack of regeneration. The ectomycorrhizal species richness on the roots of adult trees was significantly lower in the heavily damaged site Mumlavska hora than in the other two, but less drastically so than that found in a fruitbody survey. The roots of adult trees and seed-lings were fully mycorrhizal at this site although they were less species-rich. The most abundant ec-tomycorrhizal species on the root system of adult trees in all three forest stands was Tylospora fibril-losa, a member of the athelioid clade. It made up
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over 60% of root tips in Mumlavska hora and its proportion was at least twice that in the other two sites. This species was also an efficient colo-nizer of roots from seedlings, in particular, in the most damaged site. The different soil properties in this site may have caused the observed differ-ences in the ectomycorrhizal species richness and composition. For example, cation exchange capac-ity and soil base saturation were lower and the soil more often saturated. However, the number of living trees and their defoliation status may well directly impact the ectomycorrhizal species composition by presumably affecting the amount of carbon delivered to the symbiotic fungal part-ners. Athelioids and thelephoroids are an impor-tant component of the belowground ectomycor-rhizal community in most temperate and boreal forests, but the role they play might even be more crucial in stressed forest ecosystems. Based on our results, we suggest that factors other than miss-ing ectomycorrhizal inoculum constrain natural regeneration in the heavily damaged site Mum-lavska hora. Mycorrhiza, 2008, V18, N3, MAR, pp 157-169.
08.2-111Predicting geographical distribution models of high-value timber trees in the Amazon Basin using remotely sensed dataPrates Clark C D, Saatchi Sassan S, Agosti DEngland, USA, SwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Forestry , BiodiversitySpecies distribution models were developed for three high economic value timber trees (Calophyl-lum brasiliensis, Carapa quianensis and Virola surinamensis) that are heavily harvested in the Amazon Basin. A combination of habitat mea-surements extracted from remote sensing data (MODIS, QSCAT and SRTM) and bioclimatic surfac-es was examined to ascertain the most influential factors determining the occurrence of these tree species. The prediction of species’ occurrence rates was tested separately for each species distribution model and the results were examined for their ability to accurately map the spatial distribution of these tree species. By evaluating the omission and commission rates we concluded that species distribution models based on remote sensing data contributed significantly in quantifying environ-mental properties used to summarize the ecologi-cal niche of each tree species. Specific vegetation characteristics (such as percentage of tree cover, vegetation moisture and roughness, annual NDVI and mean LAI during the dry LAI) showed the de-pendence of these species’ occurrence in more densely vegetated forests. Areas with high leaf
area (even during the dry months) and areas with high vegetation moisture were predicted as poten-tial species habitat for C. brasiliensis. The density vegetation during the dry season and vegetation phenology were strongly correlated with climate differences, such as variations in air temperature and precipitation seasonality for V surinamensis. Lower elevation areas with more exuberant veg-etation and a high greenness index were among the most important factors accounting for the geographical distribution of C. guianensis. Spe-cies distribution models are increasingly impor-tant in many fields of research and conservation. The potential of remotely sensed data to monitor environmental changes in tropical areas, along with the understanding of ecosystem function, are both critical for conservation of biodiversity and the long-term process of sustaining ecosys-tems. Ecological Modelling, 2008, V211, N3-4, MAR 10, pp 309-323.
08.2-112A plant diversity x water chemistry experi-ment in subalpine grasslandRixen C, Huovinen C, Huovinen K, Stöckli V, Schmid BSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , PedologyPlant diversity has been shown to drive important ecosystem functions such as productivity. At the same time, plant diversity and species composi-tion are altered in alpine ecosystems by human impacts such as skiing. Therefore, we investigated impacts of decreased species richness and ski piste treatments on ecosystem functions in subalpine grassland. Species richness manipulations were combined with nutrient input from snow cover treated with snow additives that are commonly used on ski pistes. Three different species rich-ness levels containing 1, 3 or 9 species randomly selected from a larger pool plus unmanipulated meadow plots were treated with four water types to simulate melt water. One water type contained the snow additive ammonium nitrate. Invasion into the communities was prevented by weeding during 2 years and allowed in three subsequent years. Higher species richness increased plant cover and biomass and decreased their variation. The number of functional groups in a plant as-semblage had a positive effect on plant growth. Ammonium nitrate strongly increased biomass and plant cover after a single application but decreased species richness in originally diverse meadow plots. There was no significant interac-tion between species richness and water-type
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treatments. After the cessation of weeding, the species richness of different plot types converged within 3 years due to invasion. Nevertheless, re-lationships between initial species richness and plant cover remained positive. The results sug-gest that the diversity and species composition of alpine vegetation are important factors influ-encing cover and biomass, in particular during re-colonization of bare ground after disturbances such as ski-piste construction. In slow-growing al-pine vegetation, initially positive diversity effects may remain even after successional convergence of species richness due to invasion. The negative effect of ammonium nitrate on species richness suggests the snow additives should only be used with care. Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and System-atics, 2008, V10, N1, pp 51-61.
08.2-113Assessing land-use statistics to model land cover change in a mountainous landscape in the European AlpsRutherford G N, Bebi P, Edwards P J, Zimmermann N ESwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Modelling , Forestry , EcologyOne of the predominant processes of land cover change in the European Alps over the last 150 years has been the abandonment of agricultural land and the subsequent regeneration of forest. Here, we employed two sequential datasets from Switzerland (for the periods 1979-1985 and 1992-1997) to show how land-use and land cover data can be used to investigate such large scale ecologi-cal and land cover change processes. We applied a combination of generalized additive and general-ized linear modelling to develop spatially explicit statistical models for land cover transitions be-tween any of the following types: intensively used agricultural land, extensively used agricultural land, overgrown areas, open canopy forest, closed canopy forest. Climate, soil, relief-related data, basic socio-economic variables and information about the composition of the surrounding neigh-bourhood of the samples were utilised as potential predictors of land cover change. The proportion of variance explained differed considerably between models but a consistently high AUC for both cali-bration and evaluation datasets was achieved for the majority of the 25, with resulting values rang-ing from 0.58 to 0.96. The model residuals showed some degree of spatial autocorrelation despite the use of a sparse sampling regime and the inclusion of neighbourhood variables. We conclude that
the analysis of sequential land cover datasets us-ing the kind of statistical models developed here offers a promising way to investigate ecological processes such as forest succession at a large spa-tial scale. Ecological Modelling, 2008, V212, N3-4, APR 10, pp 460-471.
08.2-114Swiss spring plant phenology 2007: Extremes, a multi-century perspective, and changes in temperature sensitivityRutishauser T, Luterbacher J, Defila C, Frank D, Wanner HSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci-encesSpring (March-May) 2007 was characterized by record high temperatures over European land ar-eas. Anomalously high temperatures led to a very early onset of plant phenological spring phases, including 98 record early observations out of a possible total of 302 (32%) for selected phases in Switzerland. In the context of the last 300 years and based on three tree species, 2007 marks the third earliest, after 1961 and 1794, plant pheno-logical spring onset in Switzerland. We show that the temperature sensitivity of Swiss plant phenol-ogy to spring temperatures has changed within the last three centuries: sensitivity has gener-ally increased over the record period but also de-creased during two periods with warming trends (1890-1950; 1970-2007). Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, V35, N5, MAR 4 ARTN: L05703.
08.2-115Biodiversity conservation and agricultural sustainability: towards a new paradigm of ‘ecoagriculture’ landscapesScherr S J, Mcneely J ASwitzerland, USAAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , BiodiversityThe dominant late twentieth century model of land use segregated agricultural production from areas managed for biodiversity conservation. This module is no longer adequate in much of the world. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment confirmed that agriculture has dramatically increased its ecological footprint. Rural communities depend on key components of biodiversity and ecosystem services that are found in non-domestic habitats. Fortunately, agricultural landscapes can be de-signed and managed to host wild biodiversity of many types, with neutral or even positive effects on agricultural production and livelihoods. In-
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novative practitioners, scientists and indigenous land managers are adapting, designing and man-aging diverse types of ‘ecoagriculture’ landscapes to generate positive co-benefits for production, biodiversity and local people. We assess the poten-tials and limitations for successful conservation of biodiversity in productive agricultural land-scapes, the feasibility of making such approaches financially viable, and the organizational, gover-nance and policy frameworks needed to enable ecoagriculture planning and implementation at a globally significant scale. We conclude that effec-tively conserving wild biodiversity in agricultural landscapes will require increased research, policy coordination and strategic support to agricultural communities and conservationists. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 2008, V363, N1491, FEB 12, pp 477-494.
08.2-116Metal accumulation in mosses across national boundaries: Uncovering and ranking causes of spatial variationSchröder W, Pesch R, Englert C, Harmens H, Suchara I, Zechmeister H G, Thoeni L, Mankovska B, Jeran Z, Grodzinska K, Alber RGermany, Wales, Czech Republic, Austria, Switzer-land, Slovakia, Slovenia, Poland, ItalyPedology , Ecology , Plant SciencesThis study aimed at cross-border mapping metal loads in mosses in eight European countries in 1990, 1995, and 2000 and at investigating con-founding factors. Geostatistics was used for map-ping, indicating high local variances but clear spatial autocorrelations. Inference statistics identified differences of metal concentrations in mosses on both sides of the national borders. However, geostatistical analyses did not ascertain discontinuities of metal concentrations in mosses at national borders due to sample analysis in dif-ferent laboratories applying a range of analytical techniques. Applying Classification and Regres-sion Trees (CART) to the German moss data as an example, the local variation in metal concentra-tions in mosses were proved to depend mostly on different moss species, potential local emission sources, canopy drip and precipitation. Environmental Pollution, 2008, V151, N2, JAN, pp 377-388.
08.2-117A test of the growth-limitation theory for alpine tree line formation in evergreen and deciduous taxa of the eastern HimalayasShi P, Körner C, Hoch GPeoples R China, SwitzerlandForestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology1. Whether the global high elevation tree line phenomenon is associated with a low-tempera-ture-induced limitation of sink activities (i.e. di-rect impact on meristems and thus, growth) or by a limitation of the trees’ carbon source activi-ties (net photosynthesis) still awaits detailed tests across a range of taxa and regions, especially for deciduous species in a short growing season. 2. Here, we test the sink limitation hypothesis in the highest tree lines of Eurasia at altitudes up to 4700 m. We assessed growth and tissue con-centrations of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) as a measure of the carbon source-sink balance in needles and branchwood of Abies, Juniperus (evergreen), Betula and Larix (deciduous). 3. The mean soil temperature in deep shade (a proxy for mean air temperature) across the growing season at tree line in this region is around 6.6 degrees C, which is consistent with the threshold tempera-ture found at the natural climatic limit of the tree life-form worldwide. Mean tree height and stem diameter decreased significantly towards the up-per tree line in all species studied. 4. Air tempera-ture measurements at an inverted tree line site (valley bottom) indicate strong and rapid oscilla-tions between nighttime freezing and mild day-time temperatures during late winter, which ap-parently eradicate Abies and select for Juniperus, offering potential explanations for the inferiority of Abies also at the upper Tibetan tree line. 5. At none of the four altitudinal transects studied did we observe a significant depletion of NSC (carbon limitation) at tree line. Instead, NSC increased in the majority of cases, suggesting direct (mer-istematic) low temperature constraints of growth. These results for these highest Eurasian tree lines suggest a common mechanism of alpine tree line formation for evergreen and deciduous species. Functional Ecology, 2008, V22, N2, APR, pp 213-220.
08.2-118Wind dispersal of alpine plant species: A com-parison with lowland speciesTackenberg O, Stöcklin JGermany, SwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Modelling , Biodiversity , EcologyQuestion: The prominent role of wind dispersal in alpine habitats has been recognized early but has
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rarely been quantified. The aim of this study is to compare wind dispersal under alpine and lowland conditions and to analyse whether differences are caused by species traits, e. g. terminal velocity of seeds (V-term) or weather conditions. Location and Methods: We characterized wind dispersal potential of > 1100 Central European species using measured V-term. To quantify the habitat effect on wind dispersal, we measured meteorological key- parameters and simulated dispersal distance spectra of nine selected species under typical alpine conditions (foreland of the Scaletta- gla-cier, Switzerland) and typical lowland conditions (grassland in Bad Lippspringe, Germany). Results: Lowland species had higher V-term compared to alpine species. However, this difference is absent when only species of species of open habitats are concerned. The meteorological measurements showed that the alpine habitat was mainly char-acterized by higher frequency and strength of updrafts. The simulations showed that under al-pine conditions long distance dispersal occurred much more frequent. Conclusions: More than 50 % of the alpine species have a fair chance to be dispersed by wind over long distances, while this proportion is less than 25 % for species from open habitats in the lowland. The more prominent role of wind dispersal in alpine habitats is mainly a re-sult of differences in environmental conditions, namely more intense vertical turbulence in the alpine habitat, and does not result from promi-nent differences in plant traits, namely V-term, between alpine and lowland species. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2008, V19, N1, FEB, pp 109-118.
08.2-119Predicting global change impacts on plant spe-cies’ distributions: Future challengesThuiller W, Albert C, Araujo M B, Berry P M, Cabeza M, Guisan A, Hickler T, Midgely G F, Paterson J, Schurr F M, Sykes M T, Zimmermann N EFrance, Spain, England, Finland, Switzerland, Swe-den, South Africa, GermanyModelling , Ecology , Biodiversity , Plant SciencesGiven the rate of projected environmental change for the 21st century, urgent adaptation and miti-gation measures are required to slow down the on-going erosion of biodiversity. Even though increasing evidence shows that recent human-in-duced environmental changes have already trig-gered species’ range shifts, changes in phenology and species’ extinctions, accurate projections of species’ responses to future environmental chang-es are more difficult to ascertain. This is problem-atic, since there is a growing awareness of the
need to adopt proactive conservation planning measures using forecasts of species’ responses to future environmental changes. There is a substan-tial body of literature describing and assessing the impacts of various scenarios of climate and land-use change on species’ distributions. Model predictions include a wide range of assumptions and limitations that are widely acknowledged but compromise their use for developing reliable adaptation and mitigation strategies for biodiver-sity. Indeed, amongst the most used models, few, if any, explicitly deal with migration processes, the dynamics of population at the “trailing edge” of shifting populations, species’ interactions and the interaction between the effects of climate and land-use. In this review, we propose two main av-enues to progress the understanding and predic-tion of the different processes A occurring on the leading and trailing edge of the species’ distribu-tion in response to any global change phenomena. Deliberately focusing on plant species, we first ex-plore the different ways to incorporate species’ migration in the existing modelling approaches, given data and knowledge limitations and the dual effects of climate and land- use factors. Sec-ondly, we explore the mechanisms and processes happening at the trailing edge of a shifting spe-cies’ distribution and how to implement them into a modelling approach. We finally conclude this review with clear guidelines on how such modelling improvements will benefit conserva-tion strategies in a changing world. Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and System-atics, 2008, V9, N3-4, pp 137-152.
08.2-120Scan statistics analysis of forest fire clustersTuia D, Ratle F, Lasaponara R, Telesca L, Kanevski MItaly, SwitzerlandForestrySpatio-temporal clusters in 1997-2003 fire sequenc-es of Tuscany region (central Italy) have been iden-tified and analysed by using the scan statistic, a method which was devised to evidence clusters in epidemiology. Results showed that the method is reliable to find clusters of events and to evaluate their significance via Monte Carlo replication. The evaluation of the presence of spatial and temporal patterns in fire occurrence and their significance could have a great impact in forthcoming studies on fire occurrences prediction. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numeri-cal Simulation, 2008, V13, N8, OCT, pp 1689-1694.
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08.2-121The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terres-trial ecosystemsvan der Heijden M G A, Bardgett R D, van Straalen N MNetherlands, Switzerland, EnglandMicrobiology , Pedology , Plant Sciences , Biodiver-sity , EcologyMicrobes are the unseen majority in soil and com-prise a large portion of life’s genetic diversity. De-spite their abundance, the impact of soil microbes on ecosystem processes is still poorly understood. Here we explore the various roles that soil mi-crobes play in terrestrial ecosystems with special emphasis on their contribution to plant produc-tivity and diversity. Soil microbes are important regulators of plant productivity, especially in nu-trient poor ecosystems where plant symbionts are responsible for the acquisition of limiting nutri-ents. Mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bac-teria are responsible for c. 5-20% (grassland and savannah) to 80% (temperate and boreal forests) of all nitrogen, and up to 75% of phosphorus, that is acquired by plants annually. Free-living mi-crobes also strongly regulate plant productivity, through the mineralization of, and competition for, nutrients that sustain plant productivity. Soil microbes, including microbial pathogens, are also important regulators of plant community dynam-ics and plant diversity, determining plant abun-dance and, in some cases, facilitating invasion by exotic plants. Conservative estimates suggest that c. 20 000 plant species are completely dependent on microbial symbionts for growth and survival pointing to the importance of soil microbes as regulators of plant species richness on Earth. Overall, this review shows that soil microbes must be considered as important drivers of plant diver-sity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 2008, V11, N3, MAR, pp 296-310.
08.2-122Phylogenetically independent associations between autonomous self- fertilization and plant invasivenessvan Kleunen M, Manning J C, Pasqualetto V, John-son S DSwitzerland, South AfricaPlant Sciences , Microbiology , EcologyMany plant species have been introduced from their native ranges to new continents, but few have become naturalized or, ultimately, invasive. It has been predicted that species that do not re-quire the presence of compatible mates and the services of pollinators for reproduction will be
favored in establishment after long-distance dis-persal. We tested whether this hypothesis, gen-erally referred to as Baker’s law, holds for South African species of Iridaceae ( iris family) that have been introduced in other regions for horti-cultural purposes. Fruit and seed production of flowers from which pollinators had been experi-mentally excluded was assessed for 10 pairs of species from nine different genera or subgenera. Each species pair comprised one naturalized and one nonnaturalized species, all of which are used in international horticulture. On average, species of Iridaceae that have become naturalized out-side their native ranges showed a higher capacity for autonomous fruit and seed production than congeneric species that have not become natural-ized. This was especially true for the naturalized species that are considered to be invasive weeds. These results provide strong evidence for the role of autonomous seed production in increasing po-tential invasiveness in plants. American Naturalist, 2008, V171, N2, FEB, pp 195-201.
08.2-123The influence of competition from herbaceous vegetation and shade on simulated browsing tolerance of coniferous and deciduous sap-lingsVandenberghe C, Frelechoux F, Buttler ASwitzerlandEcology , Plant Sciences , ForestryThe ability of saplings to tolerate browsing (i.e. the ability to persist with reduced biomass and to compensate for biomass loss) is influenced by the level of stress and their growth strategies. Ul-timately, insight into species-specific responses of saplings to browsing, shade and competition from neighbours will help explain diversity, structure and function of grazed ecosystems such as the endangered wood-pasture systems. We measured the survival, whole- sapling biomass and compen-satory growth responses of two coniferous (Picea abies and Abies alba) and two deciduous (Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica) tree species to simulated summer browsing (one single clip-ping event), shade (installation of a shade cloth) and neighbour removal (mowing surrounding vegetation to ground level) treatments and the interactions between them after two-growing sea-sons. For all species, there were interacting effects on growth of browsing and environmental condi-tion (shade and neighbours). Simulated browsing resulted in relatively smaller growth losses when plants were growing slowly due to competitive conditions related to herbaceous neighbours. Al-
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though none of the clipped saplings could fully compensate for their biomass losses, the saplings were closer to compensation under high competi-tive conditions than under low competitive condi-tions. Survival of the clipped saplings remained relatively high and was only significantly reduced for Picea and Acer. Picea was least tolerant of competition and was the only species for which growth was not negatively affected by strong ir-radiance of a mountain pasture. Surprisingly, the tolerance of saplings to herbivory as browsing tolerance was enhanced under conditions that negatively affected sapling performance (i.e. sur-vival and growth). Apparently, the relative impact of browsing at the early sapling stage is linked to tree life history characteristics such as competi-tion and shade tolerance and will be lower in situ-ations with intense competitive interactions and/or strong irradiance. Oikos, 2008, V117, N3, MAR, pp 415-423.
08.2-124Seed dispersal distances: a typology based on dispersal modes and plant traitsVittoz P, Engler RSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , ForestryThe ability of plants to disperse seeds may be critical for their survival under the current constraints of landscape fragmentation and climate change. Seed dispersal distance would therefore be an important variable to include in species distribution models. Unfortunately, data on dispersal distances are scarce, and seed dispersal models only exist for some species with particular dispersal modes. To overcome this lack of knowledge, we propose a simple approach to estimate seed dispersal. distances for a whole region-al flora. We reviewed literature about seed dispersal in temperate regions and compiled data for disper-sal distances together with information about the dispersal mode and plant traits. Based on this infor-mation, we identified seven “dispersal types” with similar dispersal distances. For each type, upper limits for the distance within which 50% and 99% of a species’ seeds will disperse were estimated with the 80(th) percentile of the available values. These distances varied 5000-fold among the seven disper-sal types, but generally less than 50-fold within the types. Thus, our dispersal types represented a large part of the variation in observed dispersal distances. The attribution of a dispersal type to a particular species only requires information that is already available in databases for most Central European species, i.e. dispersal vector (e.g. wind, animals), the precise mode of dispersal (e.g. dyszoochory, epizoo-chory), and species traits influencing the efficiency
of dispersal (e.g. plant height, typical habitats). This typology could be extended to other regions and will make it possible to include seed dispersal in species distribution models. Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N2, DEC, pp 109-124.
08.2-125Effects of climate and land-use change on the establishment and growth of cembran pine (Pinus cembra L.) over the altitudinal treeline ecotone in the Central Swiss AlpsVittoz P, Rulence B, Largey T, Frelechoux FSwitzerlandForestry , Plant Sciences , EcologyTree growth is generally limited by temperature in cold climates and by water availability in and zones. Establishment in altitudinal treeline eco-tones depends on the temperature, but may be very sensitive to water availability as well. We studied the effect of climate and land use on the colonization and growth of Pinus cembra in the treeline ecotone of the dry Central Swiss Alps; one site was influenced by timber harvest and cattle activity and another one was undisturbed. Stands were sampled at three elevations: in the forest and the lower and upper parts of the treeline ecotone. The age structure was similar in all sites, ranging from uneven-aged (forest) to more even-aged, with recent densitication and upslope expansion of the treeline ecotone. However, recruitment started at the treeline around 1850 (the end of the Little Ice Age) in the undisturbed site, simultaneously with an increase of tree-ring growth, but about 60 years later at the other site, after cattle grazing decreased. These results, and the positive correla-tion of radial growth with summer and previous autumn temperatures indicated that, in this al-titudinal treeline ecotone, growth and establish-ment are mainly linked to temperature. However, drought stress was visible in the lowest stands, with a positive correlation of growth with rainfall during the previous autumn and December, and in August of the growing season. This could limit growth in a future warmer climate. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 2008, V40, N1, FEB, pp 225-232.
08.2-126Using a retrospective dynamic competition index to reconstruct forest successionWeber P, Bugmann H, Fonti P, Rigling ASwitzerlandForestry , Plant Sciences , EcologyUnderstanding forest dynamics and stand struc-tures is crucial for predicting forest succession.
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However, many forests have been altered due to century-long land-use practices, which compli-cates the reconstruction of past and current suc-cessional trajectories. For a better understanding of successional processes, we suggest studying the intra- and interspecific competition among single trees across time. We introduce a tree-ring based competition index to reconstruct the competi-tive dynamics of individual trees over time. This new retrospective dynamic competition index combines a temporal and a spatial component by calculating the yearly ratio between the basal area increments (bai) of the neighbouring trees and the subject tree. The new index is applied to mixed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and pubes-cent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) stands in the inner- Alpine dry-valley Valais, for which a change in species composition is hypothesised. The aim is to analyse current stand structures in terms of recent changes in the competitive interactions at the single tree level and to relate these competi-tive dynamics to land-use change and increasing drought due to climate change. On five plots, the positions of 456 trees were recorded and incre-ment cores were taken to derive bai data. The in-dividual dynamic competition index curves were aggregated in clusters, which define typical pat-terns of competitive dynamics in both tree spe-cies. A large percentage of the trees (87% in oak, 70% in pine) were clustered into a group of trees with constant competition at a relatively low lev-el. However, a smaller group of pines (20%) had re-cently faced increasing competition. In addition, stand structure analyses indicated a change to-wards a higher proportion of oak. This change in the competitive ability between oak and pine was found to be related to drought, in that oak had a competitive advantage in dry years. Furthermore, the high proportion of dead branches in pines with decreasing competitive abilities indicated increasing competition for light as a consequence of natural development towards a later succes-sional stage that favours the more shade-tolerant oak. The new retrospective dynamic competition index proved to be promising in studying forest succession. The tree-ring based method allows us to identify changes in the competitive ability of single trees with a high temporal resolution and without repeated assessments. Forest Ecology and Management, 2008, V254, N1, JAN 15, pp 96-106.
08.2-127Sensitivity of stand dynamics to grazing in mixed Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pubescens forests: A modelling studyWeber P, Rigling A, Bugmann HSwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sci-ences , Forestry , EcologyOnly recently, studies of forest succession have started to include the effects of browsing by wild or domestic ungulates. We aim to contribute to this topic by analysing the influence of goat graz-ing on the long-term coexistence of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) in the low-elevation forests of an inner-Alpine dry valley The forest gap model ForClim was first adapted to these site conditions by examining the site-dependent sensitivity of the model with regard to the species-specific pa-rameterisation of the drought tolerance as well as the light demand of establishing and adult trees. in a second step, the behaviour of the model was investigated with respect to different grazing intensities and species-specific browsing suscep-tibilities. The last step was the application of a grazing scenario based on forest history, with 150 years of heavy browsing (by goats) at the begin-ning of the simulated forest succession, followed by less intensive grazing pressure. By comparing simulated with empirical data, it was evident that the model underestimated Scots pine basal area if succession was simulated without goat grazing. Introducing grazing led to a more realistic, higher abundance of Scots pine in the model. Regenera-tion of the more browsing-susceptible pubescent oak was seriously suppressed during the simulat-ed intense grazing period, which led to a higher occurrence of Scots pine in the model. Although after 400 years of simulated succession pubescent oak reached nearly the same basal area as without historic intensive grazing, succession was delayed. The model application suggests that goat grazing allows for a much longer period of codominance of Scots pine and pubescent oak in these forests. The changes in the simulated successional path-ways support the view expressed in other studies that human impacts may alter forest succession substantially. Our results allow for a first qualita-tive estimate, and they make clear that the repre-sentation of browsing in forest succession models needs to be improved further. Ecological Modelling, 2008, V210, N3, JAN 24, pp 301-311.
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08.2-128Does biodiversity increase spatial stability in plant community biomass?Weigelt A, Schumacher J, Roscher C, Schmid BGermany, SwitzerlandBiodiversity , Ecology , Plant SciencesWe tested the hypothesis that biodiversity de-creases the spatial variability of biomass produc-tion between subplots taken within experimental grassland plots. Our findings supported this hy-pothesis if functional diversity (weighted Rao’s Q) was considered. Further analyses revealed that diversity in rooting depth and clonal growth form were the most important components of function-al diversity stabilizing productivity. Using species or functional group richness as diversity measures there was no significant effect on spatial variabil-ity of biomass production, demonstrating the importance of the biodiversity component con-sidered. Moreover, we found a significant increase in spatial variability of productivity with decreas-ing size of harvested area, suggesting small-scale heterogeneity as an important driver. The ability of diverse communities to stabilize biomass pro-duction across spatial heterogeneity may be due to complementary use of spatial niches. Never-theless, the positive effect of functional diversity on spatial stability appears to be less pronounced than previously reported effects on temporal sta-bility. Ecology Letters, 2008, V11, N4, APR, pp 338-347.
08.2-129Assessing the role of bark- and wood-boring insects in the decline of Scots pine (Pinus syl-vestris) in the Swiss Rhone valleyWermelinger B, Rigling A, Schneider Mathis D, Dobbertin MSwitzerlandZoology , Forestry , Ecology , Plant Sciences1. In several dry inner Alpine valleys higher mor-tality levels of pine have been observed in recent years. This paper evaluates the role of xylopha-gous insects in the current pine decline and the influence of climate change on the infestation dynamics. 2. More than 200 trees of different lev-els of crown transparency (needle loss) were felled between 2001 and 2005 and sections of them in-cubated in insect emergence traps. Colonisation densities were related to the transparency level of each host tree at the time of attack. 3. Trees with more than 80% needle loss were colonised most frequently, but the breeding density was highest in trees with 65-80% needle loss. 4. The scolytine Ips acuminatus and the buprestid Pha-enops cyanea colonised trees with 30-90% needle
loss in high densities. The bark beetle Tomicus minor was less aggressive, preferring trees with 60-85% needle loss. The hymenopteran Sirex noc-tilio and the cerambycid Acanthocinus aedilis were restricted to greatly weakened trees with 50-85% needle loss. Most species colonised trees that had experienced a decline in vigour, that is an increase in crown transparency shortly before attack. 5. The infestation dynamics of P. cyanea covaried with the drought index as well as with temperature. 6. Increased temperatures not only trigger a drought stress rendering the host trees susceptible to insect attack, but also accelerate in-sect development. As more frequent drought peri-ods are likely as a result of climate change, even trees only slightly or temporarily weakened will be more subject to attack by aggressive species such as I. acuminatus and P. cyanea. Ecological Entomology, 2008, V33, N2, APR, pp 239-249.
08.2-130Plant and soil lipid modifications under elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions: I. Lipid distribution patternsWiesenberg G L B, Schmidt M W I, Schwark LGermany, SwitzerlandGeochemistry & Geophysics , Plant Sciences , PedologyGrassland soils are regarded as one potential sink for atmospheric CO2 via photosynthetic fixation in plant biomass and subsequent transformation into soil organic matter upon degradation. In the future, an enrichment in atmospheric CO2 con-centration is expected, leading to modified pho-tosynthetic activity in plant biomass. Free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments provide an op-portunity for investigating under field conditions plant behaviour expected under future atmo-spheric composition. Lipid components are impor-tant constituents of plant surfaces, whereby their position at the plant/ atmosphere interface leads to a high susceptibility towards environmental change. The main focus of this study was an inves-tigation of the modification in lipid distribution patterns within plant biomass and the transloca-tion of these lipids towards, and fixation within, soil organic matter as a result of enhanced CO2 concentration. We demonstrate which lipids are mainly influenced under modified CO2 concentra-tions and show how this affects the lipid compo-sition of plant biomass and soil. Carboxylic acid, alcohol and aliphatic hydrocarbon distribution patterns of plant biomass and soils are discussed. While short chain acids reveal a uniform deple-tion in unsaturated C-18 acids in plants and soils
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under enhanced CO2 concentration, the alcohol fraction shows diverse trends for Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens plants and soil. Long chain alcohols increase in abundance for L. perenne and decrease for T repens samples. The n-alkanes in soil, as degradation products of plant-derived acids and alcohols, exhibit minor compositional variation. Decreasing amounts of plant-derived acids vs. increasing concentrations of alcohols are noted for T repens samples. The study dem-onstrates the response on the molecular level of selected plants under enhanced atmospheric CO2 concentration. Lipid compositional variation is modified by photosynthetic activity and adapted biosynthesis under future atmospheric condi-tions may be expected. Organic Geochemistry, 2008, V39, N1, pp 91-102.
08.2-131Plant and soil lipid modification under elevat-ed atmospheric CO2 conditions: II. Stable car-bon isotopic values (delta C-13) and turnoverWiesenberg G L B, Schwarzbauer J, Schmidt M W I, Schwark LGermany, SwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Pedology , Geochemistry & Geo-physicsFuture enrichment of atmospheric CO2 and its ef-fect on ecosystems were studied using grassland free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments. Plant waxes have been shown to be directly modified un-der elevated CO2 concentration. Lipids, as major components of plant waxes, are important con-stituents of plant surfaces and their position at the plant/atmosphere interface makes them sus-ceptible to environmental change. The main fo-cus of this study was to improve knowledge about modifications to stable carbon isotopic (delta C-13) values of individual lipids within plant biomass and soils as a result of the increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, implying an addition of C-13 labelled CO2. The isotopically labelled biomass facilitates turnover time determination of lipids in soils due to the direct comparison of identical plants grown under ambient and 13 C- depleted atmospheric conditions. We demonstrate which lipids were influenced by modified CO2 concen-tration and how the lipid isotopic values of plant biomass and soil were influenced under elevated vs. ambient CO2 conditions. Most plant carboxy-lic acids and alkanes were uniformly depleted in C-13 by ca. 6%o when compared to plant biomass bulk isotope values. In soil, short chain carboxy-lic acids (< C-20), derived mainly from microbial sources, revealed a lower depletion in isotope value than plant-derived long chain acids ( >=
C-20). The isotopic differences between individual compounds in soil under ambient vs. elevated CO2 conditions varied significantly between 2 and 6%o for individual acids and 0-6 parts per thousand for individual alkanes. This argues against plant/soil turnover determinations for individual com-pounds. Preferably, weighted mean average isoto-pic values of the most abundant lipids provide re-liable calculation of replaced carbon proportions and turnover times. Carboxylic acids were turned over fastest in grassland soil, followed by bulk car-bon, whereas alkanes exhibited the slowest turn-over times. This is in contrast to previous studies of arable soil, but confirms observations made on peaty soil indicating that alkanes may be part of the relatively stable carbon fraction in soils. The turnover of total organic carbon, carboxylic acids and long chain alkanes was observed to be sig-nificantly greater in soil under Lolium perenne (ryegrass) than in soil under the leguminose plant Trifolium repens (white clover). (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Organic Geochemistry, 2008, V39, N1, pp 103-117.
08.2-132Future changes in vegetation and ecosystem function of the Barents RegionWolf A, Callaghan T V, Larson KSwitzerland, Sweden, EnglandEcology , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , ForestryThe dynamic vegetation model (LPJ-GUESS) is used to project transient impacts of changes in climate on vegetation of the Barents Region. We incorpo-rate additional plant functional types, i.e. shrubs and defined different types of open ground vege-tation, to improve the representation of arctic veg-etation in the global model. We use future climate projections as well as control climate data for 1981-2000 from a regional climate model (REMO) that assumes a development of atmospheric CO2-concentration according to the B2-SRES scenario (IPCC, Climate Change 2001: The scientific basis. Contribution working group I to the Third assess-ment report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)). The model showed a gen-erally good fit with observed data, both qualita-tively when model outputs were compared to veg-etation maps and quantitatively when compared with observations of biomass, NPP and LAI. The main discrepancy between the model output and observed vegetation is the overestimation of forest abundance for the northern parts of the Kola Pen-insula that cannot be explained by climatic fac-tors alone. Over the next hundred years, the mod-el predicted an increase in boreal needle leaved
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evergreen forest, as extensions northwards and upwards in mountain areas, and as an increase in biomass, NPP and LAI. The model also projected that shade-intolerant broadleaved summergreen trees will be found further north and higher up in the mountain areas. Surprisingly, shrublands will decrease in extent as they are replaced by forest at their southern margins and restricted to areas high up in the mountains and to areas in north-ern Russia. Open ground vegetation will largely disappear in the Scandinavian mountains. Also counter-intuitively, tundra will increase in abun-dance due to the occupation of previously unveg-etated areas in the northern part of the Barents Region. Spring greening will occur earlier and LAI will increase. Consequently, albedo will decrease both in summer and winter time, particularly in the Scandinavian mountains (by up to 18%). Al-though this positive feedback to climate could be offset to some extent by increased CO2 drawdown from vegetation, increasing soil respiration re-sults in NEE close to zero, so we cannot conclude to what extent or whether the Barents Region will become a source or a sink of CO2. Climatic Change, 2008, V87, N1-2, MAR, pp 51-73.
08.2-133Impact of non-outbreak insect damage on vegetation in northern Europe will be greater than expected during a changing climateWolf A, Kozlov M V, Callaghan T VSwitzerland, Finland, Sweden, EnglandZoology , Plant Sciences , EcologyBackground insect herbivory, in addition to insect outbreaks, can have an important long term in-fluence on the performance of tree species. Since a projected warmer climate may favour insect herbivores, we use a dynamic ecosystem model to investigate the impacts of background herbivory on vegetation growth and productivity, as well as distribution and associated changes in ter-restrial ecosystems of northern Europe. We used the GUESS ecosystem modelling framework and a simple linear model for including the leaf area loss of Betula pubescens in relation to mean July temperature. We tested the sensitivity of the re-sponses of the simulated ecosystems to different, but realistic, degrees of insect damage. Predicted temperature increases are likely to enhance the potential insect impacts on vegetation. The im-pacts are strongest in the eastern areas, where po-tential insect damage to B. pubescens can increase by 4-5%. The increase in insect damage to B. pube-scens results in a reduction of total birch leaf area (LAI), total birch biomass and birch productivity
(Net Primary Production). This effect is stronger than the insect damage to leaf area alone would suggest, due to its second order effect on the competition between tree species. The model’s demonstration that background herbivory may cause changes in vegetation structure suggests that insect damage, generally neglected by veg-etation models, can change predictions of future forest composition. Carbon fluxes and albedo are only slightly influenced by background insect her-bivory, indicating that background insect damage is of minor importance for estimating the feed-back of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. Climatic Change, 2008, V87, N1-2, MAR, pp 91-106.
08.2-134Predicting tree mortality from growth data: how virtual ecologists can help real ecologistsWunder J, Reineking B, Bigler C, Bugmann HSwitzerlandForestry , Plant Sciences , Modelling , Ecology1. Tree growth and mortality are key elements of forest dynamics, and thus are of great concern for forest managers. It is widely accepted that tree mortality can be predicted using tree growth data. Several approaches have been proposed for modelling the growth-mortality relationship, dif-fering in terms of data sources and model flexibil-ity. However, little is known about their ability to reliably reconstruct the shape of the real growth-mortality relationship due to a lack of long-term data. 2. We adopted a ‘virtual ecology’ approach to this problem, simulating forests with either of two a priori specified growth- mortality relation-ships. Different sampling regimes in these virtual forests resulted in virtual tree-ring data, forest in-ventory data, or a combination of both. We used eight existing or newly developed models of dif-ferent structural flexibility to analyse the growth- mortality relationship. The accuracy of the differ-ent model outputs, i.e. the deviation from the a priori specified growth-mortality relationships, was quantified with the Kullback-Leibler distance. 3. For all data sources, reliable growth-mortality models could be identified. The highest accuracies were found for tree-ring based models, which re-quire only a small sample size (60 dead trees). High model accuracies were also found for forest inven-tory based models, starting at sample sizes of 500 trees. 4. Flexible statistical approaches turned out to be superior to less flexible models only for large sample sizes (totally 2000 trees). The additional use of Bayesian statistics, specifically designed for small sample sizes, led to high model accuracies only when model flexibility was constrained. 5.
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Synthesis. Our study shows that simulated experi-ments are a powerful tool for selecting reliable approaches to analyse ecological processes such as tree mortality. Reliable models are fundamen-tal for gaining novel ecological insights into the growth-mortality relationship of tree species. The use of more accurate growth- mortality relation-ships in forest succession models would allow for strongly improved projections of past and future forest dynamics. Our study provides the theoreti-cal basis for a sound estimation of such growth-mortality models, and it also provides guidelines for efficient sampling schemes in real forests. Journal of Ecology, 2008, V96, N1, JAN, pp 174-187.
08.2-135Water and carbon fluxes of European ecosys-tems: An evaluation of the ecohydrological model RHESSysZierl B, Bugmann H, Tague C LUSA, SwitzerlandModelling , Ecology , Plant Sciences , Forestry , Hydrology , Instruments & InstrumentationThis study investigated whether the regional hydro-ecological simulation system RHESSys is a suitable tool for long-term global change impact studies under selected climatic conditions of Eu-rope, taking advantage of the strongly varying climate along elevational gradients in mountain regions. We performed a validation of RHESSys us-ing daily, monthly and yearly data on (1) stream-flow and snow cover in five Alpine catchments and (2) water and carbon fluxes at 15 EUROFLUX sites. The simulation results generally agreed well with observations. RHESSys reasonably reproduced dai-ly and monthly streamflow, as well as the seasonal cycle and amplitude of typical Alpine discharge regimes. Furthermore, RHESSys was capable of capturing the key features of the carbon cycle of various forested ecosystems, including significant differences between managed and close-to- natu-ral forests, and more subtle distinctions between
coniferous and deciduous systems. Our analyses confirmed that RHESSys is a suitable tool for studying global change impacts on mountain hy-drology. Regarding the simulation of the carbon cycle, this investigation detected some data and model limitations that are discussed in detail. Finally, suggestions for model improvements are made, mainly concerning the formulations of decomposition and respiration rates in biogeo-chemical models. (c) Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Hydrological Processes, 2007, V21, N24, NOV 15, pp 3328-3339.08.2-136Potential impact of climate change and rein-deer density on tundra indicator species in the Barents Sea regionZockler C, Miles L, Fish L, Wolf A, Rees G, Danks FEngland, SwitzerlandModelling , Biodiversity , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , EcologyClimate change is expected to alter the distri-bution of habitats and thus the distribution of species connected with these habitats in the ter-restrial Barents Sea region. It was hypothesised that wild species connected with the tundra and open-land biome may be particularly at risk as for-est area expands. Fourteen species of birds were identified as useful indicators for the biodiver-sity dependent upon this biome. By bringing to-gether species distribution information with the LPJ-GUESS vegetation model, and with estimates of future wild and domestic reindeer density, po-tential impacts on these species between the pres-ent time and 2080 were assessed. Over this period there was a net loss of open land within the cur-rent breeding range of most bird species. Grazing reindeer were modelled as increasing the amount of open land retained for nine of the tundra bird species. Climatic Change, 2008, V87, N1-2, MAR, pp 119-130.
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08.2-137Probabilistic dynamics of soil nitrate: Cou-pling of ecohydrological and biogeochemical processesBotter G, Daly E, Porporato A, Rodriguez Iturbe I, Rinaldo AItaly, USA, SwitzerlandPedology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Water Resources , HydrologyIn this paper we analyze the probabilistic dynam-ics resulting from a simplified model of soil mois-ture and nitrate mass in relatively arid environ-ments, which accounts for relevant hydrologic and biogeochemical processes and for the random characters of rainfall. The soil nitrate balance in-cludes uptake through transpiration, mineraliza-tion, nitrification, and denitrification. To allow an exact mathematical treatment, all nitrate fluxes are assumed to be linear functions of the state variables, namely, soil moisture and nitrate mass stored in soils. The range of applicability of the above simplification is investigated by means of numerical Monte Carlo simulations, showing that the linear approach is meaningful in relatively arid environments, where soil moisture contents are generally low. The moment-generating func-tion of the joint probability distribution (pdf) of soil nitrate and water content is derived, thereby allowing a linkage between the main features of soil nitrate statistics and the underlying soil, veg-etation, rainfall, and biogeochemical parameters. Exact expressions for the moments of the nitrate pdf and for the covariance of soil moisture and nitrate mass are derived. The pdf of the nitrate mass in storage within the soil is shown to be rea-sonably approximated by a gamma distribution in many cases of practical interest. Interestingly, nitrogen limitation for the ecosystem is shown to be directly related to low values of the product between the rate of rainfall arrivals and the char-acteristic time of nitrate removal. Water Resources Research, 2008, V44, N3, MAR 15 ARTN: W03416.
