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GLOBAL ENERGY ISSUES AND ALTERNATE FUELING
Robert C. Hendricks National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
www.nasa.gov
Global Energy Issues and Alternate Fueling
R.C. HendricksNASA –GRC
2006 NASA Seal/Secondary Air System Workshop November 14-15, 2006
OAI Cleveland OH 44152
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 83
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080003828 2020-07-22T16:20:09+00:00Z
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
asa.
gov
US
Use
s ab
out 1
00 Q
uad/
year
(1 Q
= 1
015
Btu
)W
orld
Ene
rgy
Use
: ab
out 4
33 Q
/yr
http
://w
ww
.eia
.doe
.gov
/em
eu/a
er/p
ecss
_dia
gram
.htm
l
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 84
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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asa.
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US
Ren
ewab
le E
nerg
y ab
out 6
%
http
://w
ww
.eia
.doe
.gov
/em
eu/a
er/p
df/p
ages
/sec
10_2
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 85
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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asa.
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Nuc
lear
Cou
ld G
row
: Has
Leg
acy
Pro
blem
s
http
://w
ww
.eia
.doe
.gov
/em
eu/a
er/p
df/p
ages
/sec
9_2.
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 86
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
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Ene
rgy
Sou
rces
Prim
arily
Non
Ren
ewab
leH
ydro
carb
on
http
://w
ww
.eia
.doe
.gov
/em
eu/a
er/p
df/p
ages
/sec
11_2
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 87
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Not
es
•M
ost r
enew
able
ene
rgy
: w
ood
and
hydr
opow
er•
Sm
all w
ind,
sol
ar a
nd n
ucle
ar•
Sta
gnan
t nuc
lear
gro
wth
, gro
win
g m
assi
ve p
robl
em
with
agi
ng re
acto
r shu
tdow
n w
aste
s an
d co
sts.
Lon
g le
ad ti
me
star
tup
issu
es•
Wor
ld E
nerg
y so
urce
s pr
imar
ily h
ydro
carb
on•
US
: 76%
Hyd
roca
rbon
s on
ly 6
% re
new
able
E
nerg
y di
strib
uted
by
4 se
ctor
s (tr
ansp
orta
tion,
in
dust
rial,
resi
dent
ial/c
omm
erci
al, e
lect
ric)
•28
% U
S e
nerg
y is
tran
spor
tatio
n en
ergy
, 98%
of
whi
ch c
omes
from
pet
role
um
•H
ydro
carb
ons
emis
sion
s m
easu
red
as C
O2
•Fu
els
have
maj
or im
pact
on
airc
raft
desi
gn a
nd u
se
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 88
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
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istra
tion
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asa.
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Alte
rnat
e Fu
els
Effe
ct A
ircra
ft D
esig
n
Etha
nol
Hyd
roge
n
ICA
S-20
06-5
.8.2
/ N
ASA
TM
-200
6-21
4365
15%
mor
e en
ergy
use
(500
nm
imis
sion
)[ 2
6% o
n 3k
nm
imis
sion
]
28%
mor
e en
ergy
use
(500
nm
imis
sion
)[ 2
% o
n 3k
mni
mis
sion
]
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 89
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
asa.
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Not
es•
Alte
rnat
e fu
elin
g in
volv
es tr
ade-
offs
in a
ircra
ft de
sign
s•
Ren
ewab
le e
than
ol fu
el re
quire
s la
rger
eng
ines
and
w
ings
and
15%
and
26%
mor
e fu
el (t
han
Jet A
) for
50
0 na
utic
al m
ile (n
mi)
and
3000
nm
imis
sion
s.•
Hyd
roge
n (li
quid
fuel
) pro
vide
s fo
r sm
alle
r eng
ines
an
d w
ings
yet
requ
ires
28%
and
2%
mor
e fu
el (t
han
Jet A
) for
500
nau
tical
mile
and
300
0 nm
imis
sion
s.•
New
Log
istic
s an
d su
ppor
t sys
tem
s re
quire
d•
Airc
raft
desi
gner
s se
ekin
g dr
op in
fuel
s su
itabl
e fo
r bo
th n
ew a
nd le
gacy
airc
raft
•Fu
el li
ne s
ealin
g be
com
es m
ajor
issu
e to
be
reso
lved
ev
en fo
r Fis
cher
Tro
pisc
h(F
T) h
ydro
carb
on fu
els
•A
ltern
ate
fuel
s as
eth
anol
, bio
dies
elbe
com
e ar
able
la
nd in
tens
ive
( foo
d or
fuel
issu
es )
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 90
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
asa.
