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Blas Mola-Yudego, [email protected]
Global needs of biomass: introduction & international perspective
Blas MOLA-YUDEGO
Production of non-food biomass (3 ECTS)
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Jon Sullivan, CC
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Archaeologists identified charred animal bones and stone tools in wood ash in Wonderwerk Cave of Kuruman Hills in South Africa, providing evidence of controlled fire use by prehistoric “mankind” creatures one million years ago human beings start using “bow-drill fire making” ca. six thousand years ago 220–300 °C or higher temperature, most dry plant materials ignite in air to cause fire Combustion starts initially with exothermic pyrolysis of wood at around 260 °C to generate solid char and gaseous fume. C6H10O5 + 6O2→6CO2 + 5H2O + heat + light
Guo, M., Song, W., & Buhain, J. (2015). Bioenergy and biofuels: History, status, and perspective. Ren & Sus Ene Rev, 42, 712-725.
~15 MJ kg−1
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Ben Brooksbank, CC
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Oil
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Service
Biomass prod
Technology
Efficiency
Planning
Sustainability
My view
Biomass
(Modern uses)
Wood for energy
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Lighting Power Per Unit of Energy
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Campfire
(Australopithecus 1,4 m
bc)
Animal Fat Lamp
(Paleolithic 42,000 bc)
Sesame Oil Lamp
(Babylonians 1,750 bc)
Candles (Greeks,
Romans I bc)
Whale Oil Lamps
(1,800)
Kerosene Lamps
(Petroleum PA, 1,859)
Electric Carbon Lamps
(Edison, 1,882)
Fluorescent Bulb
(1,992)
With 1 hr of WORK…
…we can purchase 840 000 time more light than the Australopithecus …we can purchase 45000 times more light than the XVIII man
Sala-i-Martin, 2003
Efficiency
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Efficiency But there are changes in policy framework, population, demand, competition, etc…
Data soures: FAO databases
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Biomass
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Discussion and collective review
Biomass sources and limitations
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Fuel crops
Agricultural by-products
Animal by-products
Agro industrial by-products
Municipal by-products
AGROENERGY
Direct fuel woods
Indirect fuel woods
Recovered fuel woods
Solid: fuel wood (wood in the rough, chips,
saw dust, pallets), charcoal
Liquid: black liquor, methanol, Pyrolitic oil,
Biodiesel,
Gas: products from gasification and pyrolysis
gases of above fuels
Production, Supply Common groups User side, demand with examples
MUNICIPAL BY-
PRODUCTS
WOOD ENERGY
Solid: straw, stalks, husks, bagasse,
charcoal from agricrops
Liquid: ethanol, raw vegetable oil, oil diester,
methanol, pyrolitic oil
Gas: biogas, producer gas, pyrolisis gases
from agro fuels
Solid: municipal solid waste (MSW)
Liquid: sewage, pyrolysis of MSW
Gas: landfill gas, sludge gas
FAO, 2004
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CONVERSION
PRODUCT
MARKET
Combustion
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Digestion
Hydrolysis + Fomentation
Extraction + Esterification
Heat
Fuel gas
Biodesel
Bio oil
Biogas
Bioethanol
Heat/CHP
Chemicals
Transportation fuel
Electricity
RESOURCE
Solid biomass (wood, straw)
Wet biomass (organic waste, manure)
Starch plants (sugar, cereals)
Oil crops (rap seed, sunflower)
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OIL SEEDS
LEAVES
BRANHCES
TRUNK
STUMP
BARK
ROOTS
extraction transesterification biodiesel
fermentation
milling, pelletizin, chipping briquetting, crushing
cutting, chopping
thermochemical gasification,
FT-liquefaction
biogasification
ORC-power
biogas (methane)
ethanol
pellets, chips, dust, briquettes, etc
firewood, billets
gas
biodiesel
electricity
BIOMASS
PROCESS COMMERCIAL PRODUCT
Most common pathways from biomass to products
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Wood-based fuels
Energy Forests
Short Rotation Forestry
Forest Biomass
Primary residues
Logging residues Stumps
Whole trees for energy
Secondary residues
Industrial residues Bark Sawdust Shavings and chips Endings Black liquor
Recycled wood
Used wood from Constructions Demolition Wooden packages
Biomass (wood fuels)
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Felling residues
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Assortments
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Resiudes
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Stumps
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Whole tree
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