08.2-138Relative stability of soil carbon revealed by shifts in delta N-15 and C : N ratioConen F, Zimmermann M, Leifeld J, Seth B, Alewell CSwitzerland, ScotlandPedology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsLife on earth drives a continuous exchange of carbon between soils and the atmosphere. Some forms of soil carbon, or organic matter, are more stable and have a longer residence time in soil than others. Relative differences in stability
have often been derived from shifts in delta C-13 (which is bound to a vegetation change from C3 to C4 type) or through C-14-dating (which is bound to small sample numbers because of high measure-ment costs). Here, we propose a new concept based on the increase in delta N-15 and the decrease in C:N ratio with increasing stability. We tested the concept on grasslands at different elevations in the Swiss Alps. Depending on elevation and soil depth, it predicted mineral-associated organic carbon to be 3 to 73 times more stable than par-ticulate organic carbon. Analysis of C-14-ages gen-erally endorsed these predictions. Biogeosciences, 2008, V5, N1, pp 123-128.
08.2-139How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabiliza-tion of organic matter in soils?Marschner B, Brodowski S, Dreves A, Gleixner G, Gude A, Grootes P M, Hamer U, Heim A, Jandl G, Ji R, Kaiser K, Kalbitz K, Kramer C, Leinweber P, Re-themeyer J, Schaeffer A, Schmidt M W I, Schwark L, Wiesenberg G L BGermany, SwitzerlandPedology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Agricul-ture, Soil SciencesTraditionally, the selective preservation of certain recalcitrant organic compounds and the forma-tion of recalcitrant humic substances have been regarded as an important mechanism for soil or-ganic matter (SOM) stabilization. Based on a criti-cal overview of available methods and on results from a cooperative research program, this paper evaluates how relevant recalcitrance is for the long-term stabilization of SOM or its fractions. Method-ologically, recalcitrance is difficult to assess, since the persistence of certain SOM fractions or specif-ic compounds may also be caused by other stabi-lization mechanisms, such as physical protection or chemical interactions with mineral surfaces. If only free particulate SOM obtained from density fractionation is considered, it rarely reaches ages exceeding 50 y. Older light particles have often been identified as charred plant residues or as fos-sil C. The degradability of the readily bioavailable dissolved or water- extractable OM fraction is often negatively correlated with its content in aromatic compounds, which therefore has been associated with recalcitrance. But in subsoils, dissolved or-ganic matter aromaticity and biodegradability both are very low, indicating that other factors or compounds limit its degradation. Among the investigated specific compounds, lignin, lipids, and their derivatives have mean turnover times faster or similar as that of bulk SOM. Only a small fraction of the lignin inputs seems to persist in
1.3 Soil and Lithosphere
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soils and is mainly found in the fine textural size fraction (<20 µm), indicating physico-chemical stabilization. Compound-specific analysis of C-13 : C-12 ratios of SOM pyrolysis products in soils with C3-C4 crop changes revealed no compounds with mean residence times of > 40-50 y, unless fossil C was present in substantial amounts, as at a site exposed to lignite inputs in the past. Here, turn-over of pyrolysis products seemed to be much lon-ger, even for those attributed to carbohydrates or proteins. Apparently, fossil C from lignite coal is also utilized by soil organisms, which is further evidenced by low C-14 concentrations in microbial phospholipid fatty acids from this site. Also, black C from charred plant materials was susceptible to microbial degradation in a short- term (60 d) and a long-term (2 y) incubation experiment. This deg-radation was enhanced, when glucose was sup-plied as an easily available microbial substrate. Similarly, SOM mineralization in many soils gen-erally increased after addition of carbohydrates, amino acids, or simple organic acids, thus indicat-ing that stability may also be caused by substrate limitations. It is concluded that the presented re-sults do not provide much evidence that the selec-tive preservation of recalcitrant primary biogenic compounds is a major SOM-stabilization mecha-nism. Old SOM fractions with slow turnover rates were generally only found in association with soil minerals. The only not mineral-associated SOM components that may be persistent in soils appear to be black and fossil C. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernahrung Und Boden-kunde, 2008, V171, N1, FEB, pp 91-110.
08.2-140Analysing the preferential transport of lead in a vegetated roadside soil using lysimeter experiments and a dual-porosity modelRoulier S, Robinson B, Kuster E, Schulin RSwitzerlandModelling , Pedology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsLead (Pb) from the traffic accumulates in roadside soils, which are usually vegetated to control ero-sion. Plants release soluble organic substances that bind Pb. Root macropores also create prefer-ential pathways through which water can flow. Both these processes may enhance Pb mobility. We used large lysimeters to investigate the trans-port of Pb in a contaminated (445 mg Pb kg(-1)) soil under vegetation (Phacelia tanacetifolia). De-spite the high soil pH (7.2), Pb leached into the drainage water during the 5-month experiment. The fast response of the system to intense rainfall events indicated the presence of preferential flow.
By comparing Pb concentrations in filtered and unfiltered leachates, we found that Pb was leach-ing primarily on suspended material. An increase in Pb concentration in the leachate at the end of the experiment indicated the remobilization of Pb, possibly by decaying vegetation. We parame-terized the dual-porosity MACRO model using the experimental results. The simple parameteriza-tion of MACRO used to simulate the Pb concentra-tions in the drainage water produced an overall model efficiency of 0.81: MACRO simulated the Pb concentrations well, but it failed to predict the ob-served increase of Pb in the leachate at the end of the experiment. The model gave the best predic-tion of Pb concentrations with a small partition coefficient (k(d) = 150 cm(3) g (-1)). Long-term simu-lations of Pb mobility showed that for our specific conditions preferential flow was the main process determining the fate of Pb. European Journal of Soil Science, 2008, V59, N1, FEB, pp 61-70.
08.2-141Channelized and hillslope sediment transport and the geomorphology of mountain beltsSchneider H, Schwab M, Schlunegger FSwitzerlandGeomorphology , Modelling , Geology , PedologyThis paper uses the results of landscape evolution models and morphometric data from the Andes of northern Peru and the eastern Swiss Alps to illustrate how the ratio between sediment trans-port on hillslopes and in channels influences landscape and channel network morphologies and dynamics. The headwaters of fluvial- and de-bris- flow-dominated systems (channelized pro-cesses) are characterized by rough, high-relief, highly incised surfaces which contain a dense and hence a closely spaced channel network. Also, these systems tend to respond rapidly to modifica-tions in external forcing (e.g., rock uplift and/or precipitation). This is the case because the high channel density results in a high bulk diffusivity. In contrast, headwaters where landsliding is an important sediment source are characterized by a low channel density and by rather straight and unstable channels. In addition, the topographies are generally smooth. The low channel density then results in a relatively low bulk diffusivity. As a consequence, response times are greater in headwaters of landslide-dominated systems than in highly dissected drainages. The Peruvian and Swiss case studies show how regional differences in climate and the litho-tectonic architecture po-tentially exert contrasting controls on the relative importance of channelized versus hillslope pro-
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Soil and Lithosphere 83
cesses and thus on the overall geomorphometry. Specifically, the Peruvian example illustrates to what extent the storminess of climate has influ-enced production and transport of sediment on hillslopes and in channels, and how these differ-ences are seen in the morphometry of the land-scape. The Swiss example shows how the bedding orientation of the bedrock drives channelized and hillslope processes to contrasting extents, and how these differences are mirrored in the land-scape. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2008, V97, N1, FEB, pp 179-192.
08.2-142Assessing the reversibility of soil displacement after wheeling in situ on restored soilsTobias S, Haberecht M, Stettler M, Meyer M, Ingen-sand HSwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Pedology , ModellingLand restoration after open-cast mining and con-struction sites enables maintaining the quantity of agricultural land in the long- term. With the modern gentle restoration techniques, soil is heaped loosely and supposed to consolidate and increase its mechanical resistance in the first few years after restoration. With this study, we investi-gated the influence of the soil’s age after heaping on the susceptibility to compaction of restored soils. We carried out wheeling experiments with a tractor and a manure trailer on two adjacent restorations of I and 3 years after heaping, re-spectively. Subsequently we observed the soils for 3 months. We assessed soil displacement at the soil surface with digital levelling, and within the soil profile in 25-30 cm depth with a special hy-drostatic soil displacement meter (HSDM), which had been developed for this application. In the same depth, soil cores were taken to determine coarse pore content and bulk density, right after the wheelings and at the end of the experiment. We conducted four wheelings, what caused soil displacements at the soil surface of ca. 11 mm on both restorations. The HSDM provided us reliable data for the 3-year-old restoration, only. Total soil displacement after the four wheelings was ca. 5 mm in 28 ern depth. Our Subsequent observations revealed the complete decline of the soil displace-ments caused by the wheelings within 18 days at the soil surface as well as in the soil profile. The levelling results revealed the same recovery from the displacements at the soil surface for both restorations independently of their ages. For the soil physical parameters, we found differences be-tween the two restorations. Only the 3-year-old res-
toration showed less coarse pores and higher bulk density in the track than beside the track right after the wheelings, while the 1-year-old restora-tion did not. At the end of the experiment, coarse pore content and bulk density in the tracks stayed approximately the same, as right after the wheel-ings, particularly the track of the 3-year-old resto-ration did not show any recovery. Because of the partly contradictory results of soil displacement measurements and soil physical parameters, we recommend further research on soil deformation and the regeneration of restored soils. Soil Tillage Research, 2008, V98, N1, JAN, pp 81-93.
08.2-143The fate of N2O consumed in soilsVieten B, Conen F, Seth B, Alewell CSwitzerlandPedology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsSoils are capable to consume N2O. It is generally assumed that consumption occurs exclusively via respiratory reduction to N-2 by denitrifying organisms (i.e. complete denitrification). Yet, we are not aware of any verification of this assump-tion. Some N2O may be assimilatorily reduced to NH3. Reduction of N2O to NH3 is thermodynami-cally advantageous compared to the reduction of N-2. Is this an ecologically relevant process? To find out, we treated four contrasting soil samples in a flow-through incubation experiment with a mixture of labelled (98%) 15N(2)O (0.5-4 ppm) and O-2 (0.2-0.4%) in He. We measured N2O consump-tion by GC-ECD continuously and delta N-15 of soil organic matter before and after an 11 to 29 day incubation period. Any (N2O)-N-15 assimilatorily reduced would have resulted in the enrichment of soil organic matter with N-15, whereas dissimi-latorily reduced (N2O)-N-15 would not have left a trace. None of the soils showed a change in delta N-15 that was statistically different from zero. A maximum of 0.27% (s.e. +/- 0.19%) of consumed (N2O)-N-15 may have been retained as N-15 in soil organic matter in one sample. On average, N-15 enrichment of soil organic matter during the in-cubation may have corresponded to a retention of 0.019% (s.e. + /- 0.14%; n=4) of the (N2O)-N-15 con-sumed by the soils. We conclude that assimilatory reduction of N2O plays, if at all, only a negligible role in the consumption of N2O in soils. Biogeosciences, 2008, V5, N1, pp 129-132.
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08.2-144Recent evolution (1981-2005) of the Maladeta glaciers, Pyrenees, Spain: extent and volume losses and their relation with climatic and topographic factorsChueca J, Julian A, Lopez Moreno J ISpain, SwitzerlandCryology / GlaciologyAnalysis of aerial photographs, GPS mapping and comparison of digital elevation models have been used to quantify the losses in extent and volume observed (1981-2005) in the glaciers of the Mala-deta massif (Spanish Pyrenees). The data are ex-amined in relation to different climatic (tempera-ture, precipitation) and topographic factors that control glacial retreat both at the general and lo-cal scales. The evolution observed in the massif is characterized by the remarkable surface and volu-metric shrinkage registered in all the glaciers: (1) glacial ice decreased in extent 35.7%, reducing from 240.9ha to 155.0ha; (2) losses in total ice vol-ume reached 0.0137 km(3) (75.6mw.e.); (3) mean altitude of the studied glaciers increased 43.5 m. These changes seem to have been forced by climat-ic change (reduction in the snowfall contributions and increase in the maximum temperatures) dur-ing the past few decades in this Pyrenean region. in addition, local variables such as the orientation of each glacier, their altitude and their initial size seem to have induced significant spatial differ-ences in the magnitude of the losses. . Journal of Glaciology, 2007, V53, N183, pp 547-557.
08.2-145Snow physics as relevant to snow photochem-istryDomine F, Albert M, Huthwelker T, Jacobi H W, Kokhanovsky A A, Lehning M, Picard G, Simpson W RFrance, USA, Switzerland, GermanyCryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesSnow on the ground is a complex multiphase photochemical reactor that dramatically modifies the chemical composition of the overlying atmo-sphere. A quantitative description of the emis-sions of reactive gases by snow requires knowledge of snow physical properties. This overview details our current understanding of how those physi-cal properties relevant to snow photochemistry vary during snow metamorphism. Properties dis-cussed are density, specific surface area, thermal conductivity, permeability, gas diffusivity and op-tical properties. Inasmuch as possible, equations to parameterize these properties as functions of
climatic variables are proposed, based on field measurements, laboratory experiments and theo-ry. The potential of remote sensing methods to ob-tain information on some snow physical variables such as grain size, liquid water content and snow depth are discussed. The possibilities for and dif-ficulties of building a snow photochemistry mod-el by adapting current snow physics models are explored. Elaborate snow physics models already exist, and including variables of particular inter-est to snow photochemistry such as light fluxes and specific surface area appears possible. On the other hand, understanding the nature and loca-tion of reactive molecules in snow seems to be the greatest difficulty modelers will have to face for lack of experimental data, and progress on this aspect will require the detailed study of natural snow samples. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2008, V8, N2, pp 171-208.
08.2-146Monitoring mountain permafrost evolution using electrical resistivity tomography: A 7-year study of seasonal, annual, and long-term variations at Schilthorn, Swiss AlpsHilbich C, Hauck C, Hoelzle M, Scherler M, Schudel L, Völksch I, Vonder Mühll D, Mäusbacher RGermany, SwitzerlandGeomorphology , Modelling , Geology , Cryology / GlaciologyA combined geophysical and thermal monitoring approach for improved observation of mountain permafrost degradation is presented. Time- lapse inversion of repeated electrical resistivity tomog-raphy ERT) measurements allows both active layer dynamics and interannual permafrost conditions to be delineated. Analysis of a comprehensive ERT monitoring data set from a 7-year study at Schil-thorn, Swiss Alps, confirmed the applicability of ERT monitoring to observations of freezing and thawing processes on short-term, seasonal, and long- term scales. Long-term resistivity changes were evaluated on the basis of seasonal resistiv-ity variations showing an annual cycle with high resistivities in frozen and low resistivities in un-frozen state. One important result is the detec-tion of a sustained impact of the extraordinarily hot European summer of 2003 on the permafrost regime, which is more severe than previously as-sumed from borehole temperatures. Combined analyses of ERT monitoring and borehole tempera-ture data revealed substantial ground ice degrada-tion as a consequence of the 2003 summer, which did not recover in the following years despite suit-able subsurface temperature conditions. Resistiv-
1.4 Cryosphere
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ity changes that are nonconforming to long-term temperature evolution are attributed to the lim-ited availability of liquid water and/or changes in material characteristics e.g., pore volume changes as a result of subsidence). Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface, 2008, V113, NF1, JAN 26 ARTN: F01S90.
08.2-147Determination of the seasonal mass balance of four Alpine glaciers since 1865Huss M, Bauder A, Funk M, Hock RSwitzerland, USA, SwedenCryology / Glaciology , Modelling(1) Alpine glaciers have suffered major losses of ice in the last century. We compute spatially dis-tributed seasonal mass balances of four glaciers in the Swiss Alps (Grosser Aletschgletscher, Rhoneg-letscher, Griesgletscher and Silvrettagletscher) for the period 1865 to 2006. The mass balance model is forced by daily air temperature and precipitation data compiled from various long-term data series. The model is calibrated using ice volume changes derived from five to nine high-resolution digital elevation models, annual discharge data and a newly compiled data set of more than 4000 in situ measurements of mass balance covering different subperiods. The cumulative mass balances over the 142 year period vary between -35 and -97 m revealing a considerable mass loss. There is no sig-nificant trend in winter balances, whereas sum-mer balances display important fluctuations. The rate of mass loss in the 1940s was higher than in the last decade. Our approach combines different types of field data with mass balance modeling to resolve decadal scale ice volume change observa-tions to seasonal and spatially distributed mass balance series. The results contribute to a better understanding of the climatic forcing on Alpine glaciers in the last century. Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface, 2008, V113, NF1, MAR 1 ARTN: F01015.
08.2-148Chute experiments on slushflow dynamicsJaedicke C, Kern M A, Gauer P, Baillifard M A, Platzer KNorway, SwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesSlushflows are gravity driven mass flows consist-ing of a mixture of snow and water, which exhibit considerable damage potential for endangered areas. An increase in global temperature and win-ter rain precipitation could lead to more frequent slushflow events, requiring the need to redesign
protective measures. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the flow rheology of small scale slushflows (volumes of 10-15 m(3)) Using the 30 m long and 2.5 m wide snow chute of the Swiss Fed-eral Institute of Snow and Avalanche Research at Weissfluhjoch, Davos, Switzerland. Velocity pro-files, dynamic pressure, basal and normal shear stresses and flow height data were recorded in or-der to test suitable instruments for slushflow mea-surements. From the obtained data, the order of magnitude of the drag factor for slushflows inter-acting with obstacles could be estimated. Further-more, an empirical guess of the effective viscosity of the slush could be extracted from the data. We give an overview of the experimental setup and discuss the experimental problems arising from the specific characteristics of slushflows. First re-sults are presented, which indicate that the drag might be considerably higher than the estimates commonly used for dry flowing avalanches. Com-pared to dry snow avalanches, comparable (at similar velocities) shear and normal stresses seem to be higher in slushflows. The analysis of shear stress versus normal stress indicates some visco-plastic behavior. The results imply that slushflows have to be considered when choosing a design cri-teria for avalanche protection measures wherever this kind of flows can occur. The results from the chute experiments are discussed with respect to the development of numerical models of slush-flows and a future adaptation of the optical veloc-ity measurement devices to slushflows. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2008, V51, N2-3, FEB, pp 156-167.
08.2-149Measuring the specific surface area of snow with X-ray tomography and gas adsorption: comparison and implications for surface smoothnessKerbrat M, Pinzer B, Huthwelker T, Gäggeler H W, Ammann M, Schneebeli MSwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesChemical and physical processes, such as hetero-geneous chemical reactions, light scattering, and metamorphism occur in the natural snowpack. To model these processes in the snowpack, the specific surface area (SSA) is a key parameter. In this study, two methods, computed tomography and methane adsorption, which have intrinsical-ly different effective resolutions-molecular and 30 µm, respectively- were used to determine the SSA of similar natural snow samples. Except for very fresh snow, the two methods give identical
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results, with an uncertainty of 3%. This implies that the surface of aged natural snow is smooth up to a scale of about 30 µm and that if smaller structures are present they do not contribute sig-nificantly to the overall SSA. It furthermore im-plies that for optical methods a voxel size of 10 µm is sufficient to capture all structural features of this type of snow; however, fresh precipitation appears to contain small features that cause an under-estimation of SSA with tomography at this resolution. The methane adsorption method is therefore superior to computed tomography for very fresh snow having high SSA. Nonetheless, in addition to SSA determination, tomography pro-vides full geometric information about the ice matrix. It can also be advantageously used to in-vestigate layered snow packs, as it allows measur-ing SSA in layers of less than 1 mm. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2008, V8, N5, pp 1261-1275.
08.2-150Statistical analysis of the snow cover variabil-ity in a subalpine watershed: Assessing the role of topography and forest, interactionsLopez M J I, Stähli MSwitzerland, SpainForestry , Cryology / Glaciology , Hydrology , Mod-ellingThis paper analyses the way in which the complex relationships among topography, climate, and for-est canopy influence the spatiotemporal variabil-ity of accumulation and melting of snowpack in a subalpine valley. We used weekly to monthly snow course data and a numerical model (COUP) to esti-mate the snow water equivalent (SWE) at 16 sites distributed in the Alptal valley (Central Switzer-land) from 1984 to 2004. From these SWE series, we derived indicators that represent the annual accumulation, the most intense annual melting events and the length of the period with snow cover. Generalized mixed linear models (GMLMs) were used to relate these indices to attitude and exposure to solar radiation, taking into account the interactions of both variables with the pres-ence or absence of a forest cover. Regression analy-ses were carried out for the 20 analysed years and for specific years with particular climatic condi-tions during the accumulation or melting periods. On the basis of these results, we conclude that a small number of predictors are able to explain a large proportion of the observed SWE and snow-melt variability. The statistical analysis confirmed the role of a forest canopy in reducing snow ac-cumulation. The reduction of the magnitude of snowpack below forest canopy will impact also in
a lower amount of snow melted during the most intense thawing events. The role of forest in terms of the length of the snow cover season changes noticeably with attitude and exposure. Journal of Hydrology, 2008, V348, N3-4, JAN 15, pp 379-394.
08.2-151Influence of canopy density on snow distribu-tion in a temperate mountain rangeLopez Moreno J I, Latron JSwitzerland, SpainForestry , Cryology / Glaciology , HydrologyWe analyse spatial variability and different evo-lution patterns of snowpack in a mixed beech-fir stand in the central Pyrenees. Snow depth and density were surveyed weekly along six transects of contrasting forest cover during a complete ac-cumulation and melting season; we also surveyed a sector unaffected by canopy cover. Forest density was measured using the sky view factor (SVF) ob-tained from digital hemispherical photographs. During periods of snow accumulation and melt-ing, noticeable differences in snow depth and density were found between the open site and those areas covered by forest canopy. Principal component analysis provided valuable informa-tion in explaining these observations. The results indicate a high variability in snow accumulation within forest areas related to differences in canopy density. Maximum snow water equivalent (SWE) was reduced by more than 50% beneath dense canopies compared with clearings, and this dif-ference increased during the melting period. We also found significant temporal variations: when melting began in sectors with low SVF, most of the snow had already thawed in areas with high SVF. However, specific conditions occasionally produced a different response of SWE to forest cover, with lower melting rates observed beneath dense canopies. The high values of correlation co-efficients for SWE and SVF (r > 0.9) indicate the reliability of predicting the spatial distribution of SWE in forests when only a moderate number of observations are available. Digital hemispherical photographs provide an appropriate tool for this type of analysis, especially for zenith angles in the range 35-55 degrees. Hydrological Processes, 2008, V22, N1, JAN 1, pp 117-126.
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08.2-152Estimation of Arctic glacier motion with satel-lite L-band SAR dataStrozzi T, Kouraev A, Wiesmann A, Wegmueller U, Sharov A, Werner CSwitzerland, France, AustriaCryology / Glaciology , Remote Sensing , Geomor-phologyOffset fields between pairs of JERS-1 satellite SAR data acquired in winter with 44 days time interval were employed for the estimation of Arctic glacier motion over Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya and Franz-Josef Land. The displacement maps show that the ice caps are divided into a number of clearly de-fined fast-flowing units with displacement larger than about 6 in in 44 days (i.e. 50 m/year). The es-timated error of the JERS-1 offset tracking derived displacement is on the order of 20 m/year. Occa-sionally, azimuth streaks related to auroral zone ionospheric disturbances were detected and dedi-cated processing steps were applied to minimize their influence on the estimated motion pattern. Our analysis demonstrated that offset tracking of L-band SAR images is a robust and direct estima-tion technique of glacier motion. The method is particularly useful when differential SAR inter-ferometry is limited by loss of coherence, i.e. for rapid and incoherent flow and large acquisition time intervals between the two SAR images. The JERS-1 results, obtained using SAR data acquired by a satellite operated until 1998, raise expecta-tions of L-band SAR data from the ALOS satellite launched in early 2006. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2008, V112, N3, MAR 18, pp 636-645.
08.2-153Objective quantitative spatial verification of distributed snow cover simulations - an ex-periment for the whole of SwitzerlandZappa MSwitzerlandModelling , Hydrology , Cryology / Glaciology , Water ResourcesSkill measures based on 2 x 2 contingency tables were adopted for the quantitative internal verifi-cation of snow cover simulations with the distrib-uted hydrological model PREVAH, which provided a high resolution simulation of the hydrological cycle for Switzerland for the 1981-2000 period. Simulated snow cover has been compared to data monitored at 103 stations. The skill measures pro-vide valuable quantitative indications on the cor-respondence of the modelled and observed values. The analysis with objective scores reveals better model estimates of snow cover presence and dis-
tribution in locations above 1000 m a.s.l., relative to lower areas. For explicit spatial verification, 20 NOAA-AVHRR snow cover scenes were compared to the model results. The spatial and temporal differences in the agreement between observed and simulated snow cover patterns were assessed. PREVAH provides reliable snow cover simulations. The results also reveal that scores from 2 x 2 con-tingency tables provide objective methodologi-cal support in the quantitative estimation of the agreement between observed and simulated spa-tial patterns. Hydrological Sciences Journal Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques, 2008, V53, N1, FEB, pp 179-191.
08.2-15419th century glacier representations and fluc-tuations in the central and western European Alps: An interdisciplinary approachZumbühl H J, Steiner D, Nussbaumer S USwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , ModellingEuropean Alpine glaciers are sensitive indicators of past climate and are thus valuable sources of climate history. Unfortunately, direct determina-tions of glacier changes (length variations and mass changes) did not start with increasing accu-racy until just before the end of the 19th century: Therefore, historical and physical methods have to be used to reconstruct glacier variability for pre-ceeding time periods. The Lower Grindelwald Gla-cier, Switzerland, and the Mer de Glace, France, are examples of well-documented Alpine glaciers with a wealth of different historical sources (e.g. drawings, paintings, prints, photographs, maps) that allow reconstruction of glacier length varia-tions for the last 400-500 years. In this paper, we compare the length fluctuations of both glaciers for the 19th century until the present. During the 19th century a majority of Alpine glaciers - includ-ing the Lower Grindelwald Glacier and the Mer de Glace - have been affected by impressive glacier advances. The first maximum extent around 1820 has been documented by drawings from the art-ist Samuel Birmann, and the second maximum extent around 1855 is shown by photographs of the Bisson Brothers. These pictorial sources are among the best documents of the two glaciers for the 19th century. In addition to an analysis of his-torical sources of the 19th century, we also study the sensitivity of the Lower Grindelwald Glacier to climate parameters (multiproxy reconstruc-tions of seasonal temperature and precipitation) for an advance and a retreat period in the 19th century using a new neural network approach. The advance towards 1820 was presumably driven
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by low summer temperatures and high autumn precipitation. The 1860-1880 retreat period was mainly forced by high temperatures. Finally, this nonlinear statistical approach is a new contribu-
tion to the various investigations of the complex climate-glacier system. Global and Planetary Change, 2008, V60, N1-2, JAN, pp 42-57.
08.2-155Where hides the aquatic biodiversity of macroinvertebrates in the Canton of Geneva (Switzerland)?Angelibert S, Indermühle N, Luchier D, Oertli B, Perfetta JSwitzerlandMarine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology , BiodiversityThe conservation of biodiversity constitutes an important stake in agreement with the Conven-tion of Rio signed by Switzerland and the inven-tory of this biodiversity is necessary to monitor the quality of aquatic ecosystems. This study aims to draw up a state of knowledge of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of the Canton of Geneva and to highlight the respective biological potenti-alities of four waterbody types: rivers (Rhone and Arve), streams, ponds and the Lake (western part of Lake Geneva). We compiled more than 18000 data, concerning 358 stations prospected through various investigations conducted between 1980 and 2006. Seven taxonomic groups were selected: Coleoptera, Odonata, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Gastropoda and Bivalvia. The results evidence that rivers and ponds have the greatest biodiversity (number of species) and also the highest number of unique species (i.e. species found in only one type of ecosystems). Ponds also present the highest number of Red List species. The watersheds of the Rhone and the Allondon are the richest areas according to their species number and Red List species. An assessment of sampling efficiencies showed that all types of wa-terbodies were relatively well sampled (more than 80% of species have been collected). Nevertheless gaps of knowledge remain highest for rivers and ponds. From the seven investigated taxonomic groups, the Trichoptera and Coleoptera were un-dersampled, and a quarter of the species still re-mains to be discovered. Archives Des Sciences, 2006, V59, N2-3, DEC, pp 225-234.
08.2-156Evaporation from three water bodies of dif-ferent sizes and climates: Measurements and scaling analysisAssouline S, Tyler S W, Tanny J, Cohen S, Bou Zeid E, Parlange M B, Katul G GIsrael, USA, SwitzerlandWater Resources , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci-ences , HydrologyEvaporation from small reservoirs, wetlands, and lakes continues to be a theoretical and practi-cal problem in surface hydrology and microme-teorology because atmospheric flows above such systems can rarely be approximated as stationary and planar-homogeneous with no mean subsid-ence (hereafter referred to as idealized flow state). Here, the turbulence statistics of temperature (T) and water vapor (q) most pertinent to take evapo-ration measurements over three water bodies differing in climate, thermal inertia and degree of advective conditions are explored. The three systems included Lac Leman in Switzerland (high thermal inertia, near homogeneous conditions with no appreciable advection due to long up-wind fetch), Eshkol reservoir in Israel (interme-diate thermal inertia, frequent strong advective conditions) and Tilopozo wetland in Chile (low thermal inertia, frequent but moderate advec-tion). The data analysis focused on how similarity constants for the flux-variance approach, C-T/C-q, and relative transport efficiencies R-wT/R-wq, are perturbed from unity with increased advection or the active role of temperature. When advection is small and thermal inertia is large, C-T/C-q < 1 (or RwT /R-wq > 1) primarily due to the active role of temperature, which is consistent with a large number of studies conducted over bare soil and vegetated surfaces. However, when advection is significantly large, then C-T/C-q > 1 (or R-wT/R-wq < 1). When advection is moderate and thermal in-ertia is low, then C-T/C-q similar to 1. This latter equality, while consistent with Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), is due to the fact that advection tends to increase C- T/C-q above unity while the active role of temperature tends to de-
1.5 Oceans and Freshwater Systems
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crease C-T/C-q below unity. A simplified scaling analysis derived from the scalar variance budget equation, explained qualitatively how advection could perturb MOST scaling (assumed to repre-sent the idealized flow state). Advances in Water Resources, 2008, V31, N1, JAN, pp 160-172.
08.2-157Global diversity of mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Insecta) in freshwaterBarber J H M, Gattolliat J L, Sartori M, Hubbard M DSouth Africa, Switzerland, USABiodiversity , Ecology , Zoology , Marine & Freshwa-ter BiologyThe extant global Ephemeroptera fauna is rep-resented by over 3,000 described species in 42 families and more than 400 genera. The highest generic diversity occurs in the Neotropics, with a correspondingly high species diversity, while the Palaearctic has the lowest generic diversity, but a high species diversity. Such distribution patterns may relate to how long evolutionary processes have been carrying on in isolation in a bioregion. Over an extended period, there may be extinc-tion of species, but evolution of more genera. Dramatic extinction events such as the K-T mass extinction have affected current mayfly diversity and distribution. Climatic history plays an im-portant role in the rate of speciation in an area, with regions which have been climatically stable over long periods having fewer species per genus, when compared to regions subjected to climatic stresses, such as glaciation. A total of 13 families are endemic to specific bioregions, with eight among them being monospecific. Most of these have restricted distributions which may be the re-sult of them being the relict of a previously more diverse, but presently almost completely extinct family, or may be the consequence of vicariance events, resulting from evolution due to long-term isolation. Hydrobiologia, 2008, V595, JAN, pp 339-350.
08.2-158DNA sequences identify invasive alien Car-damine at Lake ConstanceBleeker W, Klausmeyer S, Peintinger M, Dienst MGermany, SwitzerlandLimnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiver-sityThe shores of Lake Constance in southwest Ger-many inhabit an endemic and highly endangered lake-shore community. In spring 2004, a so far unknown Cardamine (Brassicaceae) was detected
at the lake-shores. In the subsequent years, this taxon has spread rapidly, 95 locations have been recorded until spring 2007. We tested the utility of DNA sequences to distinguish between two al-ternative hypotheses regarding the appearance of this new invasive taxon: a local formation via hybridization between native species versus an introduction of a non- native taxon. The relative DNA contents was analysed as an additional inde-pendent character. DNA sequences provided sub-stantial evidence that the unknown Cardamine taxon, recently discovered at Lake Constance in southwest Germany, is a non-native species in-troduced from abroad. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of the large subunits of nucle-ar ribosomal DNA and two noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA (trnL intron, trnL/F spacer) were distant from sequences of all native Cardamine species providing evidence against a hybridiza-tion hypothesis. In contrast, DNA sequences of the unknown Cardamine were identical to one acces-sion of Cardamine flexuosa auct. non With. (Asian C. flexuosa) from Japan. The introduction history of Asian C. flexuosa at Lake Constance and the po-tential threat to the native lake-shore vegetation is discussed. Our study highlights the potential of DNA sequences to identify invasive genotypes and source regions. Biological Conservation, 2008, V141, N3, MAR, pp 692-698.
08.2-159Risk assessment of herbicide mixtures in a large European lakeChevre N, Edder P, Ortelli D, Tatti E, Erkman S, Rapin FSwitzerlandLimnology , Toxicology , Water Resources , Marine & Freshwater BiologyLake Geneva is one of the largest European lakes with a surface area of 580 km(2). Its catchment area covers 7400 km(2), of which similar to 20% is arable land. Monitoring campaigns have been carried out in 2004 and 2005 to determine the contamination of the lake by pesticides. The re-sults highlight the widespread presence of herbi-cides in water, the measured concentrations for most substances remaining constant in 2004 and 2005. However, for some individual herbicides the concentrations increased drastically (e.g., the her-bicide foramsulfuron). We assessed the environ-mental risk of the herbicides detected in the lake using water quality criteria recently determined for the Swiss environmental protection agency. Furthermore, we assessed the risk of herbicide mixtures, grouped based upon their mode of ac-
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tion. Generally, the risk estimated for all single substances is low, except for some sulfonylurea compounds. For these substances, the measured concentrations are higher than the predicted no-effect concentration. Impact on the flora of the lake can therefore not be excluded. When mix-tures of pesticides with similar mode of action are taken into account, the risk remains lower than the mixture water quality criteria for all groups, but can reach as high as one third of this qual-ity criteria. A further step would therefore be to assess the risk of the total pesticide mixture, in-cluding similar and dissimilar modes of action. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environmental Toxicology, 2008, V23, N2, APR, pp 269-277.
08.2-160Freezing of lakes on the Swiss plateau in the period 1901-2006Hendricks Franssen H J , Scherrer S CSwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Limnology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesData of ice cover for deep Alpine lakes contain rel-evant climatological information since ice cover and winter temperature are closely related. For the first time, ice cover data from 11 lakes on the Swiss plateau have been collected and analysed for the period 1901-2006. The ice cover data used stem from systematic registration by individuals or groups (fishermen, an ice club and lake securi-ty service) and from several national, regional and local newspapers. It is found that in the past 40 years, and especially during the last two decades, ice cover on Swiss lakes was significantly reduced. This is in good agreement with the observed in-crease in the winter temperature in this period. The trend of reduced ice cover is more pronounced for lakes that freeze rarely than for the lakes that freeze more frequently. This agrees well with the stronger relative decrease in the probability to ex-ceed the SLIM of negative degree days (NDD) need-ed for freezing the lakes that rarely freeze. The ice cover data are related with the temperature measurements such as the sum of NDD of nearby official meteorological stations by means of bino-mial logistic regression. The derived relationships estimate the probability of a complete ice cover on a lake as function of the sum of NDD. The sums of NDD needed are well related to the average depth of the lake (r(NDD-Depth) = 0.85). Diagnosing lake ice cover on the basis of the sum of NDD is much better than a prediction on the basis of a clima-tological freezing frequency. The variance of lake ice cover that cannot be explained by the sum of
NDD is important for judging the uncertainty as-sociated with climate reconstruction on the basis of data on lake ice cover. International Journal of Climatology, 2008, V28, N4, APR, pp 421-433.
08.2-161Generation of meteorological scenarios from NCEP reanalyses. Application for the genera-tion of flood scenarios for the Rhone upstream to Lake LemanHingray B, Mezghani ASwitzerlandModelling , Limnology , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , HydrologyOptimal water resources management requires hydrological scenarios for the climate situation under consideration. These scenarios may be pro-duced from meteorological scenarios thanks to an appropriate hydrological model. The Laboratory “Hydrology and Land Improvement” (HYDRAM) developed a combined downscaling model for the multisite stochastic generation of the meteo-rological variables required for the generation of such scenarios. The model combines a statistical downscaling model and a k-nearest neighbour resampling approach to generate hourly precipi-tation and temperature series from NCEP reanal-yses. It was applied for the upper Rhone catch-ment. Observed statistics are well reproduced for both meteorological variables. Then it was used for the generation of a suite of flood scenarios at different hydrological stations of the studied catchment. The stochastic generator can also be applied to downscale climate experiments from global and/or regional climate models for future climate conditions. Houille Blanche Revue Internationale de L Eau, 2007, N6, pp 104-110.
08.2-162Noble gas anomalies related to high-intensity methane gas seeps in the Black SeaHolzner C P, Mcginnis D F, Schubert C J, Kipfer R, Imboden D MSwitzerlandGeology , OceanographyDissolved noble gases and tritium were analyzed at a series of high- intensity methane gas seeps in the Black Sea to study the transport and gas exchange induced by bubble-streams in the water column. These processes affect marine methane emissions to the atmosphere and are therefore relevant to climate warming. The seep areas investigated are located in the Dnepr paleo-delta, west of Crimea, and in the Sorokin Trough mud volcano area,
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south-cast of Crimea. Noble gas concentration profiles at active seep sites revealed prominent anomalies compared to reference profiles that are unaffected by outgassing. Supersaturations of the light noble gases helium and neon observed relatively close to the sea floor are interpreted as effects of gas exchange between the water and the rising bubbles. Depletions of the heavy noble gas-es argon, krypton and xenon that were detected above an active, bubble-releasing mud volcano appear to be related to the injection of fluids de-pleted in noble gases that undergo vertical trans-port in the water column due to small density dif-ferences. In both cases, the noble gas anomalies clearly document seep-specific processes which are difficult to detect by other methods. Helium is generally enriched in the deep water of the Black Sea due to terrigenic input. Although exception-ally high helium concentrations observed in one seep area indicate a locally elevated helium flux, most of the seeps studied seem to be negligible sources of terrigenic helium. Noble gas analyses of sediment pore waters from the vicinity of a mud volcano showed large vertical gradients in helium concentrations. The helium isotope signature of the pore waters points to a crustal origin for he-lium, whereas the deep water of the Black Sea also contains a small mantle-type component. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2008, V265, N3-4, JAN 30, pp 396-409.
08.2-163Restoration of riverine ponds along the Rhone River (Teppes de Verbois, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland): what is the gain for Odonata?Indermühle N, Oertli BSwitzerlandEngineering , Hydrology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , BiodiversityThe Teppes de Verbois Site is a recent example of riverine pond restoration in the canton of Geneva (Switzerland). Between 1999 and 2001, four per-manent and several small temporary ponds (total surface of the waterbodies: about 7 ha) have been dug on the site of an ancient gravel pit. During 2004, the four permanent ponds were sampled for Odonata once a month from May to September. Adult Odonata were identified and their abun-dance estimated. A total of 25 species was identi-fied, representing more than half of the species occurring in the canton of Geneva. Two species among them are swiss Red List species: Orthet-rum albistylum (EN) and Gomphus pulchellus (VU). They are considered as target species for the management of the restored Teppes de Verbois site. The creation of these off-channel habitats ap-
pears to have very positive impacts on Odonata. On the level of the canton, the species richness of the Teppes de Verbois has reached (and partly even outmatched) the richness of the other na-ture reserves, after only four years of colonisation. On a regional scale, the new ponds improve the network of alluvial habitats, allowing each Odo-nata metapopulation to become more abundant and to find more breeding sites. On a national and international level, the high abundance of Gom-phus pulchellus is of particular interest, as this dragonfly is the only European endemic species occurring in the canton of Geneva. Archives Des Sciences, 2006, V59, N2-3, DEC, pp 243-250.
08.2-164Historical profiles of chlorinated paraffins and polychlorinated biphenyls in a dated sediment core from Lake Thun (Switzerland)Iozza S, Müller C E, Schmid P, Bogdal C, Oehme MSwitzerlandLimnology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsA dated sediment core from Lake Thun covering the last 120 years was analyzed to get an overview of the historical trend of the chlorinated paraffin (CP) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) deposi-tion, because CPs and PCBs have/had similar appli-cations as plasticizers and flame retardants. Total CP concentrations (sum of short chain (SCCP), me-dium, chain (MCCP), and long chain CPS (LCCP)) showed a steep increase in the 1980s and a more-or-less stable level of 50 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) since then. The concentration-time profile is in good agreement with the available information on global production data. The quantification of higher chlorinated SCCPs using electron capture negative ionization low resolution mass spec-trometry (ECNI-LRMS) revealed an increase in re-cent years. In addition, the degree of chlorination of SCCPs has strongly increased during the past 40 years, which may indicate its use as an additive for plastics, paints, and coatings. Furthermore, PCBs were analyzed in dated sediment slices. The PCB concentrations (sum of the six indicator con-geners) peaked around 1969 (18 ng g(-1) dw) and decreased to 1.3 ng g(-1) dw in the surface. layer corresponding to 2004. The peak level of CPS ex-ceeded those of PCBs by about a factor of 3. Environmental Science Technology, 2008, V42, N4, FEB 15, pp 1045-1050.
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08.2-165Global diversity of inland water cnidariansJankowski T, Collins A G, Campbell RSwitzerland, USAMarine & Freshwater Biology , Zoology , Biodiver-sity , EcologyGlobal diversity of inland water cnidarians is low, containing < 40 species belonging to phylogeneti-cally distinct groups representing independent invasion events: the common and cosmopolitan hydras (12-15 species); the sporadically occurring freshwater medusae (6-16 sp.); the Cordylophori-nae (2 sp.); the parasitic Polypodium (1 sp.); the me-dusae occurring in saline lakes (4 sp.). Freshwater cnidarians inhabit nearly all types of freshwater on all continents (except Antarctica), but only a few species have cosmopolitan distributions. Due to uncertainty in species knowledge, fine scale re-gions of endemicity are not yet clear. Hydrobiologia, 2008, V595, JAN, pp 35-40.