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Con
vent
iona
l-Bio
mas
s Is
sue
-Foo
d or
Fue
l ?
Ara
ble
land
ICA
S-20
06-5
.8.2
/ N
ASA
TM
-200
6-21
4365
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 91
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
asa.
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Alte
rnat
e fu
els
mus
t be
envi
ronm
enta
lly b
enig
n
ICA
S-20
06-5
.8.2
/ N
ASA
TM
-200
6-21
4365
(with
out C
O2
sequ
estr
atio
n)
Goo
d
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 92
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
asa.
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Not
es
•G
erm
any
man
date
d 5.
75%
bio
dies
elbl
ends
yet
mus
t im
port
from
Bra
zil t
o m
eet d
eman
d•
To m
eet a
nnua
l die
sel d
eman
d re
quire
s 4X
Ger
man
ar
able
land
( no
t a p
ract
ical
way
)•
Em
issi
ons
depe
nd o
n m
etho
ds fo
r gen
erat
ing
Alte
rnat
e Fu
els
: Hyd
roge
n fro
m c
oal p
rodu
ces
3.5
x C
O2
than
Jet
-fuel
, yet
hyd
roge
n as
an
alte
rnat
e ai
rcra
ft fu
el p
rodu
ces
negl
igib
le C
O2
emis
sion
s ( b
ut
wat
er m
ay b
ecom
e a
prob
lem
)•
Jet-f
uel f
rom
coa
l (e.
g., S
asol
pro
cess
) pro
duce
s 1.
6X J
et-fu
el fr
om p
etro
leum
-CO
2em
issi
ons
•W
orld
em
issi
ons
are
incr
easi
ng w
ith h
ydro
carb
on u
se
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 93
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
asa.
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Wor
ld C
arbo
n (C
O2)
Em
issi
ons
Pro
blem
http
://w
ww
.eia
.doe
.gov
/em
eu/a
er/p
df/p
ages
/sec
11_3
8.pd
f
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 94
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Pla
net C
hang
ing
Em
issi
ons
Han
sen,
J.,
Can
We
Still
Avo
id
Dan
gero
us H
uman
-Mad
e C
limat
e C
hang
e?, W
orld
Sci
ence
For
um,
New
Yor
k, N
Y, 9
Nov
embe
r 20
06
Not
e Sc
ale
Cha
nge
kyr
Climate Forcing Emissions
kyr
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 95
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Jim
Han
sen’
s G
loba
l War
min
g W
arni
ngs
A: E
xpon
entia
l GH
G, C
: Dra
stic
em
issi
ons c
urta
ilmen
t, B
: Mos
t pla
usib
le (c
lose
to r
eal w
orld
)
BA
U“B
usin
ess-
as-U
sual
”(b
etw
een
A &
B) a
nd A
S“A
ltern
ate-
Scen
ario
”(s
imila
r to
C)
Han
sen,
J., S
ato,
M.,
Rue
dy, R
. Lo,
K.,
Lea,
D.W
., M
edin
a-El
izad
e, M
.; G
loba
l Tem
pera
ture
Cha
nge,
PN
AS
Sept
. 26,
200
6, V
ol. 1
03, N
o. 3
9, p
p 14
288-
1429
3.
http
://pu
bs.g
iss.n
asa.
gov/
docs
/200
6/20
06_H
anse
n_et
al_1
: ac
cess
ed 2
5 Se
ptem
ber 2
006
T Ear
th-s
urfa
ce≈
1ºC
of T
max
of p
ast 1
06ye
ars
ΔTE
arth
-sur
face
= 0.
