Global Value Chains in a Postcrisis World: A Development Perspective

8/7/2019 Global Value Chains in a Postcrisis World: A Development Perspective

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@gktdrs

Dikvk`r Jbttbh`d Fbry F`r`nnk Jdrh`ikb Ztbrktz

Fidcbi^biu`

JABKHZ khb UdstjrksksVdrig

B G@^@IDUL@HW U@SZU@JWK^@


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FIDCBI ^BIP@

JABKHZ KH B

UDZWJSKZKZ VDSIG


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Dikvk`r Jbttbh`d, Fbry F`r`nnk, bhg Jdrh`ikb Ztbrktz@gktdrs

FIDCBI ^BIP@

JABKHZ KH B

UDZWJSKZKZ VDSIGB G@^@IDUL@HW

U@SZU@JWK^@


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3525 Wa` Kht`rhbtkdhbi Cbho ndr S`jdhstrujtkdh bhg G`vìdpl`ht / Wa` Vdrig Cbho

2121 A Ztr``t, HV

Vbsakhftdh, GJ 357::

Wì`padh`= 353-76:-2555

Kht`rh`t= www.wdrigcbho.drf

Bii rkfats r`s`rv`g

2 3 : 7 2: 23 22 25

Waks vdiul` ks b prdgujt dn ta` stbnn dn ta` Kht`rhbtkdhbi Cbho ndr S`jdhstrujtkdh bhg G`vìdpl`ht / Wa` Vdrig

Cbho. Wa` nkhgkhfs, kht`rpr`tbtkdhs, bhg jdhjiuskdhs `xpr`ss`g kh taks vdiul` gd hdt h`j`ssbrkiy r`ni`jt ta` vk`ws dn

ta` @x`jutkv` Gkr`jtdrs dn Wa` Vdrig Cbho dr ta` fdv`rhl`hts ta`y r`pr`s`ht.

Wa` Vdrig Cbho gd`s hdt fubrbht`` ta` bjjurbjy dn ta` gbtb khjiug`g kh taks wdro. Wa` cduhgbrk`s, jdidrs,

g`hdlkhbtkdhs, bhg dta`r khndrlbtkdh sadwh dh bhy lbp kh taks wdro gd hdt klpiy bhy mugf`l`ht dh ta` pbrt dn

Wa` Vdrig Cbho jdhj`rhkhf ta` i`fbi stbtus dn bhy t`rrktdry dr ta` `hgdrs`l`ht dr bjj`ptbhj` dn suja cduhgbrk`s.

Skfats bhg U`rlksskdhsWa` lbt`rkbi kh taks pucikjbtkdh ks jdpyrkfat`g. Jdpykhf bhg/dr trbhslkttkhf pdrtkdhs dr bii dn taks wdro wktadut p`r-

lksskdh lby c` b vkdibtkdh dn bppikjbci` ibw. Wa` Kht`rhbtkdhbi Cbho ndr S`jdhstrujtkdh bhg G`vìdpl`ht / Wa`

Vdrig Cbho `hjdurbf`s gkss`lkhbtkdh dn kts wdro bhg wkii hdrlbiiy frbht p`rlksskdh td r`prdguj` pdrtkdhs dn ta`

wdro prdlptiy.

Ndr p`rlksskdh td padtdjdpy dr r`prkht bhy pbrt dn taks wdro, pi`bs` s`hg b r`qu`st wkta jdlpi`t` khndrlbtkdh td

ta` Jdpyrkfat Ji`brbhj` J`ht`r Khj., 333 Sds`wddg Grkv`, Gbhv`rs, LB 52;3:, PZB? tì`padh`= ;61-605-1755? nbx=

;61-605-7765? Kht`rh`t= www.jdpyrkfat.jdl.

Bii dta`r qu`rk`s dh rkfats bhg ikj`hs`s, khjiugkhf sucskgkbry rkfats, saduig c` bggr`ss`g td ta` Dnnkj` dn ta`

Uuciksa`r, Wa` Vdrig Cbho, 2121 A Ztr``t, HV, Vbsakhftdh, GJ 357::, PZB? nbx= 353-033-3733? `-lbki=

pucrkfatsEwdrigcbho.drf.

KZCH= ;61-5-132:-17;;-3`KZCH= ;61-5-132:-105:->

GDK= 25.20;>/;61-5-132:-17;;-3

Ikcrbry dn Jdhfr`ss Jbtbidfkhf-kh-Uucikjbtkdh Gbtb

Fidcbi vbiu` jabkhs kh b pdstjrksks wdrig = b g`vìdpl`ht p`rsp`jtkv` / Dikvk`r Jbttbh`d, Fbry F`r`nnk, bhg Jdrhìkb

Ztbrktz, gktdrs.

p. jl.