08.2-166Sedimentary and geochemical balance of a dam without flushing: the case study of the Wettingen reservoir (Switzerland)Jüstrich S, Hunzinger L, Wildi WSwitzerlandHydrology , Geochemistry & GeophysicsThe Wettingen reservoir located on the Limmat river downstream of Zürich is exploited without flushing. Therefore it has been possible to recon-struct historic sedimentation rates since the con-struction of the dam in 1932, using regularly mea-sured transverse depth profiles. Periodic sampling of suspensions and sediments in the inflowing and outflowing waters during a one year period allowed an attempt to quantify the sediment and geochemical balance. Grain size and concentra-tion for 14 metals have been analysed for suspen-sions and sediments. The actual sediment fill reaches almost half of the reservoir volume. The sediment record includes a contaminated layer dating from the fifties to the seventies. Actual sed-imentation has a deposition rate of 50% by mean-flow but reaches 90% by high flow events. Indeed, reservoir sedimentation is closely related to high flow events. The contribution of the effluents (riv-ers and sewage waters from two local facilities) reaches only one percent of the total contaminant flux by meanflow and becomes non important un-der high flow conditions. The dominant source of contamination lies upstream (city of Zürich). The Wettingen reservoir traps the main of this con-tamination and the environnement risk involved is the uptake of contaminants from sediments by in-stream erosion.
Archives Des Sciences, 2006, V59, N2-3, DEC, pp 141-150.
08.2-167Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountain-ous terrainKorup O, Tweed FSwitzerland, EnglandCryology / Glaciology , Geomorphology , Geology , HydrologyWe review recent work on ice, moraine, and land-slide dams in mountainous terrain, thus comple-menting several comprehensive summaries on glacier dams in intracontinental and Arctic areas of low relief. We discuss the roles of tectonic and climatic forcing on ice- , moraine-, and landslide-dam formation and sudden drainage, and focus on similarities and differences between their geomorphic impacts on confined valleys drained by steep bedrock and gravel-bed rivers. Despite numerous reported failures of natural dams in mountain belts throughout the world, their rel-evance to long-term dynamics of mountain riv-ers remains poorly quantified. All types of dams exert local base-level controls, thus trapping in-coming sediment and inhibiting fluvial bedrock incision. Pervasive geomorphic and sedimentary evidence of outburst events is preserved even in areas of high erosion rates, suggesting that sud-den dam failures are characterized by processes of catastrophic valley-floor aggradation, active-channel widening, and downstream dispersion of sediment, during which little bedrock erosion seems to be achieved. We find that, in the absence of direct evidence of former dams, a number of similarities among the geomorphic and sedimen-tologic characteristics of catastrophic outburst flows may give rise to ambiguous inferences on the dam-forming process. This is especially the case for tectonically active mountain belts where there is ample and comparable potential for the formation and failure of ice, moraine, landslide, and polygenetic dams concomitant with climatic oscillations or earthquake disturbance. Hence, the palaeoclimatic implications of erroneously inferring the cause of dam formation may be sig-nificant. We recommend that future research on natural dams in mountainous terrain addresses (a) climate- and earthquake-controlled systemat-ics in the pattern of formation and failure; (b) quantification of response of mountain rivers to catastrophic outburst events and their con-comitant process sequences; (c) elaboration of a comprehensive classification of natural dams in mountainous terrain with special attention to polygenetic dams; (d) physical-based modelling of
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dam formation, failure, and routing of water and sediment outbursts; and (e) quantitative controls on the contribution of natural dams to sediment budgets in mountainous terrain. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N25-28, DEC, pp 3406-3422.
08.2-168Biodiversity in the benthic diatom community in the upper river toss reflected in water qual-ity indicesKupe L, Schanz F, Bachofen RSwitzerlandBiodiversity , Water Resources , Marine & Freshwa-ter BiologyBiodiversity in benthic diatom communities was determined to assess the ecological state and to evaluate changes in water quality in time and space in the prealpine part of the river Toss (Switzerland). One site upstream and three sites downstream from the inlet of a communal waste water treatment plant (WWTP) were analyzed dur-ing 1996/ 97. In total, 67 diatom species were de-tected and the relative abundance of each taxon determined. The Shannon Diversity Index and the Saprobic Index were calculated and related to the newly developed Swiss Trophic Diatom Index. Dominant species belonged to the genera Ach-nanthes, Amphora, Cymbella, Diatoma, Gompho-nema, Navicula, and Nitzschia. The species com-position and the abundance of the diatom species present varied over the seasons, but changes in the chemical parameters or the flow regime had little effect. The Shannon Index gave evidence of biodiversity variations over the seasons and some differences between sampling sites. The Saprobic Index oscillated within a small band, indicative for oligo-mesosaprobic conditions. It could not identify significant changes in water quality be-tween sampling sites and over the seasons. The Swiss Trophic Diatom Index differentiated better between sampling sites and seasons and gave val-ues corresponding to a beta-mesosaprobic state. Preliminary data from 2005 and 2006 give no evi-dence of a change in water quality during the last decade. Clean Soil Air Water, 2008, V36, N1, JAN, pp 84-91.
08.2-169Stakes regarding the Rhone River. The flush-drains of the Verbois dam: a local issue with regional and global ramificationsLachavanne J B, Juge R, Wildi WSwitzerlandHydrology , Political Sciences
Is it possible, desirable or even sensible to do away with the flush- drains of the Verbois dam? Seen in the perspective of sustainable development what are the stakes attached to a change of modus ope-randi regarding sediments? In other words, what would be the ensuing long term environmental, social and economical advantages or drawbacks? Those are the central questions that were debated during the Rhone Congress held in Geneva on June 15 and 16, 2006. This article gives an over-view of the historical, technical and human di-mensions of the problematic involved: a complex local problem with multiple stakes. It concludes by stressing the necessity to reinforce the Franco-Swiss cross-border cooperation and to extend the ‘’Rhone Plan, a project of sustainable develop-ment’’, set up in France, to the whole river, from its source at Gletsch in Switzerland down to its mouth in the Mediterranean. Archives des Sciences, 2006, V59, N2-3, DEC, pp 115-120.
08.2-170Progress in the ecological genetics and biodi-versity of freshwater bacteriaLogue J B, Bürgmann H, Robinson C TSweden, SwitzerlandMicrobiology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecol-ogy , BiodiversityThe field of microbial ecology has grown tremen-dously with the advent of novel molecular tech-niques, allowing the study of uncultured microbes in the environment, and producing a paradigm shift: now, rather than using bacteria cultures for evaluating cell-specific questions, researchers use RNA and DNA techniques to examine more broad-based ecological and evolutionary constructs such as biogeography and the long-debated bio-logical species concept. Recent work has begun to relate bacteria functional genes to ecosystem pro-cesses and functioning, thereby enabling abetter understanding of the interactive role of bacteria in different and often-changing environments. The field continues to mature and will most likely make substantial contributions in the future with additional efforts that include metagenomics and genomics. Here we review progress in the applica-tion of molecular techniques to study microbial communities in freshwater environments. Bioscience, 2008, V58, N2, FEB, pp 103-113.
08.2-171Identifying functional groups of phytoplank-ton using data from three lakes of different trophic stateMieleitner J, Borsuk M, Bürgi H R, Reichert P
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Switzerland, USAModelling , Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biol-ogyThere is tremendous diversity in species of phyto-plankton. Yet one may expect some degree of com-monality in the response of similar species to simi-lar conditions. Functional groups are those sets of species that respond similarly to environmental conditions because they have similar properties. The identification of such functional groups can assist model-based prediction of the abundance of phytoplankton as a function of time, space, and environmental conditions. Functional groups can also assist limnologists in the analysis and pre-sentation of field data. We identified functional groups of phytoplankton using a combination of prior knowledge (based on taxonomic divisions and measurable properties) and statistical cluster analysis of long-term, species-level data from three Swiss lakes of different trophic state. For this task, we used the taxonomic division as the basic unit of analysis. Each taxonomic group was subdivided into several further groups by analysing the oc-currence pattern of each species of the group and grouping together species with similar patterns. The reasons for the occurrence pattern for each species within a group were then analysed based on the main properties of the species. The results of this analysis were used to merge groups that had similar occurrence for similar reasons across taxonomic boundaries. Groups with different oc-currence patterns but similar properties were also merged. This led to suggestions for functional groups at multiple levels of aggregation. The re-sulting groups were used in a subsequent study for modelling phytoplankton in the three lakes used for this analysis. The general methodology of combining prior knowledge on properties with empirical evidence on occurrence should be use-ful for finding functional groups of phytoplank-ton in other lakes as well. Comparisons of studies across lakes can then contribute to the identifica-tion of universal functional groups of phytoplank-ton applicable to a broad class of waters. Aquatic Sciences, 2008, V70, N1, APR, pp 30-46.
08.2-172Modelling functional groups of phytoplankton in three lakes of different trophic stateMieleitner J, Reichert PSwitzerlandLimnology , Modelling , Marine & Freshwater BiologyA recently developed approach to divide phyto-plankton into functional groups was implement-ed in the biogeochemical lake model BELAMO and
tested by comparing model results with data from three lakes of different trophic state. The groups are distinguished by different values of specific growth rate (k(gro, ALG)), half-saturation light in-tensity of primary production (K-I, K-ALG), edibil-ity (k(gro, zoo)) , sedimentation velocity (nu(sed)), and half-saturation concentration with respect to phosphate uptake (K-P, K-ALG). After calibration, the occurrence pattern of the functional groups in the three lakes can qualitatively be represented by the model. However, some quantitative and systematic differences between model results and data remain. Furthermore, the division of to-tal phytoplankton into functional groups makes these groups very sensitive to changes in kinetic model parameters. There is a very high sensitivity of each group not only to the parameters charac-terizing this group, but due to very strong inter-actions, also to the parameters determining the dynamics of the other groups. In contrast, the sensitivity of total phytoplankton to parameter changes remains at a similar level as in the aggre-gated model. The resulting high sensitivity of the composition of the phytoplankton community on model parameters indicates a poor predictability of the occurrence of functional groups in these lakes. Strong phosphorus limitation during the summer could be the cause for the better predict-ability of total phytoplankton concentrations in both, the aggregated and the functional group phytoplankton models. Ecological Modelling, 2008, V211, N3-4, MAR 10, pp 279-291.
08.2-173Diverting the Arve floods into Lake Geneva: A feasible solution?Moukhliss H, Schleiss A, Kantoush S, Decesare GSwitzerlandHydrology , ModellingThe Arve River is the most important tributary of the Rhone River. The Arve has a very high sediment transport capacity due to its steep slope in the Al-pine Valley. These solid materials deposit in the Rhone River. Because of the high sedimentation rate in the Verbois reservoir, the operator SIG (Ser-vices Industriels de Geneve) flushes the reservoir with complete drawdown every three years with major negative ecological impacts downstream. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of a bypass of the floods in the Arve River directly into Lake Geneva and therefore to reduce the sedi-mentation of the Verbois reservoir. Archives des Sciences, 2006, V59, N2-3, DEC, pp 193-199.
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08.2-174Pollution menacing lake victoria: Quantifi-cation of point sources around Jinja Town, UgandaOguttu H W, Bugenyi F W B, Leuenberger H, Wolf M, Bachofen RSwitzerland, Uganda, VietnamWater Resources , Toxicology , LimnologyLake Victoria is Africa’s largest tropical freshwa-ter lake, important as a source of drinking water and as a source of food for the population in the surrounding region. Due to increased human activities in agriculture and industry during the past decades a continuously increasing inflow of agricultural runoff has been observed, and lately there have also been increased discharges of municipal effluents and industrial wastewa-ter into Lake Victoria. This paper summarises the results of a one-year (1997 to 1998) environmen-tal and ecological study of industrial wastewater point sources in the Jinja (Uganda) catchment area. Main industries concern food processing, textile, leather and paper production and metal-lurgy. One fish-filleting factory showed the high-est annual nutrient loads with 0.13 t NO3-N, 0.20 t NH4
-N and 0.77 t PO4-P, while another disposed
of annual loads that amounted to 0.10 t NH4-N
and 0.49 t PO4-P. From food-processing industries,
the highest annual load of organic matter (COD) discharged to the lake amounted to 36.8 t. A tan-nery in Jinja released effluent with an extremely high mean concentration of the very toxic chro-mium(+6) of 264 mg center dot l (-1), which re-sults in an estimated annual load of 2.2 t of Cr+6. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus from fish-filleting industries and chromium(+6) from the tannery were far above the allowed effluent limits in Uganda, leading to enhanced eutrophi-cation and bioaccumulation of Cr+6 in Napoleon Gulf, Lake Victoria. Water Sa, 2008, V34, N1, JAN, pp 89-98.
08.2-175Post-flood recovery of a macroinvertebrate community in a regulated river: Resilience of an anthropogenically altered ecosystemRader R B, Voelz N J, Ward J VUSA, SwitzerlandMarine & Freshwater Biology , Hydrology , Biodiver-sity , EcologyPreservation of biodiversity depends on restoring the full range of historic environmental varia-tion to which organisms have evolved, includ-ing natural disturbances. Lotic ecosystems have been fragmented by dams causing a reduction in natural levels of environmental variation (flow
and temperature) and consequently a reduction of biodiversity in downstream communities. We conducted a long-term study of the macroinverte-brate communities before and after natural flood disturbances in an unregulated reference site (natural flows and temperatures), a regulated site (regulated flows and temperatures), and a partially regulated reference site (regulated flows and nat-ural temperatures) on the upper Colorado River downstream from a deep-release storage reservoir. We aimed to test the hypothesis that floods and temperature restoration would cause an increase in macroinvertebrate diversity at the regulated site. Over the short term, macro-invertebrate rich-ness decreased at the regulated site when com-pared to pre-flood levels, whereas total macroin-vertebrate density remained unchanged. Over the long term (1 and 10 years after the floods), mac-roinvertebrate diversity and community structure at the regulated site returned to pre-flood levels without increasing to reference conditions. Occa-sional floods did not restore biodiversity in this system. As long as the physical state variables remain altered beyond a threshold, the commu-nity will return to its altered regulated condition. However, temperature restoration at the partially regulated site resulted in an increase in macroin-vertebrate diversity. Our results indicate that res-toration of the natural temperature regime will have a stronger effect on restoring biodiversity than occasional channel-forming floods. Restoration Ecology, 2008, V16, N1, MAR, pp 24-33.
08.2-176Proposed methodology of vulnerability and contamination risk mapping for the protection of karst aquifers in SloveniaRavbar N, Goldscheider NSlovenia, SwitzerlandWater Resources , HydrologyOn the basis of work accomplished by the Euro-pean COST Action 620, a comprehensive approach to groundwater vulnerability and contamination risk assessment is proposed, taking into account the special characteristics of Slovene karst aqui-fer systems. The Slovene Approach is consistent with national environmental legislation and en-ables comparison across European countries. The method integrates temporal hydrological variabil-ity in the concept of groundwater vulnerability and offers a new possibility to combine surface and groundwater source and resource protection, which required the development of a new K fac-tor (karst groundwater flow within the saturated zone). The risk analysis considers intrinsic vulner-
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ability, contamination hazards and the impor-tance of the source or resource. It has been first applied to the Podstenjsek springs catchment in southwestern Slovenia and validated by means of two multi-tracer tests with a total of six injection points. The resulting vulnerability, hazard and risk maps are plausible, and the validation confirmed the vulnerability assessment at the representative sites that were selected for tracer injection. The maps provide improved source protection zones and make it possible to identify land mismanage-ment and to propose better practices for future planning. Acta Carsologica, 2007, V36, N3, pp 397-411.
08.2-177Potential impact of climate change on ecosys-tems of the Barents Sea RegionRoderfeld H, Blyth E, Dankers R, Huse G, Slagstad D, Ellingsen I, Wolf A, Lange M AGermany, England, Italy, Norway, SwitzerlandEcology , Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe EU project BALANCE (Global Change Vulner-abilities in the Barents region: Linking Arctic Nat-ural Resources, Climate Change and Economies) aims to assess vulnerability to climate change in the Barents Sea Region. As a prerequisite the potential impact of climate change on selected ecosystems of the study area has to be quantified, which is the subject of the present paper. A set of ecosystem models was run to generate base-line and future scenarios for 1990, 2020, 2050 and 2080. The models are based on data from the Regional Climate Model (REMO), driven by a GCM which in turn is forced by the IPCC-B2 scenario. The climate change is documented by means of the Koppen climate classification. Since the mul-titude of models requires the effect of climate change on individual terrestrial and marine sys-tems to be integrated, the paper concentrates on a standardised visualisation of potential impacts by use of a Geographical Information System for the timeslices 2050 and 2080. The resulting maps show that both terrestrial and marine ecosystems of the Barents region will undergo significant changes until both 2050 and 2080. Climatic Change, 2008, V87, N1-2, MAR, pp 283-303.
08.2-178Remote in situ voltammetric techniques to characterize the biogeochemical cycling of trace metals in aquatic systemsTercier Waeber M L, Taillefert MSwitzerland, USAGeochemistry & Geophysics , HydrologyThe contamination of aquatic ecosystems by natu-ral and anthropogenic metals has lead to a need to better characterize their impact in the envi-ronment. To a large extent, the fate and the (eco)toxicity of these elements in aquatic systems are related to their chemical speciation, which may vary continuously in space and time. Detailed measurements of the fraction of specific metal species or groups of homologous metal species and their variation as a function of the bio-phys-icochemical conditions of the natural media are thus of prime importance. To determine these metal fractions as well as redox chemical species regulating their distribution (dissolved oxygen, sulfides, iron and manganese oxides), new analyti-cal tools capable of performing in situ, real-time monitoring in both water columns and sediments with minimum perturbation of the media are required. This paper reviews the challenges as-sociated with metal speciation studies, and the progress made with state of the art voltammetric techniques to measure the speciation of metals in situ. More specifically, it summarizes the specific conceptual, analytical, and technical criteria that must be considered and/or fulfilled to develop rugged, field deployable, non-perturbing sensors and probes. Strategies used to satisfy these cri-teria are presented by describing the up-to-date most advanced voltammetric sensors, mini-/mi-cro- integrated analytical systems, and submers-ible equipments developed for in situ measure-ments of trace metals and main redox species in aquatic systems. The spatial and temporal reso-lutions achieved by these news tools represent a significant advantage over traditional laboratory techniques, while simultaneously remaining cost effective. The application of these tools to aquatic systems is illustrated by several examples of unat-tended and remote in situ monitoring and/or pro-filing in water columns and sediments. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2008, V10, N1, JAN, pp 30-54.
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08.2-179Two endemic and endangered fishes, Poecilia sulphuraria (Alvarez, 1948) and Gambusia eu-rystoma Miller, 1975 (Poeciliidae, Teleostei) as only survivors in a small sulphidic habitatTobler M, Riesch R, de Leon F J Garcia, Schlupp I, Plath MUSA, Switzerland, Mexico, GermanyMarine & Freshwater Biology , Zoology , Biodiver-sity , EcologyIn the Banos del Azufre in Tabasco, Mexico, only two poeciliid species, Poecilia sulphuraria and Gambusia eurystoma, were found in sulphidic habitats, whereas adjacent non-sulphidic habi-tats were characterized by a vastly different fish community. Exposure of fishes to water from a sulphidic spring showed that all species except for P. sulphuraria quickly lost motion control, probably because of the toxic properties of H2S. It is suggested that the fishes endemic to the Banos del Azufre are highly specialized, and competitive exclusion allows them to survive only in this par-ticular habitat type. Journal of Fish Biology, 2008, V72, N3, FEB, pp 523-533.
08.2-180Potential factors controlling the population viability of newly introduced endangered marble trout populationsVincenzi S, Crivelli A J, Jesensek D, Rubin J F, Poizat G, de Leo G AItaly, France, Slovenia, SwitzerlandMarine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology , Zoology , BiodiversityWhile several population viability analyses (PVAs) have been performed on anadromous salmonids, less attention has been given to stream-living sal-monids. in this work, we explore the role of PVA as a tool in the recovery of threatened stream-living salmonid species. The analysis has been performed with reference to marble trout Salmo marmoratus, a salmonid with a limited geograph-ic distribution and at risk of extinction due to hy-bridization with the non-native introduced brown trout. Demographic parameters, such as survival, fecundity and density-dependent patterns were estimated from an eight year on-going monitoring program of two translocated marble trout popula-tions in pristine, previously fishless streams (Za-kojska and Gorska) in the Soca and Idrijca river basins (Slovenia). To explore the importance of disturbance events such as floods on marble trout population dynamics, we performed a PVA under three scenarios: (1) occurrence of both severe and moderate floods; (2) occurrence of only moderate
floods; (3) no flood events. Our analysis shows that population viability is threatened only by severe flood events, otherwise the two populations prove to be fairly stable with population abundance fluc-tuating around stream carrying capacity. A sensi-tivity analysis performed on model parameters highlighted that density-dependence in first-year survival and the magnitude of reduction in popu-lation size after a severe flood are the two most crucial parameters affecting population abun-dance and quasi- extinction probability, respec-tively. While only extreme floods can drive the population to extinction, the increase in juvenile survival when population abundance collapses after a major flood may allow the populations to quickly recover from few reproductive individuals back to stream carrying capacity. Biological Conservation, 2008, V141, N1, JAN, pp 198-210.
08.2-181Sedimentation in Proval Bay (Lake Baikal) after catastrophic flooding of the coastal plain in 1862Vologina E G, Kalugin I A, Osukhovskaya Yu N, Sturm M, Ignatova N V, Radziminovich Ya B, Darin A V, Kuzmin M IRussia, SwitzerlandGeomorphology , GeologyDoklady Earth Sciences, 2007, V417, N9, DEC, pp 1315-1319.
08.2-182Global diversity of dipteran families (Insecta Diptera) in freshwater (excluding Simulidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Tipulidae and Tabani-dae)Wagner R, Bartak M, Borkent A, Courtney G, God-deeris B, Haenni J P, Knutson L, Pont A, Rotheray G E, Rozkosny R, Sinclair B, Woodley N, Zatwarnicki T, Zwick PGermany, Czech Republic, USA, Belgium, Switzer-land, England, Scotland, Canada, PolandMarine & Freshwater Biology , Zoology , Ecology , BiodiversityToday’s knowledge of worldwide species diversity of 19 families of aquatic Diptera in Continental Waters is presented. Nevertheless, we have to face for certain in most groups a restricted knowledge about distribution, ecology and systematic, partic-ularly in the tropical environments. At the same time we realize a dramatically decline or even lack of specialists being able, having the time or the opportunity to extend or even secure the present information. The respective families with approx-imate numbers of aquatic species are: Blepharic-
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eridae (308), Deuterophlebiidae (14), Nyphomyii-dae (7), Psychodidae (similar to 2.000), Scatopsidae (similar to 5), Tanyderidae (41), Ptychopteridae (69), Dixidae (173), Corethrellidae (97), Chaobori-dae (similar to 50), Thaumaleidae (similar to 170), Ceratopogonidae (similar to 6.000), Stratiomyi-dae (similar to 43), Empididae (similar to 660), Lonchopteridae (2), Syrphidae (similar to 1.080), Sciomyzidae (similar to 190), Ephydridae (similar to 1.500), Muscidae (similar to 870). Numbers of aquatic species will surely increase with increased ecological and taxonomical efforts. Hydrobiologia, 2008, V595, JAN, pp 489-519.
08.2-183A strategy to assess river restoration successWeber C, Woolsey S, Peter ASwitzerlandHydrology , EngineeringElaborate restoration attempts are underway worldwide to return human-impacted rivers to more natural conditions. Assessing the outcome of river restoration projects is vital for adaptive management, evaluating project efficiency, op-timising future programmes and gaining public acceptance. An important reason why assessment is oftenomitted is lack of appropriate guidelines. Here we present guidelines for assessing river res-toration success. They are based on a total of 50 indicators and 14 specific objectives elaborated for the restoration of low- to midorder rivers in Swit-zerland. Most of these objectives relate to ecologi-cal attributes of rivers, but socio-economic aspects are also considered. Archives Des Sciences, 2006, V59, N2-3, DEC, pp 251-256.
08.2-184Sediment quality of the Verbois reservoir, comparison with sediments of Swiss rivers and Lake GenevaWildi W, Koukal B, Ischi V, Perroud ASwitzerlandLimnology , HydrologySediment suspensions from the Arve river and some reworked lake sediments are entering the Verbois reservoir that has been established on the Rhone river down stream of town of Geneva in 1942. Most reservoir sediments are fine sand and silt that have been deposited in meanders and other places of low flow velocity, with decreasing grain size from the up-per to the lower reservoir basin. Gravel from the Arve river are deposited at the head of the reservoir and may be transported along the main channel during flushing. The present publication is a synthesis of former research work on the question of sediment quality (heavy metals and contamination by organic substances); it also compares results with those of ac-tual sediments in Swiss rivers, in Lake Geneva and in three other reservoirs down stream of major urban centres: Klingnau, Muhleberg and Wettingen reser-voirs. Metal concentrations in the reservoir, along the main channel of the Rhone are higher than in actual river sediments and in lake Geneva, but may be compared with concentrations in the other in-vestigated reservoirs. Heavily contaminated sample sites for metals and organic substances (PCH, HAP) are located in the vicinity of local contamination sources: Nant de Ch (a) over cap tillon close to the cantonal waste dump, Nant d’Avril down stream of Nant d’Avril with run off from an industrial area. These are contaminated sites in the sense of federal regulation. Archives des Sciences, 2006, V59, N2-3, DEC, pp 131-140.
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08.2-185Deriving historical total solar irradiance from lunar borehole temperaturesMiyahara H, Wen G, Cahalan R F, Ohmura AJapan, USA, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric SciencesWe study the feasibility of deriving historical TSI (Total Solar Irradiance) from lunar borehole tem-peratures. As the Moon lacks Earth’s dynamic features, lunar borehole temperatures are primar-ily driven by solar forcing. Using Apollo observed lunar regolith properties, we computed present-day lunar regolith temperature profiles for lunar tropical, mid-latitude, and polar regions for two scenarios of solar forcing reconstructed by Lean (2000) and Wang et al. (2005). Results show that these scenarios can be distinguished by small but potentially detectable differences in temperature, on the order of 0.01 K and larger depending on lat-itude, within similar to 10 m depth of the Moon’s surface. Our results provide a physical basis and guidelines for reconstructing historical TSI from data obtainable in future lunar exploration. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, V35, N2, JAN 29 ARTN: L02716.
08.2-186Long-term reconstruction of the total solar irradiance based on neutron monitor and sunspot dataSchoell M, Steinhilber F, Beer J, Haberreiter M, Schmutz WSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Geochemis-try & GeophysicsA new approach for the reconstruction of the past total solar irradiance (TSI) based on neutron monitor (NM) data and sunspot number (SSN) is presented. Our assumption is that the long-term trend of the TSI can be reconstructed by using ra-dionuclide data while the reconstruction of the short-term trend can be achieved by using SSN. The reconstructed TSI correlates well, r(2) = 0.84, with spacebased TSI measurements. This work will serve as the basis for the reconstruction of the TSI back to the Maunder minimum and be-yond by replacing NM with radionuclide data, for which longer time series exist. Advances in Space Research, 2007, V40, N7, pp 996-999.
08.2-187Dual-aureole and sun spectrometer system for airborne measurements of aerosol optical propertiesZieger P, Ruhtz T, Preusker R, Fischer JSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments & InstrumentationWe have designed an airborne spectrometer sys-tem for the simultaneous measurement of the direct sun irradiance and the aureole radiance in two different solid angles. The high-resolution spectral radiation measurements are used to de-rive vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties. Combined measurements in two solid angles pro-vide better information about the aerosol type without additional and elaborate measuring ge-ometries. It is even possible to discriminate be-tween absorbing and nonabsorbing aerosol types. Furthermore, they allow to apply additional cali-bration methods and simplify the detection of contaminated data (e.g., by thin cirrus clouds). For the characterization of the detected aerosol type a new index is introduced that is the slope of the aerosol phase function in the forward scattering region. The instrumentation is a flexible modular setup, which has already been successfully applied in airborne and ground-based field campaigns. We describe the setup as well as the calibration of the instrument. In addition, example vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties-including the aure-ole measurements are shown and discussed. Applied Optics, 2007, V46, N35, DEC 10, pp 8542-8552.
1.6 Energy Balance
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08.2-188Transport of methane and noble gases during gas porous mediaGomez K, Gonzalez G G, Schroth M H, Zeyer JSwitzerlandModelling , Pedology , Microbiology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe gas push-pull test (GPPT) is a single-well gas-tracer method to quantify in situ rates of CH4 oxidation in soils. To improve the design and in-terpretation of GPPT field Experiments, gas com-ponent transport during GPPTs was examined in abiotic porous media over a range of water satura-tions (0.0 <= S-W <= 0.61). A series of GPPTs using He, Ne, and Ar as tracers for CH4 were performed at two injection/extraction gas flow rates (similar to 200 and similar to 700 mL min(-1)) in a labora-tory tank. Extraction phase breakthrough curves and mass recovery curves of the gaseous compo-nents became more similar at higher S-w as water in the pore space restricted diffusive gas-phase transport. Diffusional fractionation of the stable carbon isotopes of CH4 during the extraction pe-riod of GPPTs also decreased with increasing S-w (particularly when S-w > 0.42). Gas-component transport during GPPTs was numerically simulat-ed using estimated hydraulic parameters for the porous media and no fitting of data for the GPPTs. Numerical simulations accurately predicted the relative decline of the gaseous components in the breakthrough curves, but slightly overestimated recoveries at low S-w (<= 0.35) and underestimated recoveries at high S-w (>= 0.49). Comparison of nu-merical simulations considering and not consid-ering air-water partitioning indicated that remov-al of gaseous components through dissolution in pore water was not Significant during GPPTs, even at S-w = 0.61. These data indicate that Ar is a good tracer for CH4 physical transport over the full range of Sw studied, whereas, at S-w > 0.61, any of the tracers could be used. Greater mass recovery at higher Sw raises the possibility to reduce gas flow rates, thereby extending GPPT times in environ-ments such as tundra soils where low activity due to low temperatures may require longer test times to establish a quantifiable difference between re-actant and tracer breakthrough curves. Environmental Science Technology, 2008, V42, N7, APR 1, pp 2515-2521.
08.2-189Regional differences in winter sea level varia-tions in the Baltic Sea for the past 200 yrHuenicke B, Luterbacher J, Pauling A, Zorita EGermany, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanog-raphyDecadal sea level variations in selected stations located in the southwestern, central and eastern Baltic Sea are found to be less coherent in the 19th century than in the 20th century. The effect of the North Atlantic sea level-pressure (SLP), precipita-tion and air- temperature in the 19th and 20th centuries from gridded climate reconstructions, and their relationship to Baltic Sea level, are sta-tistically analysed to explain this difference. The influence of these factors on sea level varies geo-graphically. In the central and eastern Baltic, Sea level variations are well described by SLP alone, whereas in the southern Baltic Sea area-averaged precipitation better explains the decadal sea level variations. The evolution of precipitation in the 19th century could explain the different behav-iour of the southern Baltic stations; however, the physical mechanism for this relationship remains unclear. The effect of temperature variations is ei-ther already contained in the SLP field or is less important for decadal sea level variations than the other two factors. Tellus Series A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanog-raphy, 2008, V60, N2, MAR, pp 384-393.
08.2-190Effects of mesoscale eddies on global ocean distributions of CFC-11, CO2, and Delta C-14Lachkar Z, Orr J C, Dutay J C, Delecluse PMonaco, France, SwitzerlandModelling , OceanographyGlobal-scale tracer simulations are typically made at coarse resolution without explicitly modelling eddies. Here we ask what role do eddies play in ocean uptake, storage, and meridional transport of transient tracers. We made global anthropo-genic transient-tracer simulations in coarse-reso-lution (2 degrees cos phi x 2 degrees, ORCA2) and eddypermitting (1/2 degrees cos phi x 1/2 degrees, ORCA05) versions of the ocean general circulation model OPA9. Our focus is on surface-to-interme-diate waters of the southern extratropics where air-sea tracer fluxes, tracer storage, and meridi-onal tracer transport are largest. Eddies have little effect on global and regional bomb Delta C-14 up-take and storage. Yet for anthropogenic CO2 and CFC-11, refining the horizontal resolution reduced southern extratropical uptake by 25% and 28%, respectively. There is a similar decrease in corre-
1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles
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sponding inventories, which yields better agree-ment with observations. With higher resolution, eddies strengthen upper ocean vertical stratifica-tion and reduce excessive ventilation of interme-diate waters by 20% between 60 degrees S and 40 degrees S. By weakening the residual circulation, i.e., the sum of Eulerian mean flow and the op-posed eddy-induced flow, eddies reduce the supply of tracer-impoverished deep waters to the surface near the Antarctic divergence, thus reducing the air-sea tracer flux. Thus in the eddy permitting model, surface waters in that region have more time to equilibrate with the atmosphere before they are transported northward and subducted. As a result, the eddy permitting model’s invento-ries of CFC-11 and anthropogenic CO2 are lower in that region because mixed-layer concentrations of both tracers equilibrate with the atmosphere on relatively short time scales (15 days and 6 months, respectively); conversely, bomb Delta C-14’s air-sea equilibration time of 6 years is so slow that, even in the eddy permitting model, there is little time for surface concentrations to equilibrate with the atmosphere, i.e., before surface waters are sub-ducted. Ocean Science, 2007, V3, N4, pp 461-482.
08.2-191Geochemical records of limestone facades exposed to urban atmospheric contamination as monitoring tools?Monna F, Puertas A, Leveque F, Losno R, Fronteau G, Marin B, Dominik J, Petit C, Forel B, Chateau CFrance, SwitzerlandUrban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci-encesMagnetic susceptibility, surface rock soiling, el-emental composition and lead isotope ratios were measured in surface stone samples collected at different heights of a late 19th century building in Dijon, France. We targeted four limestone fa-cades that differ in orientation and proximity to car traffic. It seems that zinc, copper, sulphur and cadmium are present as diffuse pollutants in ur-ban atmosphere, at least at the scale of the build-ing studied. In contrast, lead and arsenic exhibit point sources: automotive traffic and past coal-burning fly-ash emissions; both coherent with lead isotopic composition measurements. Param-eter variations primarily result from exposition to rain washing or micro-scale runoff, and from the closeness, magnitude and origin of anthro-pogenic sources. Both anthropogenic particles and natural dust tend to be similarly affected by deposition/soiling and rain washing, which act dynamically as competitive processes. Examina-
tion of archival photographs suggests that soiling predominated in the past, when the air was rich in black dust, whereas equilibrium or even weath-ering may occur nowadays due to recent improve-ments or at least changes in air quality. Using the chemical composition of building facades to pro-vide insights into the magnitude and dispersion of urban atmospheric Pollutants may not always be straightforward because of uncertainties relat-ed to the period of accumulation. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, V42, N5, FEB, pp 999-1011.
08.2-192Quantifying gas ebullition with echosounder: the role of methane transport by bubbles in a medium-sized lakeOstrovsky I, Mcginnis D F, Lapidus L, Eckert WIsrael, SwitzerlandLimnology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesIn lakes and reservoirs with variable water level, gas ebullition can play a substantial role in meth-ane transport in the water column and to the atmosphere. However, measuring methane ebul-lition from sediment is difficult as releases are highly heterogeneous and intermittent on mac-ro- and micro-scales. In contrast to conventional gas traps and optical methods, hydroacoustic technology allows rapid scanning over large vol-umes of the water column synoptically to quan-tify gas bubble abundance. A 120-kHz dual beam downward-looking echosounder was used to mea-sure the size distributions of bubbles that do not resonate at the sonar frequency. Data obtained with this sonar permit accurate calculation and evaluation of ebullition flux from the bottom. A robust relationship was established between gas volumes and backscattering cross-section of indi-vidual bubbles in experimental conditions, and rise velocities of bubbles were precisely measured. The volume backscattering coefficient was shown to be a good gauge of the total volume of bubbles per cubic meter of water, allowing the use of a sin-gle-beam sonar for measuring volumetric bubble concentrations. Data obtained from hydroacous-tic surveys on Lake Kinneret, where gaseous meth-ane is emitted from randomly dispersed sediment sources, indicated that similar to 90% of bubbles escaping from soft sediments ranged from 1.3 mm to 4.5 mm and similar to 50% ranged from 2.0 mm to 3.2 mm in equivalent radius. In summer-fall 2001, the gaseous methane fluxes from hy-polimnetic sediments was similar to 10 mmol m(-2) d(-1), accounting for one- third of the observed methane accumulation in the hypolimnion. This relatively high ebullition rate could be attributed
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to the gradual decreasing of the mean water level in preceding years. Limnology and Oceanography Methods, 2008, V6, FEB, pp 105-118.
08.2-193Effects of salt compensation on the climate model response in simulations of large changes of the Atlantic meridional overturn-ing circulationStocker T F, Timmermann A, Renold M, Timm OSwitzerland, USAModelling , Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric SciencesFreshwater hosing experiments with a comprehen-sive coupled climate model and a coupled model of intermediate complexity are performed with and without global salt compensation in order to investigate the robustness of the bipolar seesaw. In both cases, a strong reduction of the Atlantic me-ridional overturning circulation is induced, and a warming in the South Atlantic results. When a globally uniform salt flux is applied at the surface in order to keep the global mean salinity constant, this causes additional widespread warming in the Southern Ocean. It is shown that this warming is mainly due to heat transport anomalies that are induced by the specific parameterization in ocean models to represent eddy mixing. Surface salt fluxes tend to move outcropping isopyenals equa-torward. As the density perturbation originates at the surface, changes in isopycnal slopes are gener-ated that lead to anomalies in the bolus velocity field. The associated bolus heat flux convergence creates a warming enhancing the bipolar seesaw response, particularly in the Southern Ocean. The importance of this mechanism is illustrated in coupled model simulations in which this pa-rameterization in the ocean model component is switched on or off. Additional experiments in which the same total amount of freshwater is delivered at rates 10 times smaller show that the effect of the global salt compensation is not important in this case, but that the eddy-mixing parameterization is still responsible for a substan-tial temperature response in the Southern Ocean. Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N24, DEC 15, pp 5912-5928.
08.2-194Quantification of microbial methane oxidation in an alpine peat bogUrmann K, Graciela Gonzalez G, Schroth M H, Zeyer JSwitzerlandMicrobiology , Pedology , Geochemistry & Geo-physicsMethane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas that is produced in different subsurface envi-ronments. Its main biological sink, microbial CH4 oxidation, can be quantified in situ in the vadose zone using gas push-pull tests (GPPTs). This field method is based on the comparison of breakthrough curves of the reactant CH4 and a nonreactive tracer. Under diffusion-dominated transport conditions, previously employed noble gases are unsuitable as tracers to calculate rate constants for CH4 oxidation due to differing dif-fusion coefficients. Here, we show that by per-forming two consecutive GPPTs and coinjecting acetylene (C2H2) as an inhibitor of CH4 oxidation in the second test, the reactant CH4 can be used as a substitute tracer. Applying this procedure, ap-parent first-order rate constants for CH4 oxidation ranging from 0.38 to 0.82 h(-1) were obtained in the vadose zone of three hummocks in an alpine peat bog near Lucerne, Switzerland. Correspond-ing estimates of in situ rates ranged from 4 to 299 ng CH4 g dry weight(-1) h(-1). In all but one GPPT, strong stable carbon isotope fractionation due to diffusion masked isotope fractionation due to mi-crobial oxidation. Therefore, stable carbon isotope fractionation is suitable only to a limited extent as an indicator of microbial CH4 oxidation dur-ing a GPPT with diffusion- dominated gas trans-port. In contrast, the presented procedure for the quantification of microbial CH4 oxidation using GPPTs can be applied without restrictions even in systems with high porosity. Furthermore, the presented method may be useful for quantifying other processes for which suitable inhibitors but no suitable tracers are available. Vadose Zone Journal, 2007, V6, N4, NOV, pp 705-712.
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08.2-195Assessment of microbial methane oxidation above a petroleum- contaminated aquifer us-ing a combination of in situ techniquesUrmann K, Schroth M H, Noll M, Graciela Gonzalez G, Zeyer JSwitzerlandPedology , Microbiology , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric SciencesEmissions of the greenhouse gas CH4, which is often produced in contaminated aquifers, are re-duced or eliminated by microbial CH4 oxidation in the overlying vadose zone. The aim of this field study was to estimate kinetic parameters and isotope fractionation factors for CH4 oxidation in situ in the vadose zone above a methanogenic aquifer in Studen, Switzerland, and to character-ize the involved methanotrophic communities. To quantify kinetic parameters, several field tests, so-called gas push-pull tests (GPPTs), with CH4 in-jection concentrations ranging from 17 to 80 mL L-1 were performed. An apparent V-max of 0.70 +/- 0.15 mmol CH4 (L soil air)(-1) h(-1) and an ap-parent K-m of 0.28 +/- 0.09 mmol CH4 (L soil air)(-1) was estimated for CH4 oxidation at 2.7 m depth, close to the groundwater table. At 1.1 m depth, K-m (0.13 +/- 0.02 mmol CH4 (L soil air)(-1)) was in a similar range, but Vmax (0.076 +/- 0.006 mmol CH4 (L soil air)(-1) h(-1)) was an order of magnitude lower. At 2.7 m, apparent first-order rate constants determined from a CH4 gas profile (1.9 h (-1)) and from a single GPPT (2.0 +/- 0.03 h(-1)) were in good agreement. Above the groundwater table, a Vmax much higher than the in situ CH4 oxidation rate prior to GPPTs indicated a high buffer capacity for CH4. At both depths, known methanotrophic spe-cies affiliated with Methylosarcina and Methylo-cystis were detected by cloning and sequencing. Apparent stable carbon isotope fractionation fac-tors a for CH4 oxidation determined during GPPTs ranged from 1.006 to 1.032. Variability was likely due to differences in methanotrophic activity and CH4 availability leading to different degrees of mass transfer limitation. This complicates the use of stable isotopes as an independent quantifica-tion method. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 2008, V113, NG2, APR 5 ARTN: G02006.
08.2-196Sensitivity of an ecosystem model to hydrol-ogy and temperatureWolf A, Blyth E, Harding R, Jacob D, Keup Thiel E, Goettel H, Callaghan T VSwitzerland, Sweden, England, GermanyModelling , Hydrology , EcologyWe tested the sensitivity of a dynamic ecosystem model (LPJ-GUESS) to the representation of soil moisture and soil temperature and to uncertain-ties in the prediction of precipitation and air temperature. We linked the ecosystem model with an advanced hydrological model (JULES) and used its soil moisture and soil temperature as input into the ecosystem model. We analysed these sensitivities along a latitudinal gradient in northern Russia. Differences in soil temperature and soil moisture had only little influence on the vegetation carbon fluxes, whereas the soil carbon fluxes were very sensitive to the JULES soil esti-mations. The sensitivity changed with latitude, showing stronger influence in the more northern grid cell. The sensitivity of modelled responses of both soil carbon fluxes and vegetation carbon fluxes to uncertainties in soil temperature were high, as both soil and vegetation carbon fluxes were strongly impacted. In contrast, uncertainties in the estimation of the amount of precipitation had little influence on the soil or vegetation car-bon fluxes. The high sensitivity of soil respiration to soil temperature and moisture suggests that we should strive for a better understanding and rep-resentation of soil processes in ecosystem models to improve the reliability of predictions of future ecosystem changes. Climatic Change, 2008, V87, N1-2, MAR, pp 75-89.