2 ºC
/dec
ade
for p
ast 3
0 ye
ars
Earth
war
min
g +1
ºC re
lativ
e to
yea
r 200
0 im
plie
sda
nger
ous c
limat
e ch
ange
, bas
is: l
ikel
y ef
fect
s of
sea-
leve
l cha
nges
, ex
term
inat
ion
of sp
ecie
s
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 96
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Not
es
•80
kyr c
ycle
s fo
r CO
2an
d C
H4
emis
sion
s ar
e dw
arfe
d by
thos
e fro
m 1
860’
s on
war
d to
pre
sent
tim
e•
Clim
ate
forc
ing
Gre
enho
use
Gas
es a
nd Ic
e S
heet
s go
han
d in
han
d ( c
ompa
re th
e cy
cle
perio
ds )
Ice
heat
of f
usio
n fa
ctor
in p
lane
t the
rmal
resp
onse
•
Met
rics
for D
ange
rous
Cha
nge
in p
lane
t Ear
th
sour
ces
of d
ata
used
to d
eter
min
e pl
anet
sec
urity
al
ert [
(Pla
nt, A
nim
al),
(Ice,
Sea
Lev
el),
Clim
ate
]•
Ext
inct
ion
does
not
nec
essa
rily
mea
n hu
man
, but
co
uld
: Sea
floo
r, ic
e, p
erm
afro
st, s
tabi
lity
issu
es•
Bus
ines
s as
usu
al (B
AU
) is
not a
n ac
cept
able
sc
enar
io a
s it
impa
cts
land
sur
face
and
oce
an
tem
pera
ture
s w
hich
in tu
rn im
pact
s pl
anet
sta
bilit
y
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 97
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Gas
Hyd
rate
s (C
lath
rate
s), S
olar
& B
iom
ass
Loca
tions
ΔTE
arth
War
min
gm
ost p
reva
lent
in N
orth
ern
Hem
isph
ere
http
://w
ww
.net
l.doe
.gov
/scn
go/N
atur
alG
as/h
ydra
tes/
data
bank
/Hyd
Loca
tions
.htm
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 98
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
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Glo
bal E
nerg
y S
ecto
r Res
pons
e
Bio
tic th
eory
petro
leum
(fos
sil):
lim
its re
serv
es p
erha
ps 5
0 ye
ars
Abi
otic
theo
ryhy
droc
arbo
n fo
rmat
ion
supp
orts
con
tinuo
us o
il fo
rmat
ion
deep
with
in e
arth
man
tle: n
o fin
ite b
ound
s
Gla
cier
ed ic
e m
elts
, ris
e in
oce
an te
mpe
ratu
res a
nd o
cean
leve
lsim
pact
s sta
bilit
y of
met
hane
hyd
rate
s, oc
ean
floor
s, th
e co
asta
lin
dust
rial a
nd a
viat
ion
com
plex
and
spec
ie su
rviv
al
Met
hane
rele
ase
(10
to 2
0 tim
es m
ore
detri
men
tal t
han
CO
2)
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 99
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
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e Ad
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istra
tion
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asa.
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Not
es•
Met
hane
hyd
rate
s su
rrou
nd th
e A
mer
icas
and
Jap
an c
oast
al re
gion
san
d ar
e di
strib
uted
in th
e pe
rmaf
rost
regi
ons
of th
e N
orth
ern
Hem
isph
ere
( and
may
be p
erva
sive
els
ewhe
re ?
) •
Met
hane
hyd
rate
s ar
e de
ep in
the
ocea
n or
per
maf
rost
[150
m to
13
50m
] and
are
ext
ensi
ve, b
ut s
hallo
wer
or d
eepe
r in
the
Ear
th, t
hey
beco
me
gase
ous
as th
e te
mpe
ratu
re-p
ress
ure
will
not s
uppo
rt cl
athr
ate
or ic
e ca
ge s
truct
ure.