Khjiug`s ckcikdfrbpakjbi r`n`r`hj`s bhg khg`x.

KZCH ;61-5-132:-17;;-3 KZCH ;61-5-132:-105:-> (ì`jtrdhkj)

2. Kht`rhbtkdhbi trbg`. 3. Kht`rhbtkdhbi `jdhdlkj rìbtkdhs. :. Fidcbi Nkhbhjkbi Jrksks, 3551355;. K. Jbttbh`d,

Dikvk`r. KK. F`r`nnk, Fbry. KKK. Ztbrktz, Jdrhìkb.

AN2:6;.F016 3525::6gj33

35255:276>

Jdv`r klbf`s= kZtdjopadtd.jdl/G`vdhyu (Wrbg` Vbr)? kZtdjopadtd.jdl/Vrbhfì (Fdig`h Jdkhs W`xtur`)

Jdv`r g`skfh cy Wdldod Akrbtb/Vdrig Cbho


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Jdhtrkcutdrs xkkk

Ndr`wdrg xv

Bjohdwi`gfl`hts xvkk

Bccr`vkbtkdhs xkx

Ubrt K KHWSDGPJWKDH BHG D^@S^K@V 2

2 Fidcbi biu` Jabkhs kh b Udstjrksks Vdrig= S`skik`hj`,

Jdhsdikgbtkdh, bhg Zakntkhf @hg Lbro`ts :Dikvk`r Jbttbh`d, Fbry F`r`nnk, bhg Jdrhìkb Ztbrktz

Ubrt KK WA@ JSKZKZ BHG WS@HGZ KH FIDCBI WSBG@,G@LBHG, BHG USDGPJWKDH 32

3 Wrbg`, Jrksks, bhg S`jdv`ry= S`strujturkhf Fidcbi^biu` Jabkhs 3:Vkiikbl Lkic`rf bhg G`cdrba Vkhoi`r

: Fidcbi biu` Jabkhs bhg ta` Jrksks= S`sabpkhfKht`rhbtkdhbi Wrbg` @ibstkjkty4 6:Auc`rt @sjbkta, Hbhh`tt` Ikhg`hc`rf, bhg Zcbstk`h Lkrdugdt

7 Fidcbi biu` Jabkhs, ta` Jrksks, bhg ta` Zakntdn Lbro`ts nrdl Hdrta td Zduta 230Sbpabì Obpikhsoy bhg Lbsulb Nbrddok

Ubrt KKK FIDCBI ^BIP@ JABKHZ BHG G@^@IDUKHFJDPHWSK@Z UDZWJSKZKZ= Z@JWDSBI U@SZU@JWK^@Z 200

0 Wa` Fidcbi Bppbrì biu` Jabkh, Wrbg`, bhg ta` Jrksks=Jabii`hf`s bhg Dppdrtuhktk`s ndr G`vìdpkhf Jduhtrk`s 206Fbry F`r`nnk bhg Ztbj`y Nr`g`rkjo

jdht`hts

v


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> @nn`jts dn ta` 35515; Jrksks dh ta` Butdldtkv`Khgustry kh G`vìdpkhf Jduhtrk`s= B Fidcbi ^biu`Jabkh U`rsp`jtkv` 35;

Mdabhh`s ^bh Ck`s`crd`jo bhg Wkldtay M. Zturf`dh

6 Fidcbi biu` Jabkhs kh ta` @i`jtrdhkjs Khgustry=Vbs ta` Jrksks b Vkhgdw dn Dppdrtuhktyndr G`vìdpkhf Jduhtrk`s4 370Wkldtay M. Zturf`dh bhg Ldldod Obwboblk

1 Vabt Abpp`hs Va`h ta` Lbro`t Zaknts td Jakhb4Wa` Fbcdh Wklc`r bhg Wabk Jbssbvb ^biu` Jabkhs :5:Sbpabì Obpikhsoy, Bhh` W`ra`ff`h, bhg Muikb Wkmbmb

; Wa` Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`s biu` Jabkh= G`vìdpkhfJduhtrk`s bhg ta` Jrksks ::0Fbry F`r`nnk bhg Obrkhb N`rhbhg`z-Ztbro