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08.2-197A case for a downwasting mountain glacier during Termination I, Vercenik valley, north-eastern TurkeyAkcar N, Yavuz V, Ivy Ochs S, Kubik P W, Vardar M, Schlüechter CSwitzerland, TurkeyPaleontology , Cryology / GlaciologyField evidence of palaeoglacial records in the Ver-cenik valley in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains was examined and 19 samples for surface exposure dating with cosmogenic Be-10 were collected with the aim of increasing knowledge on the ampli-tude and frequency of palaeoglacier advances in Anatolia. Glacial erosional features were mapped and the flow directions of the palaeoglaciers were determined. The Vercenik palaeoglacier advanced before 26.1 k +/- 1.2k yr. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) advance continued until 18.8 k +/- 1.0 k yr. The Vercenik palaeoglacier collapsed during Termination I. After 17.7 k + /- 0.8 k yr there was no more ice in the main Valley. The Vercenik pa-laeoglacier most probably then separated into five small glaciers that were restricted to the tributary valleys. Among these, the Hem in palaeoglacier completed its recession around 15.7 k +/- 0.8 k yr. On the basis of glacial erosion features, a Lategla-cial glacier advance can be identified. Evidence of the Little Ice Age advance appears to be absent. The results from this valley System seem to be consistent with the first results from the adjacent Kavron valley and with the Anatolian LGM palaeo-climate, the sea surface temperature minima in the western Mediterranean, the deposition of red clay layers in the Black Sea and deposition of the Heinrich-1 layer in the North Atlantic. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2008, V23, N3, MAR, pp 273-285.
08.2-198Tree-ring reconstructions of precipitation and streamflow for north- western TurkeyAkkemik U, D’arrigo R, Cherubini P, Koese N, Jacoby G CTurkey, USA, SwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , PaleontologyWe describe tree-ring reconstructions of spring (May-June) precipitation and spring-summer (May-August) streamflow for north- western Tur-key, both beginning in AD 1650. These are among the first such reconstructions for the region, and the streamflow reconstruction is among the first of its kind for Turkey and the entire Middle East. The reconstructions, which both emphasize high- frequency variations, account for 34 and 53% of
their respective instrumental variance. Compari-son to precipitation and runoff data provides some means of verification for the instrumental streamflow record, which is very short (30 years). Drought and flood events in the reconstructions are compared to historical archives and other tree-ring reconstructions for Turkey. The results reveal common climatic extremes over much of the country. Many of these events have had pro-found impacts on the peoples of Turkey over the past several centuries. International Journal of Climatology, 2008, V28, N2, FEB, pp 173-183.
08.2-199Diatoms community structure in superficial sediments of eight Andean lakes of central ChileAlvial I E, Cruces F J, Araneda A E, Grosjean M, Urrutia R EChile, SwitzerlandLimnology , Geology , PaleontologyIn this research the taxonomic structure of dia-toms in sediments of high mountain lakes was studied. These lakes are located in Chile between 32 degrees 49’ and 38 degrees 48’ S in the Andean Cordillera. A total of 99 diatom taxa distributed in 48 genera were identified and all this taxa are cosmopolitan excepting a Eunotia andinofre-quens, Gomphonema punae, Pinnularia araucan-ensis and Pinnularia acidicola, which are know only for the Southern Hemisphere. The assem-blages of diatoms were different in the studied lakes. So the high mountain lakes Ocho, Huifa, Ensueno and Negra, dominated benthic diatoms which are typical of oligotrophic and acid waters as Achnanthidium exiguum, Achnanthidium minutissimum, Encyonema minutum, Pinnularia acidicola and Planothidium lanceolatum. In the assemblages from lakes Galletue, Icalma and Laja planktonic diatoms were more abundant, which are common in alkaline and mesotrophic waters, e.g., Asterionella formosa, Aulacoseira distans, Aulacoseira granulata, Cyclotella stelligera and Rhopalodia gibba. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 2008, V81, N1, MAR, pp 83-94.
08.2-200High-precision U-series measurements of more than 500,000 year old fossil coralsAndersen M B, Stirling C H, Potter E K, Halliday A N, Blake S G, Mcculloch M T, Ayling B F, O’leary MSwitzerland, England, New Zealand, AustraliaPaleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Instru-ments & Instrumentation
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Robust, independent age constraints on the abso-lute timing of climate events based on the U-se-ries dating of fossil coral are sparse before the last glacial cycle. Using multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with multi-ple-Faraday protocols, we are able to date similar to 600 ka samples with an uncertainty of better than +/- 15 ka (2 sigma), representing a three-fold improvement in precision compared with previ-ous techniques. Using these methods, we report U-series measurements for a suite of >500 thou-sand year old (ka) corals from Henderson Island, an emergent atoll in the south- central Pacific Ocean. The fossil corals show extraordinarily little diagenetic alteration for their age and the best-preserved sample yields a U-series age of 600 15 ka (2 sigma), which overlaps with the timing of the warm Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 15 interglacial. The open-system model of Villemant and Feuillet (Villemant B. and Feuillet N. (2003) Dating open systems by the U-238-U-234-Th-230 method: ap-plication to Quaternary reef terraces. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 210(1-2), 105-118.) and the linear regression (or open-system isochron) is clearly limited for such old samples. However, the open-system model developed by Thompson et al. (Thompson W.G., Spiegelman M.W., Goldstein S.L., and Speed R.C. (2003) An open- system model for U-series age determinations of fossil corals. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 210(1-2), 365-381.) appears to reliably correct for open-system ef-fects in roughly half of the corals, giving a MIS 15 origin for these. Thus the data provide evidence that the systematic addition of Th-230 and U-234 through alpha-recoil is a dominant open-system process occurring in the Henderson Island fossil reef system. Several coral samples yield signifi-cantly older Thompson et al. open-system ages be-tween 650 and 750 ka. The uncertainty on these ages (typically +/- 30 kyrs) is too great for precise assignment but most data overlap with the MIS 17 interglacial. The reliability of these ages is cur-rently unclear. It is shown that separate aliquots of the same coral can yield different Thompson model ages. Therefore, there appear to be addi-tional diagenctic mechanisms that create further anomalous excursions in the U-series systemat-ics, limiting the reliability of the Thompson et al. open- system model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2008, V265, N1-2, JAN 15, pp 229-245.
08.2-201Glacial geomorphology and chronology of deglaciation, South Georgia, sub-Antarctic - ReplyBentley M J, Evans D J A, Fogwill C J, Sugden D E, Hansom J D, Kubik P WEngland, Scotland, SwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Geomorphology , Oceanog-raphy , PaleontologyWe mapped and dated the glacial geomorphology of north-east South Georgia, in the maritime sub-Antarctic. The aim was to examine the timing of deglaciation of the island in the context of inter-hemispheric phasing of climate change. Former glacier limits are restricted to the inner fjords, and our detailed mapping of them has demonstrated a consistent geomorphological pattern that is simi-lar across several different glacier types and sizes. The pattern comprises three suites of moraines (categories “a–c”), not all of which are represented at every site because the outer suite is often over-ridden by younger suites. Category “a” is an outer wide, low amplitude moraine ridge, category “b” comprises 2–4 sharp-crested, bouldery moraines that are often located close to or even over-riding “a”, and category “c” is a series of lower amplitude moraines with overprinted streamlined landforms such as flutings. Analysis of in situ cosmogenic 10Be in boulders on these moraines has allowed us to determine a deglacial chronology for the older two moraine groups. The age of the inner (youngest) group has been estimated from soil development. The cosmogenic nuclide ages show that the outer-most moraine was deposited ca 12.2±1.5 ka BP, but that a subsequent readvance in the mid-Holocene (ca 3.6±1.1 ka BP) reached and, in places, over-rode this earlier moraine. This latter advance coincides with the “Mid Holocene Hypsithermal”. A final Late Holocene advance reached closely similar limits to the previous two fluctuations and is estimated from soil data to have an age of ca 1.1 ka BP. We suggest that the close concordance of Late-Glacial and interglacial limits (in this case associated with warming) can be explained by a change in domi-nant forcing. During glacials, extensive sea-ice limits precipitation availability and so glaciers are restricted to the inner fjords. During interglacials precipitation is not limited in the same way by sea-ice cover and so during warming precipitation in-creases and tidewater glaciers on the island have responded by advancing. This study emphasises the importance of a clear understanding of geo-morphology in order to interpret chronological information.Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N19-21, OCT, pp 2690-2691.
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08.2-202The Lago Cardiel Basin, Argentina (49 degrees S): Origin and evolution revealed by high-reso-lution multichannel seismic reflection studiesBeres M, Gilli A, Ariztegui D, Anselmetti F SSwitzerland, USAGeomorphology , Paleontology , Geology , LimnologyA multichannel, high-resolution seismic reflec-tion survey was conducted with an airgun source in the closed lake system of Lago Cardiel, Argen-tina (49 degrees S). As part of an ongoing study of interhemispheric correlations in climate change, it was intended to determine the maximum age and depth of the lake sediments and better under-stand the origin and evolution of the lake basin. In agreement with previous single-channel, 3.5-kHz surveys, six major seismic sequences throughout the lake’s subsurface were mapped. The stronger seismic source of this study allows the deepest se-quence (Sequence VI) to be interpreted as folded Cretaceous marls with a highly eroded surface. Further examination of this sequence reveals various stratigraphic signatures and mechanisms of the generally east-west orientation of tectonic compression. The nature and continuity of Se-quence VI do not indicate a volcanic or impact-related origin of the lake. The original basin has a maximal depression of 154 ms (similar to 114 in) deep beneath the modern lake surface and is overlain by an alluvial fan (Sequence V) of likely Pleistocene age in the western portion and late Quaternary lacustrine sediments (Sequences I-IV) everywhere else. The data confirm that southern Patagonia was dominated by extremely contrast-ing climatic conditions during the Quaternary. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2008, V25, N1, FEB, pp 74-85.
08.2-203Reconstruction of the Holocene seismotectonic activity of the Southern Andes from seismites recorded in Lago Icalma, Chile, 39 degrees SBertrand S, Charlet F, Chapron E, Fagel N, de Batist MUSA, Belgium, SwitzerlandLimnology , Geology , PaleontologySouth-central Chile is one of the most geodynami-cally active areas in the world, characterized by frequent volcanic eruptions and numerous earth-quakes, which are both recorded in lake sediments. In Lago Icalma(39 degrees S), long piston and short gravity coring, as well as 3.5 kHz high-resolution seismic profiling, have been carried out in order to study the Holocene sedimentary infill of the lake, with a special focus on earthquake-triggered de-
posits. Macroscopic description of sediment cores and detailed grain-size analyses allow us to iden-tify four types of seismically-induced deposits, or “seismites”: slump deposits, chaotic deposits, turbidites s.s. and homogenites. Homogenites are characterized by the occurrence of three distinct units on grain-size profiles (i.e., a coarse base, a thick homogeneous unit topped by a thin layer of very fine sediment) and by the typical distribution of the grain-size parameters in a skewness- sorting diagram, while turbidites s.s. are characterized by a continuous fining-upward trend. Radiocarbon, Pb-210 dating, and tephrochronology allow us to demonstrate that the regional seismotectonic ac-tivity was probably very high between 2200 and 3000 cal years BP as well as between 7000 and 8000 cal years BP and that none of the historically doc-umented earthquakes has triggered a seismite in Lago Icalma. The most recent seismite recognized in the sediments of Lago Icalma is a slump deposit dated at 1100 +/- 100 AD, i.e., older than the period covered by historical records. The remarkable re-cord of seismites between 2200 and 3000 cal years BP is probably influenced by a major eruption of Sollipulli volcano at 3000 cal years BP, which has rejuvenated the stock of terrigenous particles available for erosion, by depositing a thick layer of pumices all over the watershed of Lago Icalma and by clearing the vegetation covering the volca-nic ash soils. This paper demonstrates that the re-cord of seismically-triggered deposits in lake sedi-ments is not only controlled by the intensity of the triggering earthquake and the occurrence of unstable sediment along the lake slopes but also by the presence of particles available for erosion /remobilisation in the watershed. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2008, V259, N2-3, MAR 24, pp 301-322.
08.2-204Quantifying human-induced eutrophication in Swiss mountain lakes since AD 1800 using diatomsBigler C, von Gunten L, Lotter A F, Hausmann S, Blass A, Ohlendorf C, Sturm MSwitzerland, Netherlands, USA, GermanyLimnology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Marine & Freshwater Biology , PaleontologySedimentary diatom assemblages from three lakes in the Southeastern Swiss Alps were analysed at high temporal resolution since AD 1800. Altered land-use patterns, increasing population and ex-ploitation through tourism are clearly reflected in annually laminated sediments of Lej da San Murezzan (Lake St Moritz) and Lej da Silvaplauna (Lake Silvaplana). Diatom assemblages originally
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dominated by Cyclotella taxa are replaced by taxa indicating higher total phosphorus (TP) concen-trations, such as Asterionella formosa, Frogilaria crotonensis and Stephanodiscus parvus. In Lej da la Tscheppa, located well above the treeline in a catchment that was hardly exposed 10 human im-pact, Cyclotella comensis prevails throughout the entire sediment sequence. Quantitative estimates of past TP concentrations were inferred using a newly developed regional diatom-TP inference model based on 119 modern samples. In Lej da la Tscheppa diatoms imply stable, low TP concentra-tions (similar to 10 µg/1), which can be considered as natural background concentration. Elevated TP levels are interred for Lej da San Murezzan (max. 60 µg/1) since AD 1910 and for Lej da Silvaplauna (max. 40 µg/1) Since AD 1950, corroborated by changes in sedimentary biogenic silica concentra-tion and organic carbon content. Since similar to AD 1970 improved waste water management led to a considerable reduction in TP loading in Lej da Silvaplauna and Lej da San Murezzan. Holocene, 2007, V17, N8, DEC, pp 1141-1154.
08.2-205The role of pingos in the development of the Dzhangyskol lake-pingo complex, central Altai Mountains, southern SiberiaBlyakharchuk T A, Wright H E, Borodavko P S, van der Knaap W O, Ammann BRussia, USA, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Limnology , GeologyDzhangyskol is a small lake of glacial origin in the central part of the Altai Mountains in southern Siberia. Pollen stratigraphies and chronologies of two cores record the vegetational development of the area from the Late Glacial treeless landscape to the forest and steppe of today. The modem lake is a remnant of a much larger ice- dammed lake, which was reduced in size and then temporarily drained after diversion of the inflowing moun-tain meltwater stream, which had low delta O-18 values. The dry lake floor allowed development of permafrost and small pingos (frozen mounds of lake sediments). With the onset of greater cli-matic humidity in the mid-Holocene, the input of local water with higher delta O-18 caused a rise in lake level, drowning the earlier pingos. Growth of a broad fen on the margin of the lake led to forma-tion of a modem pingo complex. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2008, V257, N4, FEB 1, pp 404-420.
08.2-206Reconstructing spatio-temporal patterns of debris-flow activity using dendrogeomorpho-logical methodsBollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Ehmisch M, Monbaron MSwitzerland, GermanyGeomorphology , Plant Sciences , Forestry , Geol-ogy , PaleontologyDebris flows are a major threat in many parts of the Alps, where they repeatedly cause severe dam-age to infrastructure and transportation corridors or even loss of life. Nonetheless, the spatial behav-ior of past debris-flow activity and the analysis of areas affected during particular events have been widely neglected in reconstructions so far. It was therefore the purpose of this study to reconstruct spatio-temporal patterns of past debris flows on a forested cone in the Swiss Alps (Bruchji torrent, Blatten, Valais). The analysis of past events was based on a detailed geomorphic map (1: 1000) of all forms related to debris flows as well as on tree-ring series from 401 heavily affected trees (Larix decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growing in or next to deposits. The samples were analyzed and growth disturbances related to debris-flow activity assessed, such as tangential rows of trau-matic resin ducts, the onset of reaction wood or abrupt growth suppression or release. In total, 960 growth disturbances were identified in the samples, belonging to 40 different event years be-tween A.D. 1867 and 2005. In addition, the cou-pling of tree-ring data with the geomorphic map allowed reconstruction of eleven formerly active channels and spatial representation of individual events. Based on our results we believe that be-fore 1935, debris flows preferentially used those channels located in the western part of the cone, whereas the eastern part of the cone remained widely unaffected. The spatial representation of the 40 events also allowed identification of five different spatial patterns for debris flows at the study site. Geomorphology, 2007, V87, N4, JUL 1, pp 337-351.
08.2-207Changes in sedimentary patterns of coastal and deep-sea successions from the North Atlantic (Portugal) linked to Early Cretaceous environmental changeBurla S, Heinihofer U, Hochuli P A, Weissert H, Skelton PSwitzerland, Germany, EnglandPaleontology , Oceanography , GeologyCoastal mixed carbonate-siliciclastic and carbon-ate deposits of Late Barremian to Early Aptian age from the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) are compared
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with a deep-sea succession (ODP 641) off the coast of Portugal. The coastal deposits show an abrupt cessation of rudist- dominated carbonate deposi-tion marked by an emersion horizon and followed by the deposition of orbitolinid-rich marls during the Early Aptian. The subsequent development of the carbonate platform during the Late Aptian is masked by a hiatus. For this time interval shallow-water debris deposits of the deep-sea succession ODP 641 indicate that carbonate production in shallow-water areas resume in the early Late Ap-tian. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy in combination with available biostratigraphic data is used for in-trabasinal correlation and for the correlation of the Portuguese with shallow- water successions from Switzerland, France, Oman and the Pacific. The correlation reveals that during the Early Ap-tian similar changes in their sedimentary pat-terns occur at the beginning of a marked negative shift of carbon-isotope values associated with the global deposition of organic rich black shales in the deep sea (OAE 1a). In all compared sections rudist-dominated carbonate deposition is stopped and followed either by orbitolinid-rich deposits, the deposition of microbial carbonates or by the drowning of the carbonate platform. The com-parison shows that the deterioration for carbon-ate platform growth conditions during the Early Aptian occurred essentially simultaneously at the various localities. During this episode the ocean waters were in a preconditioned state of acidifi-cation stressing biocalcifying organisms. Sea level change combined with local effects like elevated nutrient levels and higher temperatures, were probably determining the nature of sedimentary change in shallow-water environments during the carbonate crisis. In the sections studied in Portugal the high abundance of orbitolinids over-lying rudist limestones indicates that increased nutrient input may have played an important lo-cal role among the factors that caused an overall deterioration for carbonate producers during the late Early Aptian. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2008, V257, N1-2, JAN 7, pp 38-57.
08.2-208Seismic stratigraphy of Lago Puyehue (Chilean Lake District): new views on its deglacial and Holocene evolutionCharlet F, de Batist M, Chapron E, Bertrand S, Pino M, Urrutia RBelgium, Switzerland, ChileLimnology , Geology , PaleontologyPrior to the collection of a series of sediment cores, a high- and very-high-resolution reflection
seismic survey was carried out on Lago Puyehue, Lake District, South-Central Chile. The data reveal a complex bathymetry and basin structure, with three sub-basins separated by bathymetric ridges, bedrock islands and interconnected channels. The sedimentary infill reaches a thickness of >200 m. It can be sub-divided into five seismic-stratigraphic units, which are interpreted as: moraine, ice-con-tact or outwash deposits (Unit I), glacio-lacustrine sediments rapidly deposited in a proglacial or subglacial lake at the onset of deglaciation (Unit II), lacustrine fan deposits fed by sediment-laden meltwater streams in a proglacial lake (Unit III), distal deposits of fluvially derived sediment in an open, post-glacial lake (Unit IV) and authigenic lacustrine sediments, predominantly of biogenic origin, that accumulated in an open, post-glacial lake (Unit V). This facies succession is very similar to that observed in other glacial lakes, and minor differences are attributed to an overall higher depositional energy and higher terrigenous input caused by the strong seismic and volcanic activ-ity in the region combined with heavy precipita-tion. A long sediment core (PU-II core) penetrates part of Unit V and its base is dated as 17,915 cal. yr. BP. Extrapolation of average sedimentation rates yields an age of ca. 24,750 cal. yr. BP for the base of Unit V, and of ca. 28,000 cal. yr. BP for the base of Unit IV or for the onset of open-water conditions. This is in contrast with previous glacial-history re-constructions based on terrestrial records, which date the complete deglaciation of the basin as ca. 14,600 cal. yr. BP. This discrepancy cannot be eas-ily explained and highlights the need for more lacustrine records from this region. Journal of Paleolimnology, 2008, V39, N2, FEB, pp 163-177.
08.2-209Aerosol radiative forcing and climate sensitiv-ity deduced from the last glacial maximum to Holocene transitionChylek P, Lohmann UUSA, SwitzerlandModelling , Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , PaleontologyWe use the temperature, carbon dioxide, meth-ane, and dust concentration record from the Vostok ice core to deduce the aerosol radiative forcing during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to Holocene transition and the climate sensitivity. A novel feature of our analysis is the use of a cooling period between about 42 KYBP (thousand years be-fore present) and LGM to provide a constraint on the aerosol radiative forcing. We find the change in aerosol radiative forcing during the LGM to Ho-
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locene transition to be 3.3 +/- 0.8 W/m(2) and the climate sensitivity between 0.36 and 0.68 K/Wm(-2) with a mean value of 0.49 +/- 0.07 K/ Wm(-2). This suggests a 95% likelihood of warming between 1.3 and 2.3 K due to doubling of atmospheric concen-tration of CO2. The ECHAM5 model simulation suggests that the aerosol optical depth during the LGM may have been almost twice the current value (increase from 0.17 to 0.32). Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, V35, N4, FEB 19 ARTN: L04804.
08.2-210The evolution of ecological specialization in southern African ungulates: competition- or physical environmental turnover?Codron D, Brink J S, Rossouw L, Clauss MSouth Africa, SwitzerlandZoology , PaleontologyUsing long-term diet reconstructions spanning the past one million years, we contrast hypotheses that biotic interactions versus physical environ-mental changes are primary drivers of evolution-ary turnover in mammals. We use stable carbon (delta C-13) and oxygen (delta O-18) isotope ratios in tooth enamel carbonate to trace herbivore niche shifts through the Late Quaternary Land Mammal Ages (LMAs) of grassland savannas in the South African interior (Cornelian-1.0 to 0.6 Ma; Flori-sian-500 to 10 ka; and Holocene /modern). Data re-veal niche separation amongst closely related co-eval taxa, and dispersals through time into empty niche spaces following extinctions. This suggests a primary role of competitive exclusion and niche displacement for speciation and extinctions in these early grassland environments. However, niche changes through time show a similar trend in many taxa, entailing increased delta C-13 (el-evated C-4 grass consumption) from the Cornelian to the Florisian, and from the Florisian to the Ho-locene/modern, and elevated delta O-18 in Holo-cene/modern taxa that reflect global aridification around the terminal Pleistocene. Commonality in isotopic trends implies universal environmental forcing of ecological, and ultimately macroevo-lutionary, turnover. Yet some taxa shift from a mixed C-3/C-4 diet in the Florisian to a near-pure C-3 diet today. Indeed, we find that while delta C-13 data are normally distributed for Cornelian fossils, non-normal distributions characterize more recent time intervals. Such distributions are in line with the bimodal distribution of delta C-13 and diet in contemporary African ungulates. Thus, while environmental forcing did not, by necessity, lead to increases in C-4 intake, the results show changes from mixed to more specialized diets.
We propose that this niche specialization was a function of long-term exposure to C-4 grasslands, consistent with predictions that relatively high metabolic demands of C-4 grazing in subtropical environments forced the differentiation of herbi-vores into one of two highly specialized feeding niches, i.e. C-3 browsing or C-4 grazing. Oikos, 2008, V117, N3, MAR, pp 344-353.
08.2-211On the ‘Divergence Problem’ in Northern For-ests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causesD’arrigo R, Wilson R, Liepert B, Cherubini PUSA, Scotland, SwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Forestry , PaleontologyAn anomalous reduction in forest growth indi-ces and temperature sensitivity has been detect-ed in tree-ring width and density records from many circumpolar northern latitude sites since around the middle 20th century. This phenom-enon, also known as the “divergence problem “, is expressed as an offset between warmer instru-mental temperatures and their underestimation in reconstruction models based on tree rings. The divergence problem has potentially signifi-cant implications for large-scale patterns of for-est growth, the development of paleoclimatic reconstructions based on tree-ring records from northern forests, and the global carbon cycle. Herein we review the current literature published on the divergence problem to date, and assess its possible causes and implications. The causes, how-ever, are not well understood and are difficult to test due to the existence of a number of covary-ing environmental factors that may potentially impact recent tree growth. These possible causes include temperature-induced drought stress, non-linear thresholds or time- dependent responses to recent warming, delayed snowmelt and related changes in seasonality, and differential growth/climate relationships inferred for maximum, minimum and mean temperatures. Another pos-sible cause of the divergence described briefly herein is ‘global dimming’, a phenomenon that has appeared, in recent decades, to decrease the amount of solar radiation available for photo-synthesis and plant growth on a large scale. It is theorized that the dimming phenomenon should have a relatively greater impact on tree growth at higher northern latitudes, consistent with what has been observed from the tree-ring record. Ad-ditional potential causes include “end effects” and other methodological issues that can emerge in standardization and chronology development, and biases in instrumental target data and its
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modeling. Although limited evidence suggests that the divergence may be anthropogenic in na-ture and restricted to the recent decades of the 20th century, more research is needed to confirm these observations. Global and Planetary Change, 2008, V60, N3-4, FEB, pp 289-305.
08.2-212Lake systems: Sedimentary archives of climate change and tectonicsde Batist M, Chapron EBelgium, SwitzerlandLimnology , Geology , Paleontology Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2008, V259, N2-3, MAR 24, pp 93-95.
08.2-213A 17,900-year multi-proxy lacustrine record of Lago Puyehue (Chilean Lake District): introduc-tionde Batist M, Fagel N, Loutre M F, Chapron EBelgium, SwitzerlandLimnology , PaleontologyThis paper introduces the background and main results of a research project aimed at unravel-ling the paleolimnological and paleoclimatologi-cal history of Lago Puyehue (40 degrees S, Lake District, Chile) since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), based on the study of several sediment cores from the lake and on extensive fieldwork in the lake catchment. The longest record was ob-tained in an 11-m-long piston core. An age-depth model was established by AMS C-14 dating, Pb-210 and Cs-237 measurements, identification of event- deposits, and varve-counting for the past 600 years. The core extends back to 17,915 cal. yr. BP, and the seismic data indicate that an open-lake sedimentary environment already existed several thousands of years before that. The core was submitted to a multi-proxy analysis, includ-ing sedimentology, mineralogy, grain-size, major geochemistry and organic geochemistry (C/N ra-tio, delta C-13), loss- on-ignition, magnetic suscep-tibility, diatom analysis and palynology. Along-core variations in sediment composition reveal that the area of Lago Puyehue was characterized since the LGM by a series of rapid climate fluc-tuations superimposed on a long-term warming trend. Identified climate fluctuations confirm a.o. the existence of a Late- Glacial cold reversal pre-dating the northern-hemisphere Younger Dryas cold period by 500-1,000 years, as well as the exis-tence of an early southern-hemisphere Holocene climatic optimum. Varve-thickness analyses over
the past 600 years reveal periodicities similar to those associated with the El Nino Southern Oscil-lation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, as well as intervals with increased precipitation, related to an intensification of the El Nino impact during the southern-hemisphere equivalent of the Little Ice Age. Journal of Paleolimnology, 2008, V39, N2, FEB, pp 151-161.
08.2-214Landscape evolution and deglaciation of the Upper Peninsula, Michigan: An examination of chronology and stratigraphy in kettle lake coresDerouin S A, Lowell T V, Hajdas IUSA, SwitzerlandLimnology,Geomorphology, Cryology / Glaciology , PaleontologyWe propose a radiometric chronology bracket for the last glacial advance/retreat, called the Marquette readvance, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (Upper Peninsula) using organic material from kettle lakes and previously pub-lished age determinations on wood buried by glaciofluvial sediments. The lakes are located both inside and outside the ice-contact mar-gin of the Marquette readvance. Wood buried in glaciofluvial sediments from the Marquette readvance was previously dated at 10,025 +/- 100 C-14 yr BP (Hughes and Merry 1978, Lowell et al. 1999, and Pregitzer et al. 2000). Ackerman Lake, a kettle lake located inside the ice-contact margin, yielded a basal radiocarbon date of 9,495 +/- 70 C-14 yr BP representing the time of organic ac-cumulation after ice retreat. These dates above and below the glacial deposit bracket the age of the Marquette readvance /retreat to 360-700 C-14 yr, or the midpoint of 530 C-14 yr. Ackerman Lake yielded multiple radiocarbon dates, including an average date of 8,811 +/- 11 C-14 yr BP (9,736-9,913 cal yr BP) at a change in stratigraphy from red clay to gray silt. This transition along the north-ern Upper Peninsula is interpreted to represent ice sheet retreat into Lake Superior and the A re-working of older glacial sediments by similar to 8,500 C-14 yr BP. Organic material from the kettle lake sediments spanning multiple geomorphic locations (both inside and outside of the ice-contact margin) and previous radiocarbon dates from the entire Upper Peninsula yielded dates concentrating around 9,500 14C yr BP. We at-tribute this synchronous organic accumulation in the Upper Peninsula to be a result of climatic signature corresponding with the Preboreal Os-cillation, so the duration of the Marquette gla-
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cial cover may have been less then implied by the Ackerman Lake basal age. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 2007, V33, N4, DEC, pp 875-886.
08.2-215Megaturbidite deposits in the Holocene basin fill of Lake Como (Southern Alps, Italy)Fanetti D, Anselmetti F S, Chapron E, Sturm M, Vezzoli LItaly, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Geology , LimnologyFor the first time, limnogeological investigations have been carried out in Lake Como, the deepest lake of the Alps, combining a bathymetric survey (multibeam Simrad 3000) with a high-resolution seismic reflection study (single-channel 3.5 kHz sub-bottom profiler) and a coring campaign (gravity corer). This data set enables detailed characterization of the sedimentary subsurface in the western branch of the lake, the Como branch, which has a typical fjord morphology. This paper focuses on the deepest part of the Como branch (Argegno basin), in which up to 3.5-m-thick turbidite deposits are identified. The basin fill of the Como branch is characterized by well-layered draping and onlapping pelagic sedi-ments that are locally affected by creeping and that are intercalated with mass-wasting deposits, in particular with two large debris-flow deposits evolving into megaturbidites in the deepest part of the basin. The multibeam data together with the acoustic-facies distributions and the vol-umes of these two major sedimentary deposits NIT I (similar to 3 x 10(6) m (3)) and MT2 (similar to 10.5 x 10(6) m(3)) indicate that they resulted from large slides at the northern tip of the Como branch along the steep slopes of a sub-lacustrine plateau. The estimated ages of these events, around the mid-12th (MT1) and early 6th (MT2) centuries, are extrapolated from mean sedimen-tation rates based on radiocarbon (C-14) and ra-dionuclide (Cs-137) analyses from short cores in the Argegno basin. Possible trigger mechanisms leading to these catastrophic events in the Como branch include a combination of steep-slope overloading, with significant lake-level fluctua-tions related to Holocene climate change and/or earthquake shaking. The tentative age assign-ment places the age of both major mass move-ments near two other events: MT1 near the oc-currence of a major earthquake in the Po Plain in 1222 AD (Intensity IX MCS, macroseismically derived magnitude 6.2) and MT2 near a megatur-bidite triggered in similar to 700 AD in a progla-cial lake in southeastern Switzerland (Blass, A.,
Anselmetti, F., Grosjean, M., Sturm, M., 2005. The last 1300 years of environmental history in the sediments of Lake Sils (Engadine, Switzerland). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 98, 319-332). Since dangerous, tsunami-like waves (seiches) can be generated by large sub-aqueous landslides leading to such megaturbidites in this fjord-like basin, fu-ture studies are required: 1) to constrain the age of these catastrophic events; 2) to document the stabilities of the steep slopes in the Como branch, 3) to assess the expected frequency of such cata-strophic events and 4) to model the propagation of large waves in the Como branch and their po-tential damage along the highly populated lake shore. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2008, V259, N2-3, MAR 24, pp 323-340.
08.2-216Pollen and plant macrofossils at Lac de Fully (2135 m a.s.l.): Holocene forest dynamics on a highland plateau in the Valais, SwitzerlandFinsinger W, Tinner WNetherlands, SwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Forestry , PaleontologyWe use pollen, stomata and plant-macrofossil records to infer Holocene timberline fluctua-tions and changes in forest composition at Lac Superieur de Fully (2 135 in a.s.l.), a small lake lo-cated near the modern regional timberline on a highland plateau in the Central Alps. Our records suggest that during the early Holocene vegeta-tion was rather open on the plateau (eg, heaths of Dryas octopetala, Juniperus nana). The only tree that was able to build major stands was Belula. Other timberline trees (eg, Pinus cembra and Lar-ix) expanded in the catchment of the lake after 8200 cal. BP, when Abies alha expanded at lower elevation. The late appearance of these timberline trees contrasts with previous plant-macrofossil re-cords in the region, which show that the timber-line had reached elevations up to at least 2350 in already at I 1000 cal. BP. We suggest that local cli-matic conditions may have delayed the expansion of closed stands of coniferous trees in the catch-ment of Lac de Fully until C. 8200 cal. BP, when cli-mate shifted to more humid and less continental conditions. After c. 4600 cal. BP vegetation around the lake primarily responded to human impact, which caused a local lowering of the timberline by at least 150 in. Holocene, 2007, V17, N8, DEC, pp 1119-1127.
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08.2-217Changing boreal methane sources and con-stant biomass burning during the last termina-tionFischer H, Behrens M, Bock M, Richter U, Schmitt J, Loulergue L, Chappellaz J, Spahni R, Blunier T, Leuenberger M, Stocker T FGermany, France, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Cryology / Glaciology , PaleontologyPast atmospheric methane concentrations show strong fluctuations in parallel to rapid glacial cli-mate changes in the Northern Hemisphere (1,2) superimposed on a glacial - interglacial doubling of methane concentrations(3-5). The processes driving the observed fluctuations remain uncer-tain but can be constrained using methane isoto-pic information from ice cores(6,7). Here we pres-ent an ice core record of carbon isotopic ratios in methane over the entire last glacial - interglacial transition. Our data show that the carbon in atmo-spheric methane was isotopically much heavier in cold climate periods. With the help of a box mod-el constrained by the present data and previously published results(6,8), we are able to estimate the magnitude of past individual methane emission sources and the atmospheric lifetime of methane. We find that methane emissions due to biomass burning were about 45 Tg methane per year, and that these remained roughly constant throughout the glacial termination. The atmospheric lifetime of methane is reduced during cold climate peri-ods. We also show that boreal wetlands are an im-portant source of methane during warm events, but their methane emissions are essentially shut down during cold climate conditions. Nature, 2008, V452, N7189, APR 17, pp 864-867.
08.2-218Evidence for a widespread climatic anomaly at around 9.2 ka before presentFleitmann D, Mudelsee M, Burns S J, Bradley R S, Kramers J, Matter ASwitzerland, USA, GermanyPaleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe 8.2 ka event was triggered by a meltwater pulse (MWP) into the North Atlantic and resultant reduction of the thermohaline circulation (THC). This event was preceded by a series of at least 14 MWPs; their impact on early Holocene climate has remained almost unknown. A set of high-quality paleoclimate records from across the Northern Hemisphere shows evidence for a widespread and significant climatic anomaly at similar to 9.2 ka B. P. This event has climatic anomaly patterns very
similar to the 8.2 ka B. P. event, cooling occurred at high latitudes and midlatitudes and drying took place in the northern tropics, and is concurrent with an MWP of considerable volume (similar to 8100 km(3)). As the 9.2 ka MWP occurs at a time of enhanced baseline freshwater flow into the North Atlantic, this MWP may have been, despite its rela-tively small volume, sufficient to weaken THC and to induce the observed climate anomaly pattern. Paleoceanography, 2008, V23, N1, MAR 13 ARTN: PA1102.
08.2-219Unlocking paleo-environmental information from Early Cretaceous shelf sediments in the Helvetic Alps: stratigraphy is the key!Föllmi K B, Bodin S, Godet A, Linder P, van de Schootbrugge BSwitzerland, England, GermanyPaleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci-encesThe northern alpine Helvetic thrust-and-fold belt includes an Early Cretaceous shallow-water car-bonate succession, which was part of an exten-sive carbonate platform rimming the northern Tethyan margin. The structural architecture of the Helvetic zone allows for the palinspastic re-construction of proximal-distal transects across the former platform into the outer-shelf realm for distances surpassing 80 km. The Early Cretaceous platform sediments preserved therein provide, therefore, excellent insight into the spatial and temporal evolution of this platform. Furthermore, the presence of ammonites in marker horizons within the Helvetic succession is key to unprec-edented time control. During the life span of the Helvetic platform, carbonate build up and build out occurred along two distinct pathways: we discern between a mode including oligotrophic photozoan communities (latest Tithonian- Late Berriasian; Late Barremian; Early Aptian) and a mode dominated by mesotrophic heterozoan communities (Valanginian-Early Barremian; ear-liest Aptian; late Early Aptian-Late Aptian). The heterozoan mode was frequently interrupted by incipient platform drowning episodes, which ma-terialized either in an important erosive hiatus, or in the deposition of highly condensed, glauconite- and phosphate-rich intervals (Early Valanginian-Early Hauterivian; late Early-early Late Hauteriv-ian; latest Hauterivian-latest Early Barremian; middle Late Barremian; late Early Aptian-early Late Aptian; and latest Aptian - Early Albian). The photozoan mode is interpreted as essentially olig-otrophic, whereas the heterozoan and drowning phases were associated with the input of coarser-
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grained detrital sediments and a correspondingly increased nutrient load, which were both the consequence of intensified chemical weathering on the continent due to warmer and more humid climate conditions. Their onset is signaled by in-creases in oceanic phosphorus burial rates and major positive excursions in the stable carbon isotope record. Oceanic anoxic episodes occurred during these latter phases. The northern Tethyan platform was not only controlled by climatic, en-vironmental and paleoceanographic change, but changes in platform morphology and the compo-sition of carbonate-producing benthic communi-ties also influenced the quality and quantity of dissolved and particulate material exported into adjacent basins. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 2007, V100, N3, pp 349-369.
08.2-220Warmer early instrumental measurements versus colder reconstructed temperatures: shooting at a moving targetFrank D, Büntgen U, Böhm R, Maugeri M, Esper JSwitzerland, Austria, ItalyPaleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesComparison of tree-ring-based warm-season tem-perature reconstructions and their instrumental target data reveals substantial divergence between (warmer) early instrumental measurements and (colder) proxy estimates. Here we detail this sys-tematic misfit for the Northern Hemisphere before similar to 1900 and the European Alps before simi-lar to 1850. Five hypotheses related to both proxy and target uncertainties are presented towards ex-plaining this phenomenon. These include: (1) tree-ring detrending methods, (2) biological persistence in the proxy time-series, (3) uncertainties and in-stabilities in the growth response to given climatic parameters, (4) reduced instrumental station avail-ability back in time, and (5) instrumental data ho-mogeneity. We suggest that uncertainties in the choice of instrumental targets at the hemispheric scale, and instrumental data inhomogeneities at the Alpine and possibly also the hemispheric-scale are the most important factors in explaining this offset. Assessment of homogeneity at larger scales remains challenging. Attention is drawn to pos-sible warm biases in early thermometer shelters and the relevance of proxy/target discrepancies for understanding and quantifying the amplitude of both recent anthropogenic and past natural forced climate fluctuations. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N25-28, DEC, pp 3298-3310.
08.2-221Beryllium isotopes in central Arctic Ocean sediments over the past 12.3 million years: Stratigraphic and paleoclimatic implicationsFrank M, Backman J, Jakobsson M, Moran K, O’regan M, King J, Haley B A, Kubik P W, Garbe Schönberg DGermany, Sweden, USA, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Oceanography , Geology , Geo-chemistry & GeophysicsThe upper 200 m of the sediments recovered dur-ing IODP Leg 302, the Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX), to the Lomonosov Ridge in the central Arctic Ocean consist almost exclusively of de-trital material. The scarcity of biostratigraphic markers severely complicates the establishment of a reliable chronostratigraphic framework for these sediments, which contain the first con-tinuous record of the Neogene environmental and climatic evolution of the Arctic region. Here we present profiles of cosmogenic Be-10 together with the seawater- derived fraction of stable Be-9 obtained from the ACEX cores. The down-core de-crease of Be-10/Be-9 provides an average sedimen-tation rate of 14.5 +/- 1 m/Ma for the uppermost 151 m of the ACEX record and allows the estab-lishment of a chronostratigraphy for the past 12.3 Ma. The age-corrected Be-10 concentrations and Be-10/Be-9 ratios suggest the existence of an essentially continuous sea ice cover over the past 12.3 Ma. Paleoceanography, 2008, V23, N1, FEB 20 ARTN: PA1S02.
08.2-222Variability of the low-level cross-equatorial jet of the western Indian Ocean since 1660 as derived from coral proxiesGong D Y, Luterbacher JPeoples R China, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanogra-phy , PaleontologyUsing monthly-seasonally resolved coral prox-ies from the Indian Ocean basin, we statistically reconstruct the June-July-August (JJA) low- level jet in western Indian Ocean from 1660-1957 with skillful estimates for high-and low-frequencies. The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signals are reasonably captured. The strength of the jet significantly increases from the late 17th centu-ry to late 19th century. The decreasing in recon-structed jet in 20th century disagrees with pre-vious studies which indicated an enhancement of Southern Asian summer monsoon (SASM) in association with the rapid global warming. The jet reconstructions are useful for understanding
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of SASM variability and the validation of histori-cal monsoon simulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, V35, N1, JAN 11 ARTN: L01705.
