HISTORY Renaissance and ReformationRenaissance

● 1400-1650s. After medieval times. ● Means Rebirth. Rebirth of ancient Rome and Greece (known as the Classics)● Began in ITALY. Time of creativity and change in politics, economics, social

life, and culture.Perspective- In drawing or painting, a way of portraying three dimensions on a flat, two-dimensional surface by suggesting depth or distance.Machiavelli-

○ Author and Politician during Renaissance○ Made the writing guide for rules to maintain power○ Wrote “The Prince”

■ Handbook that was a guide to get and maintain political power■ Here and now■ the end justifies the means■ Not about after life

● “Benefits ought to be given little by little”● “Fear”● “Injury”

Clergy-People who work as priests/bishops/etc.Lutheranism-

○ Origin: ■ 1517, Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses

○ Sin and Salvation: ■ Salvation comes by faith in Jesus Christ alone. Many rituals done

by Catholic Church were unnecessary. ○ Ultimate Source of Authority:

■ the Bible○ Rituals and Worship:○ Community Life:

Anabaptism○ Origin:

■ 1525, Catholic church○ Sin and Salvation:

■ Living in real world is sin. Need to be baptized. Live in excluded villages to stay pure.

○ Ultimate Source of Authority:■ Bible and bible ONLY

○ Rituals and Worship:■ Avoided outside world. Didn’t believe in statues and paintings or

any distractions○ Community life:

■ Living away from the rest of the world. Isolated and NOT exposed to sins.

Catholic Reformation- After 95 theses were published, the Catholic Church resolved some of it’s “issues” by recanting some of its habits (such as indulgences and clergy corruption).Humanism

● Way of viewing the world that stresses human beings and their achievements● Stresses education and use of humanities

Humanities● how people process and document the human experience● examples: literature, art, history, language, music

Individualism● Stresses the capabilities of an individual ● Individual achievement rather than a group achievement

○ creative, free thinkingSkepticism

● challenges people to question authority and think for themselvesVernacular- language of the people, common languageIndulgence- A payment of sorts to the Catholic Church that would guarantee an individual life out of purgatory. In Medieval times this consisted of good deeds but in the Renaissance, this shifted more towards cash payments or donations to the church.Protestantism- The faith, practice, and church order of Protestant religionsHenry VIII

○ Wanted to annul his marriage but wasn’t allowed to○ Created Anglicanism

Council of Trent- Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views. Salvation comes through faith and good work. Bible major source of religious truth (not only source). Ended church corruption and indulgences. Catholic reformation.Secularism-

● focus on earthly not heavenly life● challenged medieval philosophy to separate religion from politics

Leonardo da Vinci○ Artist during Renaissance○ Dissected corpses to see how muscles worked○ Painted “The Mona Lisa”○ “The Last Supper”○ interests- botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture and engineering

(multitasker)■ Has nature, background, shows dimension■ Vibrant colors■ A little facial expression■ Landscape■ Depth■ Body features

Gutenberg- (German) invented and introduced the printing press to EuropeMartin Luther

○ German monk○ Became the father of the Protestant reformation○ Known for criticising aspect of the Roman Catholic Church○ Believed that it was the Bible and not Roman Catholic Church which

was source of legitimacy for interpreting word of Christ○ Studied Philosophy at University of Effurt ○ Published “95 Theses”

■ 1517■ Criticized Catholicism ■ Protested pope’s sale of indulgences■ Critical of baptism■ Challenged Pope’s legitimacy

John Calvin

● French Protestant who had spent the previous decade in exile writing his “Institutes of the Christian Religion”

○ Stressed God’s power and humanity’s predestined fate.○ Studied Theology in Paris. Got masters in Theology○ He was a Lutheran and the father of Calvinism

Act of Supremacy- Made King Henry 8 the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England.Inquisition- Church court in the Middle ages. Renewed feelings of intense faith. Often used secret testimony, torture and execution to rule out heresy. Catholic reformation.Medici family- Powerful, wealthy banking and political family that supported the arts in FlorenceMichelangelo

○ Artist during Renaissance○ sculptor, painter, engineer, architect and poet○ sculpted Pieta- Mary with dead Christ in her arms○ created design for the dome of St. Peter’s cathedral in Rome○ Painted roof of Sistine Chapel (took 4 years)○ Famous statue: “David”

■ “David” expressed the beauty of the human bodyErasmus

○ Author during Renaissance○ Pressed for social reform ○ Spread Renaissance ideas throughout EUROPE○ Produced Greek version of new testament○ Wanted bible translated to the vernacular○ Open-minded and have good will=good

■ Wrote “The Praise of Folly”● Exposed immoral behavior of Renaissance people with

humor● Skepticism

95 Theses- a document written by Martin Luther in 1517, challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences. Critical of many practices relating to baptism. Indirectly

challenged the Pope’s legitimacy. Written by Martin Luther. Posted on the door of the Castle Church of Wittenberg. Predestination- The theory that God has already decided where everyone will end up in the afterlifeAnglicanism

○ Origin:■ Started by Henry VIII of England in 1534■ Wanted to divorce wife, Catherine of Aragon. Wasn’t allowed, so

he took pope’s power.○ Sin and Salvation:

■ Believed that everyone’s born with sin. ■ Can be washed away with baptism.■ Luther: “Justification by faith”. Faith leads to salvation. Be sorry.

No praying, no fasting, no doing good for others. Just believe.○ Ultimate Source of Authority:

■ Based beliefs on Bible ■ King of England was head of church, so his interpretation was

most important. ■ Lower class has less indirect teachings of King’s interp, so interp

of beliefs was not strict.○ Rituals and Worship:

■ Preaching on bible—Lutheran service. ■ No decorations. White walls. 10 Commandments painted on

walls.○ Community life:

■ High church: Rich class. Low church: Middle/low class. Communities: Flexible, all ppl chose how to live based on beliefs. Queen Elizabeth I: “No one’s conscience should be forced to believe a certain thing.”

Ignatius of Loyola○ Founded the Jesuits○ Spread Catholic faith to Asia, Africa, and the Americas

Patron- supporter of the artsCastiglione

○ Wrote “Ideal Courtier”

■ Member of the court should be a well educated, well-mannered, talented aristocrat

■ Gender equality■ Beauty

● “I hold that many virtues to mind are as necessary to a woman as to a man.”