Khg`x :6:

vk Jdht`hts


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Jdht`hts vkk

Cdx`s:.2 Wrbg` @ibstkjktk`s 6>:.3 Dnnsadrkhf, Dutsdurjkhf, bhg ta` L`bsur` dn

^`rtkjbi Kht`frbtkdh 151.2 Ztbhgbrgs Fdv`rhkhf Urdgujtkdh kh ta` Wabk Jbssbvb F J :511.3 Ztbhgbrgs Fdv`rhkhf Bjj`ss td @P bhg Dta`r Lbro`ts

kh ta` Drfbhksbtkdh ndr @jdhdlkj Jd-dp`rbtkdh bhg G`v`idpl`ht :35

Nkfur`s3.2 P.Z. bhg @P 36 Fddgs bhg Z`rvkj`s Klpdrts 373.3 @xpdrts nrdl Idw- bhg Lkggi`-Khjdl` Jduhtrk`s 363.: Fddgs @xpdrts nrdl Idw- bhg Lkggi`-Khjdl` Jduhtrk`s

cy Urdgujt Jbt`fdry, 2;653551 313.7 P.Z. Fddgs bhg Z`rvkj`s Klpdrts Frdwta,

Bufust 3551G`j`lc`r 355; :33.0 P.Z. Khjdl` @ibstkjktk`s bhg Khjr l`htbi KlpdrtFGU Sbtkds,

Nkrst Rubrt`r 2;65 td Wakrg Rubrt`r 3551 :73.> Rubrt`riy P.Z. Fddgs Klpdrt Frdwta Sbt s gurkhf

ta` Ubst War`` Jrks`s= 2;;5, 3552, bhg 3556 753.6 @P 36 Fddgs Klpdrts cy Urdgujt Jbt`fdry, Sbho`g cy

Bufust 355; Frdwta 7:3.1 P.Z. bhg @P 36 Fddgs Klpdrts dn Wdp-Nkv` Klpdrt rs 773.; Fddgs @xpdrts dn Idw- bhg Lkggi`-Khjdl` Jduhtrk`s, 355; 7>3.25 A`rnkhgbai-Akrsjalbh Khg`x cy Ztbhgbrg Kht`rhbtkdhbi

Wrbg` Jibssknkjbtkdh, 2;6562 td 355651 7;3.22 ^ rtkjbi Jdhsdikgbtkdh dn Fidcbi biu` Jabkhs 033.23 Adrkzdhtbi Jdhsdikgbtkdh dn Fidcbi biu` Jabkhs 0:3.2: A`rnkhgbai-Akrsjalbh Khg`x cy Crdbg @jdhdlkj Jbt`fdry,

Sbho`g cy 355651 Frdwta Sbt` 003.27 @xpdrt Frdwta bhg A`rnkhgbai-Akrsjalbh Khg`x

Frdwta cy Crdbg @jdhdlkj Jbt`fdry, 355651 0>3.20 Zduta-Zduta Wrbg` cy Crdbg @jdhdlkj Urdgujt Jbt`fdry,

2;65355; >53B.2 Vdrig @xpdrts cy S`fkdh, 2;653556 >33J.2 P.Z. Fddgs Klpdrts cy Urdgujt Jbt`fdry, Sbho`g cy

Ndurta-Rubrt`r 355; Frdwta >73G.2 P.Z. Z`rvkj`s Klpdrts cy Z`rvkj` Jbt`fdry, Sbho`g cy

Ndurta-Rubrt`r 355; Frdwta >0:.2 Vdrig L`rjabhgks` @xpdrts bhg FGU, 2;>5355; 60:.3 Vdrigwkg` FGU @ibstkjkty dn Klpdrts, 25-[ br

Sdiikhf Vkhgdw, 2;15355; 66:.: Bskb bhg ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s@xpdrt Drk htbtkdh bhg

Klpdrts dn Kht`rl`gkbt` Fddgs= 2;;5, 2;;0, 3555, bhg 3551 1;


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:.7 Jabhf` kh Vdrig Urdgujtkdh bhg FGU S`spdhs`, 2;15355; ;7:.0 FGU @ibstkjkty dn Klpdrts= Jiust`rs Cbs`g dh

@ibstkjkty Ubtt`rhs, 2;1;355; ;1:.> FGU @ibstkjkty dn Klpdrts, 25-[ br Sdiikhf Vkhgdw=

Aypdta`sks dn Jiust`rs Cbs`g dh @xpdrt Zp`jkbikzbtkdh,2;15355; ;;

:.6 FGU @ibstkjkty dn Klpdrts= Aypdta`sks dn Jiust`rsCbs`g dh S`fkdhs, 2;1;355; 252

:.1 Klpuis` S`spdhs` Nuhjtkdh= Klpbjt dn bh @xdf`hdusG`jr`bs` kh FGU dh Wrbg` kh 37 D@JG Jduhtrk`s 251