08.2-223Tracing the Nd isotope evolution of North Atlantic deep and intermediate waters in the Western North Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum from Blake Ridge sedimentsGutjahr M, Frank M, Stirling C H, Keigwin L D, Hal-liday A NSwitzerland, USA, EnglandOceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics , PaleontologyA high-resolution authigenic Nd isotope record has been extracted from the Fe-Mn oxyhydrox-ide fraction of drift sediments along the Blake Ridge in the North Atlantic. These sediments fa-cilitate reconstruction of the timing and extent of major hydrographic changes in the western North Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This is one of the few locations where sedi-ments were deposited in the major flow path of the Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC), which transports North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) southward at the present day. The hydro-dynamic setting, however, also causes problems. Authigenic Nd isotope compositions similar to the typical present-day NADW epsilon(Nd) value of -13.5 +/- 0.5 were only extracted from sediments located within the main water body of the WBUC coinciding with the highest along slope current velocity below 3200 in water depth. Above this depth the authigenic Nd-isotopio, composition is more radiogenic than measured in a nearby seawater profile and appears to be influenced by downslope and lateral sediment redistribution. Our data suggest that these radiogenic signals were formed at shallow depths in Florida cur-rent waters, compromising the recorded ambient deep water Nd isotope signal in the Blake Ridge Fe- Mn oxyhydroxide coatings from intermediate depths during the Holocene and the deglaciation. The unradiogenic Nd-isotopic composition typical of present-day NADW is not detectable along the Blake Ridge for any water depth during the LGM. Unlike the deglacial and Holocene sections, the intermediate core from 1790 in water depth did not experience significant sediment focusing dur-ing the LGM, in accord with the higher current velocities at this depth, suggesting that at this site an ambient LGM bottom water Nd isotope signal was recorded. Assuming this to be correct, our results indicate that the epsilon(Nd) of the shal-lower glacial equivalent of NADW, the Glacial
North Atlantic Intermediate Water (GNAIW) may have been as radiogenic as -9.7 +/- 0.4. Since the authigenic Nd isotope compositions of the Holo-cene and the deglacial sections of the intermedi-ate depth sediment core were biased towards a shallow water signal, this first determination of a GNAIW eNd for the LGM will have to be corrobo-rated by results from other locations and archives. The LGM and deglacial sediments below 3400 m water depth bear no evidence of an ambient deep water epsilon(Nd) as unradiogenic as -13.5. Although the deep core sites also experienced en-hanced degrees of sediment focusing before the Younger Dryas, the epsilon(Nd) values of between -11 and -10 are more readily explained in terms of increased presence of Southern Source Waters. If this is the case, the change to Nd-isotopic compo-sitions that reflect a modem circulation pattern, including the presence of Lower NADW, only oc-curred after the Younger Dryas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2008, V266, N1-2, FEB 1, pp 61-77.
08.2-224High-altitude varve records of abrupt envi-ronmental changes and mining activity over the last 4000 years in the Western French Alps (Lake Bramant, Grandes Rousses Massif)Guyard H, Chapron E, St Onge G, Anselmetti F S, Arnaud F, Magand O, Francus P, Melieres M A Canada, France, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Geomorphology , GeologyTwo twin short gravity cores and a long piston core recovered from the deepest part of proglacial Lake Bramant (Grandes Rousses Massif, French Alps), under and overlying a large slump identi-fied by high- resolution seismic profile, allow the investigation of Holocene natural hazards and in-teractions between human activity and climatic changes at high-altitude. Annual sedimentation throughout the cores (glacial varves) is identi-fied on photographs, ITRAX (high-resolution continuous microfluorescence-X) and CAT-Scan (computerized axial tomography) analyses and is supported by (1) the number of dark and light laminations between dates obtained by radionu-clide measurements (Cs-137, Am-241), (2) the cor-relation of a slump triggered by the nearby AD 1881 Allemond earthquake (MSK intensity VII) and of a turbidite triggered by the AD 1822 Chautagne regional earthquake (MSK intensity VIII), (3) the number of laminations between two accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) C-14 dates, and (4) ar-chaeological data. In Lake Bramant, dark layers are coarser, contain less detrital elements, but more
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neoformed elements and organic matter content. These darker laminations result from calm back-ground sedimentation, whereas the lighter layers are finer and rich in detrital elements and reflect the summer snowmelt. Traces of mining activity during the Roman civilization apogee (AD 115-330) and during the Early Bronze Age (3770-3870 cal BP) are recorded by lead and copper content in the sediments and probably result from regional and local mining activity in the NW Alps. Warmer climate during the Bronze Age in this part of the Alps is suggested by (1) two organic deposits (4160-3600 cal BP and 3300-2850 cal BP) likely reflecting a lower lake level and smaller glaciers and (2) evi-dence of a different vegetation cover around 2500 m a.s.l. The onset of elastic proglacial sedimenta-tion between 3600-3300 cal BP and since 2850 cal BP is synchronous with periods of glacier advanc-es documented in the Alps and high-lake levels in west-central Europe. This major change in progla-cial sedimentation highlights the development of a larger St. Sorlin glacier in the catchment area of Lake Bramant. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N19-21, OCT, pp 2644-2660.
08.2-225Hydrological variability in southeastern Pa-tagonia and explosive volcanic activity in the southern Andean Cordillera during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 and the Holocene inferred from lake sediments of Laguna Potrok Aike, ArgentinaHaberzettl T, Kück B, Wulf S, Anselmetti F S, Ariztegui D, Corbella H, Fey M, Janssen S, Lücke A, Mayr C, Ohlendorf C, Schäbitz F, Schleser G H, Wille M, Zolitschka BGermany, USA, Switzerland, ArgentinaGeochemistry & Geophysics , Geology , Paleontol-ogy , Hydrology , LimnologySeismic reflection studies in the maar lake Laguna Potrok Aike (51 degrees 58’ S, 70 degrees 23’ W) re-vealed an erosional unconformity associated with a sub-aquatic lake-level terrace at a water depth of 30m. Radiocarbon-dated, multi-proxy sediment studies of a piston core from this location indicate that the sediment below this discontinuity has an age of 45kyr BP (Oxygen Isotope Stage 3), and was deposited during an interval of high lake level. In comparison to the Holocene section, geochemical indicators of this older part of the record either point towards a different sediment source or to a different transport mechanism for Oxygen Iso-tope Stage 3 sediments. Holocene sedimentation started again before 6790cal. yr BP, providing a sediment record of hydrological variability until
the present. Geochemical and isotopic data indi-cate a fluctuating lake level until 5310cal. yr BP. During the late Holocene the lake level shows a receding tendency. Nevertheless, the lake level did not drop below the 30m terrace to create another unconformity. The geochemical characterization of volcanic ashes reveals evidence for previously unknown explosive activity of the Reclus and Mt. Burney volcanoes during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2008, V259, N2-3, MAR 24, pp 213-229.
08.2-226Be-10 measured in a GRIP snow pit and mod-eled using the ECHAM5-HAM general circula-tion modelHeikkilae U, Beer J, Jouzel J, Feichter J, Kubik P WSwitzerland, Germany, FranceModelling , Cryology / Glaciology , Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesBe-10 measured in a Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) snow pit (1986-1990) with a seasonal reso-lution is compared with the ECHAM5- HAMGC-Mrun. Themeanmodeled Be-10 concentration in ice (1.0.10(4) atoms /g) agrees well with the mea-sured value (1.2.10(4) atoms/g). The measured Be-10 deposition flux (88 atoms/m(2)/s) also agrees well with the modeled flux (69 atoms/m(2)/s) and the measured precipitation rate (0.67 mm/day) agrees with the modeled rate (0.61 mm/ day). The mean surface temperature of -31 degrees C estimated from delta O-18 is lower than the tem-perature measured at a near-by weather station (-29 degrees C) and the modeled temperature (-26 degrees C). During the 5-year period the concen-trations and deposition fluxes, both measured and modeled, show a decreasing trend consis-tent with the increase in the solar activity. The variability of the measured and modeled con-centrations and deposition fluxes is very simi-lar suggesting that the variability is linked to a variability in production rather than the local meteorology. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, V35, N5, MAR 15 ARTN: L05817.
08.2-227Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 yearsJoos F, Spahni RSwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , PaleontologyThe rate of change of climate codetermines the global warming impacts on natural and socioeco-nomic systems and their capabilities to adapt. Es-
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tablishing past rates of climate change from tem-perature proxy data remains difficult given their limited spatiotemporal resolution. In contrast, past greenhouse gas radiative forcing, causing cli-mate to change, is well known from ice cores. We compare rates of change of anthropogenic forcing with rates of natural greenhouse gas forcing since the Last Glacial Maximum and of solar and volca-nic forcing of the last millennium. The smoothing of atmospheric variations by the enclosure process of air into ice is computed with a firn diffusion and enclosure model. The 20th century increase in CO2 and its radiative forcing occurred more than an order of magnitude faster than any sustained change during the past 22,000 years. The average rate of increase in the radiative forcing not just from CO2 but from the combination of CO2, CH4, and N2O is larger during the Industrial Era than during any comparable period of at least the past 16,000 years. In addition, the decadal-to-century scale rate of change in anthropogenic forcing is unusually high in the context of the natural forc-ing variations (solar and volcanoes) of the past millennium. Our analysis implies that global cli-mate change, which is anthropogenic in origin, is progressing at a speed that is unprecedented at least during the last 22,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008, V105, N5, FEB 5, pp 1425-1430.
08.2-228Millennial temperature reconstruction inter-comparison and evaluationJuckes M N, Allen M R, Briffa K R, Esper J, Hegerl G C, Moberg A, Osborn T J, Weber S LEngland, Switzerland, USA, Sweden, NetherlandsPlant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , PaleontologyThere has been considerable recent interest in paleoclimate reconstructions of the temperature history of the last millennium. A wide variety of techniques have been used. The interrelation among the techniques is sometimes unclear, as different studies often use distinct data sources as well as distinct methodologies. Here recent work is reviewed and some new calculations performed with an aim to clarifying the consequences of the different approaches used. A range of proxy data collections introduced by different authors is used to estimate Northern Hemispheric annual mean temperatures with two reconstruction algo-rithms: (1) inverse regression and, (2) compositing followed by variance matching (CVM). It is found that inverse regression tends to give large weight-ing to a small number of proxies and that the
second approach (CVM) is more robust to varying proxy input. The choice of proxy records is one rea-son why different reconstructions show different ranges. A reconstruction using 13 proxy records extending back to AD 1000 shows a maximum pre- industrial temperature of 0.25 K (relative to the 1866 to 1970 mean). The standard error on this estimate, based on the residual in the calibration period, is 0.14 K. Instrumental temperatures for two recent years (1998 and 2005) have exceeded the pre-industrial estimated maximum by more than 4 standard deviations of the calibration pe-riod residual. Climate of the Past, 2007, V3, N4, pp 591-609.
08.2-229Cosmogenic nuclide measurements in south-ernmost South America and implications for landscape changeKaplan M R, Coronato A, Hulton N R J, Rabassa J O, Kubik P W, Freeman S P H TScotland, Argentina, SwitzerlandGeomorphology , Paleontology , GeologyWe measured in situ Be-10, Al-16 and Cl-16 on glacial deposits as old as 1.1 Myr in the southern-most part of Patagonia and on northern Tierra del Fuego to understand boulder and moraine and, by inference, landscape changes. Nuclide concentrations indicate that surface boulders have been exposed for far less time than the ages of moraines they sit upon. The moraine ages are themselves constrained by previously obtained Ar-40/Ar-39 ages on interbedded lava flows or U-series and amino acid measurements on related (non-glacial) marine deposits. We suggest that a combination of boulder erosion and their exhu-mation from the moraine matrix could cause the erratics to have a large age variance and of-ten short exposure histories, despite the fact that some moraine landforrns are demonstrably 1 Myr old. We hypothesize that fast or episodic rates of landscape change occurred during glacial times or near the sea during interglacials. Comparison with boulder erosion rates and exhumation histo-ries derived for the middle latitudes of semi-arid Patagonia imply different geomorphic processes operating in southernmost South America. We in-fer a faster rate of landscape degradation towards the higher latitudes where conditions have been colder and wetter. Geomorphology, 2007, V87, N4, JUL 1, pp 284-301.
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08.2-230Palaeoclimate from glaciers: Examples from the Eastern Alps during the Alpine Lateglacial and early HoloceneKerschner H, Ivy Ochs SAustria, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesBe-10 dating of prominent glacier advances (sta-dials) in the Alps supports the correlation of the Gschnitz stadial (> 15.4 ka) with the Heinrich 1 ice rafting event (Greenland Stadial 2a), the Egesen- maximum advance (similar to 12.3-12.4 ka) with the early Younger Dryas (Greenland Stadial 1), the Kartell advance (similar to 10.8 ka) with the Preboreal Oscillation and the Kromer advance (similar to 8.4 ka) with the Central European cold phase 3. The interpretation of the glacial record with glacier-climate models in terms of summer temperature change (Delta Ts) and precipitation change (Delta P) shows that climate during the Gschnitz stadial was similar to 10 K colder than at present and precipitation was reduced to simi-lar to 25% of modern annual sums with a possible tendency towards slightly more humid condi-tions in the southeastern Alps. During the early Younger Dryas, Delta P depends on the estimated Delta Ts. For a Delta Ts of -3.5 K, Delta P along the northern fringe of the Eastern Alps was about 0 to + 15%, in the central valleys Delta P was in the order of -20 to -30%. A scenario with a Delta Ts of -5 K leads to generally drier conditions ( similar to-15% vs. similar to-50% Delta P) but the spatial pat-tern of precipitation change remains the same. The Kromer advance was possibly characterised by more humid conditions than today along the northern fringe of the Eastern Alps. In the valleys of the Central Alps, precipitation seems to have been similar to modern values. Methodologically, simple empirical relationships between summer temperature and precipitation at the equilibrium line altitude yield similar results as an analytical glacial- meteorological model. However, the ana-lytical model allows a more detailed analysis of the climatic parameters influencing glacier be-haviour. In the case of the Egesen-maximum and Kromer advances, the accuracy of Delta P depends on the reliability of Delta Ts, which is derived from timberline depression and on the dating control. In the case of the Gschnitz stadial, the ac-curacy of Delta Ts depends mainly on the glacier flow model, from which Delta P is derived. Since the model reacts sensitively to assumptions about basal sliding, only scenarios can be calculated. Global and Planetary Change, 2008, V60, N1-2, JAN, pp 58-71.
08.2-231In-phase anomalies in Beryllium-10 production and palaeomagnetic field behaviour during the Iceland Basin geomagnetic excursionKnudsen M F, Henderson G M, Frank M, Mac Nio-caill C, Kubik P WEngland, Germany, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Oceanography , GeologyIncreases in the production rate of cosmogenic radi-onuclides associated with geomagnetic excursions have been used as global tie- points for correlation between records of past climate from marine and terrestrial archives. We have investigated the rela-tive timing of variations in Be-10 production rate and the corresponding palaeomagnetic signal dur-ing one of the largest Pleistocene excursions, the Iceland Basin (IB) event (ca. 190 kyr), as recorded in two marine sediment cores (ODP Sites 1063 and 983) with high sedimentation rates. Variations in Be-10 production rate during the excursion were estimated by use of Th-230(xs) normalized Be-10 deposition rates and authigenic Be-10/Be-9. Result-ing Be-10 production rates are compared with high-resolution records of geomagnetic field behaviour acquired from the same discrete samples. We find no evidence for a significant lock-in depth of the palaeomagnetic signal in these high sedimenta-tion-rate cores. Apparent lock-in depths in other cores may sometimes be the result of lower sample resolution. Our results also indicate that the pe-riod of increased Be-10 production during the IB excursion lasted longer and, most likely, started earlier than the corresponding palaeomagnetic anomaly, in accordance with previous observa-tions that polarity transitions occur after periods of reduced geomagnetic field intensity prior to the transition. The lack of evidence in this study for a significant palaeomagnetic lock-in depth suggests that there is no systematic offset between the Be-10 signal and palaeomagnetic anomalies associated with excursions and reversals, with significance for the global correlation of climate records from different archives. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2008, V265, N3-4, JAN 30, pp 588-599.
08.2-232Late Pleistocene glaciation in the Central An-des: Temperature versus humidity control - A case study from the eastern Bolivian Andes (17 degrees S) and regional synthesisKull C, Imhof S, Grosjean M, Zech R, Veit HSwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Paleontology , ModellingA glacier-climate model was used to calculate cli-matic conditions in a test site on the east Andean
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slope around Cochabamba (17 degrees S, Bolivia) for the time of the maximum Late Pleistocene glaciation. Results suggest a massive tempera-ture reduction of about -6.4 degrees C (+ 1.4/-1.3 degrees C), combined with annual precipitation rates of about 1100 mm (+570 mm/-280 mm). This implies no major change in annual precipitation compared with today. Summer precipitation was the source for the humidity in the past, as is the case today. This climate scenario argues for a maximum advance of the paleo-glaciers in the eastern cordillera during the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 20 ka BP), which is confirmed by exposure age dates. In a synthesized view over the central Andes, the results point to an increased summer precipitation-driven Late Glacial (15-10 ka BP) maximum advance in the western part of the Altiplano (18 degrees S-23 degrees S), a tem-perature-driven maximum advance during full glacial times (LGM) in the eastern cordillera, and a pre- and post-LGM (32 ka BP/14 ka BP) maximum advance around 30 S related to increased precipi-tation and reduced temperature on the western slope of the Andes. The results indicate the im-portance of understanding the seasonality and details of the mass balance-climate interaction in order to disentangle drivers for the observed regionally asynchronous past glaciations in the central Andes. Global and Planetary Change, 2008, V60, N1-2, JAN, pp 148-164.
08.2-233Bathymetrical profiles in northern Croatia: Index of sea-level pauses in the HoloceneLagares FFrance, SwitzerlandPaleontology , OceanographyAccording to several authors, the sea-level rise of the Holocene has been done in different phases. The margins of uncertainty in the radiocarbon dating allow us to make this observation. A geo-morphological technique developed by J. Colli-na-Girard in 1997 in southern France led to the conclusion that several submersed mid- littoral notches or steps on limestone rocks attributed to standstills were formed during the last part of the Holocene sea- level rise. This technique was ap-plied to the northern coast of Croatia. The depths of the standstills noted (-5.5 m, -8 m, -11 m, -14 m, -17 m, -21 m, -25 m, -27 m, -35 m) are similar to those of the French coast. The study of overhangs has usefully enforced these observations. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 2008, V340, N1, JAN, pp 49-56.
08.2-234Dust-climate couplings over the past 800,000 years from the EPICA Dome C ice coreLambert F, Delmonte B, Petit J R, Bigler M, Kauf-mann P R, Hutterli M A, Stocker T F, Ruth U, Stef-fensen J P, Maggi VFrance, Switzerland, Italy, Denmark, England, GermanyPaleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesDust can affect the radiative balance of the atmo-sphere by absorbing or reflecting incoming solar radiation(1); it can also be a source of micronu-trients, such as iron, to the ocean(2). It has been suggested that production, transport and deposi-tion of dust is influenced by climatic changes on glacial-interglacial timescales(3-6). Here we pres-ent a high- resolution record of aeolian dust from the EPICA Dome C ice core in East Antarctica, which provides an undisturbed climate sequence over the past eight climatic cycles(7,8). We find that there is a significant correlation between dust flux and temperature records during glacial periods that is absent during interglacial periods. Our data suggest that dust flux is increasingly cor-related with Antarctic temperature as the climate becomes colder. We interpret this as progressive coupling of the climates of Antarctic and lower latitudes. Limited changes in glacial-interglacial atmospheric transport time(4,9,10) suggest that the sources and lifetime of dust are the main factors controlling the high glacial dust input. We propose that the observed similar to 25-fold increase in glacial dust flux over all eight glacial periods can be attributed to a strengthening of South American dust sources, together with a longer lifetime for atmospheric dust particles in the upper troposphere resulting from a reduced hydrological cycle during the ice ages. Nature, 2008, V452, N7187, APR 3, pp 616-619.
08.2-235Palaeoecological evidence for anthropogenic acidification of a kettle-hole peatland in north-ern PolandLamentowicz M, Tobolski K, Mitchell E A DPoland, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Ecology , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric SciencesThe Holocene developmental history of a small kettle-hole peatland in northern Poland was stud-ied using radiocarbon dating and analyses of pol-len, plant macrofossils and testate amoebae with the aim of sorting Out the influences of climate change, autogenic succession and human impact. The mire followed the classical Succession from
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lake to a Sphagnum-dominated peatland, but peat accumulation only started about 3000 cal. BP. A rapid shift to wetter conditions, lower pH and higher peat accumulation rate took place about 110-150 years before present, when the vegetation shifted to a Sphagnum-dominated poor fen with sonic bog plants. While the first shift to a peat- ac-cumulating system was most likely driven by cli-mate, the second one was probably caused by for-est clearance around the mire. This shift towards a Sphagnum-dominated vegetation mirrors both in pattern and timing the changes observed in similar situations in North America and New Zea-land. While human activities have overall caused the loss of vast expanses of peatlands worldwide in recent Centuries. locally they may have also al-lowed the development Of communities that are now ironically considered to have a high conserva-tion value. However, in the case of the site stud-ied the likely anthropogenic shift to bog vegeta-tion was at the expense of a species-rich poor fen, which today has even higher conservation value than ombrotrophic bogs. Thus this study also il-lustrates the value of palaeoecology for peatland management and biodiversity conservation. Holocene, 2007, V17, N8, DEC, pp 1185-1196.
08.2-236Late-glacial chironomid-based temperature reconstructions for Lago Piccolo di Avigliana in the southwestern Alps (Italy)Larocque I, Finsinger WCanada, Switzerland, NetherlandsLimnology , PaleontologyChironomid headcapsules were used to recon-struct late glacial and early-Holocene summer temperatures at Lago Piccolo di Avigliana (LPA) . Two training sets (northern Sweden, North America) were used to infer temperatures. The reconstructed patterns of temperature change agreed well with the GRIP and NGRIP delta O-18 records. Inferred temperatures were high during the Bolling (ca 19 degrees C), slowly decreased to ca 17.5 degrees C during the Allerod, reached lowest temperatures (ca 16 degrees C) during the Younger Dryas, and increased to ca. 18.5 degrees C during the Preboreal. The amplitudes of change at climate transitions (i.e. Oldest Dryas/Bolling: 3 degrees C, Allerod/Younger Dryas: 1.5 degrees C, and Younger Dryas /Preboreal: 2.5 degrees C) were smaller than in the northern Alps but similar to those recorded at another site in northeastern Italy. Our results suggest that (1) Allerod tem-peratures were higher in the southern Alps and (2) higher during the Preboreal (1 degrees C) than during the Allerod. These differences might pro-
vide an explanation for the different responses of terrestrial-vegetation to late glacial and early-Ho-locene climatic changes in the two regions. Other sites on both sides of the Alps should be studied to confirm these two hypotheses. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2008, V257, N1-2, JAN 7, pp 207-223.
08.2-237Exploring the potential of tree-ring chronolo-gies from the Trafoi Valley (Central Italian Alps) to reconstruct glacier mass balanceLeonelli G, Pelfini M, Cherubini PItaly, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Cryology / GlaciologyTwo tree-ring chronologies of stone pine ( Pinus cembra L.) and two of Norway spruce ( Picea abies Karst.) were constructed on the basis of data from three high-altitude sites in the Trafoi Valley ( Cen-tral Alps, Italy) to test tree species sensitivity to climate at different sites and to explore the po-tential of the two species for reconstructing the mass balance of two glaciers in the same region ( the Careser and Hintereis glaciers). Influence of climate on treering growth and on glacier mass variations was tested by means of Pearson’s cor-relation and response functions. At highest alti-tude sites, both species appeared to be sensitive to July temperatures, while stone pine also showed higher sensitivity than Norway spruce to previ-ous winter precipitation. Comparing the dendro-chronological and glaciological series, stone pine showed higher negative correlations with glacier mass balance series than Norway spruce. These different relationships reject different species re-sponses to climate, and stone pine is potentially useful in reconstructing past glacier mass balance in the Central Alps. Extreme climatic events in-duce different and even contrasting responses of tree-ring growth and glacier mass variations and may therefore bias tree-ring-based glacier mass balance reconstructions. Boreas, 2008, V37, N1, pp 169-178.
08.2-238Dating late Cenozoic erosional surfaces in Vic-toria Land, Antarctica, with cosmogenic neon in pyroxenesOberholzer P, Baroni C, Salvatore M C, Baur H, Wieler RItaly, SwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , PaleontologyWe present Ne-21 exposure ages of erosional gla-ciogenic rock surfaces on nunataks in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: i) in the Prince Albert
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Mountains and ii) near Mesa Range. These nu-nataks are located directly at the margin of the polar plateau and therefore provide an immedi-ate record of ice volume changes of the East Ant-arctic Ice Sheet, not biased by ice shelf grounding or narrow valley sections downstream the outlet glaciers. The sampling locations overlook the present ice surface by less than 200 m, but were last covered by ice 3.5 Ma BP (minimum age, not corrected for erosion). This strongly indicates that the ice sheet has not been substantially thicker than today since at least the early Pliocene, which supports the hypothesis of a stable East Antarctic Ice Sheet. First absolute ages are reported for the alpine topography above the erosive trimline that typically marks the upper limit of glacial activ-ity in northern Victoria Land. Unexpectedly low nuclide concentrations suggest that erosion rates on the alpine topography are considerably higher due to the steep slopes than those affecting flat erosional surfaces carrying Antarctic tors. Antarctic Science, 2008, V20, N1, FEB, pp 89-98.
08.2-239Prediction of plant species distributions across six millenniaPearman P B, Randin C F, Brönnimann O, Vittoz P, van der Knaap W O, Engler R, Le Lay G, Zimmer-mann N E, Guisan ASwitzerlandPlant Sciences , Paleontology , Modelling , Ecology , BiodiversityThe usefulness of species distribution models (SDMs) in predicting impacts of climate change on biodiversity is difficult to assess because changes in species ranges may take decades or centuries to occur. One alternative way to evaluate the pre-dictive ability of SDMs across time is to compare their predictions with data on past species distri-butions. We use data on plant distributions, fossil pollen and current and mid-Holocene climate to test the ability of SDMs to predict past climate-change impacts. We find that species showing little change in the estimated position of their realized niche, with resulting good model perfor-mance, tend to be dominant competitors for light. Different mechanisms appear to be responsible for among- species differences in model perfor-mance. Confidence in predictions of the impacts of climate change could be improved by select-ing species with characteristics that suggest little change is expected in the relationships between species occurrence and climate patterns. Ecology Letters, 2008, V11, N4, APR, pp 357-369.
08.2-240Extent of the last ice sheet in northern Scot-land tested with cosmogenic Be-10 exposure agesPhillips W M, Hall A M, Ballantyne C K, Binnie S, Ikubille P W, Freeman SScotland, USA, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Cryology / GlaciologyThe extent of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) in northern Scotland is disputed. A restricted ice sheet model holds that at the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ca. 23-19 ka) the BIIS terminated on land in northern Scotland, leaving Buchan, Caithness and the Orkney Islands ice-free. An al-ternative model implies that these three areas were ice-covered at the LGM, with the BIIS extend-ing offshore onto the adjacent shelves. We test the two models using cosmogenic Be-10 surface exposure dating of erratic boulders and glacially eroded bedrock from the three areas. Our results indicate that the last BIIS covered all of northern Scotland during the LGM, but that widespread de-glaciation of Caithness and Orkney occurred prior to rapid warming at ca. 14.5 ka. Journal of Quaternary Science, 2008, V23, N2, FEB, pp 101-107.
08.2-241Characterisation and evolution of the River Rhine systemPreusser FSwitzerlandGeomorphology , Paleontology , GeologyThe River Rhine and its tributaries represent one of the largest drainage systems in Europe. Its prominence among other fluvial systems is due to the location of its headwaters within the cen-tral Swiss Alps, which were repeatedly glaciated during the Quaternary, and the concurrence of major parts of the River Rhine course with the European Cenozoic Rift System. Sediments of the Rhine have thus recorded both changes in climate and tectonic activity as welt as sea level change in the tower part of the river course. The River Rhine is composed of different subdivisions character-ised by distinct geographical and geological set-tings. Vorder- and Hinterrhein in the headwaters are inner-alpine rivers frequently influenced in their course by tectonic tines and the blockage of valley floors by the deposits of mass movements. The Alpenrhein is located in a main Alpine val-ley that drains into a large foreland basin, the Bodensee (Lake Constance). The Hochrhein flows out of the lake following the Jura Mountains in a western direction. All these areas display a se-ries of geological features such as moraine ridges
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and outwash plains, which directly reflect Qua-ternary glaciations of the Alps. The Oberrhein (Upper Rhine) Valley, as a graben structure, is part of the rifting system that started to develop during the middle Tertiary. The northern end of the graben is represented by the triple junction of the Mainz Basin, which is mainly characterised by the remains of marine transgressions that oc-curred during the initial rifting phase. The Rhine continues following the western branch of the tectonic system by passing through the Rhenish Massif. Uplift in this so-called Mittelrhein (Middle Rhine) area is well documented by a flight of late Tertiary to Quaternary river terraces. This region is also characterised by young volcanic activity as found, for example, in the Eifel volcanic field. The Niederheinische Bucht (Lower Rhine Embayment), especially the Roer Valley Rift System, represents the northern continuation of the rifting system. This area is characterised by differential uplift in the southern and subsidence in the northern part of the basin, which continues into the Neth-erlands. Here, the main stream of the River Rhine is separated into different branches developing an active delta at the coast of the North Sea. When the North Sea Basin was covered by ice during the Elsterian, Saalian and probably also the Weichse-lian glaciation and global sea level was tow, the Rhine continued its course through the English Channel and flowed into the North Atlantic off Brittany. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences Geologie En Mijnbouw, 2008, V87, N1, MAR, pp 7-19.
08.2-242The influence of the de Vries (similar to 200-year) solar cycle on climate variations: Results from the Central Asian Mountains and their global linkRaspopov O M, Dergachev V A, Esperc J, Kozyreva O V, Frank D, Ogurtsov M, Kolstrom T, Shao XRussia, Switzerland, Finland, Peoples R ChinaMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , PaleontologyLong-term climatic changes related to solar forc-ing were examined using millennium-scale palae-oclimatic reconstructions from the Central Asian mountain region, i.e. summer temperature records for the Tien Shan mountains and precipitation re-cords for the Tibetan Plateau. The reconstructions were based on juniper tree-ring width records, i.e. Juniperus turkestanica for the Tien Shan and Sa-bina przewalskii for the Tibetan Plateau. The data were processed using spectral and wavelet analy-sis and filtered in the frequency range related to major solar activity periodicities. The results ob-
tained for various tree-ring chronologies indicate palaeoclimatic oscillations in the range of the de Vries (similar to 210-year) solar cycles through the last millennium. The quasi-200-year variations revealed in the palaeoclimatic reconstructions correlate well (R-2 =0.58-0.94) with solar activity variations (Delta C-14 variations). The quasi-200-year climatic variations have also been detected in climate-linked processes in Asia, Europe, North and South America, Australia, and the Arctic and Antarctica. The results obtained point to a pro-nounced influence of solar activity on global cli-matic processes. Analysis has shown that climate response to the long-term global solar forcing has a regional character. An appreciable delay in the climate response to the solar signal can occur (up to 150 years). In addition, the sign of the climate response can differ from the solar signal sign. The climate response to long-term solar activity varia-tions (from 10s to 1000s years) manifests itself in different climatic parameters, such as tempera-ture, precipitation and atmospheric and oceanic circulation. The climate response to the de Vries cycle has been found to occur not only during the last millennia but also in earlier epochs, up to hundreds of millions years ago. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2008, V259, N1, MAR 17, pp 6-16.
08.2-243Holocene climate inferred from biological (Diptera : Chironomidae) analyses in a South-ampton island (Nunavut, Canada) lakeRolland N, Larocque I, Francus P, Pienitz R, Laper-riere LCanada, USA, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci-ences , Marine & Freshwater Biology , LimnologyConcerns about the effects of global warming on Arctic environments have stimulated multi-disciplinary research into the history of their long-term climatic and environmental variability to improve future predictions of climate in these remote areas. Here we present the first palaeoli-mnological study for Southampton Island using analyses of chironomids supported by sedimento-logical analyses, carried out on a 1 m long core retrieved from a lake located in the northeastern part of the island. This core was made up of ma-rine sediments underneath 65 cm of freshwater lake sediments. A marine shell, humic- acids and chironomid head capsules were used to date this sequence. The Holocene environmental history of the lake consisted of two major contrasting peri-ods. The first one, between about 5570 and 4360 cal. yr BP, was climatically unstable, with com-
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mon postglacial chironomid taxa such as Coryno-cera oliveri-type, Paracladius and Microspectra radialis-type. This period also corresponded to the highest chironomid-inferred August air tempera-ture (10 degrees C) for the whole record and to sig-nificant increases in major chemical elements as detected by x-ray fluorescence. During the second period, which lasted from about 3570 cal. yr BP until the present, limnological conditions seemed to stabilize after a change to cold oligotrophic chironomid taxa, such as Heterotrissocladius subpilosus-group, with no major variations in the abundance of chemical elements. Inferred August air temperatures ranged between 8 and 9 degrees C. This study provided unique information on the timing of the Holocene Thermal Maximum in the Foxe Basin area, a region with very little informa-tion available on long-term climate change. This region showed, so far, relatively few signs of re-cent climatic change, as opposed to other regions in the High Arctic. Holocene, 2008, V18, N2, FEB, pp 229-241.
08.2-244Italy as a major ice age refuge area for the bat Myotis myotis (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae) in EuropeRuedi M, Walter S, Fischer M C, Scaravelli D, Excoffier L, Heckel GSwitzerland, ItalyPaleontology , ZoologyThe distribution of biota from the temperate re-gions changed considerably during the climatic fluctuations of the Quaternary. This is especially true for many bat species that depend on warm roosts to install their nursery colonies. Surveys of genetic variation among European bats have shown that the southern peninsulas (Iberia and the Balkans) harbour endemic diversity, but to date, no such surveys have been conducted in the third potential glacial refuge area, the Apennine peninsula. We report here the phylogeographical analysis of 115 greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) sampled throughout Italy, and show that 15 of the 18 different haplotypes found in the mitochondrial control region of these bats were unique to the Apennine peninsula. Colonies with-in this region also showed substantial genetic structure at both mitochondrial (Phi(ST) = 0.47, P < 0.001) and nuclear markers (F-ST = 0.039, P < 0.001). Based on a comprehensive survey of 575 bats from Europe, these genetic markers further indicate that central Italian populations of M. myotis are more closely related to Greek samples from across the Adriatic Sea, than to other Italian bats. Mouse-eared bat populations from the Apen-
nine peninsula thus represent a complex mixture of several endemic lineages, which evolved in situ, with others that colonized this region more re-cently along an Adriatic route. Our broad survey also confirms that the Alps represent a relatively impermeable barrier to gene flow for Apennine lineages, even for vagile animals such as bats. These results underline the conservation value of bats from this region and the need to include the Apennine peninsula in phylogeographical surveys in order to provide a more accurate view of the evolution of bats in Europe. Molecular Ecology, 2008, V17, N7, APR, pp 1801-1814.
08.2-245A phenology-based reconstruction of interan-nual changes in past spring seasonsRutishauser T, Luterbacher J, Jeanneret F, Pfister C, Wanner HSwitzerlandPaleontology , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Meteorol-ogy & Atmospheric Sciences(1) Plant phenological observations are accurately dated information of seasonal vegetation variabil-ity in midlatitude climates. In order to extend phe-nological records into the past and assess climate impacts on vegetation on long timescales, there is a need to make use of historical observations of plant phenology. Here we present a continuous, annually resolved reconstruction of a statistical ‘Spring plant’ defined as the weighted mean for the flowering of cherry and apple tree and bud-burst beech from plant phenological observations across a range of sites in Switzerland from 1702 to 2005. The reconstruction indicates a statisti-cal reconstruction uncertainty (+ /- 3.4 days) at interannual timescale. The earliest and the latest year were observed in 1961 (14 April) and 1879 (13 May), respectively. In the context of the last 300 years, the recent three decades do not show a pre-ponderance of very early years as expected from increased spring temperatures. Most of the years in the period after 1990, however, are earlier than the reconstruction mean (27 April). The 1940s, 1910s, 1890s and the early 18th century are pe-riods with similarly early starts of spring season in comparison with the recent decades. Moving linear trend analysis shows unprecedented agree-ment towards earlier spring onsets in observed and temperature-based, reconstructed plant phe-nological records in the late 20th/early 21st cen-tury. Our reconstructed ‘Spring plant’ provides long-term evidence of vegetation variability for comparisons with temperature measurement and other spring onset indicators such as snow melt.
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The multicentennial long record offers a high po-tential for applications in long- term climate im-pact studies and vegetation model validations. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 2007, V112, NG4, DEC 27 ARTN: G04016.
08.2-246Lateglacial environmental variability from Swiss tree ringsSchaub M, Büntgen U, Kaiser K F, Kromer B, Ta-lamo S, Krogh Andersen K, Rasmussen Sune OSwitzerland, Germany, DenmarkPaleontology , Plant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorol-ogy & Atmospheric SciencesEvidence of annually resolved environmental vari-ations during the Allerod interstadial is presented using 81 fossil Scots pine tree- ring series from Gaenziloo and Landikon, near Zürich, Switzer-land. The absolute age of the trees ranges between 11,920 and 10,610 C-14 BP, which was determined by wiggle-matching radiocarbon ages to the Ca-riaco C-14 data set. From the two sites we created a composite floating Allerod chronology on the basis of their 632 years of overlap (r = 0.57), after individual spline detrending. Merging both data sets resulted in a Lateglacial tree-ring chronology covering 1050 years. Regional curve standardiza-tion (RCS) was applied to preserve low-frequency in-formation. Growth behavior of the fossil trees was compared with a recent composite pine data set from the central Swiss Alps and reveals distinct dif-ferences. The new Allerod RCS chronology reveals major Lateglacial variations, such as the Gerzensee oscillation, the abrupt climate shift towards the Younger Dryas and some short-term events. Radio-carbon ages agree well with those from other sites on the Swiss Plateau. For hemispheric comparisons we used the annual layer thickness record from the NGRIP ice core and the gray-scale varve record from the Cariaco basin. Even though the amplitudes are not yet fully understood, similarities on decadal-to-centennial scales are apparent. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2008, V27, N1-2, JAN, pp 29-41.
08.2-247Environmental change during the Allerod and Younger Dryas reconstructed from Swiss tree-ring dataSchaub M, Kaiser K F, Frank D C, Büntgen U, Kromer B, Talamo SSwitzerland, GermanyPlant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric Sciences , PaleontologyAnnually resolved tree-ring width variations and radiocarbon ages were measured from a collec-
tion of 120 Lateglacial pine stumps excavated on the Swiss Plateau. These data - representing the oldest absolutely dated wood samples worldwide - extend the absolute tree- ring chronology from Central Europe by 183 years back to 12 593 cal. yr BP (10644 cal. yr BC). They also yield a 1420-year floating chronology covering the entire Allerod and the early Younger Dryas (14170 - 12750 cal. yr BP). Radiocarbon data suggest a 250-year jump in the 14 C reservoir correction around the time of the Allerod to Younger Dryas transition, although calendric dating of the floating chronology - by filling a similar to 150 year gap - is necessary for confirmation. Various subgroups, based on the year of germination, were used to assess temporal changes in growth characteristics along the Alle-rod to Younger Dryas transition. Comparison of these Lateglacial data with a reference data set of living and historic pines from the Swiss Valais (AD 940 - 2000) revealed differences in both growth trend and level. The generally slower Lateglacial growth was likely influenced by higher geomor-phic activity and severe climatic conditions. After removal of the biological age-trend, a strong com-mon signal found in the tree-ring data suggests some skill in estimating inter-annual to multidec-adal Lateglacial climatic variations. Boreas, 2008, V37, N1, pp 74-86.
08.2-248Possible environmental effects on the evolu-tion of the Alps-Molasse Basin systemSchlunegger F, Rieke Zapp D, Ramseyer KSwitzerlandGeology , PaleontologyWe propose three partly unrelated stages in the geodynamic evolution of the Alps and the sedi-mentary response of the Molasse Basin. The first stage comprises the time interval between ca. 35 and 20 Ma and is characterized by a high ratio between rates of crustal accretion and surface erosion. The response of the Molasse Basin was a change from the stage of basin underfill (UMM) to overfill (USM). Because the response time of ero-sional processes to crustal accretion and surface uplift lasts several millions of years, the orogen first experienced a net growth until the end of the Oligocene. As a result, the Molasse basin subsided at high rates causing the topographic axis to shift to the proximal basin border and alluvial fans to establish at the thrust front. During the Aquita-nian, however, ongoing erosion and downcutting in the hinterland caused sediment discharge to the basin to increase and the ratio between the rates of crustal accretion and surface erosion to decrease. The result was a progradation of the dis-
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persal systems, and a shift of the topographic axis towards the distal basin border. The second stage started at ca. 20 Ma at a time when palaeoclimate became more continental, and when the crystal-line core became exposed in the orogen. The ef-fect was a decrease in the erosional efficiency of the Swiss Alps and hence a reduction of sediment discharge to the Molasse Basin. We propose that this decrease in sediment flux caused the Burdi-galian transgression of the OMM. We also specu-late that this reduction of surface erosion initi-ated the modification of Alpine deformation from vertically- to mainly horizontally directed extru-sion (deformation of the Southern Alps, and the Jura Mountains some Ma later). The third stage in the geodynamic development was initiated at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. At that time, palaeoclimate possibly became wetter, which, in turn, caused surface erosion to increase relative to crustal accretion. This change caused the Alps to enter a destructive stage and the locus of active deformation to shift towards to the orogenic core. It also resulted in a net unloading of the orogen and thus in a flexural rebound of the foreland plate. We conclude that the present chronological resolution is sufficient to propose possible feed-back mechanisms between environmental effects and lithospheric processes. Further progress will result from a down- scaling in research. Specifi-cally, we anticipate that climate-driven changes in sediment flux altered the channel geometries of USM and OSM deposits, the pattern of sediment transport and thus the stacking arrangement of architectural elements. This issue has not been sufficiently explored and awaits further detailed quantitative studies. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 2007, V100, N3, pp 383-405.
08.2-249Human and climatic impact on mires: a case study of Les Amburnex mire, Swiss Jura Moun-tainsSjögren P, Lamentowicz MSwitzerland, PolandGeology , Paleontology , Plant Sciences , MicrobiologyModern period long-term human and climatic impacts on a small mire in the Jura Mountains were assessed using testate amoebae, macrofos-sils and pollen. This multiproxy data analysis permitted detailed interpretations of local and regional environmental change and thus a partial disentanglement of the different variables that influence long-term mire development. From the Middle Ages until A. D. 1700 the mire vegetation
was characterised by ferns, Caltha and Vaccinium, but then abruptly changed into the modern veg-etation characterised by Cyperaceae, Potentilla and Sphagnum. The cause for this change was most probably deforestation, possibly enhanced by climatic cooling. A decrease in trampling in-tensity by domestic animals from A. D. 1950 on-wards allowed Sphagnum growth and climatic warming in the A. D. 1980s and 1990s may have been responsible for considerable changes in the species composition. The mire investigated is an example of the rapid changes in mire vegetation and peat development that occurred throughout the central European mountain region during the past centuries as a result of changing climate and land-use practice. These processes are still active today and will determine the future development of high-altitude mires. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2008, V17, N2, MAR, pp 185-197.