•A
t pre
sent
geo
logi
cal t
ime
met
hane
hyd
rate
s ar
e st
able
to m
argi
nally
st
able
with
in ro
ck li
ke s
truct
ures
or d
omes
on
ocea
n flo
or o
r per
maf
rost
re
gion
s•
Cur
rent
min
ing
(met
hane
reco
very
) is
by w
arm
ing
the
hydr
ate
or d
rillin
g th
roug
h a
gas
dom
e of
unk
now
n pr
essu
re [
maj
or s
ealin
g is
sues
]•
BA
U-G
loba
l war
min
g w
ill e
vent
ually
rele
ase
met
hane
whi
ch is
10
to 2
0tim
es w
orse
than
CO
2as
a g
reen
hous
e ga
s•
Met
hane
Hyd
rate
Sta
bilit
y Im
pact
s O
cean
Flo
or S
tabi
lity
Oce
an F
loor
Sta
bilit
y D
isas
ter E
xam
ple:
620
0BC
, 400
0 (k
m)3
slid
e of
f N
orw
ay s
ent 1
5m ts
unam
i to
Sco
tland
and
90
000
(km
)2m
uddy
mid
-A
tlant
ic o
cean
(nea
r sho
re re
side
nts
and
aqua
tic li
fe p
roba
bly
wou
ld n
ot h
ave
surv
ived
)
http
://w
ww
.dis
cove
r.com
/issu
es/m
ar-0
4/co
ver/?
page
=5(a
cces
s 13
Nov
06)
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 100
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
asa.
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Glo
bal E
nerg
y S
ecto
r Res
pons
e (c
ont’d
)
Nob
el L
aure
nt P
rof.
Ric
hard
E. S
mal
ley
(200
5) p
ropo
sed
•six
3.3
TW
-yea
r sol
ar e
nerg
y si
tes w
ould
mee
t ene
rgy
dem
ands
of a
ll na
tions
(TW
= 1
012W
) {m
ap sq
uare
s}
•100
km x
100
km
site
10.
6 kW
-hou
rs/m
2 /day
at 1
0% so
lar
cell
effic
ienc
y an
d 50
yea
r life
•$3.
50/W
($30
0/m
2 ) to
$1/
W ($
90/m
2 ) [1
0% c
ells
]•3
.3 T
W-y
ear P
V c
ost (
$1
to $
3 tri
llion
) or
8.
5% <
[PV
-Cos
t]/G
DP(
2001
) < 2
5.5%
(U
S G
DP
$11
.75
trill
ion)
Oil
& G
as in
dust
ry $
6 tri
llion
: En
ergy
Indu
stry
$16
trilli
on,
capi
tal i
nves
tmen
tal
gae
beds
(20k
gal-b
iodi
esel
/acr
e/yr
) 20
X S
mal
ley
site
.C
an u
se b
rack
ish
or fr
esh
wat
er, p
ond
or c
olum
n sy
stem
s
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 101
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
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and
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e Ad
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istra
tion
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Alte
rnat
ive
Ren
ewab
les
•A
ltern
ativ
e R
enew
able
Ene
rgy
Sou
rces
Sol
ar W
ind.
D
iffus
e ye
t per
vasi
ve; c
an s
uppl
y A
LL g
loba
l ene
rgy
•La
rge
land
are
as re
quire
d m
ostly
des
ert t
ype
whe
re
sola
r is
prev
alen
t (se
e sq
uare
s on
figu
re)
•R
equi
re le
ss la
nd th
an A
lgae
Far
ms
grow
ing
in fr
esh
or b
rack
ish
wat
ers
(pon
ds/c
olum
ns) c
an c
aptu
re C
O2
•Le
ss e
xpen
sive
than
pur
suit
of p
etro
leum
yet
requ
ires
will
of p
eopl
e of
Ear
th to
hap
pen
•R
enew
able
, diff
usiv
e P
V a
nd W
ind
ener
gy s
ourc
es
are
grow
ing
in E
urop
e
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 102
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
Glo
bal E
nerg
y S
ecto
r Res
pons
e (c
oncl
)
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 103
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
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istra
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Stra
tosp
heric
Sul
fur I
njec
tion
Glo
bal C
oolin
g S
witc
h
•“P
ollu
tion
parti
cles
affe
ct h
ealth
and
lead
to m
ore
than
500
,000
pre
mat
ure
deat
hs p
er y
ear
wor
ldw
ide.
