Global Studies ReviewGlobal Studies ReviewFamous PeopleFamous People

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus

Challenged the Challenged the belief that Earth belief that Earth was at the center was at the center of the universe. of the universe.

Using Using mathematical mathematical

formulas, formulas, suggested that the suggested that the

universe was universe was heliocentricheliocentric, sun-, sun-

centered.centered.

BORN IN BORN IN POLANDPOLAND

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei Provided further Provided further

evidence to support evidence to support the heliocentric the heliocentric

theory. He did this theory. He did this by observing the by observing the

skies with a skies with a telescope he had telescope he had

constructed. constructed. Challenged by the Challenged by the

Church, he was put Church, he was put on trial and forced on trial and forced

to take back his to take back his ideas publicly.ideas publicly.ITALYITALY

Isaac NewtonIsaac NewtonBuilt on the knowledge of Built on the knowledge of Copernicus and Galileo by Copernicus and Galileo by

using mathematics to using mathematics to prove the existence of a prove the existence of a force that kept planets in force that kept planets in

their orbits around the their orbits around the sun. Newton called the sun. Newton called the force gravity, the same force gravity, the same

force made objects fall to force made objects fall to earth. He eventually earth. He eventually theorized that nature theorized that nature follows uniform laws.follows uniform laws.

GREAT BRITIANGREAT BRITIAN

John LockeJohn Locke Believes all people Believes all people possess natural rights possess natural rights

(life, liberty, & property). (life, liberty, & property). People form People form

governments to protect governments to protect their rights. If the their rights. If the

government fails to government fails to protect these rights – protect these rights –

people have the right to people have the right to overthrow it.overthrow it.

GREAT BRITIANGREAT BRITIAN

Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu

Government powers Government powers should be separated should be separated into three branches: into three branches: legislative, judicial, & legislative, judicial, & executive. This system executive. This system would create checks would create checks and balances. Prevent and balances. Prevent tyranny and keep one tyranny and keep one branch from getting branch from getting too powerful.too powerful.

FRANCEFRANCE

VoltaireVoltaire Believed in free Believed in free

speech.Criticized the speech.Criticized the French government French government and the Catholic. and the Catholic. Church for their Church for their failure to permit failure to permit

religious toleration religious toleration and intellectual and intellectual

freedom.freedom.FRANCEFRANCE

Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau

Wrote the book Wrote the book The The Social Contract.Social Contract. By By

choosing a government choosing a government people choose to give up people choose to give up

their own interests for their own interests for the common good. The the common good. The

will of the majority. will of the majority. Majority should work for Majority should work for

the common good.the common good.

FRANCEFRANCE

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

Wrote the book Wrote the book THE THE LEVIATHAN.LEVIATHAN. People People

are greedy and are greedy and selfish. Only a selfish. Only a

powerful powerful government can government can

create a peaceful, create a peaceful, orderly society.orderly society.

GREAT BRITIANGREAT BRITIAN

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

Published an essay Published an essay called A called A

VINDICATION FOR VINDICATION FOR THE RIGHTS OF THE RIGHTS OF

WOMAN.WOMAN. Fought for Fought for the education of the education of

women and equality women and equality in marriage.in marriage.

GREAT BRITIANGREAT BRITIAN

Adam SmithAdam Smith Wrote the book Wrote the book The The

Wealth of Nations.Wealth of Nations. Explained how Explained how

competition and the competition and the division of labor division of labor

guides a free guides a free economic system economic system

based on self-based on self-interest.interest.

SCOTLANDSCOTLAND

Maria TheresaMaria Theresa Austrian ruler - Austrian ruler -

Improved tax system Improved tax system by forcing nobles and by forcing nobles and clergy to pay taxes. clergy to pay taxes.

Made primary Made primary education available education available

for children. An for children. An enlightenment enlightenment

despot.despot.

AUSTRIAAUSTRIA

Joseph IIJoseph II Son of Maria Theresa. Son of Maria Theresa.

Continued and Continued and expanded his mother’s expanded his mother’s reforms. Modernized reforms. Modernized Austria’s government Austria’s government

and selected officials on and selected officials on merit instead of status. merit instead of status.

Practiced religious Practiced religious toleration, ended toleration, ended censorship, and censorship, and

abolished serfdom.abolished serfdom.AUSTRIAAUSTRIA

GHANAGHANA

He used strikes and He used strikes and boycotts to battle boycotts to battle

the British. In 1957, the British. In 1957, the British granted the British granted

the Gold Coast the Gold Coast independence – independence –

Nkrumah became Nkrumah became the prime minister the prime minister and a marxist and and a marxist and allied with China & allied with China &

U.S.S.RU.S.S.R..