08.2-250Historical and Holocene glacier-climate varia-tions: General concepts and overviewSolomina O, Haeberli W, Kull C, Wiles GSwitzerland, Russia, USAPaleontology , Cryology / GlaciologyGlobal and Planetary Change, 2008, V60, N1-2, JAN, pp 1-9.
08.2-251Unraveling the patterns of late Holocene debris-flow activity on a cone in the Swiss Alps: Chronology, environment and implica-tions for the futureStoffel M, Conus D, Grichting M A, Lievre I, Mditre GSwitzerlandPaleontology , Geology , Geomorphology , Plant Sciences , ForestryDebris-flow activity on the forested cone of the Rit-igraben torrent (Valais, Swiss Alps) was assessed from growth disturbances in century-old trees, providing an unusually complete record of past events and deposition of material. The study of 2246 tree-ring sequences sampled from 1102 Larix decidua Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Pinus cem-bra ssp. sibirica trees allowed reconstruction of 123 events since AD 1566. Geomorphic mapping permitted identification of 769 features related to past debris-flow activity on the intermediate cone. The features inventoried in the study area covering 32 ha included 291 lobes, 465 levees and 13 well-developed debris-flow channels. Based on tree-ring records of disturbed trees growing in or next to the deposits, almost 86% of the lobes iden-tified on the present-day surface could be dated. A
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majority of the dated material was deposited over the last century. Signs of pre-20th century events are often recognizable in the tree-ring record of survivor trees, but the material that caused the growth anomaly in trees has been completely overridden or eroded by more recent debris-flow activity. Tree-ring records suggest that cool sum-mers with frequent snowfalls at higher elevations regularly prevented the release of debris flows between the 1570s and 1860s; the warming trend combined with greater precipitation totals in sum-mer and autumn between 1864 and 1895 provided conditions that were increasingly favorable for releasing events from the source zone. Enhanced debris-flow activity continued well into the 20th century and reconstructions show a clustering of events in the period 1916-1935 when warm-wet conditions prevailed during summer in the Swiss Alps. In contrast, very low activity is observed for the last 10-yr period (1996-2005) with only one debris-flow event recorded on August 27, 2002. Since sediment availability is not a limiting fac-tor, this temporal absence of debris-flow activity is due to an absence of triggering events, which not only shifted from June and July to August and Sep-tember over the 20th century but also seemed to be initiated primarily by persistent precipitation rather than summer thunderstorms. From the re-constructions, based on RCM simulations, there are indications that debris-flow frequencies might continue to decrease in the future, as precipita-tion events are projected to occur less frequently in summer but become more common in spring or autumn. Global and Planetary Change, 2008, V60, N3-4, FEB, pp 222-234.
08.2-252Charcoal and fly-ash particles from Lake Lu-cerne sediments (Central Switzerland) char-acterized by image analysis: anthropologic, stratigraphic and environmental implicationsThevenon F, Anselmetti F SSwitzerlandLimnology , Paleontology , GeologyIn order to link the charcoal record from sedi-mentary archives with the combustion processes that reflect past anthropogenic activity, a novel method based on automated image analysis was developed. It allows a detailed quantification and morphological analysis of the combustion-derived products that were emitted in the area of Lake Lu-cerne (Central Europe) throughout the last 7200 years. Charcoal-particle distribution reconstruct-ed from the composite sedimentary record shows that the charcoal input is primarily linked to re-
distribution of detrital µm-size charcoal degrada-tion products from surface runoff into the large lake basin. However, the independent distribution of the coarser charcoal fraction (> 38 µm) exhib-its four major periods of large-scale fire activity around 5500, 3300, 2400, and 530 cal. BP. These events are synchronous with major anthropo-genic changes (lake-dwellings, land-use changes, technological innovations), although it is possible that these major fire episodes could have been in-directly triggered by climatic deterioration and unfavorable environmental conditions. During the late-nineteenth-century, a great increase in slag particles and magnetic spherules of fly-ash occurred due to the steamboat navigation on Lake Lucerne. The successive burning of wood (after AD 1838), coal (after AD 1862), and diesel (after AD 1931) by the steamboat traffic produced specific particle shapes, providing valuable chronological markers for dating the recent sediments and a proxy for fossil fuel combustion. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N19-21, OCT, pp 2631-2643.
08.2-253A 700-year paleoecological record of boreal ecosystem responses to climatic variation from AlaskaTinner W, Bigler C, Gedye S, Gregory Eaves I, Jones R T, Kaltenrieder P, Krähenbühl U, Hu F SSwitzerland, USA, Sweden, England, CanadaForestry , Paleontology , Plant SciencesRecent observations and model simulations have highlighted the sensitivity of the forest - tundra ecotone to climatic forcing. In contrast, paleo-ecological studies have not provided evidence of tree- line fluctuations in response to Holocene climatic changes in Alaska, suggesting that the forest - tundra boundary in certain areas may be relatively stable at multicentennial to millennial time scales. We conducted a multiproxy study of sediment cores from an Alaskan lake near the altitudinal limits of key boreal-forest species. Pa-leoecological data were compared with indepen-dent climatic reconstructions to assess ecosystem responses of the forest - tundra boundary to Little Ice Age (LIA) climatic. uctuations. Pollen, diatom, charcoal, macrofossil, and magnetic analyses pro-vide the first continuous record of vegetation -. re - climate interactions at decadal to centennial time scales during the past 700 years from southern Alaska. Boreal-forest diebacks characterized by de-clines of Picea mariana, P. glauca, and tree Betula occurred during the LIA ( AD 1500 - 1800), whereas shrubs ( Alnus viridis, Betula glandulosa /nana) and herbaceous taxa (Epilobium, Aconitum) ex-
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panded. Marked increases in charcoal abundance and changes in magnetic properties suggest in-creases in. re importance and soil erosion during the same period. In addition, the conspicuous re-duction or disappearance of certain aquatic ( e. g., Isoetes, Nuphar, Pediastrum) and wetland ( Sphag-num) plants and major shifts in diatom assem-blages suggest pronounced lake-level. uctuations and rapid ecosystem reorganization in response to LIA climatic deterioration. Our results imply that temperature shifts of 1 - 2 degrees C, when accompanied by major changes in moisture bal-ance, can greatly alter high-altitudinal terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic ecosystems, including con-version between boreal-forest tree line and tun-dra. The climatic and ecosystem variations in our study area appear to be coherent with changes in solar irradiance, suggesting that changes in solar activity contributed to the environmental insta-bility of the past 700 years. Ecology, 2008, V89, N3, MAR, pp 729-743.
08.2-254Dating methods and geomorphic evidence of palaeoenvironmental changes at the eastern margin of the South Peruvian coastal desert (14 degrees 30 ‘ S) before and during the Little Ice AgeUnkel I, Kadereit A, Mächtle B, Eitel B, Kromer B, Wagner G, Wacker LGermany, SwitzerlandGeomorphology , Paleontology , GeologyThe Atacama Desert is known to be one of the dri-est places on earth. However, in the study area be-tween Ica and Nasca, South Peru (75-76 degrees W, 14-15 degrees S), palaeoclimate proxies show sever-al semi- arid phases during the Holocene. A more humid period during the early Holocene favoured an open grass land, which allowed the accumula-tion of desert loess (Eitel, B., Hecht, S., Machtle, B., Schukraft, G., Kadereit, A., Wagner, G., Kromer, B., Unkel, I., Reindel, M., 2005. Geoarchaeological evidence from desert loess in the Nazca-Palpa Re-gion, Southern Peru: palaeoenvironmental chang-es and their impact on pre-Columbian cultures. Archaeometry, 47, 137-158.). The Paracas and Na-sca cultures existing in that region between the 9th century BC and 7th century AD had propi-tious conditions to evolve and to settle close to the rivers fed by the monsoonal precipitation in the Cordillera Occidental. Culminating aridity af-ter 600 AD might have caused the collapse of the Nasca civilization. The onset of semi-arid climate towards the end of the Late Intermediate period (similar to 14th century AD), allowed a reoccupa-tion of the area. Here, we present C-14 and OSL
data from sediments of river terraces, a debris flow and loess snails (Scutalus sp.), indicating apprecia-ble geomorphic activity between 1390 and 1714cal AD. This phase is isochronous to the Little Ice Age period on the northern hemisphere and to an in-crease in the ice accumulation on the Quelccaya glacier in the Peruvian Altiplano (Thompson, L.G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Bolzan, J.F., Koci, B.R., 1985. A 1500-year record of tropical precipitation in ice cores from the quelccaya ice cap, Peru. Science, 229, 971-973.). Quaternary International, 2007, V175, DEC, pp 3-28.
08.2-255Seasonal temperatures for the past similar to 400 years reconstructed from diatom and chi-ronomid assemblages in a high-altitude lake (Lej da la Tscheppa, Switzerland)von Gunten L, Heiri O, Bigler C, van Leeuwen J, Casty C, Lotter A F, Sturm MSwitzerland, Netherlands, SwedenLimnology , Cryology / Glaciology , PaleontologyWe analysed a 42 cm long sediment record from Lej da la Tscheppa, a high-altitude lake (2,616 m a.s.l.) in the Upper Engadine valley (Switzerland) for subfossil diatoms, chironomids and pollen. The chronology of the top 21 cm of the record was established using Pb-210 analysis using a constant-rate-of-supply model, and validated with Cs-137 measurements and the content of spheroidal car-bonaceous particles. A tentative chronology for the lower part of the core was obtained through extrapolation of the sedimentation rates in the uppermost part of the record. Pollen assemblages in the record reflect regional changes in foresta-tion and land-use patterns in the Upper Engadine valley and show no evidence of significant local human activity in the lake’s catchment. Diatom assemblages record a distinct increase in plank-tonic taxa since the early 19th century, suggesting a decrease in the duration of ice-cover. In contrast, chironomid assemblages remained stable during a large part of the record. We applied an estab-lished chironomid-based July air temperature transfer function and a newly developed diatom-based spring air temperature transfer function to reconstruct past seasonal air temperature chang-es at Lej da la Tscheppa. The reconstructions in-dicate a diatom-inferred warming trend in spring temperatures during the past ca. 400 years, where-as chironomid-inferred summer temperatures suggest a slight cooling trend. These biota-based reconstructions are in good agreement with the centennial-scale temperature trend in an inde-pendent reconstruction of regional temperatures
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in the Upper Engadine region based on instru-mental records and documentary proxy evidence from the Alps. Our results suggest that, in high-altitude lakes, independent chironomid- and di-atom-based seasonal temperature reconstruction is possible and can be successfully used to track seasonal temperature trends. Journal of Paleolimnology, 2008, V39, N3, APR, pp 283-299.
08.2-256The potential of Lake Ohrid for long-term palaeoenvironmental reconstructionsWagner B, Reicherter K, Daut G, Wessels M, Matz-inger A, Schwalb A, Spirkovski Z, Sanxhaku MGermany, Switzerland, Macedonia, AlbaniaPaleontology , Geology , LimnologyLake Ohrid, at the Macedonian/Albanian border, was likely tectonically formed during the Tertiary and therefore is one of the oldest lakes in Europe. However, only a few studies exist concerning the potential of Lake Ohrid sediments for long-term palaeoenvironmental reconstructions within the scope of future potential deep-drilling cam-paigns. Therefore, as a first step, a transect of short surface sediment cores was investigated for chronology, physical properties, grain size, and biogeochemistry. The results were compared with information derived from a shallow hydro- acous-tic seismic survey. The investigations indicate a rather uniform and bioturbated sedimentation in the central part of the lake basin with mean sedimentation rates of ca. 0.5-1 mm/year. The sedi-ment composition is dominated by authigenetic carbonates. Diatom frustules or fragments form the major part of biogenic matter deposits, as in-dicated by the relatively high contents of biogenic opal and low contents of total organic carbon and total nitrogen. The shallow hydro-acoustic seismic survey indicates that horizons of sediment rede-position occur sporadically. Towards the shore of the lake, the sedimentation rate increases and sedimentation is increasingly influenced by local inflows or mass-movement processes triggered by tectonic activities. Thus Lake Ohrid has a high po-tential for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions on a multi-decadal scale and provides additional information concerning tectonic activity in the region. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2008, V259, N2-3, MAR 24, pp 341-356.
08.2-257Seismic stratigraphy of Lago Fagnano sedi-ments (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina) - A po-tential archive of paleoclimatic change and tectonic activity since the Late GlacialWaldmann N, Ariztegui D, Anselmetti F S, Austin J A Jr, Dunbar R, Moy C M, Recasens CSwitzerland, USAPaleontology , Geology , Meteorology & Atmo-spheric SciencesLocated at 54 degrees S in the heart of the Island of Tierra del Fuego, Lago Fagnano occupies the deepest of a chain of en-echelon tectonic depres-sions along the Magallanes-Fagnano Transform system (MFT). A recent geophysical campaign combining 3.5 kHz (pinger) single-channel with I in(3) airgun multi-channel systems surveyed more than 100 in of glacio-lacustrine sediments filling two main sub- basins. These data provide a unique opportunity to visualize the most recent lacus-trine sequence with high-resolution while simul-taneously imaging the oldest infill. A preliminary seismic stratigraphic analysis of the high-resolu-tion 3.5 kHz pinger data allowed the identifica-tion of three major seismostratigraphic units (A, the oldest and C, the youngest). While unit A is interpreted as glacially derived sediments, the overlying unit B is interpreted as fining upward sequences of proglacial turbidites reflecting sedi-ment pulses released by the retreating Fagnano glacier during the last deglaciation. A major en-vironmental change occurred during deposition of unit C when pelagic style of sedimentation is intercalated by sequences of downslope mass flow events probably triggered by relatively strong tec-tonic pulses along the MFT system. Gravity cores show a regular alternation of light and dark lami-nae occasionally interrupted by homogenous sedi-mentary units interpreted as turbidites. Ultra-high resolution X-ray fluorescence micro-profiles show fluctuations in major trace elements at mm scale that may indicate seasonal variations in the sedi-mentary influx. These core data provide a unique record of decadal changes in regional climate that can be compared with other marine and continen-tal archives to improve our understanding of the forcing mechanisms behind climate change. Geologica Acta, 2008, V6, N1, MAR, pp 101-110.
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08.2-258Dust storm frequency and its relation to climate changes in Northern China during the past 1000 yearsYang B, Braeuning A, Zhang Z, Dong Z, Esper JPeoples R China, Germany, SwitzerlandPaleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sci-encesDust storm events and their relation to climate changes in Northern China during the past 1000 years were analyzed by using different paleocli-mate archives such as ice cores, tree rings, and historical documents. The results show that in the semiarid region, the temperature and pre-cipitation series were significantly negatively cor-related to the dust storm frequency on a decadal timescale. Compared with temperature changes, however, there was a closer correlation between precipitation changes and dust storm events on a centennial timescale. At this timescale, precipita-tion accounts for 40% of the variance of dust fall variations during the last 1700 years, inferring precipitation control on the formation of dust storms. In the western and region, both temper-ature and precipitation changes are important forcing factors for the occurrence of dust storms in the region on a centennial timescale. In the eastern and region, the relationship between dust storm events and climate changes are similar like in the semiarid region. As a result, the effects of climate change on dust storm events were mani-fested on decadal and centennial timescales dur-ing the last millennium. However, there is a phase shift in the relation between climate change and the dust storm frequency. A 1400 years reconstruc-tion of the strength of the Siberian High reveals that long-term variations of spring Siberian High intensity might provide a background for the dy-namic conditions for the frequency of historical dust storm events in Northern China. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N40, DEC, pp 9288-9299.
08.2-259Lateglacial and early Holocene climate oscil-lations in the Matanuska Valley, south-central AlaskaYu Z, Walker K N, Evenson E B, Hajdas IUSA, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Cryology / Glaciology , PaleontologyHere we present multi-proxy data from two cores taken from Hundred Mile Lake in the Matanuska Valley of south-central Alaska to investisiate the climate, vegetation and deglaciation history of the last 14,000 years. The chronology of the cores
was controlled by five AMS dates. Sediment lithol-ogy changes from clay at similar to 14-13 ka (1 ka = 1000 cal BP), through marl at 13-8 ka, to gyttja at 8-0 ka. The transition from clay to marl prob-ably represents increased productivity of the lake in a stabilizing watershed, induced by initial Al-lerod climate warming after ice retreat, as calcite precipitation of marl was facilitated by Chara photosynthesis under high water temperature in summer. The delta O-18 record obtained from bi-valve Pisidium mollusc shells shows several large shifts between 13 and 8 ka. A negative excursion of similar to 2 parts per thousand in delta O-18 at 12.4-11.5 ka is suggestive of a regional expression of the Younger Dryas (GS-1) cooling event. A 4.5 parts per thousand negative shift from -10.5 parts per thousand at 13-11 ka to -15 parts per thousand at 10.5-8 ka occurred during the peak carbonate interval around 10.5 ka. This surprisingly large negative shift in delta O-18 values during the early Holocene thermal maximum has not been docu-mented elsewhere in the region. This shift sug-gests a major change in atmospheric circulation patterns, possibly through more frequent easterly flow of warm and dry air masses that are also de-pleted in O-18. Pollen results from marl sediments indicate vegetation change from a herb tundra, through shrub birch-dominated tundra, to an alder forest, which follows closely with other re-gional pollen sequences in south-central Alaska. The results from this study suggest that the cli-matic shift during the early Holocene was of greater magnitude than the Younger Dryas event, implying the importance of regional feedback processes in high latitudes in controlling regional climate response to large-scale forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2008, V27, N1-2, JAN, pp 148-161.
08.2-260LGM and Late Glacial glacier advances in the Cordillera Real and Cochabamba (Bolivia) de-duced from 10Be surface exposure datingZech R, Kull C, Kubik P W, Veit HSwitzerlandCryology / Glaciology , Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesSurface exposure dating (SED) is an innovative tool already being widely applied for moraine dating and for Late Quaternary glacier and cli-mate reconstruction. Here we present exposure ages of 28 boulders from the Cordillera Real and the Cordillera Cochabamba, Bolivia. Our results indicate that the local Last Glacial Maxi-mum (LGM) in the Eastern Cordilleras occurred at similar to 22-25 ka and was thus synchronous
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to the global temperature minimum. We were also able to date several Late Glacial moraines to similar to 11-13 ka, which likely document lower temperatures and increased precipita-tion (‘’ Coipasa ‘’ humid phase). Additionally, we recognize the existence of older Late Glacial moraines re-calculated to similar to 15 ka from published cosmogenic nuclide data. Those may coincide with the cold Heinrich 1 event in the North Atlantic region and the pronounced ‘Tau-
ca’ humid phase. We conclude that (i) exposure ages in the tropical Andes may have been over-estimated so far due to methodological uncer-tainties, and (ii) although precipitation plays an important role for glacier mass balances in the tropical Andes, it becomes the dominant forcing for glaciation only in the drier and thus more precipitation-sensitive regions farther west and south. Climate of the Past, 2007, V3, N4, pp 623-635.
08.2-261The sufficiency strategy: Would rich-world frugality lower environmental impact?Alcott BSwitzerland.Economics , Social SciencesOne alleged weapon against unsustainable envi-ronmental impact is for the wealthy to consume less. This sufficiency strategy is to complement the efficiency strategy of lowering ratios of re-source inputs to economic outputs; the former would reduce the affluence factor in I=PAT, the latter the technology factor. That the latter strat-egy suffers from a consumption rebound is widely recognized. This paper identifies a similar re-bound when the affluence factor is autonomously lowered: The lower initial demand lowers prices, which in turn stimulates new demand by others. The strategy moreover addresses only the rich, rais-ing questions of its theoretical maximum efficacy. Its proponents usually conflate frugality with the North- South dichotomy and intragenerational with intergenerational equity. Moreover, there are difficulties with the supporting arguments that frugality is good for one’s own sake as well as for the environment, and that the rich should ‘lead the way’ to living more lightly. Personal be-haviour change is furthermore not a substitute for international political efforts. Finally, since all changes in right- side factors of the I=PAT equa-tion change other right-side factors, such indirect attacks on impact should be abandoned in favor of supply and emissions quotas. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Ecological Economics, 2008, V64, N4, FEB 1, pp 770-786.
08.2-262Willingness to pay for energy-saving measures in residential buildingsBanfi S, Farsi M, Filippini M, Jakob MSwitzerlandSocial Sciences , EconomicsThis paper uses a choice experiment to evaluate the consumers’ willingness to pay for energy-saving measures in Switzerland’s residential buildings. These measures include air renewal (ventilation) systems and insulation of windows and facades. Two groups of respondents consist-ing respectively of 163 apartment tenants and 142 house owners were asked to choose between their housing status quo and each one of the several hypothetical situations with different attributes and prices. The estimation method is based on a fixed-effects logit model. The results suggest that the benefits of the energy-saving attributes are significantly valued by the consumers. These benefits include both individual energy savings and environmental benefits as well as comfort benefits namely, thermal comfort, air quality and noise protection. Energy Economics, 2008, V30, N2, MAR, pp 503-516.
08.2-263Who drives landscape change? Participation and decision making in landscape manage-mentFelber Rufer P, Wastl Walter D, Bauer NSwitzerlandPolitical Sciences , Social SciencesLandscape change is very much influenced by local people. As our data shows there are three different groups that have a crucial influence on landscape change on the micro level. First there is the group of democratically legitimated
3 Human Dimensions
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local politicians, the second group is formed by social movements of the civil society such as for instance associations or acting through the me-dia, and the third group consists of persons that influence landscape change through everyday ac-tivities. Most agents involved in landscape change show a lack of action awareness: people are aware of landscape changes but not of their own influ-ence on landscape change. In the future the scien-tific, legal, and practical education of the public has to be a dialog in order to raise their conscious-ness concerning landscape matters and their will-ingness to take over responsibility for landscape change. We all must strive for a restrained and reflected landscape change that builds upon the already existing familiar landscape. Mitteilungen Der Osterreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 2007, V149, pp 199-216.
08.2-264Cost-effective reduction of fine primary par-ticulate matter emissions in FinlandKarvosenoja N, Klimont Z, Tohka A, Johansson MFinland, Austria, SwitzerlandEngineering , Energy & FuelsPolicies to reduce adverse health impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) require information on costs of abatement and associated costs. This paper explores the potential for cost-efficient control of anthropogenic primary PM2.5 emissions in Fin-land. Based on a Kyoto-compliant energy projec-tion, two emission control scenarios for 2020 were developed. ‘Baseline’ assumes implementation of PM controls in compliance with existing legisla-tion. ‘Reduction’ assumes ambitious further re-ductions. Emissions for 2020 were estimated at 26 and 18.6 Gg a(-1) for ‘Baseline’ and ‘Reduction’, re-spectively. The largest abatement potential, 3.0 Gg a(-1), was calculated for power plants and indus-trial combustion. The largest potential with mar-ginal costs below 5000 (sic) Mg(PM2.5)(-1) was for domestic wood combustion, 1.7 Gg a(-1). For traffic the potential was estimated at 1.0 Gg a(-1), but was associated with high costs. The results from this paper are used in the policy-driven national inte-grated assessment modeling that explores cost-efficient reductions of the health impacts of PM. Environmental Research Letters, 2007, V2, N4, OCT-DEC ARTN: 044002.
08.2-265Socio-ecological regime transitions in Austria and the United KingdomKrausmann F, Schandl H, Sieferle R PAustria, Australia, SwitzerlandEconomics , Social Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sci-encesWe employ the concepts of socio-ecological regime and regime transition to better understand the bio-physical causes and consequences of industrializa-tion. For two case studies, the United Kingdom and Austria we describe two steps in a major transition from an agrarian to an industrial socio-ecological re-gime and the resulting consequences for energy use, land use and labour organization. In a first step, the coal based industrial regime coexisted with an agri-cultural sector remaining within the bounds of the old regime. In a second step, the oil/electricity based industrial regime, agriculture was integrated into the new pattern and the socio-ecological transition had been completed. Industrialization offers an answer to the input and growth related sustainability problems of the agrarian regime but creates new sustainability problems of a larger scale. While today’s industrial societies are stabilizing their resource use albeit at an unsustainable level large parts of the global soci-ety are in midst of the old industrial transition. This poses severe problems for global sustainability. Ecological Economics, 2008, V65, N1, MAR 15, pp 187-201.
08.2-266Charter of water management in the Lemanic region. Possible actions for its implementation by communal administrationsLachavanne J B, Juge RSwitzerlandWater Resources , Political SciencesThe Charter of water management in the Lemanic region was drawn up within the scope of a process involving citizens and a group of experts, and was adopted by the participants to the ‘’Etats generaux de I’eau’’ conference held at Geneva on October 25, 2005. Many persons and communities have joined since. The Charter comprises 13 clauses which sum up the basic principles of the sustainable develop-ment of water. Its application should facilitate the evolution of the present state of management of that precious resource to be carried out within the limits of sustainable development. This article puts forward possible actions that can be taken by com-munes to put these principles into practice. The ul-timate object is to promote the sustainable develop-ment of water at the Lemanic scale. Archives Des Sciences, 2006, V59, N2-3, DEC, pp 305-314.
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08.2-267Snow reliability, snow-making and climate change in West-Austrian ski destinationsMayer M, Steiger R, Trawoeger LGermany, Switzerland, AustriaMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , EconomicsBeside the academic discussion the issue climate change and winter tourism has increasingly been given media coverage in recent years. The advance of technical snow production as cost-intensive cure-all is one answer by ski area operators in view of climate change and a stronger pressure of competition. In the academic discussion tech-nical snow-production is often neglected. This paper outlines the development of snow making facilities in Austria and presents the complex rea-sons for their rapid diffusion. Statements of ski area operators provide a bridge between theory and practice. Current climatic requirements for technical snow Production and future conditions in the Tyrol region are assessed by applying a new method. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 2007, V149, pp 157-180.
08.2-268Global environmental change and health: im-pacts, inequalities, and the health sectorMcmichael A J, Friel S, Nyong A, Corvalan CAustralia, Nigeria, SwitzerlandHuman & Public HealthBritish Medical Journal, 2008, V336, N7637, JAN 26, pp 191-194.
08.2-269Environmental progress through litigation? Climate change litigation: Analysing the law, scientific evidence and impacts on the environ-ment, health and property. Michaelowa ASwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Political SciencesClimate Policy, 2007, V7, N6, pp 543-544.
08.2-270Crisis management and warning procedures: actors and their roles in the case of flooding risks in SwitzerlandNovember V, Delaloye R, Penelas MSwitzerlandHydrology , Engineering , Political SciencesBased on two flood events that recently affected new housing areas in very different political, or-ganisational and hydrological contexts, this ar-ticle examines the practices of actors involved in
emergency and crisis situations in Switzerland. In both cases, the actors are identified - through their role and their position in the various procedures related to crisis management - and an inventory is made of the documents used. The study examines how the flood events were managed, identifies the organisational changes that followed the crises, and determines how the risk was conceived and to what extent it was formalised by the different ac-tors both before and after the floods. Finally new forecasting and warning procedures that were set up following the events are described. The study shows that floods have a decisive impact on the production of knowledge, but that this phenom-enon varies according to the actors. Events such as floods also sometimes reveal the existence of “latent” knowledge, or knowledge that is avail-able but has not yet been integrated into institu-tional procedures. In terms of both forecasting and crisis management, these events also provide the opportunity to test information channels and to identify and correct any problems relating to organisation, cooperation or the reliability of means of communication. Among other things, the risks and crises related to flooding modify the dynamics and policies of the local area as a result of readjustments in the networks of actors. The introduction of emergency and crisis manage-ment measures appears more effective, however, than the reorganisation of planning and develop-ment procedures, a process which generally takes a lot longer. Nevertheless, since the recollection of events tends to fade with time, it is important that risks find a more concrete form of spatial ex-pression on the landscape. Revue de Geographie Alpine Journal of Alpine Research, 2007, V95, N2, JUN, pp 84-+.
08.2-271The potential for premium-intermodal services to reduce freight CO2 emissions in the Quebec City-Windsor CorridorPatterson Z, Ewing G O, Haider MSwitzerland, CanadaEngineering , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesThe Quebec City-Windsor Corridor is the busiest and most important trade and transportation cor-ridor in Canada. The transportation sector is the second largest greenhouse gas emission category in the country. This paper estimates the potential for CO2 emission reductions in the freight trans-portation sector by estimating demand for premi-um-inter-modal services between the main Corri-dor destinations. CO2 reductions are estimated on the basis of a stated preference carrier choice sur-vey of shippers in the Corridor. Survey data were
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used to develop mode share models for five differ-ent categories of shipments between 18 city pairs. A railyard catchment approach was taken to arrive at estimates of contestable intercity truck traffic using a subset of the Ontario Ministry of Transpor-tation’s Commercial Vehicle Survey. CO2 emissions were based on current truck traffic estimates, and emissions factors obtained from MOBILE6.2C. Transportation Research Part D Transport and Envi-ronment, 2008, V13, N1, JAN, pp 1-9.
08.2-272Managing the transition to climate stabiliza-tionRichels R G, Rutherford T F, Blanford G J, Clarke LUSA, SwitzerlandEconomics , Political SciencesIt is becoming increasingly clear that economically efficient climate policies are unlikely to be imple-mented in the near term. Therefore an analysis is warranted that considers the implications of cer-tain suboptimal transition policies. This analysis constructs a transition scenario-based on realistic assumptions about the current trends in policy-making. The transition is examined in the context of varying assumptions about the stringency of the target and the availability of low- or no-carbon energy technologies in the future. In addition to evaluating the effects of suboptimal policies, the transitional analysis offers new insights about the intrinsic uncertainty regarding both the appropri-ate stabilization target and technology. Climate Policy, 2007, V7, N5, pp 409-428.
08.2-273Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003Robine J M, Cheung S L K, Le Roy S, van Oyen H, Griffiths C, Michel J P, Herrmann F RFrance, Belgium, England, SwitzerlandHuman & Public HealthDaily numbers of deaths at a regional level were col-lected in 16 European countries. Summer mortal-ity was analyzed for the reference period 1998-2002 and for 2003. More than 70,000 additional deaths occurred in Europe during the summer 2003. Major distortions occurred in the age distribution of the deaths, but no harvesting effect was observed in the months following August 2003. Global warm-ing constitutes a new health threat in an aged Eu-rope that may be difficult to detect at the country level, depending on its size. Centralizing the count of daily deaths on an operational geographical scale constitutes a priority for Public Health in Europe. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 2008, V331, N2, FEB, pp 171-U5.
08.2-274Contingent valuation: A new perspective?Schläpfer FSwitzerlandEconomics , SociologyAfter several decades of academic research on the contingent valuation (CV) method a consistent behavioral explanation of ‘hypothetical bias’ is still lacking. Based on evidence from economics, economic psychology and the political sciences, I propose an explanation that is based on two simple working hypotheses about respondent be-havior in contingent valuation surveys. The first hypothesis is that survey respondents are unable to form consistent preferences about unfamiliar goods unless the choice context offers reliable, in-formative cues which can be rationally exploited in simplified heuristics. The second hypothesis is that the probability and impact of strategic re-sponses in dichotomous-choice questions about public goods depends on the extent to which the presented hypothetical costs differ from the actu-al costs. The literature on hypothetical bias is re-visited in the light of these behavioral hypotheses. I find that the hypotheses are generally supported by the empirical data. Moreover, the hypotheses are able to explain several important empirical phenomena that previous research has not been able to explain. In particular, they solve the puz-zle that pre- election polls, but not CV surveys, are able to predict actual referendum outcomes, and they explain why income effects on willingness to pay are lower in CV responses than in actual votes. if confirmed by further studies, the hypoth-eses will have important implications for future research and practice. First, the hypothetical costs presented in the dichotomous-choice question should to be close enough to the actual costs to be credible to all respondents. This can be achieved by specifying the costs as a percentage (rather than absolute) change in taxes. Second, the re-spondents should be given the option to answer based on information about the positions of large parties and interest groups with known political orientation rather than based on the raw policy information. Theory and evidence suggest that this new survey paradigm largely eliminates the fundamental problems of the conventional stated preference methods. Ecological Economics, 2008, V64, N4, FEB 1, pp 729-740.
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08.2-275Implementing CDM for the Indian dairy sector: prospects and issuesSirohi S, Michaelowa AIndia, SwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Political Sciences , Inter-national RelationsWhat is the potential for developing small-scale CDM projects in India to reduce enteric methane emissions from cattle and buffaloes? The issue of baseline setting for prospective CDM projects is a complex one in the Indian context. The baselines constructed on the basis of aggregate emission rates at the national level are unlikely to be pre-cise as methane emission rates are influenced by the livestock and feed characteristics, which vary widely across regions in an agro-climatically di-verse country like India. This calls for establish-ing a project specific baseline underpinned with regional methane emission rates. The various as-pects of sustainable development that merit con-sideration in formulating a CDM project in the Indian dairy sector include: increasing the pro-ductivity of animals, increasing the net income of producers, decreasing the cost of milk production and the transfer of safe technologies. The projects in the sector would be able to meet the ‘addition-ality’ conditions of the CDM. However, there are a number of constraints in implementing the enteric methane mitigation strategies through a CDM project at the field level. The article discuss-es these technical, financial, socio-cultural and in-stitutional barriers along with possible responses to these constraints. Climate Policy, 2008, V8, N1, pp 62-74.
08.2-276Droughts and famines: The underlying factors and the causal links among agro-pastoral households in semi-arid Makueni district, KenyaSperanza Chinwe I, Kiteme B, Wiesmann USwitzerland, KenyaAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Social SciencesFamines are often linked to drought in semi-arid areas of Sub-Saharan Africa where not only pas-toralists, but also increasingly agro- pastoralists are affected. This study addresses the interplay between drought and famine in the rural semi-arid areas of Makueni district, Kenya, by examin-ing whether, and how crop production conditions and agro-pastoral strategies predispose small-holder households to drought-triggered food inse-curity. If this hypothesis holds, then approaches to deal with drought and famine have to target factors causing household food insecurity during
non-drought periods. Data from a longitudinal survey of 127 households, interviews, workshops, and daily rainfall records (1961-2003) were analy-sed using quanititative and qualitative methods. This integrated approach confirms the above hy-pothesis and reveals that factors other than rain-fall, like asset and tabour constraints, inadequate policy enforcement, as well as the poverty-driven inability to adopt risk- averse production systems play a key role. When linking these factors to the high rainfall variability, farmer-relevant defini-tions and forecasts of drought have to be applied. Global Environmental Change Human and Policy Dimensions, 2008, V18, N1, FEB, pp 220-233.
08.2-277A comparison of environmental regulations regarding agricultureSteinmann PSwitzerlandAgriculture, Soil Sciences , Pedology , Political Sci-encesAccording to a study the requirements of the Swiss << Proof of Ecological Performance >> are often higher than those of the European Union’s Cross Compliance. The results of a comparison of ecologically relevant laws and ordinances have re-vealed that there is not one country which consis-tently has the most stringent rules in all of the ar-eas examined. Details of the technical application of the law are of great importance. Switzerland does not have the most severe regulations in any of the areas examined. Agrarforschung, 2008, V15, N2, FEB, pp 82-87.
08.2-278Greening as strategic development in indus-trial change - Why companies participate in eco-networksStörmer ESwitzerlandEconomics , Political SciencesNetworking between companies and other region-al key actors has grown into a widespread instru-ment for economic development since the 1990s. Participatory networks have formed the concept for many activities of Local Agenda 21. Simulta-neously, economic geography has focused on net-work theories to explain innovation in and the economic success of regions. This article focuses on the reasons why individual actors participate in environmentally oriented information networks. The questions approached are: Does the concept of learning within networks influence a firm’s de-velopment? How do the participants interact with each other? What effects do the networks have on
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their environment (arenas)? The changing arenas of a firm are analysed with regard to environmen-tal concerns. These changes need to be anticipat-ed for reliable strategies. To gain information and knowledge about current behaviour and activi-ties, the functions of networks as learning plat-forms are discussed. Drawing upon arguments from different network theories, the motivations of participating in a network are threefold: actor and firm oriented, network internal (inter-firm), and network external. From these, a generic tar-get cube of network motivations and actions is set up. The concept is reviewed by examining 12 ‘re-gional environmental information-oriented cor-poration networks’ (RUN) in the Greater Munich Area. The empirical material reveals that this type of network does not provide a guarantee for sig-nificant improvements in a firm’s environmental behaviour. However, participants learn about best practices while pursuing explicit or implicit aims as to influence their arenas. Geoforum, 2008, V39, N1, JAN, pp 32-47.
08.2-279Decision framework for chemical process de-sign including different stages environmental, health, and safety assessmentSugiyama H, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K, Hirao MSwitzerland, JapanModelling , Plant Sciences , EconomicsIn recent years, many chemical companies have adopted the concept of sustainable development as a core business value. In this context and with focus on early phases, we present a novel design framework that comprises four stages of process modeling and multiobjective evaluation consid-ering monetary and nonmonetary aspects. Each stage is characterized by the available information as a basis for process modeling and assessment. Appropriate modeling approaches, and evalua-tion indicators for economy, life-cycle environ-mental impacts, environment, health, and safety (EHS) hazard, and technical aspects are selected for each defined stage. The proposed framework is demonstrated on the design of a methyl meth-acrylate (MMA) process: considering 17 synthesis routes, the framework is mimicked step-by- step, to select the route with the best multiobjective performances, and to produce an optimized pro-cess flowsheet. As a validation of the framework, evaluation profile of six routes over all stages are compared, and crucial points are identified that should be estimated considerably well in early stages of the framework. Aiche Journal, 2008, V54, N4, APR, pp 1037-1053.
08.2-280Intergenerational transfers, lifetime welfare, and resource preservationValente SSwitzerlandSocial Sciences , Political SciencesThis paper analyzes overlapping-generations models where natural capital is owned by selfish agents. Transfers in favor of young agents reduce the rate of depletion and increase output growth. It is shown that intergenerational transfers may be preferred to laissez- faire by an indefinite se-quence of generations: if the resource share in production is sufficiently high, the welfare gain induced by preservation compensates for the loss due to taxation. This conclusion is reinforced when other assets are available, e.g. man- made capital, claims on monopoly rents, and R&D in-vestment. Transfers raise the welfare of all genera-tions, except that of the first resource owner: if resource endowments are taxed at time zero, all successive generations support resource-saving policies for purely selfish reasons. Environment and Development Economics, 2008, V13, 1, FEB, pp 53-78.
08.2-281Regional CO2 budget, countermeasures and reduction aims for the Alpine tourist region of Davos, SwitzerlandWalz A, Calonder G P, Hagedorn F, Lardelli C, Lund-ström C, Stöckli VSwitzerlandPolitical Sciences , Energy & FuelsIn its latest report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that global climate change can still be slowed down if green-house gas emissions are rapidly and strongly re-duced. We present a detailed regional CO2 budget for the Alpine tourist region of Davos, Switzer-land, including emissions and potential sinks. The aim of the study was (1) to estimate the most important CO2 sources and sinks, (2) to identify the most efficient reduction measures and (3) to assess the feasibility of different reduction tar-gets. The results show that the emissions due to heating contribute to a proportion of 86.3% to the total budget, which is mainly due to the harsh lo-cal climate and the tourism-focused local econo-my. They also show that the yearly CO2 emissions per capita in Davos exceed the Swiss average of 6 tonnes by 25%. The augmentation of the carbon pool through the natural environment compares to 10.3% of the total einissions, and further affor-estation of the community forest can contribute to an improvement of the total budget by 2.6%.
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The reduction aim of -15% until 2015 (compared with 2004), as set by the municipality itself, could be easily reached through better building insu-lation and the use of renewable energy sources. More ambitious aims, such as a 2000 W-society or CO2 neutrality, however, will not be realised with-out major drawbacks in living standards. Energy Policy, 2008, V36, N2, FEB, pp 811-820.
08.2-282Simulation of children exposure to NO2 and PM10 in the urban area of Bologna (Italy)Zauli Sajani S, Passoni L, Hänninen O, Poluzzi V, Deserti M, Lauriola PItaly, SwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban Stud-ies , Human & Public HealthObjective: to estimate exposure to NO2 and PM10 of children living in a central area of the city of Bologna, Italy Design: Mean personal exposure was estimated for 333 school children as weighted average of the individual hourly exposure levels during the period 1.06.2004-31.05.2005. Four mi-croenvironments (home indoor, school indoor, traffic, home out-door) and three typical days (school day, holidays in schooling period, and summer holidays) has been considered in the
model. Main outcome measures: annual mean ex-posure to NO2 and PM10. Results. exposure levels in the sample were lower than mean concentra-tions recorded by the monitoring station located in the study area. During the school period, mean exposures to NO2 and to PM10 were respectively 20% and 40% higher than in holidays during school period and 30% and 50% higher than dur-ing summer holidays. Exposures of the most ex-posed children were 39 µg/m(3) for NO2 and 18 µg/m(3) for PM10, i.e. roughly 50% higher than the least exposed children. During the school pe-riod, the most important contributions to total exposure were those of the indoor and school micro- environments. Discussion and conclu-sions. compared to ambient levels measured at traffic oriented monitoring stations, exposures of school children are influenced by the length of time spent in the traffic microenvironment, as well as by the protection given by the time spent at school and at home. Exposure modelling can be used in order to estimate the consequences of policy options on exposure. However a detailed empirical validation of the exposure model is needed. Epidemiologia Prevenzione, 2007, V31, N5, SEP-OCT, pp 253-260.
08.2-283Inclusion of technology diffusion in energy-systems models: some gaps and needsBarreto L, Kemp RSwitzerland, NetherlandsModelling , Energy & Fuels , Engineering , Political SciencesThis paper presents some needs and gaps in the representation of technology diffusion in energy-system models. Without intending to be exhaustive, some selected aspects are identified and discussed as follows: the spatial patterns of diffusion and spatial technology spillovers, the role of technology learn-ing and R&D activities, technology clusters and un-certainty. An improved dialogue and exchange be-tween the technology diffusion and energy-systems modeling communities is suggested, such that the representation of technology diffusion in energy-systems models is improved, thus enhancing the policy insights derived from these models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, V16, S1, pp S95-S101.