● “Beauty is more important to her than a courier…”Sir Thomas More

○ Author during Renaissance○ Pressed for social reform○ Wrote the book “Utopia” in 1515

■ Gave description of ideal society:● Everyone does productive work for short time rather than

less useful work and more time■ Individualism

● Creative thinking■ Skepticism

● Breaks down idea of hierarchy● QUESTION AUTHORITY

Theocracy- A society where the government was run by the church. Papal states are an example because the Catholic religion (mainly the Pope) had a major say in the government.Elizabeth I- daughter of Henry VIII. She never married, but she united Protestant and Catholic EnglandSociety of Jesus (Jesuits)- 1540, Society of Jesus/Jesuits were people who spread Catholic faith to Asia, Africa, Americas. Spread humanist and catholic beliefs. Part of Catholic Church reform. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola.

IdeasWhy did the Renaissance begin in Italy?Italy is located on top of old Roman civilization. They had the wealth and commerce from the middle ages, weren’t as affected by the Black Death.What was the Renaissance?

The Renaissance was the cultural rebirth of ancient Rome and Greece (known as the Classics). As well as the spread of newer ideas in terms of religion, education and government. During the Renaissance there was a big focus on the arts.What themes and techniques were the focus of Renaissance artists and writers?Themes- Beauty and the arts, Secularism, Humanism, Individualism, classics, still religious but not quite so muchTechniques- perspective, rich color, vibrant, proportioned (art) new ideas, reforms, using comedy with deeper meaning (Writing)How did the Renaissance change and stay the same as it moved north?

● Northern humanists: Focused more on religion and morality. Ancient learning.

● Where it started (in the north): began in the prosperous cities of Flanders, a region that included parts of present day northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Spain France Germany and England had their great cultural rebirth 100 years later, in the 1500s.

● Italian humanists: Focused more on classical learning and new idea . Not as much about religion.

● Difference: North stressed RELIGIOUS themes more than Italian humanists did. Believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring about religious and moral reform.

● Similarities: both focused education and classical learningWhat abuses within the Catholic Church led to criticism and eventually the Reformation? the church made people give money to “get into heaven” and the money just payed for the priests’ lavish lifestyle “indulgences”What role did Martin Luther play in the Reformation?Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses, a document which attacked the Catholic Church’s corrupt practice of “selling” indulgences. He wrote that the Bible should be the only source of authority and the only way to achieve salvation was to have faith. This sparked the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church was now divided. What role did the printing press play in the reformation?The printing press made books and papers available to the common people (made books cheaper). Because of this, it spread Reformation ideas faster rather than have ideas being spread by common word. What was the reaction to Luther’s ideas?

Luther’s ideas were criticized heavily (mostly by the catholic church), and eventually lead him to being banned by the catholic church.What were the short and long term effects of the Protestant Reformation?Short: Protestants were persecuted, sometimes even excommunicated. Long: beliefs spread, Church practices changed to be more moral, and four major (many minor) religions branched off of protestant beliefs, taking them to the extreme.How do Protestant ideas and practice differ from Catholic ideas and practice? Protestant was less showy/flashy, and believed that faith was enough to be granted salvation. What were the basic beliefs and practices of Lutherans:Based off of Luther’s beliefs. CalvinistsBelieved in predestination; lived in small, enclosed communities; didn’t condone anything fun; incredibly strict bible interpretation.

Global EncountersCrusades- Military voyages attempting to regain control of the “Holy Lands” from the Muslims, some of which took place during the 1500s. Often looked back upon as violent and brutal times- many innocent deaths of the Muslims and Jews living in the area (modern middle east).Caravel-

● A kind of ship● planks were fitted edge to edge rather than overlapping● considerable caulking of the joins, regularly repeated ● built to any length and more flexibility than clinker-built vessels● low sides and a shallow draft (so could be used close inshore)● Center mounted stern rudder of the northern design● (By late 14th century) sides and stern were raised to prevent swamping and

beam was broadened, the hull often covered with a deck ● (By mid 15 century) usually had a quarterdeck and small permanent stern castle● sails influenced by the lateen sails of the dhows. ● muslim mariners- vessels were carvel-built planks fastened together with coir

ropes● coir- spun from coconut fibers, highly durable, unaffected by seawater and rot

Monopoly- complete control of the entire supply of goods or of a service in a certain area or market

Prince Henry the Navigator- Portuguese- hoped to expand Christianity and find source of African Gold- gathered scientists, cartographers, and other experts: they redesigned ships

prepared maps and trained captains and crews for long voyagesCartographers- mapmakersDias

● Sailed for Portugal, rounded the southern tip of Africa● Southern tip was named the Cape of Good Hope because it opened the way

for a sea route to AsiaAstrolabe- used to show how the sky looks at a specific place at a given time. This is done by drawing the sky on the face of the astrolabe and marking it so positions in the sky are easy to find. da Gama

● sailed for Portugal in 1497● led four ships around the Cape of Good Hope● Reached the great spice port of Calicut on the west coast of India

Compass- A device used to determine geographic direction, usually consisting of a magnetic needle or needles horizontally mounted or suspended and free to pivot until aligned with the earth's magnetic field.Columbus

● Opened New World to Europe (Sailed for Spain)● 4 voyages, the first in 1492 in search of Gold● Thought he had reached the Indies

Magellan● Sailed for Spain but changed allegiances (changed allegiances to Portugal)● circumnavigated the Earth for portugal● Went through the southern tip of South America (called the Strait of Magellan) ● reached the Philippines (and conquered) he died there, killed by Lapu-Lapu a

local chief● His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world

Ming Dynasty- (1368-1644) “golden age” in China (until its fall), including Zheng He’s 7 expeditions/ missions of exploration; reestablished Confucianism; farming and industry thrived; arts and literature flowered; gained loyalty and “looking up to” from

many foreign countries; towards end of dynasty, exploration was no longer profitable and country turned inwardPizarro

● sailed for spain● conquered the Inca empire which was in Peru at the time● Captured Atahualpa after slaughtering thousands of followers● Was paid a huge ransom (the largest ransom in the history of the world

actually: 24 tons of gold, a little more than 1.5 billion dollars) but still killed Atahualpa

Encomienda● granted to conquistadors by the spanish monarchy that gave them the right to

demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area.● Used this system to force Native Americans to work under the most brutal

conditionsMiddle Passage- A part of the triangular trade - the portion of the journey from Africa to the New World - notorious for the brutal capture and treatment of African slaves from Africa, and the 50% death rate of those transported in inhuman conditions to the colonies. Circumnavigate- sailing completely around the worldHermit Kingdom

● Korea originally did not trade with any foreigners● Japan and China were more open but then later closed their doors