Kwame Nkrumah 

INDIAINDIA

First leader of First leader of India after India after

Gandhi. Set up Gandhi. Set up a consitution a consitution similar to U.S. similar to U.S.

after Great after Great Britian granted Britian granted

India’s freedom.India’s freedom.

Jawarharlal Nehru 

CUBACUBA

Led a Led a communist communist

revolution in revolution in Cuba in 1959 Cuba in 1959 and set up a and set up a communist communist

government.government.

Fidel Castro 

CHINACHINA

Leader after Leader after Mao’s death, Mao’s death,

started China on started China on the road to the road to

industrialization, industrialization, limited limited

capitalism and capitalism and set up one child set up one child

policy. policy.

Deng Xiaoping 

INDIAINDIA

Leader for Leader for freedom from freedom from Great Britian. Great Britian.

He used He used passive passive resistanceresistance and and

civil civil disobediancedisobediance..

Mohandas Gandhi 

PORTUGALPORTUGAL

Explored India, Explored India, East Indies, and East Indies, and China-for- Silks China-for- Silks

& Spices. & Spices.

Vasco Da Gama 

BORN INBORN IN

GERMANYGERMANY

Wrote the Wrote the Communist Communist

Manifesto and Manifesto and ideas were the ideas were the

blueprint for the blueprint for the Russian Revolution Russian Revolution

and the Chinese and the Chinese Communist Communist Revolution.Revolution.

Karl Marx 

U.S.A.U.S.A.

Helped opened Helped opened up Japan up for up Japan up for trade with the trade with the United States.United States.

Matthew Perry 

INDIAINDIA

Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) 

He developed a He developed a religion that religion that

spread from India, spread from India, China, & Southeast China, & Southeast Asia. He taught all Asia. He taught all of man’s suffering of man’s suffering comes from selfish comes from selfish

desiresdesires

U.S.A.U.S.A.

Douglas MacArthur 

He led U.S. He led U.S. forces in the forces in the allied victory allied victory over Japan in over Japan in

WWII.WWII.

CHINACHINA

Sun Yat-Sen

He led the He led the Nationalist Nationalist

Chinese Chinese Revolution to Revolution to overthrow the overthrow the LAST Manchu LAST Manchu

Emperor.Emperor.

CAMBODIACAMBODIA

Pol Pot Communist Communist

Khmer Rouge Khmer Rouge leader who led a leader who led a

movement of movement of genocide in genocide in Cambodia.Cambodia.

BORN INBORN IN

ALBANIAALBANIA

Mother Theresa

She started a She started a movement in movement in

Calcutta, India to Calcutta, India to help the sick and help the sick and

dying of the world.dying of the world.

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA

Nelson Mandela

The leader of the The leader of the African National African National Congress, who Congress, who became the first became the first

black president of a black president of a free South Africa in free South Africa in 1994. Established a 1994. Established a

Democratic Democratic Government.Government.

KENYAKENYA

Jomo Kenyatta

Nationalist Mau-Mau Nationalist Mau-Mau leader who achieved leader who achieved freedom from Great freedom from Great

Britian in 1963. Britian in 1963. Established a Established a

democratic democratic government.government.

ANCIENT CHINAANCIENT CHINA

Confucius

A Philosopher who A Philosopher who taught the 5 taught the 5

relationships and the relationships and the group is more group is more

important than the important than the individual.individual.

U.S.A.U.S.A.

Woodrow Wilson 

U.S. President U.S. President during WWI. during WWI. Authored the Authored the

Fourteen Points Fourteen Points for Peace. for Peace.

Highlights – self-Highlights – self-determination, determination,

League of League of Nations.Nations.

PAKISTANPAKISTAN

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

The first leader of The first leader of a Muslim a Muslim

dominated dominated Pakistan after Pakistan after independence independence

from Great from Great Britian in 1947.Britian in 1947.

CHINACHINA

Mao Zedong

First communist First communist leader of China leader of China who defeated who defeated

Chiang Kai-Shek Chiang Kai-Shek and the and the

Nationalists Nationalists

MECCA, MECCA, SAUDI ARABIASAUDI ARABIA

Mohammed

Founder of Founder of Islam. Gave the Islam. Gave the world the Qu’ran world the Qu’ran (holy book) and (holy book) and monothesism. monothesism. Islam worships Islam worships

the God – Allah. the God – Allah.

Established first Established first overland route to overland route to

China. Started China. Started European European

interest in China. interest in China.

Marco Polo

ITALYITALY

VIETNAMVIETNAM

Ho Chi Minh

The The communist communist

leader of North leader of North Vietnam who Vietnam who

eventually eventually took over all of took over all of

Vietnam. Vietnam.

JAPANJAPAN

Emperor Hirohito

The Emperor The Emperor of Japan of Japan

during WWII. during WWII.

