Global Independence Global Independence Movement and StrugglesMovement and Struggles

Post - WWIIPost - WWII

Objectives1. We will be able to describe the factors that led

to decolonization.2. We will be able to identify the problems

associated with the independence of India.3. We will be able to assess the different influences

on the Congo’s and Ghana’s independence. 4. We will be able to analyze the goals of foreign

nations in Afghanistan.

Decolonization=To allow a colony to become self-governing and independent

What forces led to the end of European colonial empires?

Education & information acquired by Asians & Africans.•“Lessons” on equality, democracy, revolution, government, natural rights, etc. caused people to take action for freedom.

World Wars•Asians and Africans questioned European “progress”•The winners of both wars talked of freedom . . . Some acted on it.•Cost of colonies

Nationalism!

INDIAINDIA

World War II - World War II - post-pones attempts at Independence

•Gandhi and the the Indian National CongressIndian National Congress party party were Hindu•The The Muslim League Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah• Feared discrimination • Demanded a Separate nation – Pakistan

INDIAINDIANew nationsAugust 15, 1947

IndiaIndia – Hindu

PakistanPakistan - Muslim

Partition of India• Dividing of India into separate

Hindu and Muslim Nations

INDIAINDIA

Refugee Violence-1 Million Dead•Muslims slaughtered by Hindus and Sikhs•Hindus slaughtered Muslims

Gandhi was devastated by the Gandhi was devastated by the divisiondivision•Spoke out against it- “What is there to celebrate? I see nothing but rivers of blood”—Gandhi •He was assassinated by a Hindu radical

INDIAINDIANuclear Arms Race• Pakistan and India both possess nuclear weapons

Growing Population•Overtake China by 2035 but racked with social and religious problems

India is the Worlds Largest Democracy

Two major parties:–Pro Hindu part–Pro separation of religion/government party

GhanaGhana (The Gold Coast) – 1957

Kwame NkrumahKwame Nkrumah•leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast•Overseeing the nation's independence from British colonial rule in 1957

•Used strikes and boycotts to succeed

•The first President and Prime Minister of Ghana•Spends on industrialization, health and welfare, education (EXPENSIVE)

•20th-century advocate of Pan-Africanism-a movement for cooperation between all people of African descent and political union of an independent Africa•Ghana has moved back forth from civilian and military control since 1966

Sub-Sahara African De-Colonization

Republic of Congo-Republic of Congo-

“Prize to be won in the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union.”

Belgium left behind chaos and civil warBelgium left behind chaos and civil warFighting continues….•1955 - publishes a "30-Year Plan" for granting the Congo increased self-government.•1959 – Belgium begins to lose control over events in the Congo following serious nationalist riots in Leopoldville—Turmoil continues until 19651965-1997—Army Colonel Joseph Mobutu (Sese Seko) takes Control•Supported by the U.S. (Cold War)—Key location in Africa and natural resources •Brutal Dictator and Corrupt•Makes Billions but no need for U.S. to support after Cold War

Sub-Sahara African De-Colonization

• 1800s-Russia (for Indian Ocean) and Britain (Protection) Fight for Land• 1900s-Efforts for Democracy Fails• 1970s-Mujahideen fight against Soviet-supported government• 1979-1989-Soviets unsuccessfully invade and lose (U.S. supports Afghan rebels)• 1990s-Taliban-Conservative Islamic group-takes control

– Harbors al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden –U.S. removes Taliban 12/2001• 2014-Possible successful pass of power from Hamid Karzai in elections and

withdraw of troops at end of 2014-Will Taliban come back?

Afghanistan-A Long Struggle