Atahualpa● Emperor of Ancient Inca● Was captured by conquistador Francisco Pizarro● His people gave the ransom money to Pizarro for Atahualpa but Pizarro killed

him anyway (ransom money was around 24 tons of gold!)de las Casas

- A Spanish priest/missionary who was against the encomienda system, did not want Native Americans to be enslaved

- however he did encourage enslaving Africans rather than Native Americans- advocated, before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, on behalf of rights

for the natives.Mercantilism- The main goal was to increase a nation's wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nation's commercial interests. It was

believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports. A belief that the wealth of a nation could be judged by the amount of gold and silver it possessed. Outpost- a small military post used to keep an eye out for potential attackers (could also be a trading outpost)Tokugawa Shogunate- Wanted to end feudal warfare in Japan; imposed central government (called centralized feudalism); orderly society; strict rules to control daimos; social classes very rigid and supported by laws; women were restricted; economy, agriculture, art, and trade flourished; Zen culture influenced Japanese cultureConquistador- Spanish conquerors that followed in the wake of ColumbusTriangular Trade- raw materials from New World taken to Europe to get manufactured, manufactured goods taken to Africa to be traded for slaves, slaves taken to the new world to work.Capitalism- economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.Zheng He- a Chinese explorer who led 7 voyages with huge ships and huge crews

China used him as a symbol of glory and respecthe was a big part of explorationAfter Zheng he died, the new emperor stopped exploring more

Cortes● Sailed for Spain● Landed on the coast of Mexico● Aztecs thought they were gods (Quetzalcoatl), sent them gifts of gold and

silver, but asked strangers not to continue to Tenochtitlan● Spanish originally welcomed but then later pushed out. Moctezuma (Aztec

Emperor) killed in the fightingViceroy- A direct representative of a monarch. Answers directly to the king. The Spanish had viceroys to rule their colonies in the New World. Almost like a governor.

Treaty of Tordesillas● agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands

newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.

● To accommodate them, the Spanish-born pope Alexander VI issued bulls setting up a line of demarcation from pole to pole 100 leagues (about 320 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands

Joint-stock company - a company whose stock is owned by stockholdersKowtow - The Chinese act of deep respect shown by prostration, that is, kneeling and bowing so low as to have one's head touching the ground.Moctezuma

● The Aztec Emperor at the time of Cortes’s arrival in Mexico● Gave spanish gifts of gold and silver but asked them not to come to

Tenochtitlan● Initially believed that the Spanish were gods’ but then Aztecs drove the Spanish

out of the city● He was killed in the battle

Plantation- Large farms, used entirely to grow a single crop (often tobacco, sugar, corn, etc.); primary source of slave labor.Olaudah Equiano - A prominent African in London, a freed slave who supported the British movement to end the slave trade.Columbian Exchange- the exchange of plants, people, technology, and disease after Columbus opened the new world to Europe

Ideas:What were the motives for European overseas exploration?money, power, land, respect, etc (GGGs God Gold Glory)What technological advances aided European exploration?Navigational Tools: compass, astrolabe Transportation: better built ships (took ideas from chinese junkers and arab dhows)Weapons: cannons, firearms, steel swords, lancesWho were the important European explorers and what routes did they travel?-

Bartolomeu

Dias

Portugal rounded Cape of Good Hope but didn’t continue

all the way around Africa

Vasco da Gama Portugal Rounded Cape of Good Hope but continued

going all the way around Africa until he reached

Calicut (a spice port) in India

Christopher

Columbus

Spain opened New World to Europe

Vasco Nuñez

de Balboa

Spain saw Pacific Ocean- crossed Panama forests

Ferdinand

Magellan

Spain Conquered Philippines (he died there)

first crew to circumnavigate the world

John Cabot England Found Newfoundland fishing grounds

Jacques Cartier France explored St. Lawrence River, Newfoundland

Henry Hudson Dutch found the Hudson river

Pedro Alvares

Cabral

Portugal first European to see Brazil

What were the interactions and relationship between Europeans and Asians?What were Chinese, Korean and Japanese policies toward European traders?China at first allowed limited trade with Europe, but upon realizing that the European nations wished to conquer, and that China had nothing to gain from trade (essentially, they were self sufficient), they closed their doors to visitors. The Japanese also initially allowed trade, but stories of Portuguese conquerings and a fear that Japanese loyalties would begin to lie with the Pope led them to isolation as well. Korea was always isolating itself. Who were the important conquistadors? Francisco Pizarro, Hernando Cortés, Magellan, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Chris Columbus How did the conquistadors conquer Native American Empires?They took advantage of the Native Americans, who thought they were gods. They also had advanced technology in terms of weapons, because the conquistadors had strong steel lances, swords and firearms. While the conquistadors were in the New

World they spread disease, enslaved many Native Americans, took their land and broke down leadership.What were the government, economy society, and culture like in the New World after European colonization?People of European descent would always be those with any leadership or power positions. Natives, and later Africans were treated as complete slaves. What were the motives for the African slave trade?There was much to be gained from the land in the New World that couldn’t be tapped without a skilled, strong workforce. African slaves were skilled laborers, and were immune to some of the diseases that Europeans brought over to the Americas.How did the slave trade impact Africa? The african people turned on one another, capturing and offering their people to the europeans in exchange for goods and safety for themselves.What was the Columbian Exchange? An exchange of goods from europe to the new worldWhat were the goals and policies of mercantilism?Policies: A nation’s wealth is measured in their gold and silver. A nation should import less than they export, and allow their colonies trade only with the mothercountry. What was the commercial revolution?period of European economic expansion and colonization before the Industrial Revolution

Absolutism and ConstitutionalismOrder of British MonarchsElizabeth I- TudorJames I (Stuarts from then on)Charles IOliver Cromwell- Lord Protector (not a monarch)Charles IIJames IIMary and WilliamAbsolutism- a political theory and form of government where unlimited, complete power is held by a centralized individual (like a king, queen etc.) with no checks or

balances from any other part of the nation or government. The individual holds unlimited power.Versailles- huge palace built by Louis XIV during his reign, to keep all the nobles on his sideJames I

● Reigned from 1603-1625● At first, agreed to English laws● Eventually lectured “Divine Right”● Clashed with Parli over money and foreign relations● Clashed with Puritans who wanted to “purify” the Catholic practices.

○ James I saw them as a religious threat. Wanted to kick them out, if they didn’t leave he’d kill them. So Puritans went to America.

● POSITIVE: New translation of the bibleCromwell

● Background:○ Leader of rebel group called Roundheads, revolting against Charles I and

his supporters called Cavaliers. After successful rebellion, he took charge.