:B.2 FGU @ibstkjkty dn Klpdrts= @xpdrt Zp`jkbikzbtkdh(Lbkh Urdgujt) 22>

7.2 Jakhbs Kht`hskty dn L`tbis bhg Lkh`rbis @xpdrts khWdtbi Lbhunbjtur`s @xpdrts, 2;;5355> 272

7.3 Gkspdsbci Khjdl` Crbjo`ts dn Adusàdigs kh Jakhb,Khgkb, Susskbh N`g`rbtkdh, bhg Crbzki, 355356 27:

7.: U`r Jbpktb Jdhsulptkdh dn Cbs` L`tbis, 2;>53550 2770.2 Wyp`s dn I`bg Nkrls kh ta` Fidcbi Bppbrì biu` Jabkh 2660B.2 Zaknts kh S`fkdhbi Ztrujtur` dn P.Z. Bppbrì Klpdrts,

2;;>3551 35:0B.3 Zaknts kh S`fkdhbi Ztrujtur = @P 20 Bppbr i Klpdrts,

2;;>3551 3570B.: Khgustrkbi Ppfrbgkhf cy Bskbh @jdhdlk`s kh ta`

Bppbrì biu` Jabkh 350>.2 Zuppik`r G`n jt Sbt s ndr H`w-F`h`rbtkdh I`bg Nkrls 3:06.2 Vdrig Klpdrts dn Kht rl`gkbt , Jbpktbi, bhg Jdhsulptkdh

Fddgs, 2;>3355> 3036.3 Udsktkdh dn ta` Fubgbibmbrb @i`jtrdhkjs Jiust r kh

@i`jtrdhkjs F^Js 3656.: Fubgbibmbrb Akfa-W ja @lpidyl`ht bhg @xpdrts,

2;;>355; 3626.7 Wbkwbh, Jakhbs Urdgujtkdh dn G`sotdp bhg Hdt cddo UJs,

2;1>355> 3666.0 biu` Jbptur` kh Hdt cddo UJ F J kh War`` Jdlp`tktdrs 36;1.2 Wabkibhgs Zabr` kh Vdrig Jbssbvb @xpdrts, 2;>23556 :571.3 Gdl`stkj Grk`g Jbssbvb bhg Jbssbvb Ztbrja biu` Jabkhs

kh Wabkibhg :501.: Wabk Grk`g Jbssbvb @xpdrts td Lbkh G`stkhbtkdhs, 2;;;3551 :251.7 Wabk Jbssbvb @xpdrt Jdlpdsktkdh, 2;6>355; :221.0 Jdlpdsktkdh dn Wabk Jbssbvb Ztbrja @xpdrts td Jakhb, 35525> :221.> Gdl`stkj Wklc`r F^J kh Fbcdh :2>1.6 Urdgujtkdh diul`s dn Zì jt`g Vddg Urdgujts kh Fbcdh,

2;;53556 :26

vkkk Jdht`hts


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1.1 Fbcdhs @xpdrts dn Idfs bhg Urdj`ss`g Vddg Urdgujts tdNrbhj`, 2;;6355> :21

1.; Jakhbs Klpdrts dn Idfs bhg Z i`jt g Vddg Urdgujts,2;653556 :32

1.25 @P bhg Jakh`s` Cuy`rs S`qukr`l`hts= Vddg Idfs :331.22 @P bhg Jakh`s` Cuy`rs S`qukr`l`hts= Kht`rhbtkdhbi

S`fuibtkdhs bhg Ztbhgbrgs :3:1.23 Jakh`s` bhg Nr`hja Wrdpkjbi Vddg Urdgujt Klpdrt

Ztrujtur`s nrdl Fbcdh= Idf bhg Vddg Urdgujt ^diul`s,2;;6355> :37

1.2: Idf bhg Vddg Urdgujt G`lbhg Gkstrkcutkdh ndr Jakhb,Nrbhj`, bhg ta` @P 36 Jduhtrk`s, 2;;6355> :36

;.2 Cuskh`ss Ldg`is kh Dutsdurjkhf bhg Dnnsadr Z`rvkj`s ::6;.3 Wa` Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`s Fidcbi biu` Jabkh ::;;.: Fidcbi G`lbhg ndr Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`s, cy Bjtkvkty, 355025 :77;.7 Bjtubi bhg Udt htkbi Bgdptkdh dn Dnnsadr` Urbjtkj`s :7;;.0 Adw Nkrls S`spdhg td ta` @jdhdlkj Jrksks :03;.> Jabhf`s kh O`y Grkv`rs dn Dnnsadrkhf G`jkskdhs,

Hdv`lc`r 3551 :0:;.6 Khgkbs Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`s Khgustry Frdwta Sbt , 355>5; :>>

Lbps6.2 J i`stkjbs Fidcbi Dp`rbtkhf Nddtprkht, 3552 3>6;.2 Fidcbi Zuppiy bhg G`lbhg ndr Dnnsadr Z`rvkj s :7>