08.2-284Capturing the hydrokinetic energy of the Rhone Riverde Cesare G, Moukhliss H, Randall K, Schleiss ASwitzerlandWater Resources , Engineering , Modelling , Energy & Fuels , HydrologyIn the current economic situation regarding elec-tric generation and conservation of the environ-ment, it is essential to develop sustainable tech-nologies. From this point of view, hydropower is an excellent resource with a consequently high value. The system presented herein aims to op-timize the use of this energy while bringing a solution both economic and respectful of the en-vironment. The studied submerged flow current turbines, consist of an assembly of two turbines immersed which converts the kinetic energy of the flow current into electric power without need-ing any weir structure, contrary to the traditional exploitation of the potential energy in a run-off-river plant. The designer chose Switzerland and
4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies
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more particularly the Rhone River as pilot project site for the first feasibility study in Europe. The study confirms the technical feasibility of the sys-tem. Archives des Sciences, 2006, V59, N2-3, DEC, pp 273-278.
08.2-285Towards the industrial solar carbothermal production of zincEpstein M, Alde G, Santen S, Steinfeld A, Wieckert CSwitzerland, Israel, France, SwedenEnergy & Fuels , EngineeringBased on the experimental results of a 300 kW solar chemical pilot plant for the production of zinc by carbothermal reduction of ZnO, we per-formed a conceptual design of a 5 MW demon-stration plant and of a 30 MW commercial plant. Zinc can be used as a fuel for zinc-air batteries and fuel cells, or it can be reacted with water to form high-purity hydrogen. In either case, the chemical product is ZnO, which in turn is solar recycled to zinc. The proposed thermochemical process pro-vides an energy efficient route for the conversion, storage, and transportation of solar energy in the form of solar fuels. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Transactions of the Asme, 2008, V130, N1, FEB ARTN: 014505.
08.2-286Investigation of particles emitted from mod-ern 2-stroke scootersEtissa D, Mohr M, Schreiber D, Buffat P ASwitzerlandMeteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , EngineeringTransmission electron microscopy (TEM), com-bined with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)-both single and tandem differential mobil-ity analyzer (TDMA)-have been used to investigate particles emitted by two modern 2-stroke scoot-ers with different mixture preparation systems (direct injection and carburetor). In this study, we focused on investigating the influence of en-gine type and catalytic converter on morphology, volatility, and structure of the particles. The ex-periments showed an almost complete removal of the enormous number of exhaust particles when the temperature of an evaporation tube along the sampling line is increased from ambient to 400 degrees C. These results suggest that the ex-haust particles emitted by 2-stroke scooters are volatile and no indication on the occurrence of layer structure was found, regardless of the mix-ture preparation system of the engine. Exhaust particles scanned before the catalytic converter were higher in number and lost a larger fraction of their volume in the evaporation tube compared
to those scanned downstream of it. The presence of three major particle groups was identified by TEM analyzes, namely particles that are dominant in number but unstable under vacuum at room temperature, soot-like agglomerates and calcium-rich particles. The size of the unstable particles obtained by TEM agrees fairly with the result mea-sured by differential mobility analyzer (DMA). We conclude that number concentration and size distribution of the particles emitted by 2- stroke scooters, are roughly in the range of 4-stroke die-sel engines; however, the nature of the particles is quite different. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, V42, N1, JAN, pp 183-195.
08.2-287Well-to-wheel analysis of solar hydrogen production and utilization for passenger car transportationFelder R, Meier ASwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , EngineeringA well-to-wheel analysis is conducted for solar hydrogen production, transport, and usage in fu-ture passenger car transportation. Solar hydrogen production methods and selected conventional production technologies are examined using a life cycle assessment. Utilization of hydrogen in fuel cells is compared with advanced gasoline and diesel powertrains. Solar scenarios show distinctly lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than fossil-based scenarios. For example, using solar hydrogen in fuel cell cars reduces life cycle GHG emissions by 70% compared to advanced fossil fuel powertrains and by more than 90% if car and road infrastruc-ture are not considered. Solar hydrogen production allows a reduction of fossil energy requirements by a factor of up to 10 compared to using conventional technologies. Major environmental impacts are as-sociated with the construction of the steel-inten-sive infrastructure, for solar energy collection due to mineral and fossil resource consumption as well as discharge of pollutants related to today’s steel production technology. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Transactions of the Asme, 2008, V130, N1, FEB ARTN: 011017.
08.2-288Thermo-economic optimisation of the integra-tion of electrolysis in synthetic natural gas production from woodGassner M, Marechal FSwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , EngineeringConverting wood to grid quality methane allows to distribute a CO2 free, renewable energy resource
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in a conventional energy distribution system and use it in transportation applications. Applying a multi- objective optimisation algorithm to a previ-ously developed thermo- economic process model For the thermochemical production of synthetic natural gas from wood, the present paper assesses the prospect of integrating an electrolyser in con-version systems based on directly and indirectly heated gasification. Due to an inherent lack of hydrogen for complete conversion of wood into methane and the possibility for rational use of oxygen, it is shown that electrolysis is an efficient and economically interesting option for increas-ing the gas output of the process while storing electricity and producing fuel that mitigates CO2 emissions. Energy, 2008, V33, N2, FEB, pp 189-198.
08.2-289Diesel engine development in view of reduced emission standardsKnecht WSwitzerlandEngineering , Energy & FuelsDiesel engine development for use in light-, medi-um- and heavy-duty road vehicles is mainly driven by more and more stringent emission standards. Apart from air quality related emissions such as nitrogen oxides and particulates, also greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are likely to become of more and more importance. Furthermore, oil-based fuel availability might become a problem due to limited reserves or due to political influences which leads to significantly increased fuel costs. Based on the above aspects, advanced engine technologies become essential and are discussed. Fuel injection with rate shaping capability and el-evated injection pressures, air handling systems to increase the brake mean effective pressures (BMEPs) and specific power with a downsizing ap-proach, while retaining a good dynamic response using possibly two-stage turbocharging. Hetero-geneous and near-homogeneous combustion pro-cesses where the latter could possibly reduce the requirements on the exhaust gas aftertreatment system. Improvement and further development of engine management and control systems, exhaust gas aftertreatment for a reduction of nitrogen ox-ides and especially particulates and last but not least, energy recovery from the exhaust gas. Fur-thermore, alternative fuel usage in road vehicles is becoming important and their application in internal combustion engines is discussed. Energy, 2008, V33, N2, FEB, pp 264-271.
08.2-290Measuring host country risk in CDM and JI projects: a composite indicatorOleschak R, Springer USwitzerlandModelling , International Relations , Political Sci-encesWhat are the risks associated with Clean Devel-opment Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implemen-tation (JI) projects and how do these risks vary between countries? A composite indicator is pre-sented for guiding procurement decisions in the carbon market and representing host country risks in emissions trading models. The indicator contains variables from a broad range of sources measuring the institutional environment for the Kyoto mechanisms, the regulatory environment, and the economic environment. Based on the indicator scores for 143 countries, rankings are produced for CDM and JI host countries. The host country risks of investing in JI projects are low-est in New Zealand, Denmark and Sweden. At the top of the CDM ranking are India, China, Mexico, Brazil and Chile. These results are similar to other rankings for CDM host countries, but not for JI host countries. This is due to the fact that - unlike other rankings - the mitigation potential is not taken into account. Climate Policy, 2007, V7, N6, pp 470-487.
08.2-291MCMC for wind power simulationPapaefthymiou G, Klöckl BNetherlands, Switzerland, AustriaModelling , Energy & Fuels , EngineeringThis paper contributes a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for the direct generation of synthetic time series of wind power output. It is shown that obtaining a stochastic model di-rectly in the wind power domain leads to reduced number of states and to lower order of the Markov chain at equal power data resolution. The estima-tion quality of the stochastic model is positively influenced since in the power domain, a lower number of independent parameters is estimated from a given amount of recorded data. The simu-lation results prove that this method offers excel-lent fit for both the probability density function and the autocorrelation function of the generated wind power time series. The method is a first step toward simple stochastic black-box models for wind generation. Ieee Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2008, V23, N1, MAR, pp 234-240.
138 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies
08.2-292Development of thermoelectric oxides for renewable energy conversion technologiesWeidenkaff A, Robert R, Aguirre M, Bocher L, Lip-pert T, Canulescu SSwitzerlandEnergy & Fuels , EngineeringGeothermal and solar heat can be directly con-verted into electricity by using thermoelectric generators. Perovskite-type metal oxides are po-tential materials to improve the efficiency of these devices. Cobaltates with p-type conductiv-ity and n-type manganates are considered for the development of a ceramic thermoelectric con-verter. Sintered pellets and thin PLD films with the composition La1-xCaxMO3- delta (x = 0, 0.3, 0.4) (M = Co, Mn) were synthesised and character-ised concerning their thermoelectric properties in a broad temperature range. It was found that similar to polycrystalline samples the electrical conductivity of LaCoO3 increases significantly with 40% Ca-substitution due to the formation of Co4+ ions while the thermopower decreases. The thermopower values of the La0.8Ca0.2MnO3
- delta films have a negative sign, but become large and positive at temperatures of 1000 K. Renewable Energy, 2008, V33, N2, FEB, pp 342-347.
08.2-293Model-based determination of hydrogen sys-tem emissions of motor vehicles using climate-chamber test facilitiesWeilenmann M, Bach C, Novak P, Fischer A, Hill MSwitzerlandEngineering , Energy & Fuels , ModellingBecause of air quality problems, the problem Of CO2 related greenhouse gas emissions and short-age of fossil fuels, many vehicles with gaseous fuels (CNG, biogas, hydrogen, etc.) are under research and development. Such vehicles have to prove that both their exhaust emissions and their overall system emissions (including running loss) remain below certain safety limits before, they can be used in practice. This paper presents a cost-effective way of monitoring such system emissions from hydrogen or other gaseous fuel powered vehicles within an air-conditioned chas-sis dynamometer test cell, as commonly used for low ambient emission tests on gasoline vehicles. The only additional equipment needed is a low-concentration sensor for the gas of interest (e.g. hydrogen). The method is based on concentra-tion measurements and a dynamic mass balance model. It is shown by a real experiment that very low emissions can be recorded. Additionally, error
bounds and sensitivities on different parameters such as air exchange ratio are quantified. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, V33, N2, JAN, pp 863-869.
08.2-294Secondary effects of catalytic diesel particu-late filters: Reduced aryl hydrocarbon recep-tor-mediated activity of the exhaustWenger D, Gerecke A C, Heeb N V, Zennegg M, Kohler M, Naegeli H, Zenobi RSwitzerlandEngineering , Human & Public HealthDiesel exhaust contains numerous toxic substanc-es that show different modes of action such as triggering arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)- medi-ated pathways. We investigated AhR-mediated ac-tivity of exhaust generated by a heavy-duty diesel engine operated with or without iron- or copper/iron-catalyzed diesel particulate filters (DPFs). AhR agonists were quantified using the DR-CALUX re-porter gene assay (exposure of cells for 24 h). We found 54-60 ng 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzop-diox-in CALUX equivalents (TCDD-CEQs) per m(3) of exhaust in unfiltered samples and 6-16 ng TCDD-CEQ m(-3) in DPF- treated samples. DPF applica-tions decreased TCDD-CEQ. concentrations by al-most 90%. Concentrations of known AhR agonists were determined with GC/HRMS and converted to TCDD-CEQ. concentrations using compound-specific relative potency values. The analyzed nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the 17 2,3,7,8- chlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs) contributed only marginally (0.6-1.6%) to the total agonist concentration. How-ever, both DPFs also decreased concentrations of individual PAHs by 70-80%. Variation of the assay exposure time (8, 24,48, 72, and 96 h) revealed that AhR-mediated activity decreased over time and reached a plateau after 72 h, which was most likely due to biotransformation of AhR agonists by the exposed H411E cells. At the plateau, we mea-sured 1-2 ng TCDD-CEQ m(-3) in both an unfiltered and a filtered exhaust sample. Our findings show that DPFs are a promising technology to detoxify diesel exhaust regarding compounds with AhR-mediated activity. Environmental Science Technology, 2008, V42, N8, APR 15, pp 2992-2998.
139Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies
08.2-295Regulating the geological sequestration of CO2
Wilson E J, Granger Morgan M, Apt J, Bonner M, Bunting C, Gode J, Stuart Haszeldine R, Jaeger C C, Keith D W, Mccoy S T, Pollak M F, Reiner D M, Rubin E S, Torvanger A, Ulardic C, Vajjhala S P, Vic-tor D G, Wright I WUSA, Australia, Germany, Canada, Norway, Swit-zerlandGeology , EngineeringAs greenhouse gas emissions rise and the impacts of climate change grow, the need for safe and ef-fective CO2 capture and sequestration becomes ever more urgent. Environmental Science Technology, 2008, V42, N8, APR 15, pp 2718-2722.
08.2-296Optimal compliance with emission constraints: dynamic characteristics and the choice of techniqueWinkler RSwitzerlandEconomics , Political Sciences , International Rela-tionsThe paper analyzes how to comply with an emis-sion constraint, which restricts the use of an established energy technique, given the two op-tions to save energy and to invest in two alterna-tive energy techniques. These techniques differ in their deterioration rates and the investment lags of the corresponding capital stocks. Thus, the pa-per takes a medium-term perspective on climate change mitigation, where the time horizon is too short for technological change to occur, but long enough for capital stocks to accumulate and deteriorate. It is shown that, in general, only one of the two alternative techniques prevails in the stationary state, although, both techniques might be utilized during the transition phase. Hence, while in a static economy only one technique is efficient, this is not necessarily true in a dynamic economy. Environmental Resource Economics, 2008, V39, N4, APR, pp 411-432.
08.2-297Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated so-lar energy - IV. Reactor experimentation with vacuum residueZ’graggen A, Haueter P, Maag G, Romero M, Steinfeld ASwitzerland, SpainEngineering , Energy & FuelsThe combined pyrolysis and steam-gasification of petroleum vacuum residue was performed using a 5-kW aerosol-flow solar chemical reactor tested in a high-flux solar furnace in the temperature range 1420-1567 K. The feedstock was continu-ously injected as a liquid spray at 423 K into the reactor’s cavity along with a coaxial steam flow at a H2O/C molar ratio in the 1.1-7.2 range, and di-rectly exposed to concentrated solar radiation at concentration ratios exceeding 1800 suns. The de-gree of chemical conversion after a single pass of 1-s residence time attained 50% at 1472 K, produc-ing high quality syngas of composition 68% H-2, 15% CO, 14% CO2, and 2% CH4. The process perfor-mance indicators, namely, carbon conversion and energy efficiency were generally inferior to those obtained for the solar steam-gasification of pet-coke under comparable operating conditions International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, V33, N2, JAN, pp 679-684.
140 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | General Topics
08.2-298Severe accident risks in fossil energy chains: A comparative analysisBurgherr P, Hirschberg SSwitzerlandEnergy & FuelsAccidents in the energy sector have been identi-fied as one of the main contributors to man-made disasters. The present work focuses on the assess-ment of severe accident risks relating to fossil en-ergy chains. Evaluations were based on the highly comprehensive Energy- related Severe Accident Database (ENSAD), which was established at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI). The historical expe-rience represented in this database allows a de-tailed comparison of severe accident risks in the broader energy sector. The analyses are not lim-ited to power plants, but cover full energy chains, showing that immediate fatality rates are much higher for full fossil chains than expected if only power plants are considered. The different energy chains were analyzed separately, addressing select-ed technical aspects of severe accidents, followed by comparative evaluations. Generally, immediate fatality rates are significantly lower for countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union 25 countries (EU25) than for non-OECD countries. In addition to aggregated values, frequency- conse-quence curves are also provided, since they not only reflect implicitly a ranking based on aggre-gated values, but also include information such as the maximum credible extent of damages. Energy, 2008, V33, N4, APR, pp 538-553.
08.2-299Mining landscape: A cultural tourist opportu-nity or an environmental problem? The study case of the Cartagena-La Union Mining District (SE Spain)Conesa H M, Schulin R, Nowack BSwitzerlandEcology , Economics , PedologyAbandoned industrial sites have traditionally con-stituted an important source of environmental problems. However, such sites are considered in many cases a historic heritage, and in this way, have been protected with different legal disposi-tions. Mining activities can be considered a special type of industrial site in that they encompass not only architectural but also landscape elements related to geology or topography. The necessity of developing new economic opportunities in these places, whose economy has been tradition-ally based on the “mining monoculture”, has re-sulted in the creation of a cultural revival in some
mining sites. Nevertheless, these new economic potentials must be compatible with the obliga-tion to maintain a low environmental risk in sites where the heavy metal concentrations are very high. The Cartagena-La Union Mining District in Southern Spain is an example of such a case. This paper reviews the environmental situation in that area and the initiatives for establishing a cultural tourism. The goal of this paper is to incite the public debate about the balance between environ-mental risks, cultural safeguarding and economic development. Ecological Economics, 2008, V64, N4, FEB 1, pp 690-700.
08.2-300Representing mountains: From local and na-tional to global common goodDebarbieux B, Price M FSwitzerland, AustraliaInternational Relations , Political SciencesSince the United Nations Conference on Environ-ment and Development in 1992, mountains have acquired global recognition as a specific issue in the promotion of sustainable development poli-cies. Starting from the traditional roles of moun-tains for local societies and in modern geopolitics. this paper analyses the status that mountains have been acquiring though globalisation, and the modes of global mobilisation and recognition that have taken shape since 1992. Particular atten-tion is given to the role of scientists, international organisations, some mountainous states, and “mountain people”. The specific characteristics of this process are discussed and compared to those pertinent to other goods, especially ‘geographical’ or ‘ecological’ goods such as tropical forests and Antarctica. Though the globalisation of mountain issues is pail of a wider process of the recognition of environmental and cultural goods at a global level, it may be seen as the first example of a new category of global common good: “global com-mon regions” or “glocal common good”. Geopolitics, 2008, V13, N1, pp 148-168.
08.2-301Singularly perturbed piecewise deterministic gamesHaurie A, Moresino FSwitzerland, CanadaModelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric SciencesIn this paper we consider a class of hybrid stochas-tic games with the piecewise open-loop informa-tion structure. These games are indexed over a parameter e which represents the time scale ra-tio between the stochastic (jump process) and the
5 General Topics
141Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | General Topics
deterministic (differential state equation) parts of the dynamical system. We study the limit behav-ior of Nash equilibrium solutions to the hybrid stochastic games when the time scale ratio tends to 0. We also establish that an approximate equi-librium can be obtained for the hybrid stochastic games using a Nash equilibrium solution of a re-duced order sequential discrete state stochastic game and a family of local deterministic infinite horizon open-loop differential games defined in the stretched out time scale. A numerical illustra-tion of this approximation scheme is also devel-oped. Siam Journal on Control and Optimization, 2008, V47, N1, pp 73-91.
08.2-302Ecological footprint accounting in the life cycle assessment of productsHuijbregts M A J, Hellweg S, Frischknecht R, Hun-gerbühler K, Hendriks A JNetherlands, SwitzerlandEconomicsWe present and discuss ecological footprint (EF) calculations for a large number of products and services consumed in the western economy. Prod-uct-specific EFs were calculated from consistent and quality-controlled life cycle information of 2630 products and services, including energy, materials, transport, waste treatment and infra-structural processes. We formed 19 homogeneous product/process subgroups for further analysis, containing in total 1549 processes. Per group, the average contribution of two types of land occupa-tion (direct and energy related) to the total EF was derived. It was found that the ecological footprint of the majority of products is dominated by the consumption of non-renewable energy. Notable exceptions are the EFs of biomass energy, hydro energy, paper and cardboard, and agricultural products with a relatively high contribution of di-rect land occupation. We also compared the eco-logical footprint results with the results of a com-monly used life cycle impact assessment method, the Ecoindicator 99 (EI). It was found that the majority of the products have an EF/EI ratio of around 30 m(2)-eq. yr/ ecopoint +/- a factor of 5. The typical ratio reduces to 25 m(2) yr/ecopoints by excluding the arbitrary EF for nuclear energy demand. The relatively small variation of this ra-tio implies that the use of land and use of fossil fuels are important drivers of overall environmen-tal impact. Ecological footprints may therefore serve as a screening indicator for environmental performance. However, our results also show that the usefulness of EF as a stand- alone indicator for
environmental impact is limited for product life cycles with relative high mineral consumption and process-specific metal and dust emissions. For these products the EF/EI ratio can substantially deviate from the average value. Finally, we sug-gest that the ecological footprint product data provided in this paper can be used to improve the footprint estimates of production, import and ex-port of products on a national scale and footprint estimates of various lifestyles. Ecological Economics, 2008, V64, N4, FEB 1, pp 798-807.
08.2-303Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: a framework for integrating pathways into policyHulme P E, Bacher S, Kenis M, Klotz S, Kühn I, Minchin D, Nentwig W, Olenin S, Panov V, Pergl J, Pysek P, Roques A, Sol D, Solarz W, Vila MNew Zealand, Scotland, Switzerland, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Russia, Czech Republic, France, Spain, PolandPolitical Sciences , Modelling , Ecology1. Pathways describe the processes that result in the introduction of alien species from one lo-cation to another. A framework is proposed to facilitate the comparative analysis of invasion pathways by a wide range of taxa in both terres-trial and aquatic ecosystems. Comparisons with a range of data helped identify existing gaps in current knowledge of pathways and highlight the limitations of existing legislation to manage introductions of alien species. The scheme aims for universality but uses the European Union as a case study for the regulatory perspectives. 2. Alien species may arrive and enter a new region through three broad mechanisms: importation of a commodity, arrival of a transport vector, and/or natural spread from a neighbouring region where the species is itself alien. These three mechanisms result in six principal pathways: release, escape, contaminant, stowaway, corridor and unaided. 3. Alien species transported as commodities may be introduced as a deliberate release or as an escape from captivity. Many species are not intention-ally transported but arrive as a contaminant of a commodity, for example pathogens and pests. Stowaways are directly associated with human transport but arrive independently of a specific commodity, for example organisms transported in ballast water, cargo and airfreight. The corridor pathway highlights the role transport infrastruc-tures play in the introduction of alien species. The unaided pathway describes situations where nat-ural spread results in alien species arriving into a
142 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | General Topics
new region from a donor region where it is also alien. 4. Vertebrate pathways tend to be character-ized as deliberate releases, invertebrates as con-taminants and plants as escapes. Pathogenic mi-cro-organisms and fungi are generally introduced as contaminants of their hosts. The corridor and unaided pathways are often ignored in pathway assessments but warrant further detailed consid-eration. 5. Synthesis and applications. Intentional releases and escapes should be straightforward to monitor and regulate but, in practice, developing legislation has proved difficult. New introduc-tions continue to occur through contaminant, stowaway, corridor and unaided pathways. These pathways represent special challenges for man-agement and legislation. The present framework should enable these trends to be monitored more clearly and hopefully lead to the development of appropriate regulations or codes of practice to stem the number of future introductions. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, V45, N2, APR, pp 403-414.
08.2-304Is the global conservation status assessment of a threatened taxon a utopia?Kozlowski GSwitzerlandBiodiversity , EcologyThe signatory countries of the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed to significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. How will we know, however, if we have achieved this goal? Eight groups of hindrances in evaluating the global conservation status of threatened taxon are identified: (1) the extreme heterogeneity and (2) restricted availability of relevant data; (3) the un-certainty in species number and taxonomic divi-sion of the given taxon (Linnean shortfall); (4) the fragmentary distribution knowledge (Wallacean shortfall); (5) the incomplete or incorrect red-listing across the whole distribution area; (6) the lack of homogeneous and exhaustive population trend data; (7) the threat knowledge shortfall; (8) the incomplete general biological knowledge on a given taxon. The Linnean and Wallacean short-falls lay the foundation of all other hindrances. So long as this dramatic shortfall situation does not change, the adequate assessment of the global status for overwhelming majority of extant taxa will remain a utopia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008, V17, N3, MAR, pp 445-448.
08.2-305The Swiss National Research Programme Land-scapes and habitats of the Alpine ArcLehmann B, Messerli PSwitzerlandPolitical Sciences , Multidisciplinary SciencesThe aim of the Swiss National Research Pro-grammes is to carry out scientific research to identify, analyse and find solutions to problems that are perceived by the scientific and political communities as a national challenge. This article, which deals with landscape resources in the Swiss Alpine arc, shows the stages and measures taken in managing such programmes. The article focus-es on the objectives and questions underlying the research, the integration of knowledge acquired and the ways results are used in the political sphere. Revue de Geographie Alpine Journal of Alpine Research, 2007, V95, N4, DEC, pp 19-28.
08.2-306From science to policy through transdisci-plinary researchPohl CSwitzerlandPolitical SciencesIs transdisciplinary research a useful mean of bridging science and policy? And does transdis-ciplinarity go beyond informing public agencies, the private sector, or civil society of the results of research? The interacting policy cultures serve as a framework for studying transdisciplinary proj-ects funded by two environmental research pro-grams, the Swiss Priority Program Environment (SPPE) and the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (MISTRA). Two types of projects are distinguished. Researchers in projects of the first type reorganize knowledge according to the (perceived) interest of the audience. Trans-disciplinary research of this type requires a clear-ly defined audience culture. Researchers in proj-ects of the second type initiate a co-production of knowledge during which the different policy cultures interact. Transdisciplinary research of type two is appropriate for policies that have to be developed using a collective process involving multiple policy cultures. Environmental Science Policy, 2008, V11, N1, FEB, pp 46-53.
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08.2-307Investigating the global fate of DDT: Model evaluation and estimation of future trendsSchenker U, Scheringer M, Hungerbohler KSwitzerlandModelling , Geochemistry & GeophysicsThe global environmental fate model CliMoChem has been used to calculate concentrations of di-chlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its degradation products in the environment. To this end, best available physicochemical proper-ties of DDT have been assembled, and a realistic DDT emission scenario covering the period from 1940 to 2005 has been generated. Results from the model are temporally and geographically resolved concentrations of DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichlo-roethylene (DDE), and dichlorodiphenyldichloro-ethane (DDD) in various environmental media. To confirm model results with measurements, we have developed a method for a qualitative and quantitative comparison of model and measure-ments. The agreement between the model and measurements is good, especially in the temporal dimension, and in the soil and air compartments. Using estimated DDT emissions for the future, we predict environmental concentrations in the next 50 years. The results show that, if emissions con-tinue at a low level, concentrations will decrease by a factor of 30 in temperate regions and by a fac-tor of 100 in the Arctic, as compared to the con-centrations in the 1960s and 1970s. In the tropics, levels decrease by a factor of 5 to 10, only. Whereas environmental concentrations and estimated fu-ture emissions are at steady state after about 10 years in temperate and tropical regions, this takes over 50 years in the Arctic. Environmental Science Technology, 2008, V42, N4, FEB 15, pp 1178-1184.
08.2-308Is environmental research in a crisis? Conclu-sion and outlookScheringer M, Jaeger JSwitzerland, CanadaMultidisciplinary SciencesGaia Ecological Perspectives For Science and Society, 2008, V17, N1, pp 31-35.
08.2-309Integrated assessment of agricultural sys-tems - A component-based framework for the European Union (SEAMLESS)van Ittersum M K, Ewert F, Heckelei T, Wery J, Olsson J A, Andersen E, Bezlepkina I, Brouwer F, Donatelli M, Flichman G, Olsson L, Rizzoli A E, van der Wal T, Wien J E, Wolf J
Netherlands, Germany, France, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, SwitzerlandInternational Relations , Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Political SciencesAgricultural systems continuously evolve and are forced to change as a result of a range of global and local driving forces. Agricultural technolo-gies and agricultural, environmental and rural development policies are increasingly designed to contribute to the sustainability of agricultural systems and to enhance contributions of agricul-tural systems to sustainable development at large. The effectiveness and efficiency of such policies and technological developments in realizing de-sired contributions could be greatly enhanced if the quality of their ex-ante assessments were im-proved. Four key challenges and requirements to make research tools more useful for integrated assessment in the European Union were defined in interactions between scientists and the Euro-pean Commission (EC), i.e., overcoming the gap between micro-macro level analysis, the bias in integrated assessments towards either economic or environmental issues, the poor re-use of mod-els and hindrances in technical linkage of mod-els. Tools for integrated assessment must have multi-scale capabilities and preferably be generic and flexible such that they can deal with a broad variety of policy questions. At the same time, to be useful for scientists, the framework must facili-tate state-of- the-art science both on aspects of the agricultural systems and on integration. This pa-per presents the rationale, design and illustration of a component-based framework for agricultural systems (SEAMLESS Integrated Framework) to as-sess, ex-ante, agricultural and agri-environmental policies and technologies across a range of scales, from field-farm to region and European Union, as well as some global interactions. We have opted for a framework to link individual model and data components and a software infrastructure that al-lows a flexible (re-)use and linkage of components. The paper outlines the software infrastructure, indicators and model and data components. The illustrative example assesses effects of a trade lib-eralisation proposal on EU’s agriculture and indi-cates how SEAMLESS addresses the four identified challenges for integrated assessment tools, i.e., linking micro and macro analysis, assessing eco-nomic, environmental, social and institutional in-dicators, (re-)using standalone model components for field, farm and market analysis and their con-ceptual and technical linkage. Agricultural Systems, 2008, V96, N1-3, MAR, pp 150-165.
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144 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | General Topics
08.2-310LCA tool for the environmental evaluation of potable water productionVince F, Aoustin E, Breant P, Marechal FFrance, SwitzerlandWater Resources , EngineeringEnvironmental impact assessment will soon be-come a compulsory phase in future potable water production projects, especially when alternative treatment processes such as desalination are con-sidered. An impact assessment tool is therefore developed for the environmental evaluation of potable water production. The evaluation method used is the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The quick and easy assessment of energetic and environmental performances contributes to de-termine the weak points of potable water produc-tion processes or the best suited treatment in a specific context. Studies of some potable water supply scenarios (groundwater treatment, ultra-filtration, nanofiltration, seawater reverse osmo-sis and thermal distillation associated to water transfer) are presented in order to illustrate the environmental information drawn from this tool. The main source of impacts is shown to be electric-ity production for plant operation. Improvement levers are presented for impact reduction and for the objective comparison between alternative and conventional water treatment processes. Desalination, 2008, V220, N1-3, MAR 1, pp 37-56.