○ Charles II (son) supporters attacked England by way of Scotland and Ireland. Was crushed by Cromwell. Took harsh measures against Irish Catholic majority.

○ 1652: Parliament passed a law exiling most Catholics to barren land in west Ireland.

William and Mary● Mary: Protestant daughter of James II● William: Mary’s Dutch husband● Parliament invited them to replace James II (her dad) and become new rulers● 1688: Mary and Will arrived, James I fled, didn’t put up a fight. Bloodless

overthrow. Also known as the Glorious Revolution.● Before being crowned, Will and Mary had to accept the English Bill of Rights

of 1689. ○ These rights ensured Parliament superiority over monarchy○ These rights protected individual traditional rights

Junkers- Chinese sailing ship design. Extremely efficient and sturdy. Capable of carrying over 700 people. Used by Zheng He on his voyages.

Divine Right- a belief that absolute rulers were given the right to rule from godNobility- In a class distinguished by rank or title, often at birth.Charles I

● Reigned from 1625-1649● Believed he was absolute monarch

○ Didn’t fake his agreement w English laws and then change his mind. Started out this way from start.

● Imprisoned people without trial and squeezed nation for money● Parliament made him sign the Petition of Right: 1629

○ The Petition forbid Charles I from raising taxes or imprisoning ppl “because he wanted to” without Parli

○ Parli held taxes back until Charles signed it○ Charles signed it to get more taxes passed

● Once he signed the Petition of Right, he never followed it.○ Charles ignored Parli for 11 years

● 1637: Charles tries to impose the Anglican prayer book on Scotland● 1640: Scotland rebels so Charles calls Parli to get more $$ to suppress the

Scottish rebellion● Parliament refused to help them. Decided: “It’s time for you to leave, Charles”● Charles tried to regain power of England but was disadvantaged from the

beginning. He lost and was executed with charges of high treason.Restoration- When Charles II was invited back into England (by Parliament) he brought back the taverns, the dancing, fun, etcBill of Rights- William and Mary had to sign it- it limited the power of the rulers, + gave more power to parliamentPeter the Great

● Three goals he had:○ Strengthen military○ Expand Russian borders○ Centralize royal power

● He seeked to expand Russian territory so that he could get the “warm water port”, which was a kind of port that was free of ice year-round. That way, he could have year-round trade instead of pausing during winter while the water was frozen. However, he couldn’t defeat the Ottoman Empire, so he couldn’t achieve his warm water port.

Philip II● Overall: Hardworking. Expanded Spain, strengthened Cath Church, increased

power.○ Devoted time to gov’t work, lived simply. NO FUN (not hunting, no

jousting) ○ Reigned as an absolute monarch: a ruler with complete authority over

the gov’t + lives of ppl.○ Believed in divine right: authority to rule came from God○ Defended Catholic Reformation. Lessened Protestant tide in Europe.○ Enforced religious unity. Turned Inquisition against Protestants.

● Wars○ Battled Protestant rebels in the Netherlands (Revolt in the Netherlands)

■ North part of the Netherlands becomes Dutch Netherlands■ South part of the Netherlands remained part of the Spanish

empire○ Philip lost the northern half of Netherlands, but didn’t lose it

completely. Lost economically.○ Invading England:○ 1580s: Philip saw Queen Elizabeth I as his chief Protestant enemy

■ Elizabeth encouraged English captains to plunder Spanish treasure ships

■ Philip attacked England w his armada 1588■ Philip was unsuccessful w his attack on England

● Phil’s ships were too large to maneuver w small ships. Bad battle tactics. English ppl had guns, outdated slow Spanish. Spanish brought 20,000 men. Lost 15,000 men, but that didn’t stop Phil. this was the last big battle before France became new best country

● Spain’s Golden Age: 1550-1650○ Philip II was a patron (supporter) of the arts, math, and science.

Painters: Used Renaissance techniques, religious pictures. Writers: Wrote plays

● Econ Decline:○ Lack of strong leadership○ Costly overseas wars

○ Treasure from Americas led to Span neglect for farming and commerce○ Heavy gov’t taxes on middle class

■ Weakened group that supported royal power○ Expulsion of Muslims and jews from Spain

■ Loss of good artists and merchants○ American gold and silver led to soaring inflation○ By 1600s, France replaced Spain as most powerful European nation

Edict of Nantes- Henry the IV was a huguenot prince who inherited the French throne. He became Catholic (because he ruled a mainly Catholic land), but issued the Edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes granted Huguenots religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities.English Civil War- Cromwell vs Charles I (roundheads vs cavaliers), Cromwell won, Charles fledCharles II

● Background:○ Came to power by Divine Right.○ Charles II supporters attacked England by way of Scotland and Ireland.

Was crushed by Cromwell.● 1660: Charles II welcomed back to London (by Parli) from exile.

○ Restored official Church of England○ Tolerated other Protestants

Constitutional monarchy - A form of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State. The ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament, not with the Monarch.Westernization - A process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values.Richelieu -Chief Minister of France (named that in 1624) to Louis XIIIAccomplishments- crushed rebellions and advanced royal absolutism, attacked Huguenots, reformed military, supervised a foreign policy designed to make France the greatest power in EuropeTudors- Cooperated with Parliament pretty well.

● King Henry VIII:○ Broke from the Roman Catholic Church○ Parli made him head of the Church of England

○ Consulted Parliament frequently for money● Elizabeth I

○ Consulted but controlled parliamentCavaliers- Wealthy nobles who supported Charles IPuritans - A group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England from all Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed.Maria Theresa - The only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.Boyars - A member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.Louis XIVInherited the throne in 1643 (5 years old) took power in 1661.

● Took the sun as a symbol of his absolute power.● Sun stands at the center of the universe, so the Sun King stands at the center of

the nation.● Never called a meeting of the Estates General (council made up of all social

classes)○ This showed how he was the only true ruler and did not need anyone

else to tell him what to do○ Estates general played no role in checking his power.