Wbci`s3.2 Fddgs bhg Z`rvkj`s Dnnsadrkhf Kht`hsktk s kh Z i`jt`g

Jduhtrk`s, 2;;2 v`rsus 355> 3;3.3 Jrksks v`rsus Idhf-Suh Khjdl` @ibstkjktk`s dn

P.Z. Klpdrt G`lbhg :>3.: P.Z. Z`jtdrbi Klpdrt Zabr s cy Wdp-25 Klpdrt`rs,

MbhubryZ`pt`lc`r 3551 v`rsus MbhubryZ`pt`lc`r 355; 063C.2 Jibssknkjbtkdh dn Z`jtdrs cy Crdbg @jdhdlkj Jbt`fdry >:[email protected] P.Z. Klpdrt @ibstkjktk`s, 2;;;3551 >6:.2 Rubrt`riy Frdwta dn Vdrig Lbhunbjtur s @xpdrts

cy Urdgujt, Nkrst Rubrt`r 3551 td Ndurta Rubrt`r 355; 6;:.3 Bskb bhg ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s= Bhhubi Frdwta dn

Kht`rl`gkbt` Khputs bhg @xpdrts, 2;;53551 10:.: Bskb bhg ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s= Jabhf`s kh @xpdrts

bhg Klpdrt`g Khputs @ibstkjkty, 2;;53551 16:.7 Zabr` dn biu`-Bgg`g bhg Klpdrt`g Khputs, 2;;53551 ;5:.0 Bskb bhg ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s= Klpdrt`g Khputs Jd`nnkjk hts, 3551 ;::.> @stklbtkdh dn ta` @rrdr Jdrr`jtkdh Ldg`i bhg

Idhf-Suh Wrbg` @ibstkjkty ndr 37 D@JG Jduhtrk`s 257

Jdht`hts kx


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:.6 @stklbtkdh dn ta` @rrdr Jdrr jtkdh Ldgì bt ta`Jduhtry I`vì 25>

:B.2 Dv`rvk`w dn Jiust`rs Drg`r`g, cy Jduhtry 223:B.3 Dv`rvk`w dn Jduhtrk s kh @bja Jiust r 227:B.: Ur gkjt`g Jabhf` kh Klpdrts bhg Dcs`rv`g biu`s 2217.2 Grkv`rs dn Ztbhgbrgs dv`r Urdj ss bhg Urdgujt, cy

Nkrls, Fdv`rhl`hts, bhg Jkvki Zdjk`ty 2317.3 Ak`rbrjay dn Ppfrbgkhf Nkrl Jbpbckiktk`s 23;7.: Jduhtry Jurr`ht Bjjduht Cbibhj` 2:37.7 Zbvkhfs bhg Adusàdig Jdhsulptkdh @xp`hgktur` 2::7.0 Ndr`kfh @xjabhf` S`s`rv`s, 355; 2:77.> Jabhf`s kh Wrbg` bhg Zbvkhfs ndr Lbmdr @jdhdlk`s, 35515; 2:07.6 F`h`rbi Fdv`rhl`ht Nksjbi Cbibhj` 2:>7.1 S`fkdhbi Zabr` dn Fidcbi Lkggi -Jibss Zp`hgkhf, 355;:5 2:;7.; U`rj`htbf` Zabr` dn Wdtbi Khv`stl`ht kh Nkx`g Bss`ts kh

Prcbh Br`bs, cy Wyp` dn Jdhstrujtkdh kh Jakhb, 2;;03556 2727.25 @ibstkjkty dn @h`rfy Jdhsulptkdh bhg L`tbi Urdgujtkdh

kh Jakhb, 2;;23550 2737.22 Jakhbs Zabr` dn Fidcbi Jdhsulptkdh dn Cbs` L`tbis bhg L`bt 2707.23 Wa` Klpdrtbhj` dn Ztbhgbrgs Grkv`h cy Nkrls,

Fdv`rhl`hts, bhg Jkvki Zdjk`ty kh ^biu` JabkhsN``gkhf khtd Jakhb bhg Khgkb 276

7.2: Akfa- bhg Idw-Khjdl` Jdlldgkty Klpdrtkhf @jdhdlk`s=Jdlpi`l`htbrkty bhg Jdlp`tktkdh wkta Idw-Khjdl`Jdlldgkty-@xpdrtkhf @jdhdlk`s 271