JAPANJAPAN

Emperor Meiji

Boy Emperor Boy Emperor who set Japan who set Japan on the road to on the road to modernization, modernization,

industrialization industrialization and imperialism.and imperialism.

RUSSIARUSSIA

Peter the Great

Tsar who Tsar who wanted to wanted to modernize modernize

Russia Russia (Windows to the (Windows to the

West) and West) and expand territory expand territory into warm water into warm water

ports.ports.

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA

Frederick W. De Klerk

Last white leader Last white leader of the of the

Afrikaaners who Afrikaaners who practiced practiced Apartheid.Apartheid.

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA

Desmond Tutu

Used non-Used non-violence to end violence to end

Apartheid in Apartheid in South Africa. In South Africa. In 1984 he won the 1984 he won the

Nobel Peace Nobel Peace Prize.Prize.

PAKISTANPAKISTAN

Benazir Bhutto

The first woman The first woman leader of a leader of a

Muslim country. Muslim country. In 1990 she was In 1990 she was dismissed from dismissed from

office on office on corruption corruption charges.charges.

INDIAINDIA

The daughter of The daughter of Nehru. Improved Nehru. Improved India’s economy, India’s economy, birth control and birth control and

led with led with Authoritarian rule. Authoritarian rule.

She was She was assassinated in assassinated in

1984 by Sikh 1984 by Sikh

bodyguards.bodyguards.

Mrs. Indira Gandhi 

PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES

Fidel Ramos

The present leader The present leader of Philippines. He of Philippines. He succeded Corazon succeded Corazon Aquino. His tenure Aquino. His tenure has been marred has been marred by problems with by problems with

unemployment and unemployment and poverty.poverty.

INDONESIAINDONESIA

Achmed Sukarno

First president of First president of Indonesia in Indonesia in

(1954). Guided a (1954). Guided a democracy in democracy in

which the army which the army and Communists and Communists

suported him.suported him.

VENEZULAVENEZULA

Simon Bolivar

Liberator of Liberator of Venezuela, Venezuela,

Columbia, Ecuador Columbia, Ecuador & Panama from & Panama from Spanish rule. Spanish rule.

Used Used Enlightenment Enlightenment

ideas.ideas.

NICARAGUANICARAGUA

Daniel Ortega

Established Established Marxist Marxist

SANDINISTA SANDINISTA government. government.

Fought the U.S. Fought the U.S. supported anti-supported anti-

communist group communist group called the called the

CONTRAS.CONTRAS.

NICARAGUANICARAGUA

Violetta Charmorro

Opposition leader Opposition leader to Communist to Communist

Sandinista rule. Sandinista rule. Took over Daniel Took over Daniel Ortega. She is a Ortega. She is a Democratic ruler.Democratic ruler.

HAITIHAITI

Toussaint L’Overture

In 1801 led revolt In 1801 led revolt against French. against French.

Haiti was the first Haiti was the first Latin American Latin American nation become nation become independent.independent.

ARGENTINAARGENTINA

Jose de San Martin

Helped win Helped win independence from independence from

Spain along with Spain along with Bernardo Bernardo

O’Higgins.O’Higgins.

PALESTINEPALESTINE

Yasir ArafatThe leader of the The leader of the P.L.O. who used P.L.O. who used

terror against terror against Israel, and wants Israel, and wants an independent an independent

Palestinian nation. Palestinian nation. In 1993 Palestine In 1993 Palestine

granted autonomy granted autonomy in Gaza Strip and in Gaza Strip and

Jericho.Jericho.

TURKEYTURKEY

Mustafa Kemal-ATATURK

Drove the Greeks from Drove the Greeks from Turkey. Made Turkey a Turkey. Made Turkey a free republic in 1923. free republic in 1923.

Westernized and Westernized and Industrialized Turkey. Industrialized Turkey. Established separation Established separation

between Islam and between Islam and government.government.

ISRAELISRAEL

Golda Meir

First Woman First Woman Prime Minister in Prime Minister in Israel. Won the Israel. Won the Six Day War in Six Day War in

1967. 1967.

EGYPTEGYPT

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Wanted Pan-Wanted Pan-Arabism, land Arabism, land

reform for reform for peasants, state peasants, state

control of industry. control of industry. Took aid from Took aid from

U.S.S.R. and hated U.S.S.R. and hated Israel.Israel.

EGYPTEGYPT

Anwar Sadat

He was President He was President of Egypt 1970-of Egypt 1970-

1981. Made peace 1981. Made peace with Israel in 1979. with Israel in 1979.

He was He was assassinated by assassinated by fundamentalist fundamentalist

muslims in 1981.muslims in 1981.

ISRAELISRAEL

Menachem Begin

Signed Camp Signed Camp David peace David peace accord with accord with

Sadat of Egypt in Sadat of Egypt in 1979. President 1979. President

Cater (U.S.A.) Cater (U.S.A.) was the middle was the middle

man. man.