● Appointed intendants, recruited soldiers.● Strongest army in Europe as well as the wealthiest (during his time)● Wars of Louis XIV: Defeated by the Dutch and English who were united to

maintain the Balance of Power● Persecution of Huguenots: Louis saw Protestants as a threat to his political

unity and his religious unity○ Loss of the Huguenots was a serious blow to the French econ

Stuarts- not good with Parliament, they clashed a lot● Not as popular as the Tudors nor as skillful in dealing with Parli● Inherited problems that Henry and Elizabeth had long suppressed ($$)

○ Tried to solve those problems by over taxing, and borrowing moneyRoundheads- People who supported Parliament (some members of Parli, some citizens)

Glorious Revolution: The Glorious Revolution was when James II abdicated the throne, and William and Mary took over. It was glorious because there was no bloodshed; James l fled voluntarily.Frederick William I from Prussia. He was an absolute monarch. Also a Protestant. His rival was Maria Theresa of Austria; they fought to get land.Catherine the Great: ruler of Russia, ruled after Peter the Great’s reign. She actually accomplished his goals by claiming the warm-water ports, which allowed her to trade year round (including Winter). She also made policies that were unfair toward peasants. The reason why she did this was to keep the nobles in check and to remain an absolute monarch. When the peasants revolted, she could easily suppress them. She also made an alliance with two other countries to take over Poland, but gave the nation a supposed ‘freedom’ by appointing a Polish monarch.

Ideas: What is absolutism?When a leader controls over all aspects of the countryWhat characterizes absolute rule? ruler having all the power over the govt, and the ppl, the religion, education, trade, economy, etc. etc. (literally everything).How did each absolute monarch consolidate his/her power? Violence, divine right, idk what elseHow did the Tudors and Stuarts differ in their relations with Parliament?- They (Stuarts) did not have good relations with Parliament; usually ended up disbanding the legislative body. The Tudors were able to control Parliament, or work alongside it.What events led to the English Civil War? Charles I was taxing too strongly, and not giving people any choices, while suppressing parliament, so the roundheads fought the cavaliersWhat was rule under Cromwell’s Commonwealth like?Religious, No bars/taverns/funWhat were the causes and results of the Glorious Revolution?Causes- There was a strong tension between Catholics and Protestants at this time. James II was Catholic and appointed Catholic to important positions in military and Parliament. Parliament then felt threatened by this.Results- Because Parliament felt threatened they invited James’s daughter Mary and (her husband) William to rule. The Glorious Revolution was peaceful and James II

fled to France. William and Mary assumed power but had to agree and sign the English Bill of Rights.

Scientific Revolution and EnlightenmentCopernicus came up with heliocentric model of the universeDescartes first real philosopher of the EnlightenmentPhilosophe- member of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply the methods of science to the improvement of society.Diderot

● A Philosophe who created a 28-volume Encyclopedia. ○ His purpose was to change the “general way of thinking”○ new ideas on religion, gov., philosophy○ denounced slavery, freedom of expression, education, NO divine right

theory and attacked traditional religions○ Ideas not accepted by French gov. or Catholic church

Enlightened despots absolute rulers who applied some Enlightenment ideas to their rule. Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great, Joseph IIHeliocentric meaning sun-centeredScientific Method series of steps to prove a hypothesisHobbes believed people were inherently evil/selfish and that a strong government was needed to keep them in lineWollstonecraft believed women should be independent of their husbands to be good wives/momsFrederick the GreatNewton Theorized about gravity, and wrote Newton’s 3 Laws of Universal motion.EnlightenmentLocke-Believed all humans were naturally good, life/liberty/propertyLaissez-faire the belief that the free market should be left alone for it to flourishCatherine the Great enlightened despot of RussiaGalileo- Developed a telescope that could see planets closer, realized that the earth is not the center of the solar system, but the sun is.Natural Law- the rule or law that governs human natureMontesquieu-Thought of the system of branches of power (judicial, legislative, executive), and of checks and balances between each branchAdam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, believed in laissez-faire and free marketJoseph II aka the “peasant emperor” ruled Hapsburg empire

● Was enlightened despot(absolute rulers who used power for political/social change)

○ travelled in disguise among subjects to learn of their problems○ granted toleration to protestants and jews in his catholic empire○ ended censorship and tried to bring Cath. Church under royal control

and sold monasteries and convents to build hospitalsSir Francis Bacon came up with the scientific methodNatural right right that belongs to all humans from birthVoltaire believed everyone had the right to free speechSalons groups of people gathered to discuss Enlightenment ideas

Ideas:How did scientists change the way people viewed the universe?Geocentric beliefs changed to heliocentric. Before the scientific revolution, many people believed that the earth was the center of the universe and that the sun, moon, and the rest of the planets revolved around it. This belief was known as “geocentric”. It did make sense, considering the fact that humans couldn’t (and still can’t) feel the rotation of Earth and such. But after the scientific revolution, it was discovered that the world was heliocentric, which meant that the sun was in the middle of the solar system and all the planets orbited around it.How were these new ideas a threat to traditional authority (churches)?The church did not like the scientific revolution because it defied their preached beliefs. Churches felt threatened by the scientific change in thoughts. This was shown when the church told Galileo to shut up or somethingWhat was the new scientific method?step by step process of discovery (in Science). Scientists can run experiments in different ways... involves observations, carefully collected and (relevant) evidence, logical reasoning, and some imagination in developing hypotheses and explanations.Basically: problem; observations; hypothesis; experiment; analyze; interpret; prove/disprove theory; repeat forever and ever and ever. How did the scientific revolution lead to enlightenment?- ideas of math/science, not religion. people agreed that experiments and analyses need to be performed to find proof of theories, instead of believing what they’re told unblinkingly (sort of like Renaissance ideal of skepticism). zWhat were the philosophes ideas about human nature, government, law, liberty and the economy

❖ Locke ➢ Rights- Life, Liberty and Property➢ Human Nature- Believed that people were born with reason and

tolerance, (knowing right from wrong). He did not believe people were BORN bad, but he did believe that people could choose to be bad.

➢ Government- the government should be more loose and give people freedoms and rights

❖ Hobbes➢ Human Nature- Believed that people were born naturally evil/bad. ➢ Government- the government should be restricting and powerful to

keep society under control -> absolute government.❖ Rousseau

➢ education: play outside when you’re young, then learn a handicraft, then study w/ tutor about what interests you

➢ girls can’t do science etc., they aren’t smart enough and should stay at home which is NOT TRUE

❖ Wollstonecraft➢ Women should have equal rights and education➢ they should be independent of their husbands, think for yourself➢ this will make them good wives/mothers, which is their 1st duty➢ Tending to the homes is not a mindless job, it does take talent and ability

❖ Voltaire➢ BELIEF- Freedom of thought and speech

used writing and wit as a weapon to expose corruption like bad officials, idle aristocrats

➢ hated inequality, injustice and superstition. Also, hated slave trade and deplored religious prejudice

➢ “I may disagree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”.

❖ Kant➢ think for yourself➢ the reason for people’s opression is their laziness (too lazy to come up

with their own ways to do things, and question givens), and their fear of change/the unknown.