08.2-311Conservation performance payments for carni-vore conservation in SwedenZabel A, Holm Müller KSwitzerland, GermanyZoology , Biodiversity , EcologyConservation Biology, 2008, V22, N2, APR, pp 247-251.
145Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Aavik T 08.2-100Agosti D 08.2-111Aguirre M 08.2-292Ahrens B 08.2-1Akcar N 08.2-197Akkemik U 08.2-198Alber R 08.2-116Albert C 08.2-119Albert M 08.2-145Alcott B 08.2-261Alde G 08.2-285Alewell C 08.2-138 , 08.2-143Alfarra M R 08.2-17 , 08.2-27Allen M R 08.2-228Alphei J 08.2-106Alvial I E 08.2-199Ammann B 08.2-205Ammann C 08.2-15 , 08.2-71Ammann M 08.2-2 , 08.2-33 , 08.2-35 , 08.2-149Andersen E 08.2-309Andersen M B 08.2-200Andreani Aksoyoglu S 08.2-3Angelibert S 08.2-155Angelini F 08.2-9Anken T 08.2-82Annis J 08.2-18 , 08.2-56Anselmetti F S 08.2-202 , 08.2-215 , 08.2-224 , 08.2-225 , 08.2-252 , 08.2-257Ansquer P 08.2-108Aoustin E 08.2-310Appenzeller C 08.2-4Apt J 08.2-295Araneda A E 08.2-199Araujo M B 08.2-119Aravena R 08.2-10Arduini J 08.2-9 , 08.2-32Arens P 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Ariztegui D 08.2-202 , 08.2-225 , 08.2-257Arlettaz R 08.2-65Arnaud F 08.2-224Arp H P H 08.2-5Artmann N 08.2-6Asanuma J 08.2-99Assouline S 08.2-156Aubinet M 08.2-70Augenstein I 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Austin J A Jr 08.2-257Aviron S 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Ayer F 08.2-110Ayling B F 08.2-200Bach C 08.2-293Bacher S 08.2-303
Bachofen R 08.2-168 , 08.2-174Backman J 08.2-221Badot P M 08.2-105Bailey D 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Baillifard M A 08.2-148Baklanov A 08.2-7Bale J S 08.2-57Balkanski Y 08.2-33Ballantyne C K 08.2-240Baltensperger U 08.2-3 , 08.2-14 , 08.2-17 , 08.2-27 , 08.2-39Baltensweiler W 08.2-58Baltisberger M 08.2-59Banfi S 08.2-262Barber J H M 08.2-157Bardgett R D 08.2-121Baroni C 08.2-238Barreto L 08.2-283Bartak M 08.2-182Baschek B 08.2-48Bauder A 08.2-147Baudry J 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Bauer N 08.2-263Bauert M R 08.2-59Baumgardner D 08.2-45Baur H 08.2-238Baur P 08.2-73Bazot S 08.2-60Beauchemin K A 08.2-61Bebi P 08.2-73 , 08.2-113Beck A 08.2-65Beer J 08.2-186 , 08.2-226Behrens M 08.2-217Belfiore L 08.2-32Bentley M J 08.2-201Beres M 08.2-202Bergstrom R W 08.2-8Bernard N 08.2-105Bernasconi S M 08.2-90Bernhofer C 08.2-70Berresheim H 08.2-40Berry P M 08.2-119Bertrand S 08.2-203 , 08.2-208Beyert M 08.2-4Bezlepkina I 08.2-309Bigler C 08.2-134 , 08.2-204 , 08.2-253 , 08.2-255Bigler F 08.2-57Bigler M 08.2-234Billeter R 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Binnie S 08.2-240Blake S G 08.2-200Blanford G J 08.2-272Blass A 08.2-204
Index of Authors
146 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Bleeker W 08.2-158Blender R 08.2-36Bloesch U 08.2-63Blum H 08.2-60Blunier T 08.2-217Blyakharchuk T A 08.2-205Blyth E 08.2-177 , 08.2-196Bocher L 08.2-292Bock M 08.2-217Bodin S 08.2-219Boersma K F 08.2-40Bogdal C 08.2-164Böhm R 08.2-220Bollschweiler M 08.2-64 , 08.2-206Bonafe U 08.2-9Bonan G B 08.2-49Bonasoni P 08.2-9Bond T C 08.2-8Bonner M 08.2-295Bontadina F 08.2-65Borkent A 08.2-182Borodavko P S 08.2-205Borsuk M 08.2-171Bosshard A 08.2-89Botter G 08.2-137Bou Zeid E 08.2-156Bouchard D 08.2-10Bourqui K 08.2-64Bower K N 08.2-14 , 08.2-22Bradley R S 08.2-218Braeuning A 08.2-258Braun A 08.2-11Brayard A 08.2-69Breant P 08.2-310Briffa K R 08.2-228Brink J S 08.2-210Brodowski S 08.2-139Broholm M M 08.2-10Brönnimann O 08.2-109 , 08.2-239Brönnimann S 08.2-12 , 08.2-18Brothers G 08.2-16Brouwer F 08.2-309Brunner A 08.2-15Brunner D 08.2-40 , 08.2-43Brunner I 08.2-76Bucher H 08.2-69Buchmann B 08.2-27 , 08.2-29 , 08.2-38 , 08.2-40 , 08.2-47Buchmann N 08.2-91Buffat P A 08.2-286Bugenyi F W B 08.2-174Bugmann H 08.2-126 , 08.2-127 , 08.2-134 , 08.2-135Bugter R 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Buishand T A 08.2-24
Bukacek R 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Bull K 08.2-13Büntgen U 08.2-220 , 08.2-246 , 08.2-247Bunting C 08.2-295Burel F 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Burgherr P 08.2-298Bürgi H R 08.2-171Bürgi M 08.2-75Bürgmann H 08.2-170Burla S 08.2-207Burns S J 08.2-218Burton S P 08.2-50Buttler A 08.2-98 , 08.2-123Cabeza M 08.2-119Cahalan R F 08.2-185Callaghan T V 08.2-132 , 08.2-133 , 08.2-196Calonder G P 08.2-281Calzolari F 08.2-9Campbell R 08.2-165Canty T 08.2-44Canulescu S 08.2-292Caseiro A 08.2-27Castro H 08.2-108Casty C 08.2-255Cemas D 08.2-25Cerny M 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Chappellaz J 08.2-217Chapron E 08.2-203 , 08.2-208 , 08.2-212 , 08.2-213 , 08.2-215 , 08.2-224Charlet F 08.2-203 , 08.2-208Chateau C 08.2-191Cherubini P 08.2-58 , 08.2-198 , 08.2-211 , 08.2-237Cheung S L K 08.2-273Chevre N 08.2-159Chou M D 08.2-53Chueca J 08.2-144Chylek P 08.2-209Clappier A 08.2-7Clarke L 08.2-272Clauss M 08.2-210Codron D 08.2-210Coe H 08.2-14 , 08.2-22Cohen S 08.2-156Collaud Coen M 08.2-14Collins A G 08.2-165Comont L 08.2-98Conen F 08.2-138 , 08.2-143Conesa H M 08.2-299Conus D 08.2-251Corbella H 08.2-225Coronato A 08.2-229
147Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Corvalan C 08.2-268Courtney G 08.2-182Cozic J 08.2-14Cozzi G 08.2-66Cristofanelli P 08.2-9Crivelli A J 08.2-180Crosier J 08.2-14 , 08.2-22Cruces F J 08.2-199Cruz P 08.2-108Cubison M J 08.2-22Cudlin P 08.2-110D‘anna B 08.2-33D‘arrigo R 08.2-198 , 08.2-211Daly E 08.2-137Dankers R 08.2-177Danks F 08.2-136Darin A V 08.2-181Daut G 08.2-256Davaa G 08.2-99Davies J 08.2-16Davison B 08.2-15de Batist M 08.2-203 , 08.2-208 , 08.2-212 , 08.2-213de Bello F 08.2-67de Blust G 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100de Cesare G 08.2-284de Cock R 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100de Leo G A 08.2-180de Leon F J Garcia 08.2-179Debarbieux B 08.2-300Decesare G 08.2-173Decesari S 08.2-9Defila C 08.2-114Defilippi R 08.2-68Delaloye R 08.2-270Delecluse P 08.2-190Della Marta P M 08.2-36Delmonte B 08.2-234Denning A S 08.2-49Dergachev V A 08.2-242Derouin S A 08.2-214Deserti M 08.2-282Deshler T 08.2-16Diekoetter T 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Dienst M 08.2-158Dietz H 08.2-62Dindorf T 08.2-71Dirksen J 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Disnar J R 08.2-98Dobbertin M 08.2-129Dolezal J 08.2-108Domine F 08.2-145Dominik J 08.2-191Dommen J 08.2-17
Donatelli M 08.2-309Dong Z 08.2-258Dormann C F 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Dreves A 08.2-139Dunbar R 08.2-257Duplissy J 08.2-17Durka W 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Dutay J C 08.2-190Dutton E G 08.2-26Eckert W 08.2-192Edder P 08.2-159Edwards P J 08.2-59 , 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-83 , 08.2-97 , 08.2-100 , 08.2-113Egli S 08.2-110Ehmisch M 08.2-206Eichelmann U 08.2-70Eitel B 08.2-254Elith J 08.2-77Ellingsen I 08.2-177Engen S 08.2-78Engler R 08.2-124 , 08.2-239Englert C 08.2-116Epstein M 08.2-285Eriksson O 08.2-108Erkman S 08.2-159Escarguel G 08.2-69Esper J 08.2-220 , 08.2-228 , 08.2-258Esperc J 08.2-242Etissa D 08.2-286Eugster W 08.2-99Evans D J A 08.2-201Evenson E B 08.2-259Ewen T 08.2-18Ewert F 08.2-309Ewing G O 08.2-271Excoffier L 08.2-244Facchini M C 08.2-9Fagel N 08.2-203 , 08.2-213Fahey D W 08.2-45Fanetti D 08.2-215Farsi M 08.2-262Feichter J 08.2-226Feigenwinter C 08.2-70Felber Rufer P 08.2-263Felder R 08.2-287Fey M 08.2-225Filippini M 08.2-262Filli F 08.2-78Finsinger W 08.2-216 , 08.2-236Fischer A 08.2-293Fischer H 08.2-217Fischer J 08.2-187Fischer M C 08.2-244Fischer U 08.2-279
148 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Fish L 08.2-136Fleitmann D 08.2-218Flemming J 08.2-3Flichman G 08.2-309Flückiger E 08.2-30Flury T 08.2-19Flynn M J 08.2-14 , 08.2-22Fogwill C J 08.2-201Folini D 08.2-28 , 08.2-38 , 08.2-40Folkers A 08.2-71Föllmi K B 08.2-219Fonti P 08.2-126Forel B 08.2-191Francus P 08.2-224 , 08.2-243Frank D 08.2-114 , 08.2-220 , 08.2-242Frank D C 08.2-247Frank M 08.2-221 , 08.2-223 , 08.2-231Freeman S 08.2-240Freeman S P H T 08.2-229Frei F 08.2-12Freitas H 08.2-108Frelechoux F 08.2-123 , 08.2-125Frenzel M 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Frey B 08.2-107Fricke W 08.2-25Friel S 08.2-268Frieler K 08.2-44Frischknecht R 08.2-302Fronteau G 08.2-191Fueglistaler S 08.2-41Fuhrer J 08.2-85 , 08.2-101 , 08.2-102 , 08.2-107Funk M 08.2-147Furlani F 08.2-32Fuzzi S 08.2-9Gaganis P 08.2-10Gäggeler H W 08.2-149Gao R S 08.2-45Garbe Schönberg D 08.2-221Garnier E 08.2-108Gartner H 08.2-79 , 08.2-72Gassner M 08.2-288Gattolliat J L 08.2-157Gauer P 08.2-148Gedye S 08.2-253Gellrich M 08.2-73Geniali A 08.2-32George C 08.2-33Gerber E 08.2-74Gerecke A C 08.2-294Gershunov A 08.2-56Gilbert D 08.2-98 , 08.2-105Gilge S 08.2-25
Gilli A 08.2-202Gimmi U 08.2-75Giostra U 08.2-32Gleixner G 08.2-139Gobbi G P 08.2-9Göckede M 08.2-91Godbold D L 08.2-76Goddeeris B 08.2-182Gode J 08.2-295Godet A 08.2-219Goettel H 08.2-196Goldscheider N 08.2-176Golodets C 08.2-108Gomez K 08.2-188Gong D Y 08.2-222Gonzalez G G 08.2-188Good N 08.2-17Goss K U 08.2-5Götz C W 08.2-20Goyette S 08.2-21Graciela Gonzalez G 08.2-194 , 08.2-195Graham C H 08.2-77Granger Morgan M 08.2-295Gregory Eaves I 08.2-253Grichting M A 08.2-251Griffiths C 08.2-273Grodzinska K 08.2-116Grootes P M 08.2-139Grosjean M 08.2-199 , 08.2-232Grotan V 08.2-78Gude A 08.2-139Guisan A 08.2-77 , 08.2-109 , 08.2-119 , 08.2-239Güsewell S 08.2-97Gutjahr M 08.2-223Guyard H 08.2-224Gyalistras D 08.2-6Gysel M 08.2-17 , 08.2-22 , 08.2-39Haberecht M 08.2-142Haberreiter M 08.2-186Haberzettl T 08.2-225Haeberli W 08.2-250Haenni J P 08.2-182Hagedorn F 08.2-80 , 08.2-281Haider M 08.2-271Haitz O M 08.2-79Hajdas I 08.2-214 , 08.2-259Haley B A 08.2-221Hall A M 08.2-240Halliday A N 08.2-200 , 08.2-223Hamer U 08.2-139Hamersky R 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Handa I T 08.2-80Handley R J 08.2-81
149Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Hänninen O 08.2-282Hansen D M 08.2-86Hansom J D 08.2-201Harding R 08.2-196Harmens H 08.2-116Hättenschwiler S 08.2-80Hauck C 08.2-146Haueter P 08.2-297Haurie A 08.2-301Hausmann S 08.2-204Heckel G 08.2-244Heckelei T 08.2-309Heeb N V 08.2-294Hegerl G C 08.2-228Heikkilae U 08.2-226Heim A 08.2-139Heinesch B 08.2-70Heinihofer U 08.2-207Heinrich I 08.2-79Heiri O 08.2-255Heiselberg P 08.2-6Hellweg S 08.2-302Henderson G M 08.2-231Hendricks Franssen H J 08.2-23Hendricks Franssen H J 08.2-160Hendrickx F 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Hendriks A J 08.2-302Henne S 08.2-14Henning S 08.2-14Hermle S 08.2-82Herrmann F R 08.2-273Hertel M 08.2-70Hertz J 08.2-51Herzog F 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-83 , 08.2-87 , 08.2-92 , 08.2-100Hickler T 08.2-119Hijmans R J 08.2-77Hilbich C 08.2-146Hill M 08.2-29 , 08.2-38 , 08.2-293Hindenlang K E 08.2-103Hingray B 08.2-24 , 08.2-161Hirao M 08.2-279Hirschberg S 08.2-298Hoch G 08.2-117Hochuli P A 08.2-207Hock R 08.2-147Hoelzle M 08.2-146Hofer G 08.2-83Hohener P 08.2-10Holben B N 08.2-26Holderegger R 08.2-84Holm Müller K 08.2-311Holzner C P 08.2-162Hu F S 08.2-253Hubbard M D 08.2-157
Hueglin C 08.2-27Huenicke B 08.2-189Huffman G P 08.2-11Huggins F E 08.2-11Hüglin C 08.2-29Huijbregts M A J 08.2-302Hulme P E 08.2-303Hulton N R J 08.2-229Hungerbohler K 08.2-307Hungerbühler K 08.2-20 , 08.2-279 , 08.2-302Hunkeler D 08.2-10Hunzinger L 08.2-166Huovinen C 08.2-112Huovinen K 08.2-112Hurni H 08.2-34Huse G 08.2-177Huss M 08.2-147Huthwelker T 08.2-145 , 08.2-149Hutterli M A 08.2-234Hüve K 08.2-71Ignatova N V 08.2-181Ikubille P W 08.2-240Imboden D M 08.2-162Imhof S 08.2-232Indermühle N 08.2-155 , 08.2-163Ingensand H 08.2-142Iozza S 08.2-164Ischi V 08.2-184Ivy Ochs S 08.2-197 , 08.2-230Jacob D 08.2-196Jacobi H W 08.2-145Jacoby G C 08.2-198Jaedicke C 08.2-148Jaeger C C 08.2-295Jaeger J 08.2-308Jäggi M 08.2-85Jakob M 08.2-262Jakobsson M 08.2-221Jandl G 08.2-139Jankowski T 08.2-165Janous D 08.2-70Janssen S 08.2-225Jeanneret F 08.2-245Jeanneret P 08.2-87Jeran Z 08.2-116Jesenovec B 08.2-25Jesensek D 08.2-180Ji R 08.2-139Jocher M 08.2-15Joffre S 08.2-7Johansson M 08.2-13 , 08.2-264Johnson B J 08.2-16Johnson S D 08.2-122Jones R T 08.2-253Joos F 08.2-227Jouzel J 08.2-226
150 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Juckes M N 08.2-228Juge R 08.2-169 , 08.2-266Julian A 08.2-144Jüstrich S 08.2-166Ka O 08.2-33Kadereit A 08.2-254Kaelin M 08.2-59Kaiser A 08.2-25Kaiser C N 08.2-86Kaiser K 08.2-139Kaiser K F 08.2-246 , 08.2-247Kalbitz K 08.2-139Kaltenrieder P 08.2-253Kalugin I A 08.2-181Kampichler C 08.2-106Kampmann D 08.2-87Kandeler E 08.2-106Kanevski M 08.2-120Kantoush S 08.2-173Kaplan M R 08.2-229Karvosenoja N 08.2-264Katul G G 08.2-156Kaufmann P R 08.2-234Keigwin L D 08.2-223Keith D W 08.2-295Keller J 08.2-3 , 08.2-40Kelly K E 08.2-11Kemp R 08.2-283Kenis M 08.2-303Kerbrat M 08.2-149Kern M A 08.2-148Kerschner H 08.2-230Kery M 08.2-88Kesselmeier J 08.2-71Keup Thiel E 08.2-196Kigel J 08.2-108Kim J 08.2-26Kim S W 08.2-26King J 08.2-221Kipfer R 08.2-162Kipfer T 08.2-89Kiteme B 08.2-276Kivi R 08.2-16Kjeldsen P 08.2-10Klausmeyer S 08.2-158Kleffmann J 08.2-33Kleist E 08.2-71Klevenhusen F 08.2-90Kleyer M 08.2-108Klimont Z 08.2-264Klingler G 08.2-97Klöckl B 08.2-291Klotz S 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100 , 08.2-303Knecht W 08.2-289Knohl A 08.2-91Knop E 08.2-92
Knudsen M F 08.2-231Knutson L 08.2-182Kobelt M 08.2-93Koch G 08.2-44Koese N 08.2-198Kohler M 08.2-294Kokhanovsky A A 08.2-145Kölbener A 08.2-94Kolle O 08.2-70Kolstrom T 08.2-242Konold W 08.2-87Koolstra B 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Körner C 08.2-95 , 08.2-96 , 08.2-106 , 08.2-117Korup O 08.2-167Kotani A 08.2-99Koukal B 08.2-184Kouraev A 08.2-152Kozlov M V 08.2-133Kozlowski G 08.2-304Kozyreva O V 08.2-242Krähenbühl U 08.2-253Kramer C 08.2-139Kramers J 08.2-218Kräuchi N 08.2-107Krausmann F 08.2-265Krauss J 08.2-66Krebs C 08.2-74Kreuzer M 08.2-61 , 08.2-90 , 08.2-104Krogh Andersen K 08.2-246Kromer B 08.2-246 , 08.2-247 , 08.2-254Krzyzanowski M 08.2-13Kubatova A 08.2-11Kubik P W 08.2-197 , 08.2-201 , 08.2-221 , 08.2-229 , 08.2-231 , 08.2-260Kubik P W 08.2-226Kück B 08.2-225Küffer C 08.2-97Kühn I 08.2-100 , 08.2-303Kuhn U 08.2-71Kull C 08.2-232 , 08.2-250 , 08.2-260Kupe L 08.2-168Kuster E 08.2-140Kutsch W L 08.2-91Kuzmin M I 08.2-181Laaksonen A 08.2-17Lachavanne J B 08.2-169 , 08.2-266Lachkar Z 08.2-190Lack D A 08.2-45Lagares F 08.2-233Lagergren F 08.2-70Laggoun Defarge F 08.2-98Laj P 08.2-9
151Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Lambert F 08.2-234Lamentowicz M 08.2-235 , 08.2-249Lange M A 08.2-177Lanz A 08.2-27Laperriere L 08.2-243Lapidus L 08.2-192Lardelli C 08.2-281Largey T 08.2-125Larocque I 08.2-236 , 08.2-243Larson K 08.2-132Lasaponara R 08.2-120Latron J 08.2-151Lauriola P 08.2-282Lausch A 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Lavorel S 08.2-67 , 08.2-108Lawrence D M 08.2-49Le Coeur D 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Le Lay G 08.2-239Le Roy S 08.2-273Legreid G 08.2-28 , 08.2-29Lehmann B 08.2-305Lehning M 08.2-145Leifeld J 08.2-82 , 08.2-138Leinweber P 08.2-139Leonelli G 08.2-237Leps J 08.2-67 , 08.2-108Leuenberger H 08.2-174Leuenberger M 08.2-30 , 08.2-54 , 08.2-55 , 08.2-217Leveque F 08.2-191Levrat G 08.2-16Li S G 08.2-99Liepert B 08.2-211Lievre I 08.2-251Liira J 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Lin J C 08.2-101 , 08.2-102Linder P 08.2-219Lindroth A 08.2-70Lippert T 08.2-292Logue J B 08.2-170Lohmann U 08.2-45 , 08.2-48 , 08.2-209Loiselle B A C 08.2-77Lööv J B 08.2-28 , 08.2-29Lopez M J I 08.2-150Lopez Moreno J I 08.2-31 , 08.2-144 , 08.2-151Losno R 08.2-191Lotter A F 08.2-204 , 08.2-255Loulergue L 08.2-217Loutre M F 08.2-213Lowell T V 08.2-214Luchier D 08.2-155Lücke A 08.2-225Lundström C 08.2-281
Luo B P 08.2-50Lüönd F 08.2-48Lüscher A 08.2-87Luterbacher J 08.2-114 , 08.2-189 , 08.2-222 , 08.2-245Lüthi D 08.2-42Maag G 08.2-297Mac Niocaill C 08.2-231Mächtle B 08.2-254Macleod M 08.2-20Maelfait J P 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Magand O 08.2-224Maggi V 08.2-234Mahieu E 08.2-38Mahoney M J 08.2-45Mahura A 08.2-7Maione M 08.2-9 , 08.2-32Mangani G 08.2-32Mankovska B 08.2-116Manning J C 08.2-122Manz H 08.2-6Marechal F 08.2-288 , 08.2-310Maricq M M 08.2-11Marin B 08.2-191Marinoni A 08.2-9Marschner B 08.2-139Matter A 08.2-218Matzinger A 08.2-256Maugeri M 08.2-220Mäusbacher R 08.2-146Mayer M 08.2-267Mayr C 08.2-225Mc Donald J D 08.2-11Mc Figgans G 08.2-17Mcallister T A 08.2-61Mccoy S T 08.2-295Mcculloch M T 08.2-200Mcfiggans G B 08.2-22Mcginnis D F 08.2-162 , 08.2-192Mcmichael A J 08.2-268Mcneely J A 08.2-115Mditre G 08.2-251Meier A 08.2-287Meier M 08.2-51Meier T 08.2-108Melieres M A 08.2-224Mercer J L 08.2-16Messerli P 08.2-305Mestayer P G 08.2-7Metzger A 08.2-17Meyer M 08.2-142Mezghani A 08.2-24 , 08.2-161Michaelowa A 08.2-269 , 08.2-275Michel J P 08.2-273Midgely G F 08.2-119Mieleitner J 08.2-171 , 08.2-172Miklova P 08.2-100
152 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Miles L 08.2-136Minchin D 08.2-303Minerbi S 08.2-70Mitchell E 08.2-98Mitchell E A D 08.2-105 , 08.2-235Miyahara H 08.2-185Moberg A 08.2-228Moderow U 08.2-70Mohnen V 08.2-43Mohr M 08.2-286Molder M 08.2-70Monbaron M 08.2-79 , 08.2-206Monna F 08.2-191Montagnani L 08.2-70Moran K 08.2-221Moresino F 08.2-301Moretti M 08.2-67 , 08.2-74Moser B 08.2-103Moukhliss H 08.2-173 , 08.2-284Moy C M 08.2-257Mudelsee M 08.2-218Müller C B 08.2-66 , 08.2-86Müller C E 08.2-164Müller Schärer H 08.2-81Mun B S 08.2-11Münger A 08.2-104Muntifering R B 08.2-101 , 08.2-102Murrell C 08.2-74Nadarajah K 08.2-101 , 08.2-102Naegeli H 08.2-294Ndour M 08.2-33Neftel A 08.2-15Nentwig W 08.2-93 , 08.2-303Nguyen Viet H 08.2-105Nielsen N W 08.2-7Niklaus P A 08.2-106Niu G Y 08.2-49Noll M 08.2-195Novak K 08.2-107Novak P 08.2-293November V 08.2-270Nowack B 08.2-299Nussbaumer S U 08.2-154Nyong A 08.2-268O‘leary M 08.2-200O‘regan M 08.2-221Oberholzer P 08.2-238Oehme M 08.2-164Oertli B 08.2-155 , 08.2-163Ogurtsov M 08.2-242Oguttu H W 08.2-174Ohlendorf C 08.2-204 , 08.2-225Ohmura A 08.2-185Olenin S 08.2-303Oleschak R 08.2-290Oleson K W 08.2-49Olsson J A 08.2-309
Olsson L 08.2-309Oltmans S J 08.2-16 , 08.2-41Omara F 08.2-61Opdam P 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Orr J C 08.2-190Ortelli D 08.2-159Osborn T J 08.2-228Osses de Elcker M 08.2-34Ostrovsky I 08.2-192Osukhovskaya Yu N 08.2-181Oyunbaatar D 08.2-99Pakeman R J 08.2-108Panov V 08.2-303Papadimitriou M 08.2-108Papaefthymiou G 08.2-291Papanastasis V P 08.2-108Parlange M B 08.2-156Pasqualetto V 08.2-122Passoni L 08.2-282Paterson J 08.2-119Patterson Z 08.2-271Pauling A 08.2-189Pearman P B 08.2-109 , 08.2-239Peintinger M 08.2-158Pelaez Riedl S 08.2-96Pelfini M 08.2-237Penelas M 08.2-270Perfetta J 08.2-155Pergl J 08.2-303Perroud A 08.2-184Pesch R 08.2-116Peter A 08.2-183Peter M 08.2-87 , 08.2-110Peter T 08.2-44 , 08.2-50Petit C 08.2-191Petit J R 08.2-234Petzold A 08.2-9 , 08.2-14Pfister C 08.2-245Pfister L 08.2-45Phillips W M 08.2-240Picard G 08.2-145Pienitz R 08.2-243Pilewskie P 08.2-8Pino M 08.2-208Pinzer B 08.2-149Plath M 08.2-179Platzer K 08.2-148Pohl C 08.2-306Poizat G 08.2-180Pollak M F 08.2-295Poluzzi V 08.2-282Pont A 08.2-182Porporato A 08.2-137Pöschl U 08.2-2 , 08.2-35Potter E K 08.2-200Prates Clark C D 08.2-111Preusker R 08.2-187
153Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Preusser F 08.2-241Prevot A S H 08.2-3 , 08.2-17 , 08.2-27 , 08.2-29 , 08.2-39Price M F 08.2-300Puertas A 08.2-191Puxbaum H 08.2-27Pysek P 08.2-303Queck R 08.2-70Quested H 08.2-108Quetier F 08.2-108Quinn P K 08.2-8Raatikainen T 08.2-17Rabassa J O 08.2-229Rader R B 08.2-175Radziminovich Ya B 08.2-181Raible C C 08.2-36Ramseier D 08.2-94Ramseyer K 08.2-248Randall K 08.2-284Randin C F 08.2-109 , 08.2-239Rapin F 08.2-159Rasmussen Sune O 08.2-246Raspopov O M 08.2-242Ratle F 08.2-120Ravbar N 08.2-176Rebetez M 08.2-37Rebmann C 08.2-70Recasens C 08.2-257Redemann J 08.2-8Rees G 08.2-136Reeves J M 08.2-45Reichert P 08.2-171 , 08.2-172Reicherter K 08.2-256Reimann S 08.2-28 , 08.2-29 , 08.2-32 , 08.2-38 , 08.2-47Reineking B 08.2-134Reiner D M 08.2-295Reinhard M 08.2-37Renold M 08.2-193Rethemeyer J 08.2-139Reuther Thiébaud L 08.2-96Rex M 08.2-44Richels R G 08.2-272Richter U 08.2-217Rieke Zapp D 08.2-248Ries L 08.2-25Riesch R 08.2-179Rigling A 08.2-126 , 08.2-127 , 08.2-129Rinaldo A 08.2-137Rixen C 08.2-112Rizzoli A E 08.2-309Robert R 08.2-292Robin C 08.2-60Robine J M 08.2-273
Robinson B 08.2-140Robinson B H 08.2-73Robinson C T 08.2-170Roccato F 08.2-9Rocklin R 08.2-74Roderfeld H 08.2-177Rodriguez Iturbe I 08.2-137Roesch A 08.2-53Roger J C 08.2-9Rolland N 08.2-243Romero M 08.2-297Roques A 08.2-303Roscher C 08.2-128Rossouw L 08.2-210Rotheray G E 08.2-182Roubalova M 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Roulier S 08.2-140Royle J A 08.2-88Rozkosny R 08.2-182Rubin E S 08.2-295Rubin J F 08.2-180Rudich Y 08.2-35Ruedi M 08.2-244Ruhtz T 08.2-187Rulence B 08.2-125Running S W 08.2-49Rusch G 08.2-108Russell P B 08.2-8Ruth U 08.2-234Rutherford G N 08.2-113Rutherford T F 08.2-272Rutishauser T 08.2-114 , 08.2-245Saatchi Sassan S 08.2-111Saether B E 08.2-78Salawitch R 08.2-44Salvatore M C 08.2-238Sandradewi J 08.2-39Santen S 08.2-285Sanxhaku M 08.2-256Sartori M 08.2-157Sasaki T 08.2-16Scaravelli D 08.2-244Schäbitz F 08.2-225Schaeffer A 08.2-139Schaffner U 08.2-74Schandl H 08.2-265Schanz F 08.2-168Schär C 08.2-42Schaub D 08.2-40Schaub M 08.2-107 , 08.2-246 , 08.2-247Schelfinger H 08.2-25Schenker U 08.2-307Scherer M 08.2-41Scheringer M 08.2-20 , 08.2-307 , 08.2-308
154 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Scherler M 08.2-146Schermann A 08.2-62Schermann Legionnet A 08.2-68Schermann N 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Scherr S J 08.2-115Scherrer S C 08.2-4 , 08.2-160Schiemann R 08.2-42Schläpfer F 08.2-274Schleiss A 08.2-173 , 08.2-284Schleser G H 08.2-225Schlüechter C 08.2-197Schlunegger F 08.2-141 , 08.2-248Schlupp I 08.2-179Schmid B 08.2-92 , 08.2-112 , 08.2-128Schmid P 08.2-164Schmidhauser R 08.2-39Schmidlin F J 08.2-16Schmidt M W I 08.2-130 , 08.2-131 , 08.2-139Schmidt T 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Schmied S F 08.2-65Schmitt J 08.2-217Schmutz W 08.2-186Schnadt Poberaj C 08.2-43Schneebeli M 08.2-149Schneider H 08.2-141Schneider Mathis D 08.2-129Schneuwly D M 08.2-64Schoell M 08.2-186Schofield R 08.2-44Schreiber D 08.2-286Schröder W 08.2-116Schroth M H 08.2-188 , 08.2-194 , 08.2-195Schubert C J 08.2-162Schudel L 08.2-146Schulin R 08.2-140 , 08.2-299Schumacher E 08.2-97Schumacher J 08.2-128Schurr F M 08.2-119Schwab M 08.2-141Schwalb A 08.2-256Schwark L 08.2-130 , 08.2-131 , 08.2-139Schwarz J P 08.2-45Schwarzbauer J 08.2-131Schwarzenbach R P 08.2-5Schweiger O 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Schwierz C 08.2-36 , 08.2-46Scuetz M 08.2-103Seitler E 08.2-51Sellegri K 08.2-9Seth B 08.2-138 , 08.2-143Shah N 08.2-11
Shao X 08.2-242Sharov A 08.2-152Shi P 08.2-117Sieferle R P 08.2-265Sierau B 08.2-8Simova P 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Simpson W R 08.2-145Sinclair B 08.2-182Sirohi S 08.2-275Sjögren P 08.2-249Skelly J M 08.2-107Skelton P 08.2-207Slagstad D 08.2-177Smit H G J 08.2-16Smulders M J M 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Sodemann H 08.2-46Soe A R B 08.2-91Sol D 08.2-303Solarz W 08.2-303Soliva C R 08.2-90Solomina O 08.2-250Spackman J R 08.2-45Spahni R 08.2-217 , 08.2-227Spangl W 08.2-25Speelmans M 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Speranza Chinwe I 08.2-276Spirig C 08.2-15Spirkovski Z 08.2-256Sprenger M 08.2-9Springer U 08.2-290St Onge G 08.2-224Staehelin J 08.2-28 , 08.2-29 , 08.2-40 , 08.2-41 , 08.2-43Stähli M 08.2-150Steffensen J P 08.2-234Steiger R 08.2-267Steinbacher M 08.2-14 , 08.2-28 , 08.2-38 , 08.2-47Steiner D 08.2-154Steinfeld A 08.2-285 , 08.2-297Steinger T 08.2-81Steinhilber F 08.2-186Steinmann P 08.2-277Stemmler K 08.2-33Sternberg M 08.2-108Stettler M 08.2-142Stetzer O 08.2-48Stier P 08.2-45Stirling C H 08.2-200 , 08.2-223Stocker T F 08.2-193 , 08.2-217 , 08.2-234Stöckli R 08.2-49Stöckli V 08.2-112 , 08.2-281Stöcklin J 08.2-96 , 08.2-118Stoffel M 08.2-64 , 08.2-206 , 08.2-251
155Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Störmer E 08.2-278Stroh F 08.2-44Strozzi T 08.2-152Stuart Haszeldine R 08.2-295Stuber M 08.2-75Stubi R 08.2-16Sturm M 08.2-181 , 08.2-204 , 08.2-215 , 08.2-255Sturm P 08.2-55Suchara I 08.2-116Sugden D E 08.2-201Sugita M 08.2-99Sugiyama H 08.2-279Suter M 08.2-94Sykes M T 08.2-119Szidat S 08.2-27Tackenberg O 08.2-118Tague C L 08.2-135Taillefert M 08.2-178Talamo S 08.2-246 , 08.2-247Tanny J 08.2-156Tatti E 08.2-159Telesca L 08.2-120Tercier Waeber M L 08.2-178Theau J P 08.2-108Thebault A 08.2-108Thevenon F 08.2-252Thoeni L 08.2-116Thomason L W 08.2-50Thompson A M 08.2-16Thomson D S 08.2-45Thöni L 08.2-51Thornton P E 08.2-49Thouret V 08.2-43Thudium J 08.2-52Thuiller W 08.2-119Timm O 08.2-193Timmermann A 08.2-193Tinner W 08.2-216 , 08.2-253Tobias S 08.2-142Tobler M 08.2-179Tobolski K 08.2-235Tohka A 08.2-264Topping D O 08.2-22Torvanger A 08.2-295Townsend Peterson A 08.2-77Trawoeger L 08.2-267Treier U A 08.2-81Trivino R 08.2-34Tscherko D 08.2-106Tsuang B J 08.2-53Tuia D 08.2-120Turner S F 08.2-17Tweed F 08.2-167Tyler S W 08.2-156Uerlings R 08.2-71
Uglietti C 08.2-54 , 08.2-55Ulardic C 08.2-295Unkel I 08.2-254Urmann K 08.2-194 , 08.2-195Urrutia R 08.2-208Urrutia R E 08.2-199Vajjhala S P 08.2-295Valente S 08.2-280Valentino F L 08.2-54 , 08.2-55van de Schootbrugge B 08.2-219van der Heijden M G A 08.2-121van der Knaap W O 08.2-205 , 08.2-239van der Wal T 08.2-309van Ittersum M K 08.2-309van Kleunen M 08.2-122van Leeuwen J 08.2-255van Lenteren J C 08.2-57van Oyen H 08.2-273van Straalen N M 08.2-121van Wingerden W 08.2-68van Wingerden W K R E 08.2-62 , 08.2-100Vandenberghe C 08.2-123Vardar M 08.2-197Veit H 08.2-232 , 08.2-260Venzac H 08.2-9Verboom J 08.2-62 , 08.2-68Verheggen B 08.2-14Verza G P 08.2-9Vestin P 08.2-70Vezzoli L 08.2-215Vicente Serrano S M 08.2-31Victor D G 08.2-295Vidale P L 08.2-42Vieten B 08.2-143Vila M 08.2-303Vile D 08.2-108Villani P 08.2-9Vince F 08.2-310Vincenzi S 08.2-180Vittoz P 08.2-124 , 08.2-125 , 08.2-239Voelz N J 08.2-175Volk C M 08.2-44Volk M 08.2-101 , 08.2-102Völkle H 08.2-19Völksch I 08.2-146Vollmer M K 08.2-32 , 08.2-38 , 08.2-47Vologina E G 08.2-181Vömel H 08.2-41von Gunten L 08.2-204 , 08.2-255von Hobe M 08.2-44Vonder Mühll D 08.2-146Vuillermoz E 08.2-9Wacker L 08.2-27 , 08.2-254Wagner B 08.2-256
156 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Authors
Wagner G 08.2-254Wagner H H 08.2-83 , 08.2-84Wagner R 08.2-182Waldmann N 08.2-257Walker K N 08.2-259Walser A 08.2-1Walter S 08.2-244Walter T 08.2-87Walz A 08.2-281Wanner H 08.2-114 , 08.2-245Ward J V 08.2-175Warner B G 08.2-98Wastl Walter D 08.2-263Watts L A 08.2-45Weber C 08.2-183Weber P 08.2-126 , 08.2-127Weber S L 08.2-228Weber U M 08.2-58Wegmann F 08.2-20Wegmueller U 08.2-152Wehrli C 08.2-26Wehrli M N 08.2-27Weidenkaff A 08.2-292Weigelt A 08.2-128Weilenmann M 08.2-293Weimer S 08.2-27Weingartner E 08.2-14 , 08.2-17 , 08.2-39Weiss A 08.2-25Weissert H 08.2-207Weisskopf P 08.2-82Wen G 08.2-185Wenger D 08.2-294Wermelinger B 08.2-129Werner C 08.2-152Wernli H 08.2-36 , 08.2-46Wery J 08.2-309Wessels M 08.2-256White W B 08.2-56Whitehead J D 08.2-22Wieckert C 08.2-285Wieler R 08.2-238Wien J E 08.2-309Wiesenberg G L B 08.2-130 , 08.2-131 , 08.2-139Wiesmann A 08.2-152Wiesmann U 08.2-276Wildi O 08.2-87Wildi W 08.2-166 , 08.2-169 , 08.2-184Wildt J 08.2-71Wiles G 08.2-250Wille M 08.2-225Williams P I 08.2-22Wilson E J 08.2-295Wilson J C 08.2-45Wilson R 08.2-211
Winkler R 08.2-296Wirick S 08.2-11Witte J 08.2-16Wohlfender M 08.2-106Wohltmann I 08.2-44Wolf A 08.2-132 , 08.2-133 , 08.2-136 , 08.2-177 , 08.2-196Wolf J 08.2-309Wolf M 08.2-174Woodley N 08.2-182Woolsey S 08.2-183Wright H E 08.2-205Wright I W 08.2-295Wulf S 08.2-225Wunder J 08.2-134Yang B 08.2-258Yang K 08.2-53Yang Z L 08.2-49Yavuz V 08.2-197Yernaux M 08.2-70Yoon S C 08.2-26Yu Z 08.2-259Z‘graggen A 08.2-297Zabel A 08.2-311Zah R 08.2-34Zander R 08.2-38Zappa M 08.2-153Zatwarnicki T 08.2-182Zauli Sajani S 08.2-282Zech R 08.2-232 , 08.2-260Zechmeister H G 08.2-116Zenklusen E 08.2-4Zennegg M 08.2-294Zenobi R 08.2-294Zeri M 08.2-70Zeyer J 08.2-188 , 08.2-194 , 08.2-195Zhang Y 08.2-53Zhang Z 08.2-258Zieger P 08.2-187Ziegler W 08.2-70Zierl B 08.2-135Zilitinkevich S 08.2-7Zimmermann M 08.2-138Zimmermann N E 08.2-113 , 08.2-119 , 08.2-239Zirfass K 08.2-97Zobel M 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-100Zockler C 08.2-136Zolitschka B 08.2-225Zorita E 08.2-189Zumbühl H J 08.2-154Zürcher F 08.2-51Zwick P 08.2-182
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines 157
Agriculture, Soil Sciences 08.2-15 , 08.2-57 , 08.2-61 , 08.2-62 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-70 , 08.2-73 , 08.2-82 , 08.2-83 , 08.2-87 , 08.2-89 , 08.2-90 , 08.2-92 , 08.2-94 , 08.2-100 , 08.2-101 , 08.2-102 , 08.2-104 , 08.2-108 , 08.2-113 , 08.2-115 , 08.2-127 , 08.2-139 , 08.2-142 , 08.2-204 , 08.2-265 , 08.2-275 , 08.2-276 , 08.2-277 , 08.2-309
Biodiversity 08.2-59 , 08.2-62 , 08.2-65 – 08.2-69 , 08.2-74 , 08.2-75 , 08.2-77 , 08.2-78 , 08.2-83 , 08.2-84 , 08.2-87 , 08.2-88 , 08.2-89 , 08.2-92 , 08.2-93 , 08.2-94 , 08.2-96 , 08.2-100 , 08.2-105 , 08.2-106 , 08.2-109 , 08.2-110 , 08.2-111 , 08.2-112 , 08.2-115 , 08.2-118 , 08.2-119 , 08.2-121 , 08.2-128 , 08.2-132 , 08.2-136 , 08.2-155 , 08.2-157 , 08.2-158 , 08.2-163 , 08.2-165 , 08.2-168 , 08.2-170 , 08.2-175 , 08.2-179 , 08.2-180 , 08.2-182 , 08.2-239 , 08.2-304 , 08.2-311
Cryology / Glaciology 08.2-144 – 08.2-154 , 08.2-160 , 08.2-167 , 08.2-197 , 08.2-201 , 08.2-209 , 08.2-214 , 08.2-217 , 08.2-218 , 08.2-224 , 08.2-226 , 08.2-230 , 08.2-232 , 08.2-234 , 08.2-237 , 08.2-238 , 08.2-240 , 08.2-250 , 08.2-255 , 08.2-259 , 08.2-260
Ecology 08.2-58 , 08.2-59 , 08.2-62 , 08.2-63 , 08.2-66 , 08.2-67 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-69 , 08.2-73 , 08.2-74 , 08.2-75 , 08.2-77 , 08.2-78 , 08.2-81 , 08.2-83 – 08.2-89 , 08.2-91 – 08.2-100 , 08.2-102 , 08.2-103 , 08.2-105 – 08.2-110 , 08.2-112 , 08.2-113 , 08.2-115 – 08.2-119 , 08.2-121 , 08.2-122 , 08.2-123 , 08.2-125 , 08.2-126 – 08.2-129 , 08.2-132 – 08.2-136 , 08.2-155 , 08.2-157 , 08.2-165 , 08.2-170 , 08.2-175 , 08.2-177 , 08.2-179 , 08.2-180 , 08.2-182 , 08.2-196 , 08.2-235 , 08.2-239 , 08.2-245 , 08.2-299 , 08.2-303 , 08.2-304 , 08.2-311
Economics 08.2-261 , 08.2-262 , 08.2-265 , 08.2-267 , 08.2-272 , 08.2-274 , 08.2-278 , 08.2-279 , 08.2-296 , 08.2-299 , 08.2-302
Energy & Fuels 08.2-10 , 08.2-264 , 08.2-281 , 08.2-283 , 08.2-284 , 08.2-285 , 08.2-287 , 08.2-288 , 08.2-289 , 08.2-291 , 08.2-292 , 08.2-293 , 08.2-297 , 08.2-298
Engineering 08.2-27 , 08.2-163 , 08.2-183 , 08.2-264 , 08.2-270 , 08.2-271 , 08.2-283 – 08.2-289 , 08.2-291 , 08.2-292 , 08.2-293 , 08.2-294 , 08.2-295 , 08.2-297 , 08.2-310
Forestry 08.2-58 , 08.2-63 , 08.2-64 , 08.2-70 , 08.2-72 , 08.2-73 , 08.2-75 , 08.2-76 , 08.2-79 , 08.2-80 , 08.2-86 , 08.2-91 , 08.2-95 , 08.2-97 , 08.2-103 , 08.2-107 , 08.2-110 , 08.2-111 , 08.2-113 , 08.2-117 , 08.2-120 , 08.2-123 – 08.2-127 , 08.2-129 , 08.2-132 , 08.2-134 , 08.2-135 , 08.2-150 , 08.2-151 , 08.2-198 , 08.2-206 , 08.2-211 , 08.2-216 , 08.2-228 , 08.2-237 , 08.2-246 , 08.2-247 , 08.2-251 , 08.2-253
Index of Disciplines
Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines158
Geochemistry & Geophysics 08.2-60 , 08.2-106 , 08.2-130 , 08.2-131 , 08.2-137 – 08.2-140 , 08.2-143 , 08.2-164 , 08.2-166 , 08.2-178 , 08.2-186 , 08.2-194 , 08.2-200 , 08.2-221 , 08.2-223 , 08.2-225 , 08.2-307
Geology 08.2-141 , 08.2-146 , 08.2-162 , 08.2-167 , 08.2-181 , 08.2-199 , 08.2-202 , 08.2-203 , 08.2-205 , 08.2-206 , 08.2-207 , 08.2-208 , 08.2-212 , 08.2-215 , 08.2-221 , 08.2-224 , 08.2-225 , 08.2-229 , 08.2-231 , 08.2-241 , 08.2-248 , 08.2-249 , 08.2-251 , 08.2-252 , 08.2-254 , 08.2-256 , 08.2-257 , 08.2-295
Geomorphology 08.2-64 , 08.2-72 , 08.2-141 , 08.2-146 , 08.2-152 , 08.2-167 , 08.2-181 , 08.2-201 , 08.2-202 , 08.2-206 , 08.2-214 , 08.2-224 , 08.2-229 , 08.2-241 , 08.2-251 , 08.2-254
Human & Public Health 08.2-13 , 08.2-39 , 08.2-268 , 08.2-273 , 08.2-282 , 08.2-294
Hydrology 08.2-42 , 08.2-46 , 08.2-99 , 08.2-135 , 08.2-137 , 08.2-150 , 08.2-151 , 08.2-153 , 08.2-156 , 08.2-161 , 08.2-163 , 08.2-166 , 08.2-167 , 08.2-169 , 08.2-173 , 08.2-175 , 08.2-176 , 08.2-178 , 08.2-183 , 08.2-184 , 08.2-196 , 08.2-225 , 08.2-270 , 08.2-284
Instruments & Instrumentation 08.2-2 , 08.2-8 , 08.2-9 , 08.2-26 , 08.2-35 , 08.2-48 , 08.2-49 , 08.2-135 , 08.2-187 , 08.2-200
International Relations 08.2-30 , 08.2-38 , 08.2-47 , 08.2-275 , 08.2-290 , 08.2-296 , 08.2-300 , 08.2-309
Limnology 08.2-158 – 08.2-161 , 08.2-164 , 08.2-171 , 08.2-172 , 08.2-174 , 08.2-184 , 08.2-192 , 08.2-199 , 08.2-202 , 08.2-203 , 08.2-204 , 08.2-205 , 08.2-208 , 08.2-212 , 08.2-213 , 08.2-214 , 08.2-215 , 08.2-225 , 08.2-236 , 08.2-243 , 08.2-252 , 08.2-255 , 08.2-256
Marine & Freshwater Biology 08.2-155 , 08.2-157 , 08.2-158 , 08.2-159 , 08.2-163 , 08.2-165 , 08.2-168 , 08.2-170 , 08.2-171 , 08.2-172 , 08.2-175 , 08.2-179 , 08.2-180 , 08.2-182 , 08.2-204 , 08.2-243
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 08.2-1 – 08.2-56 , 08.2-71 , 08.2-82 , 08.2-85 , 08.2-95 , 08.2-101 , 08.2-102 , 08.2-114 , 08.2-136 , 08.2-145 , 08.2-148 , 08.2-149 , 08.2-156 , 08.2-160 , 08.2-161 , 08.2-177 , 08.2-185 , 08.2-186 , 08.2-187 , 08.2-188 , 08.2-189 , 08.2-191 , 08.2-192 , 08.2-193 , 08.2-195 , 08.2-198 , 08.2-209 , 08.2-217 , 08.2-218 , 08.2-219 , 08.2-220 , 08.2-222 , 08.2-226 , 08.2-227 , 08.2-228 , 08.2-230 , 08.2-234 , 08.2-235 , 08.2-242 , 08.2-243 , 08.2-245 , 08.2-246 , 08.2-247 , 08.2-257 , 08.2-258 , 08.2-259 , 08.2-260 , 08.2-267 , 08.2-269 , 08.2-271 , 08.2-282 , 08.2-286 , 08.2-301
159Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines
Microbiology 08.2-57 , 08.2-59 , 08.2-84 , 08.2-98 , 08.2-104 , 08.2-105 , 08.2-121 , 08.2-122 , 08.2-170 , 08.2-188 , 08.2-194 , 08.2-195 , 08.2-249
Modelling 08.2-2 , 08.2-3 , 08.2-7 , 08.2-10 , 08.2-17 , 08.2-18 , 08.2-20 , 08.2-21 , 08.2-22 , 08.2-27 , 08.2-33 , 08.2-34 , 08.2-35 , 08.2-41 , 08.2-42 , 08.2-49 , 08.2-53 , 08.2-68 , 08.2-73 , 08.2-76 , 08.2-77 , 08.2-88 , 08.2-113 , 08.2-118 , 08.2-119 , 08.2-127 , 08.2-134 , 08.2-135 , 08.2-136 , 08.2-140 , 08.2-141 , 08.2-142 , 08.2-146 , 08.2-147 , 08.2-150 , 08.2-153 , 08.2-154 , 08.2-161 , 08.2-171 , 08.2-172 , 08.2-173 , 08.2-177 , 08.2-188 , 08.2-190 , 08.2-193 , 08.2-196 , 08.2-209 , 08.2-226 , 08.2-232 , 08.2-239 , 08.2-279 , 08.2-283 , 08.2-284 , 08.2-290 , 08.2-291 , 08.2-293 , 08.2-301 , 08.2-303 , 08.2-307 , 08.2-309
Multidisciplinary Sciences 08.2-305 , 08.2-308
Oceanography 08.2-56 , 08.2-162 , 08.2-189 , 08.2-190 , 08.2-193 , 08.2-201 , 08.2-207 , 08.2-221 , 08.2-222 , 08.2-223 , 08.2-231 , 08.2-233
Paleontology 08.2-197 – 08.2-260
Pedology 08.2-60 , 08.2-70 , 08.2-80 , 08.2-82 , 08.2-91 , 08.2-94 , 08.2-97 , 08.2-99 , 08.2-106 , 08.2-108 , 08.2-112 , 08.2-116 , 08.2-121 , 08.2-130 , 08.2-131 , 08.2-137 , 08.2-138 , 08.2-139 , 08.2-140 , 08.2-141 , 08.2-142 , 08.2-143 , 08.2-188 , 08.2-194 , 08.2-195 , 08.2-277 , 08.2-299
Plant Sciences 08.2-58 , 08.2-59 , 08.2-60 , 08.2-63 , 08.2-64 , 08.2-67 , 08.2-71 , 08.2-72 , 08.2-74 , 08.2-75 , 08.2-76 , 08.2-79 , 08.2-80 , 08.2-81 , 08.2-85 , 08.2-86 , 08.2-87 , 08.2-89 , 08.2-90 , 08.2-91 , 08.2-94 , 08.2-95 , 08.2-96 , 08.2-97 , 08.2-100 , 08.2-106 , 08.2-107 , 08.2-108 , 08.2-109 , 08.2-110 , 08.2-111 , 08.2-112 , 08.2-114 , 08.2-116 , 08.2-117 , 08.2-118 , 08.2-119 , 08.2-121 , 08.2-122 , 08.2-123 , 08.2-124 , 08.2-125 , 08.2-126 , 08.2-127 , 08.2-128 , 08.2-129 , 08.2-130 , 08.2-131 , 08.2-132 , 08.2-133 , 08.2-134 , 08.2-135 , 08.2-198 , 08.2-206 , 08.2-211 , 08.2-216 , 08.2-228 , 08.2-237 , 08.2-239 , 08.2-245 , 08.2-246 , 08.2-247 , 08.2-249 , 08.2-251 , 08.2-253 , 08.2-279
Political Sciences 08.2-169 , 08.2-263 , 08.2-266 , 08.2-269 , 08.2-270 , 08.2-272 , 08.2-275 , 08.2-277 , 08.2-278 , 08.2-280 , 08.2-281 , 08.2-283 , 08.2-290 , 08.2-296 , 08.2-300 , 08.2-303 , 08.2-305 , 08.2-306 , 08.2-309
Remote Sensing 08.2-20 , 08.2-152
Social Sciences 08.2-261 , 08.2-262 , 08.2-263 , 08.2-265 , 08.2-276 , 08.2-280
160 Global Change Abstracts – The Swiss Contribution | Index of Disciplines
Sociology 08.2-274
Toxicology 08.2-13 , 08.2-105 , 08.2-159 , 08.2-174
Urban Studies 08.2-7 , 08.2-29 , 08.2-34 , 08.2-40 , 08.2-191 , 08.2-282
Water Resources 08.2-24 , 08.2-79 , 08.2-137 , 08.2-153 , 08.2-156 , 08.2-159 , 08.2-168 , 08.2-174 , 08.2-176 , 08.2-266 , 08.2-284 , 08.2-310
Zoology 08.2-58 , 08.2-61 , 08.2-65 , 08.2-66 , 08.2-67 , 08.2-69 , 08.2-74 , 08.2-78 , 08.2-87 , 08.2-88 , 08.2-90 , 08.2-92 , 08.2-93 , 08.2-103 , 08.2-104 , 08.2-129 , 08.2-133 , 08.2-157 , 08.2-165 , 08.2-179 , 08.2-180 , 08.2-182 , 08.2-210 , 08.2-244 , 08.2-311
SciSearch® - Science Citation Index®
Description of the SciSearch® Database
SciSearch is a multi-disciplinary index to the international literature of science and technology. It cor-responds to the Science Citation Index (available in print and on CD-ROM) and contains additional material from the Current Contents series of publications (available in print and on weekly diskettes or CD-ROM).SciSearch’s weekly updating gives extremely fast access to the international literature of scientific and technical research. It is structured to provide versatile retrieval possibilities: in addition to the conven-tional search approaches, SciSearch offers citation indexing to enable identification of current articles by their earlier cited papers. The database was recently enhanced with author abstracts, author key-words and KeyWords Plus.The database indexes all significant items (articles, reports of meetings, letters, editorials, correction notices, etc.) from approximately 6’400 scientific and technical journals published world-wide.
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