IRANIRAN

Ayatollah Khomeini

Fundamentalist Fundamentalist Muslim who Muslim who

overthrew SHAH overthrew SHAH Mohammed Riza Mohammed Riza Pahlavi in 1979. Pahlavi in 1979. Khomeini set up Khomeini set up

strict SHIITE strict SHIITE muslim state muslim state

GERMANYGERMANY

Used “Blood & Used “Blood & Iron” to unite all of Iron” to unite all of

Germany. Germany. Defeated Austria Defeated Austria and France and and France and was called “Iron was called “Iron

Chancellor”.Chancellor”.

Otto Von Bismarck

Brains of Italy Brains of Italy wanted wanted

“Risorgimento” “Risorgimento” or unification of or unification of

Italy. Italy.

Camillo Cavour

ITALYITALY

Sword of Italy Sword of Italy unified Sicily unified Sicily with Sardinia-with Sardinia-

Piedmont Piedmont against Austria. against Austria.

Guiseppe Garibaldi

ITALYITALY

Soul of Italy – Soul of Italy – inspired inspired

nationalism nationalism against Austria. against Austria.

Guiseppe Mazzini

ITALYITALY

Facist Dictator Facist Dictator during WWII – during WWII –

allied with Hitler allied with Hitler he favored he favored

AGGRESSIVE AGGRESSIVE NATIONALISM. NATIONALISM.

Benito Mussolini

ITALYITALY

NAZI GERMANYNAZI GERMANY

Started WWII by Started WWII by invading Poland. invading Poland.

Killed Jews - Killed Jews - (Holocaust) – failed (Holocaust) – failed invasion of Russia. invasion of Russia.

Rule called the Rule called the Third Reich.Third Reich.

Adolf Hitler

GREAT BRITIANGREAT BRITIAN

English Prime English Prime Minister during Minister during

WWII.WWII.

Winston Churchill

U.S.A.U.S.A.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

U.S. President U.S. President during WWII. during WWII.

Declared war on Declared war on Japan after Japan after

Japanese attack Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor.at Pearl Harbor.

U.S.A.U.S.A.

Harry Truman

U.S. President at U.S. President at the conclusion of the conclusion of

WWII. Made WWII. Made decision to drop decision to drop Atomic Bomb on Atomic Bomb on

two cities in two cities in Japan.Japan.

GREAT BRITIANGREAT BRITIAN

Iron Lady Prime Iron Lady Prime Minister. Minister.

Conservative party Conservative party moved Great Britian moved Great Britian

from Socialism. from Socialism. Supporter of Supporter of Nationalism. Nationalism.

Succeeded by John Succeeded by John Major in 1990.Major in 1990.

Margaret Thacher

SOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION

Man of Steel – Man of Steel – Totalitarian leader Totalitarian leader

who wanted Russia who wanted Russia to improve to improve

militarily and militarily and industrially. Killed industrially. Killed millions (Siberia) & millions (Siberia) & took over Eastern took over Eastern Europe after WWII.Europe after WWII.

Josef Stalin

SOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION

Began Glasnost Began Glasnost (openness) and (openness) and

Perestroika Perestroika (economic reform) (economic reform)

which led to the which led to the end of the Cold end of the Cold

War, and reduction War, and reduction of nuclear weapons of nuclear weapons

with the USA.with the USA.

Mikhail Gorbachev

RUSSIARUSSIA

Czarina of Russia Czarina of Russia (born in Germany) (born in Germany) married Czar Peter married Czar Peter III. She expanded III. She expanded Russian territory. Russian territory.

Emphasized Emphasized enlightenment enlightenment

ideas and learning.ideas and learning.

Catherine the Great

RUSSIARUSSIA

Set up first Set up first Bolshevik Bolshevik

(Communist) (Communist) government in government in Russia (1917). Russia (1917).

Started New Started New Economic Policy Economic Policy

(N.E.P.)(N.E.P.)

Nikolai Lenin

RUSSIARUSSIA

Leader of Russia Leader of Russia after Gorbachev. after Gorbachev. Better relations Better relations

with West. with West. Breakup of Soviet Breakup of Soviet

Republics, Republics, capitalism and capitalism and democracy in democracy in

RussiaRussia

Boris Yeltsin

PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES

Corazon Aquino

Succeeded the Succeeded the dictator, Ferdinand dictator, Ferdinand Marcos (1986) with Marcos (1986) with

democracy. democracy.

POLANDPOLAND

Labor Union leader Labor Union leader against communists against communists (solidarity). Became (solidarity). Became

first freely elected first freely elected President of Poland President of Poland (1990). Problems = (1990). Problems =

economy, large debt.economy, large debt.

Lech Walsea