❖ Montesquieu

➢ separation of powers

How did the enlightenment ideas influence enlightened despots? they used enlightenment ideas in their rule. Enlightened Despots include Joseph II, Frederick the Great (not Frederick William I of Prussia- that was his dad) and Catherine the great. However, their enlightenment was limited, because they would not at all sacrifice their power and control for the enlightenment ideas.

French RevolutionSeven Years’ War (the French and Indian War was a part of this)Estates General- a meeting of all the estates, where they would consult with the king. Louis XVI called them after a long hiatusDeclaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- set forth by the new national assembly, declaring them their own thing idkNational ConventionDirectoryBattle of WaterlooOld regime (estates)- three estates: 1st 2nd and 3rd-

● 1st is the clergy, which is religious people○ Pay 2% of taxes

● 2nd is the nobility, who are born into power○ Pay 0% of taxes

● 3rd is the bourgeois and peasants (98% of population)○ Pay 50% of taxes (not 98%?)

National Assembly- the third estate (of france) declared themselves the national assembly and started a revolutionEmigres:ImmigrantsCommittee of Public Safety- made to keep the people safe, killed lots of people (ran by Rousseau, not very successful).Napoleon rose to power after the revolutionary war,Congress of ViennaA Meeting where European Nations’ leaders met to try to restore traditional balances of power. Bourgeoisie

A large portion of the 3rd Estate, made up of the educated working class (lawyers, doctors, enterpreneurs, etc.)- because they were actually making money, whilst the peasants weren’t, they were the ones paying taxes to everyone else. Tennis Court Oath- a pledge signed by the national assembly (third estate) to Republic system of gov. where officials are chosen by the people.RobespierreCoup d’etatLouis XVIThe underage, inexperienced, and uninterested new king of France. Bastille- Big prison in France, held ammunition and weapons, first battle of revolution (storming of the bastille)Legislative Assembly Reign of TerrorA time period during the Revolutionary era where extremist revolutionaries were driving nobles and clergy members out of france out of fear. Napoleonic CodeCahiers- “notebooks” that the estates prepare for the estates general, which list grievances and reformsGreat FearDeclaration of Pilnitz set forth by austria and prussia saying that they didn’t want the war coming to their country (essentially a peace treaty).ReactionContinental System

Ideas:How did the enlightenment ideas influence revolution and new government?What was France’s social structure under the Old RegimeWhy did France face economic troubles at the end of the 18th century?How did Louis XVI deal with the economic troublesWhat was the role of the National Assembly?How did the masses in Paris and the countryside react to the troubles and rumors?How did foreign nations react to the French Revolution?What fate did the King and Queen suffer?What were the goals and methods of the Reign of TerrorHow did Napoleon come to power

What was France like under Napoleon’s rule?How did Europe react to Napoleon’s ambitions?

Locate on MapEurope- France, England, Russia, Austria, Spain, Portugal, German States, ItalyAsia- India, China, Japan, Korea,New World- Brazil, Aztec Empire, Incan Empire, West Indies, Colonial North AmericaAlso EXPLORER ROUTES

ENGLISHThe vocabulary list Quizlet from cooper: https://goo.gl/NSF75v Memorization math tip: There are 232 terms across 4 books, assuming she picks average 7.5 words per book you only need to know 209 words, 52 from each book. This allows you to on average get 90% on the vocabulary part. You probably know about 70 of the words already, therefore the amount of words you have to know suddenly seems like it’s cut in half.

omg whaaaaaat ^^^^^

Julius Caesar

Did Shakespeare write in Old English, Middle English or Modern English? - modern englishDid Caesar’s rule turn the Roman Republic into a Roman Empire? Why or why not?(I personally think) Caesar’s rule turned Rome into an Empire not a Republic. The first reason why is because Rome continued to expand after Caesar came into power which is a characteristic of an Empire. After Caesar died, people continued to struggle for power rather than go back to a democratic republic an example is in the struggle for power between Marc Antony and Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son). Octavian continued to rule for many years, as a dictator. In fact, many emperors continued to rule after Octavian such as Nero, Tiberius etc. Definitely not a Republic. What is the great chain of being and how does it play a role in Julius Caesar?

1) God 2) Angels 3) Humans 4) Animals

5) Plants 6) Nonliving things (Dirt, Rocks etc.) Minerals What is the role of fate and free will in Julius Caesar? Recall the FatesHow much control a given character has over their actions, and their results. The three fates had control over the path and duration of any given person’s life. What are the three methods for integrating quotations?

● Words words words: “Quote quote quote”● Words words talking-verb, “quote quote quote”● Words words words “quote quote quote”

How do characters feel about Caesar’s rule? Consider Brutus, Cassius, they feel like he isnt a good ruler, and want him dead. Cassius has no doubts, and uses flattery to convince Brutus to feel the same way, although Brutus originally isn’t sure.Plebeians other public officials (Marullus and Flavius)They aren’t huge fans of Caesar either, but they have more fear as to speaking out against him (or at least Marullus does- Flavius convinces him otherwise).Describe Caesar and Calpurnia and Portia and Brutus’ relationshipPortia and Brutus are respectful, courteous, and careful of each other. Caesar and Calpurnia- Caesar disrespects women in general, and goes back on him promises to his wife often, which results in his death. Describe how fate and free will play a role in Caesar’s assassinationOne could aregue that Calpurnia’s visions were proof of Caesar’s fate being to die, but at the same time, had he not been so proud, he might’ve survived. Similarly, if he had

given the conspirators the freedom of their friend as they asked, they might’ve been more kind. And finally, had Caesar listened to the Soothsayer’s warnings, he would’ve survived. His ignorance of these clear signals shows either his impenetrable stupidity and ignorance, or he really was fated to die.Which characters can be considered tragic heroes and why? Define, identify and analyze Caesar- his false sense of security in his own greatness (cough cough hurbis cough cough cough) caused him to disregard many clear warnings of danger. Brutus- he was proud enough to be manipulated. And while he didn’t die (did he?), he was talked into doing something arguably regrettable, and taking the blame. anagnorisis- When the hero makes a critical discovery or realizes somethinghamartia- The character’s fatal flaw hubris- Excessive prideDefine identify and analyze the following literary devices: motif - reccuring element or symbol in a story contributes to themesymbol- object/concept that represents an ideaimagery- describing something in a way that the reader can picture it perfectlymetaphor- a figure of speech where a word/phrase is applied to an action/object which does not literally fitaside- When an actor turns to the audience and says somethingallusion- reference to an event, historical person, and/or a literature workirony (Dramatic situational verbal)Dramatic- When the audience knows something that the character doesn’t know.Situational- The opposite of something that is expected. Example: Fire station burns down. Dentist gets a cavity. The police station gets robbed etc.Verbal- Basically sarcasm. Says or writes one thing but means another using tone or choice of words.