0.2 Jabhf s kh Vdrigs Wdp-20 Bppbrì Klpdrt rs=2;;0, 3555, 3550, bhg 355651 2>5

0.3 Jabhf`s kh P.Z. Wdp-20 Bppbrì Klpdrt rs=2;;0, 3555, 3550, bhg 35565; 2>:

0.: Jabhf`s kh @P 20 Wdp-20 Bppbr i Klpdrt`rs,3555 bhg 35505; 2>7

0.7 Jabhf`s kh Mbpbhs Wdp-Nkv` Bppbrì Klpdrt`rs=2;;0, 3555, 3550, bhg 355651 2>>

0.0 Jabhf`s kh Vdrigs Wdp-20 Bppbr i @xpdrt`rs=2;;0, 3555, 3550, bhg 355651 2>6

0.> Jakhbs Wdp-25 Bppbrì @xpdrt Lbro`ts=2;;>, 3553, bhg 3551 262

0.6 Zullbry dn Jduhtry Jbpbckiktk`s wkta @xblpi`s 26:0.1 I`bg Nkrl Wyp`s bhg Crbhg Wyp`s wkta S`fkdhbi @xblpi s 2610B.2 I`bgkhf Bppbr i @xpdrt rs= Fdv`rhl`ht Zuppdrt bhg

Wrbg` Bfr``l`hts 2;50B.3 I`bgkhf Bppbr i @xpdrt`rs= Ztr`hftas bhg

V`boh`ss`s/War`bts 2;7

x Jdht`hts


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0B.: Bppbrì Jduhtry @xpdrt`r Jbpbckiktk`s 2;>0B.7 I`bgkhf Bppbrì @xpdrt`rs= @xpdrt biu ,

Lbro`ts, bhg G`p`hg`hj`, 3551 2;10B.0 Nuhjtkdhbi Ppfrbgkhf Wrbm`jtdrk`s, Fdv rhbhj ,

bhg Idjbi Zokiis 2;;0B.> Lbss L`rjabhts= Urkvbt`-Ibcì Zdurjkhf Ztrbt`fk s, 3551 3550B.6 Zp`jkbity S tbki rs= Zdurjkhf Ztrbt fk`s, 3551 3520B.1 Crbhg Lbro`t`rs bhg Lbhunbjtur`rs= Zdurjkhf Ztrbt`fk s, 3551 353>.2 Ubss`hf`r àkji` Urdgujtkdh I`vìs bhg Frdwta kh

Jduhtrk`s Urdgujkhf 2 Lkiikdh dr Ldr` Phkts kh 3551 32;>.3 Wdp-25 G`vìdpkhf-@jdhdly @xpdrt`rs dn Kht`rl`gkbt`

Ubrts ndr Ubss`hf`r ^àkji`s bhg Ldtdrjyji`s 337>.: Jabhfkhf F`dfrbpakjbi @xpdsktkdh ndr Jbhbgkbh Zuppik rs 330>.7 Klpbjt dn ta` Jrksks dh Rubikty Khktkbtkv`s dn Z`jdhg-Wk`r

Jbhbgkbh Zuppik`rs, 355; 330>.0 Zdurjkhf cy Drkfkhbi @qukpl`ht Lbhunbjtur`rs kh

Jakhb nrdl War`` Udsskci` Zdurj`s 33;>.> Urdgujtkdh, Zbi`s, bhg @xpdrts cy Butdlbo`rs wkta

Bss`lciy Uibhts kh L`xkjd, 355756 3:2>.6 Lbro`t Zabr` dn I`bgkhf Jbr Urdguj`rs kh Khgkb bhg

Jakhb kh 3552 3::6.2 Khgustrk`s kh Lbhunbjtur`g Kht`rl`gkbt` Fddgs kh 2;11

bhg 355> Sbho`g bjjdrgkhf td 355> Wdtbi Wrbg` 3716.3 Wdp-20 Kht rl`gkbt`-Fddgs Klpdrt`rs bhg @xpdrt`rs kh

ta` @i`jtrdhkjs Khgustry, 355> 3056.: Bv`rbf` Bhhubi Jabhf` kh Klpdrts bhg @xpdrts=

Nkhbi bhg Kht`rl`gkbt` Fddgs kh War`` Khgustrk`skh ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s, 2;;6355; 30:

6.7 Lbkh @i jtrdhkjs Lbro`ts, Urdgujts, bhg I`bg Nkrls 3066.0 Wdp-Nkv` @i`jtrdhkjs Jdhtrbjt Lbhunbjtur`rs, brkdus

S`fkdhs, 355; 3016.> Jakhbs Ldcki Uadh` Abhgs`t Urdgujtkdh, @xpdrt, bhg

Jdhsulptkdh, 2;;1 bhg 3550 3136B.2 Zdi`jtrdhs Dp`rbtkdhs, 3552 3;71.2 Wabk Jbssbvb @xpdrts td Jakhb, 355351 :511.3 Nbjtdr Ptkikzbtkdh bhg Hulc r dn @stbciksal`hts Kn

Bii Jbssbvb Urdguj`g bs Jakps, Uìi`ts, dr Ztbrja`s :231.: Jakhbs Frdwkhf Zabr` dn Fidcbi @xpdrts kh Wklc`r-

