Traditional plastic Almost entirely derived from non-
renewable, fossil sources These are artificial materials and nature
does not know how to handle them
Slide 4
Problem is all around us! 4
Slide 5
What does plastic waste pollution look like? Coast of
Dubrovnik/Croatia polluted by plastic materials discarded at sea,
2009
Slide 6
Recycling and energy efficiency - statistics
Slide 7
The term "bioplastics" refers to a biodegradable plastics
and/or plastics derived from renewable resources (the definition
from European Bioplastics) Interest in bio-materials has increased
significantly due to concerns related to global climate
change.
Slide 8
Bioplastic Source/base: renewable or not renewable Material:
biodegradable or not biodegradable Plastics: 265 M tons (2010)
Plastics Europe Bioplastics: 0.724 M tons biodegradable (non
renewable resources) 428 000 t plastics from renewable resources
296 000 t
Slide 9
Development of bioplastics through history
Slide 10
Renewable sources - non- biodegradable Historically, plastic
was made from renewable resources / there was no petrochemical
industry 1869. nitrocellulose Hyatt billiard balls 1897. galalith
first Zagrebs gramophone panel manufactured by Penkala Today :
bio-polyethylene
Slide 11
What is biodegradable plastic? Biodegradation is degradation
caused by biological activity, especially activity of the
enzymes
Slide 12
Biodegradable plastics Considering the source/base we
distinguish: natural polymers (PHA) modified natural polymers
(viscose, methyl cellulose) synthetic polymers
(PLA,polyesters)
Slide 13
What is compostable plastic? Compostable plastic is one that
meets all scientifically recognized standards of compostabilty
regardless of the origin of carbon. European norm is EN 13432, and
USA norm is ASTM D6400
Slide 14
ASTM D6400 Main Factors 1. Mineralization 90 percent conversion
to carbon dioxide, water and biomass through the action of
microorganisms The same rate of degradation as other organic waste
(ie. leaves, grass...) Time period of 180 days or less 2.
Fragmentation Not more than 10% of the original dry weight of test
material shall fail to pass through a 2 mm fraction sieve. 3. The
impact on the environment No negative impact on flora and
fauna
Slide 15
Biodegradable vs. compostable? Compostable plastic is a subset
of biodegradable plastic that will decompose in the conditions and
time frames during composting process Compostable plastic is always
biodegradable Biodegradable plastic is not always compostable
Slide 16
What is bio-based plastic ? Can be natural polymer or synthetic
plastic made from organic macromolecules that are derived from
biological resources To be classified as a bio-based material it
must be of organic origin and contain a certain percentage of new
carbon derived from biological resources This definition is the
base of ASTM D6866
Slide 17
U Comparison of plastic and steel manufacturing through
history
Slide 18
Bioplastic market
Slide 19
Development of bioplastic market - main drivers Technical
properties and functionality is selling High consumer acceptance
(eco marketing) Organic recycling is a cost-efficient, new
recycling option
Slide 20
Bioplastics in Europe ( purpose) Trenutno stanje
Slide 21
Market share of bioplastics by application use in 2011.
Slide 22
World production capacity of bioplastics by material type in
2011
Slide 23
Production capacities of bioplastics in the world in 2011. and
forecast by 2015.
Slide 24
Production capacities of bioplastics in the world by 2015.
Slide 25
Trendovi The share of bioplastics in the global plastics market
will record substantial growth in the following years (planned
annual growth of 44%)
Slide 26
Disposal
Slide 27
Methods of disposal after use of bioplastics
Slide 28
Ideal closed circle
Slide 29
Renewable raw materials for plastics. Organic Recycling
(Composting) - new option. CO 2 Recycling - for climate
protection.
Slide 30
Developing Global Legislation Around Biobased Plastics
Slide 31
Italy - first country in the world that banned the use of
polyethylene bags (January 1,2011)
Slide 32
Certification
Slide 33
Proces of certification Variety of different materials What
kind of criteria do we need? Certification as an instrument of
market competition We have a defined system of certification for
biodegradability and compostability of materials.
Slide 34
Certification Certification - procedure by which a third party
gives written assurance that a product, process or service conforms
to specified requirements (EN 45020:2006 standardization and
related activities) Well-defined process in which a certification
organization confirms the property of a plastic material,
intermediate or product. Biodegradable plastics is not easy to
distinguish from non- degradable plastics. Other ways of labelling
are required in order for bioplastics to be used and disposed
properly.
Slide 35
Slide 36
What Is Fueling The Growth of Bioplastics? Petroleum supplies
are dwindling while demand for oil-based goods is rising For every
4 barrels of oil used, only 1 new barrel is discovered.
Petrochemical-based plastics consume about 2.5 billion barrels of
oil annually. Supplies will run short within the next 20 to 100
years.
Slide 37
Governments and consumers are demanding action to reduce
dependence on oil. Increasing concerns over global warming,
environmental pollution, toxic affects of some residual monomers
and additives are driving legislation and consumer backlash against
conventional plastics
Slide 38
More about the benefits of bioplastics.. Reduces dependence on
fossil raw materials The concept of biorefinery-regional economy
that has a source in bio-mass Programs of Corporate Social
Resposibility (CSR) In the long run - economic perspective
Conventional plastics will record high increase in prices (50-80%
in 2 years) Bioplastics- enormous potential for savings
Slide 39
Not IfBut When It took 125 years to use the first trillion
barrels of oil. Well use the next trillion in 30 years. So, why
should you care? -Chevron Ad
Slide 40
UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE BORIS MIKSIC EFFECT OF EXTRUSION PARAMETERS ON
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODEGRADABLE FILMS DOCTORAL THESIS
Supervisor: Dr. Sc. Mladen Sercer, professor Zagreb, 2012.