All eleven rhetorical devices- Repetition: The reiteration of words and phrasesParallelism: Repeated grammatical structuresRhetorical Question: Questions that require no answer, but are simply meant to engage the audienceAnecdote: A short and amusing story about a real incident or personAntithesis: A person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else

Rule of Three: A series consisting of three elementsLists: A series consisting of three or more elementsSound Pattern: The repetition of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.Descriptive Language: Language that produces mental imagesHyperbole: Using exaggeration for effectEmotive Language: Use of words likely to engage strong emotions in the audience

foreshadowing- hints that something will happen later in the bookUnderstand the characters to prepare for speaker identification questions

The OdysseyWhat is Ancient Greece’s time period, time period overlap with Ancient Rome, influences on Rome and the modern world, geography and form of government and Trojan War?About 800-500BC. Ancient Rome was founded by Romulus c.735BC.Ancient Roman culture took cues from Greek mythology, architecture, daily routines, art, and eventually government. They made their own changes though- religious figures’ names changed, stories varied slightly. Roman art was more idealistic (everything more beautiful, less realistic necessarily). What are elements of an epic poem

● Formal, dignified, objective tone● Long narrative about serious/worthy/traditional subject

● Exploits of a hero

● Superhuman feats of strength or military prowess

● Gods or supernatural beings take part in the action and impact the outcome

● Poem begins with an invocation of a muse to inspire the poet

● Narrative begins in medias res (middle of action)

● Poem focuses on highborn kings and warriors (rather than peasants and

commoners)

● Employs extended similes

● Begins with a prayer to the muse for emotion and creativity

● Hero represents the cultural values of a race, or religious group and the success

or failure of his exploits will determine that group’s fate

According to Ancient Greeks and the odyssey what were the gods roles in the lives of humans the gods played big roles in human’s life. For example, when Athena was helping Ody in The OdysseyCharacterize Penelope, the suitors, Telemakhos

Character Appearance Speech Actions Thoughts Effect on Others

Penelope Beautiful Very intelligent Tricks suitors so that

she won’t have to

marry them. Stalls.

Worried for

son

Loyal to

husband

Bc she’s pretty and

powerful, many suitors

want to marry her.

Suitors Beasts Rude speech

toward Ody as

an old man

Kicks Ody disguised

as a man

Eats excessively

Just wanna

marry for

power

Others (Tele, Wifey, Ody)

hate him

Maids like them

Telemachus “Clear-headed

Telemakhos”

Sets sail to find dad,

courageous

Misses dad,

wants to kill

suitors

Athena likes him, Ody’s

proud of him, suitors see

him as an annoyance and

obstacle

Odysseus “the great

tactician”

Taunted Cyclops

(tragic pride)

defeated suitors

(powerful)

Just wanted to

get home

Suitors feared him

Nestor

Menelaos

Athena Grey-eyed,

disguised as

different

people

Helped Odysseus and

Telemachus

throughout their

journeys

Wanted to help

poor Ody

home after all

these years

Ody and Tele forever

grateful for her. Has an

influence on Zeus’s

actions.

Kirke Pretty witch Turned Ody’s crew

into pigs. Later

helped them out.

Wanted to

“tango” with

Ody

Ody and his crew are

thankful for her meals

Odysseus gets attached to

her bc he doesn’t leave for

a year.

Kalypso Pretty

nymph

Took Odysseus into

her care, nursed him

to health, kept him

with her for years

Wanted a

husband,

someone to be

with

Odysseus does not fall in

love w her bc of his

loyalty to his wife

Cyclops huge, one

eyed

monster

“you are a

ninny”

Ate some of Ody’s

crew and wouldn’t let

him out

Wanted to eat.

Felt foolish

when Ody

stabbed his eye

out, angry

when Ody

persistently

taunted him

Odysseus stabbed his eye

out, escaped, taunted Ody

Lotus Eaters Peaceful, offered

Lotus plants, lured

Ody’s crew in so they

never

Idk they

wanted to

recruit more

Lotus Eaters to

Odysseus told the rest of

his crew to flee

immediately. Alarmed.

their fam

Sirens Pretty

Birdwomen/

mermaids(?)

Sang beautiful songs

to lure men to their

deaths

Wanted to kill

men at sea

Ody was REALLY

attracted to them, wanted

to get closer

Skylla SCARY Ate his men

while they

were focused

on the

whirlpool

Poseidon Big

Odysseus- main character, telemakhos’ father, on a mission to get home, faces many challenges in doing so, the suitors are trying to take his house, etc Nestor Menelaos Kyklopes- cyclops that ody encountered on one of the islands, captured/ ate oday and his men, ody tricked him and stabbed him in the eye, then escapedSirens: singer ladies who were like “it’s okay, we’re safe, listen to our seductive singing!” but then they actually eat you Skylla big-ass se monster with 6 heads that will eat one person of your crew for every head Poseidon- god of the seas, did not like odysseus, made storms so he wouldnt make it home

What is the significance of the story of Agamemnon?- He portrays women in a negative light. He believes that women can’t be completely trusted, for once a man tells her all his secrets and reveals his weaknesses and trusts too much, she’ll have the power to betray him and lead him to his downfall. This is what happened with Agamemno. After coming home from an overseas journey, his wife and the man she

was having an affair with had killed him. Agamemnon’s story warned Odysseus to come home disguised first to see if his wife was truly loyal to him

Explain Telemakhos initiation rites- going to a different place, sacrificing/libation, being “kidnapped” by Athena without his mother knowing, performing a feat (gaining knowledge of Odysseus), becoming an adult, not a little boy, separation from mum

Describe Ancient Greek values seen in the Odyssey- ● HOSPITALITY ● Excellence or virtue- greek hero should display admirable traits like wisdom,

leadership, skill in battle, honor etc.

How is Odysseus trial at sea similar to the birth of a baby- 1. Extreme change in settings: from womb to real word vs. froms sea to land.1. Dynamic: contractions vs. wave/ocean strength and intensity. Calm to crazy.

2. Tired, sleepless.

3. Athena is like the parent, keeping Ody from trouble (crashing into rocks on

shore).