Thr
ough
aci
d pr
ecip
itatio
n an
d de
posi
tion
SO
2 an
d su
lfate
s al
so c
ause
var
ious
ki
nds
of e
colo
gica
l dam
age”
Pau
l J. C
rutz
en(N
obel
Lau
reat
e)
•C
rutz
en’s
clim
ate
engi
neer
ing
invo
lves
Inje
ctio
n of
1-2
Tg
S (
1 T
gram
= 1
09ki
logr
am)
SO
2 an
d su
lfate
s fo
rmed
refle
ct in
cide
nt s
olar
, coo
ling
plan
et
Yet
con
side
r the
se is
sues
.•
Rea
son
for S
rem
oval
R
educ
e pr
emat
ure
deat
hs -
hum
an a
nd a
nim
al
Alle
viat
e ac
id ra
ins
that
des
troy
fore
sts
–pl
ant m
atte
r
•In
crea
sing
S d
ecre
ases
bio
mat
terC
O2
abso
rptio
n In
crea
sing
CO
2 in
crea
ses
GH
G w
arm
ing,
requ
iring
mor
e S
rele
ase
?
•“T
he v
ery
best
wou
ld b
e if
emis
sion
s of
the
gree
nhou
se g
ases
cou
ld b
e re
duce
d so
muc
h th
at th
e st
rato
sphe
ric s
ulfu
r rel
ease
exp
erim
ent w
ould
not
nee
d to
take
pla
ce. C
urre
ntly
, thi
s lo
oks
like
a pi
ous
wis
h.”P
aul J
. Cru
tzen
(Nob
el L
aure
ate)
•Ex
perim
ents
are
to p
rove
con
cept
s -
outc
ome
unce
rtain
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 104
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iona
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Not
es
•C
rutz
en’s
clim
ate
engi
neer
ing
invo
lves
str
atos
pher
ic in
ject
ion
of 1
-2 T
gS
over
1-2
ye
ar p
lane
tary
(coo
ling/
war
min
g sw
itch)
Estim
ated
cos
ts a
re $
25B
-$50
B p
er in
ject
ion;
no
cost
bas
is p
rovi
ded.
Ant
hrop
ogen
etic
effe
cts
are
impl
ied
heat
/coo
l con
trol
, yet
unk
now
nIm
plic
atio
n of
pla
net c
ycle
lag
resp
onse
tim
e co
uld
prov
e as
ext
inct
ion
spira
l.
Fres
hwat
er a
dditi
on a
nd d
ilutio
n of
nor
ther
n (s
outh
ern)
oce
an s
alin
ity “
stal
ls”
war
m
equa
toria
l cur
rent
driv
ers
and
alte
r bio
mas
s pr
oduc
tion
in o
cean
and
cost
al a
reas
. H
atun
et a
l., C
urry
et a
l., re
alcl
imat
e.or
g: G
loba
l war
min
g tu
rns
Glo
bal c
oolin
g.
Polic
y m
aker
s En
ergy
opt
ions
-m
aint
ain
busi
ness
as
usua
l (B
AU
), al
tern
ate
scen
ario
(A
C),
inve
stin
g in
sol
ar fa
rms
prov
ide
long
and
sho
rt te
rm e
nerg
y. O
n th
ese
issu
es a
ll lif
e fo
rms
are
invo
lved
; no
one,
incl
udin
g po
licy
mak
ers
will
be
exem
pt.