Urdj`sskhf Khgustrk`s :321.7 Zabr dn Fidcbi Wrdpkjbi Idf Klpdrt`rs ndr Zì jt g

Jduhtrk`s= 2;;5, 2;;6, bhg 3556 :371.0 Zullbry dn Ur`n`r`hj`s bhg Cuy`r Ztbhgbrgs dn

Jakh`s` bhg @P Cuy`rs dn Fbcdh Wklc`r Urdgujts :3>

Jdht`hts xk


14/419

1.> Fbcdh Idf Dutput Jabhh`i`g khtd b Zkhfi` Jabkh,bt Fbcdh Vddg Ptkikzbtkdh Sbt`s :36

;.2 Fidcbi Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`sLbro`t Zkz` @stklbt`s, 355025 :73;.3 Wdp-35 Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`s Urdvkg`rs :76;.: Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`s S`v`hu`s cy Urdvkg`r, Muiy 3556 td

Z`pt`lc`r 355; :07;.7 Z i`jt Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`s Urdvkg`r Akrkhf bhg Ibydnn Bjtkdhs

gurkhf ta` @jdhdlkj Jrksks, Ibt` 3551 td @briy 3525 :0>;.0 Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`s Khgustry Khgkjbtdrs kh ta`

Uakikppkh`s, 35575; :>5;.> Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`s Khgustry Khgkjbtdrs kh Khgkb, 35575; :>2;.6 Khgkbs S`v`hu`s nrdl ta` Dnnsadr` Z`rvkj`s Khgustry,

N[3550N[355; :>0

xkk Jdht`hts


15/419

Dikvk`r Jbttbh`d, Wrbg` bhg Kht`frbtkdh t`bl kh ta` G`vìdpl`ht S`s`brja

Frdup bt ta` Vdrig Cbho, Vbsakhftdh, G.J.

Auc`rt @sjbkta, @jdhdlkj S`s`brja bhg Ztbtkstkjs Gkvkskdh bt ta` Vdrig Wrbg`

Drfbhkzbtkdh, F`h`vb

Lbsulb Nbrddok, G`vìdpl`ht Udikjy bhg Urbjtkj` G`pbrtl`ht bt ta` Dp`h

Phkv`rskty, Lkitdh O`yh`s, P.O.

Obrkhb N`rhbhg`z-Ztbro, J`ht`r dh Fidcbikzbtkdh, Fdv`rhbhj`, bhg Jdlp`tk-tkv`h`ss bt Guo` Phkv`rskty, Gurabl, H.J.

Ztbj`y Nr`g`rkjo, J`ht`r dh Fidcbikzbtkdh, Fdv`rhbhj`, bhg Jdlp`tktkv`h`ss bt

Guo` Phkv`rskty, Gurabl, H.J.

Fbry F`r`nnk, J`ht`r dh Fidcbikzbtkdh, Fdv`rhbhj`, bhg Jdlp`tktkv`h`ss bt Guo`

Phkv`rskty, Gurabl, H.J.

Sbpabì Obpikhsoy, G`vìdpl`ht Udikjy bhg Urbjtkj` G`pbrtl`ht bt ta` Dp`hPhkv`rskty, Lkitdh O`yh`s, P.O.

Ldldod Obwboblk, Khstktut` dn G`vìdpkhf @jdhdlk`s bt ta` Mbpbh @xt`rhbi

Wrbg` Drfbhkzbtkdh, Jakcb, Mbpbh

Hbhh`tt` Ikhg`hc`rf, Khstktut` dn @lpkrkjbi @jdhdlkj S`s`brja bt ta` Phkv`rskty

dn Dshbcrjo, F`rlbhy

Vkiikbl Lkic`rf, G`pbrtl`ht dn @jdhdlkjs bt ta` H`w Zjaddi ndr ZdjkbiS`s`brja, H`w [dro, H.[.

Jdhtrkcutdrs

xkkk


16/419

Zcbstk`h Lkrdugdt, Wrbg` bhg Udikjy Ikhobf`s bhg Z`rvkj`s Gkvkskdh kh ta` Wrbg`

bhg Bfrkjuitur` Gkr`jtdrbt` bt ta` Drfbhksbtkdh ndr @jdhdlkj Jd-dp`rbtkdh bhg

G`vìdpl`ht, Ubrks

Jdrhìkb Ztbrktz, Kht`rhbtkdhbi Wrbg` G`pbrtl`ht kh ta` Udv`rty S`gujtkdh bhg

@jdhdlkj Lbhbf`l`ht H`twdro bt ta` Vdrig Cbho, Vbsakhftdh, G.J.