4. When Odysseus arrives on the shore, he emerges helpless and weak(like a baby)

Explain how Odysseus is a tragic hero- His pride led him to his downfall. After he had escaped from the Cyclops, Odysseus was supposed to sail away, but he continued taunting the monster. It had gotten to the excessively dangerous level, when even his shipmates were telling him to stop and leave. If Odysseus would continue taunting Polyphemus, then the monster could easily chuck a rock at them and destroy their ships, or perhaps send a deadly wave toward them. However, Odysseus ignored the consequences and allowed his pride to take control. He continued making fun of the monster and that resulted in Polyphemus’ father, Poseidon, cursing Odysseus, which did lead Odysseus and his crew “to his downfall” by hindering his home journey by 8 or more years (7 years with Calypso, 1 year with Kirke).Evaluate Telemakhos and Odysseus acts of revenge Odysseus, disguised as an old beggar, distracted the suitors as Telemachus gathered everyone’s weapons and stored it away in a locked room. Penelope hosted a competition between the suitors to decide a winner, it was a shooting competition. Odysseus enters with a bow and arrow, grand entrance, kills the main suitor, Antinoos, with an arrow. Then he and

Telemachos trapped the suitors in the room and killed them off with the help of some others. They killed all the suitors and Melanthios as well. It was bloody. Spared only 2 innocents.

Be able to identify, define and analyze the following literary devices: characterization imagery Language used to produce a vivid picture in the reader’s mind epithets An adjective expressing a quality characteristic of a person epic poems Genre of classical poetry originating in Greece. really long poems. epic similes really long similes.

Ender’s Game● Ender’s Game Game Theory

○ Game theory is essentially thinking of what other people will do, and then reacting to that to get what you want.

■ Zero-sum: if one wins, the other loses■ Mutual gain: both win■ Mutual harm: both lose■ Cooperative: working together■ Noncooperative: not working together■ Sequential: one after the other, like chess.■ Simultaneous: at the same time.

○ Ender uses game theory a lot, especially against his leaders. He takes things he knows about his leaders and then says stuff to them. They react and ultimately Ender gets what he wants.

● Identify and analyze the use of symbolism in the novel (especially the Giant’s Drink game)

○ Giant’s Drink:■ Little boy/ bear/mouse: Ender is weak and powerless.■ Cats/furniture: Peter the cat is dangerous, but Ender can

handle him and Valentine protects him.■ Through the mousehole: leaving comfortable Earth for Battle

School■ Ducks/Mosquitoes: moving on from less

challenging/dangerous things■ Landslides: Not giving up, mastering a skill■ Giant’s Drink Challenge: breaking the rules to win, the

launch to Battle School, a turning point. BEATING THE IMPOSSIBLE

■ Bat: welcome to Fairyland■ Playground w/ wolf-children: Can’t play like a kid, feels bad

when he kills, forget morals to win?, “inner wolf”, playing w/ big kids now

○ Ender accidentally kisses the snake instead of killing it, it turns into Valentine

■ Valentine’s trust/ love■ thinking outside the box■ EVERYONE IN THE CROWD IS PETER!!!■ opposite of Giant’s drink■ Ender is good, not evil (the letter from Valentine)

● Identify and analyze the use of rhetorical appeals (logos, pathos, ethos) in the novel

○ Logos: logic, facts○ Pathos: passion, emotion○ Ethos: a speaker’s credibility, “testimonial” “authority”

● Ender’s leadership style is very hands-off. He tells his toon leaders what to do, and they can do it however they see fit. Ender’s military tactics are always novel, thinking outside the box. His opponents have never seen his strategies before.

● Understand Locke and Demosthenes and how their real stories are reflected in the novel

○ Demosthenes lived in Athens in the 3rd century B.C. He was an ambassador who favored direct confrontation when faced with a problem. He was opposed to the Macedonian takeover of Athens; he wanted Athens to be its own autonomous state. Valentine is not like Demosthenes because she doesn’t do direct confrontation.

○ John Locke lived in England. His ideas greatly influenced the American Constitution. Locke was a philosopher who favored a limited government that mainly protected an individual’s rights. He believed that monarchs could be overthrown by the people, and that everyone is entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness(and property). Peter is not like Locke because he doesn’t care about individual rights: he just wants to take over the world

● Understand the internal and external conflicts that appear in the novel ○ INTERNAL

■ Graff doesn’t want to hurt Ender, but does so anyway to save humanity

■ Ender doesn’t want to kill anyone but feels it necessary to protect himself

○ EXTERNAL■ Ender vs. Bully■ Humanity vs. Buggers■ Dink vs. The System

Make inferences/predictions● Understand the impact of perspective/point of view; identify shifts in

perspective ○ See effects of actions on more characters, engaging plot, less

unreliable narrator, understand the story better, show other’s perception of Ender, DRAMATIC IRONY !!!!!!

● Understand the components of an introduction, body paragraph and conclusion

○ Introduction■ Grabber■ Background■ Thesis

○ Body■ Reason■ Context/evidence/analysis■ “” quote“”■ Conclusion/transition

○ Conclusion■ Thesis Restated■ Reasons Restated■ Moralization (why do I care?)

● In-text citation:○ Words words word “quote quote quote” (Author #).

SpeakUnderstand the figurative significance of “voice” having your thoughts/ideas heard, being able to speakUnderstand what it means to have a voice and not have a voice; trace Melinda’s journey to regain her voice- to have people listen to you, respect what you are saying/having people listen to her, standing up for herself, letting go of the pastBe able to define the tone used in a passage tone is someone’s attitude toward a situation.

Be able to identify and analyze a motif in a passage motifs are predator/prey, mouth/lips/throat, mirrors, and trees. they symbolize Melinda’s journey through the novelBe able to identify and analyze syntax in a passage syntax is the length of a sentence, how it’s structuredBe able to identify and analyze symbols in a passage Trees, lips/mouth, mirrorsEvaluate the level of “enlightenment” in the novel’s characters in class famBe able to identify and analyze allusions in a passage

Maya Angelou- raped and went muteScarlet Letter- Hester Prynne is an outcastPicasso’s blue period- depressionOprah/Sally Jessy (Raphael)/Jerry (Springer)- talk show hosts

Understand Maya Angelou’s early life and influences Maya Angelou was a poet. She was raped when she was a young girl and she did not talk for a while, until her teacher pushed her to talk through poetry. “you don’t truly love poetry until you can recite it”

Stages of Grief:1. Shock and Denial2. Anger3. Depression and Detachment4. Dialogue and Bargaining5. Acceptance

Understand the novel’s characters

http://www.biography.com/people/cesare-beccaria-39630#criminal-justice

Good Quotes

“I get out of my bed and take down the mirror. I put it back in my closet, facing the wall” (6.11). ~mirror motif

“My goal is to go home and take a nap” (10.10)~ Depression