Soci
al p
olic
y op
tion,
max
imiz
e pr
ofit
or h
ow m
any
lifte
d fr
om p
over
ty, E
nerg
y po
licy
optio
n 6
sola
r sta
tions
sup
ply
wor
ld e
nerg
y de
man
d [ p
olic
y op
tions
of N
obel
La
urea
tes,
Muh
amm
ad Y
unus
(soc
ial)
and
Ric
hard
Sm
alle
y (g
loba
l ene
rgy)
]
Cru
tzen
, P.J
. (20
06) A
lbed
oen
hanc
emen
t by
stra
tosp
heric
sul
fur i
njec
tions
: A c
ontr
ibut
ion
to re
solv
e a
polic
y di
lem
ma?
, An
Edito
rial
Essa
y, C
limat
ic C
hang
e 77
(3-4
), A
ug ,
pp 2
11-2
19.
Hat
unH
., Sa
ndø
A.B
, Dra
nge
H.,
Han
sen
B. &
Val
dim
arss
onH
. (20
05) '
Inlfu
ence
of th
e A
tlant
ic S
ubpo
larG
yre
on th
e Th
erm
oclin
eC
ircul
atio
n', S
cien
ce, v
ol30
9, 1
841-
1844
Cur
ry R
. & M
aurt
izen
C. (
2005
) 'D
ilutio
n of
the
Nor
ther
n N
orth
Atla
ntic
Oce
an in
Rec
ent D
ecad
es',
Scie
nce,
vol
308,
177
2-17
74ht
tp://
ww
w.re
alcl
imat
e.or
g/in
dex.
php/
arch
ives
/200
5/10
/sal
tier-
or-n
ot/
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 105
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iona
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istra
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Pot
entia
l Glo
bal E
nerg
y S
ecto
r Res
pons
e
1. R
emov
e un
stab
le m
etha
ne h
ydra
te s
ourc
es b
efor
esp
onta
neou
s re
leas
e du
e to
clim
ate
chan
ges,
con
vert
to u
sefu
l ene
rgy
(wor
k). S
eque
ster
CO
2(C
arbo
n),
spen
t wel
l inj
ectio
n? C
lath
rate
s? P
lant
s ?
Oth
er u
se?
2. M
ove
tow
ard
effic
ient
diff
use-
ener
gy c
olle
ctio
n,
conv
ersi
on, s
tora
ge, t
rans
mis
sion
sys
tem
s3.
Incr
ease
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y us
e, s
olar
, win
d, a
lgae
bio
(gen
eral
) bot
h la
nd a
nd a
ir po
wer
sys
tem
s4.
Dec
reas
e hy
droc
arbo
n (“
foss
il”or
abi
otic
)de
pend
ence
(shi
ft fro
m B
AU
to A
S )
5. M
onito
r sho
relin
e de
pend
ence
on
glob
al c
limat
icch
ange
s w
ith a
ttend
ant r
espo
nse.
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 106
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
New
Sea
ling
and
Flui
d Fl
ow C
halle
nges
From
tapp
ing
and
capp
ing
hydr
ate
dom
es to
synt
hetic
“d
rop-
in”
fuel
s in
lega
cy a
ircra
ft, a
long
with
synt
hetic
and
bi
o fu
els p
rodu
ctio
n, tr
ansm
issi
on, s
tora
ge a
nd u
se in
tra
nspo
rtatio
n an
d gr
ound
bas
ed p
ower
indu
strie
s, se
alin
g an
d se
cond
ary
flow
s rem
ain
key
issu
es to
thei
r suc
cess
Diff
eren
t typ
e of
seal
ing
issu
es
Sequ
este
ring
and
sequ
este
red
emis
sion
s
Dee
p w
ell i
njec
tion
and
sea-
bed
rete
ntio
n an
d st
abili
ty
FT a
nd b
io fu
els m
ater
ials
com
patib
ility
Inte
rfac
e co
atin
gs, n
anop
artic
ulat
es, c
atal
ytic
NASA/CP—2007-214995/VOL1 107