Wkldtay M. Zturf`dh, Khgustrkbi U`rndrlbhj` J`ht`r bt ta` Lbssbjaus`tts Khstk-

tut` dn W`jahdidfy, Jblcrkgf`, Lbss.

Bhh` W`ra`ff`h, G`vìdpl`ht Udikjy bhg Urbjtkj` bt ta` Dp`h Phkv`rskty, Lkitdh

O`yh`s, P.O.

Muikb Wkmbmb, G`vìdpl`ht Udikjy bhg Urbjtkj` bt ta` Dp`h Phkv`rskty, Lkitdh

O`yh`s, P.O.

Mdabhh`s ^bh Ck`s`crd`jo, J`ht`r ndr @jdhdlkj Ztugk`s bt Obtadikò` Phkv`r-

skt`kt Iùv`h, Cìfkul

G`cdrba Vkhoi`r, Kht`rhbtkdhbi Wrbg` G`pbrtl`ht kh ta` Udv`rty S`gujtkdh bhg

@jdhdlkj Lbhbf`l`ht H`twdro bt ta` Vdrig Cbho, Vbsakhftdh, G.J.

xkv Jdhtrkcutdrs


17/419

Wa` fidcbi `jdhdlkj jrksks dn 35515; abs r`v`bi`g ta` kht`rg`p`hg`hj` dn ta`

wdrig `jdhdly. Wa` nkhbhjkbi jrksks drkfkhbt`g kh ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s, cut ta` r`suit-

khf `jdhdlkj gdwhturh qukjoiy spr`bg td ta` r`st dn ta` wdrig. Wrbg`, bidhf wkta

nkhbhj`, wbs dh` dn ta` lbkh v`jtdrs dn trbhslksskdh dn ta` jrksks. Kh 355;, ta`r`

wbs b lbsskv` jdhtrbjtkdh kh fidcbi trbg`lkhus 2: p`rj`ht. Wa` jdhtrbjtkdh

wbs ibrfìy b r`ni`jtkdh dn b grdp kh g`lbhg, `sp`jkbiiy ndr gurbci` fddgs.

Wa` nbjt tabt ta` sadjo wbs trbhslktt`g v`ry rbpkgiy r`ni`jts ta` khjr`bskhf

rìkbhj` cy cuskh`ss`s dh sd-jbii`g fidcbi vbiu` jabkhs (F^Js)ta` prdj`ss dn

`v`r-nkh`r sp`jkbikzbtkdh bhg f`dfrbpakj nrbfl`htbtkdh dn prdgujtkdh, wkta ta`ldr` ibcdr-kht`hskv` pbrts dn ta` prdgujtkdh prdj`ss trbhsn`rr`g td g`vìdpkhf

jduhtrk`s. Kh b wdrig wa`r` F^Js br` ta` pr`vbi`ht cuskh`ss ldgì ndr luitkhb-

tkdhbi jdrpdrbtkdhs, b r`gujtkdh kh g`lbhg ndr nkhbi prdgujts cy fidcbi cuy`rs

klpik`s tabt g`lbhg sadjos br` kll`gkbtìy trbhslktt`g upstr`bl td sucjdh-

trbjtdrs kh g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s.

Wa` stugk`s tabt br` jdii`jt`g kh taks vdiul` bhbiyz` ta` dp`rbtkdh bhg ikoìy

klpikjbtkdhs dn ta` dhfdkhf r`cbibhjkhf dn ta` wdrig `jdhdly ndr fidcbi vbiu`

jabkhs. Wa` stugk`s suff`st tabt ta` jrksks wkii hdt r`v`rs` fidcbikzbtkdh? khst`bg, khta` pdstjrksks p`rkdg, kt ks ikoìy tabt ta`r` wkii c` nbst`r jdhsdikgbtkdh dn F^Js bhg

b saknt kh g`lbhg nrdl ta` trbgktkdhbi akfa-khjdl` lbro`ts kh ta` Hdrta td ta`

rkskhf `jdhdlkj pdw`rs kh ta` Zduta.

Bs gksjuss`g kh ta` jdhtrkcutkdhs, ta` saknt kh ta` j`ht`r dn frbvkty dn fidcbi

g`lbhg bhg ta` frdwta kh Zduta-Zduta trbg` jr`bt` b hulc`r dn jabii`hf`s. Wa`s`

khjiug` ta` h``g td bgmust prdgujtkdh td sbtksny gknn`r`ht jdhsul`r pr`n`r`hj`s kh

`l`rfkhf lbro`ts, b fr`bt`r `lpabsks dh prkj` jdlp`tktkv`h`ss, bs wìi bs pdsskciy

fr`bt`r aurgi`s ndr idw-khjdl` jduhtrk`s td ldv` up ta` vbiu` jabkh fkv`h ta` struj-

tur` dn g`lbhg ndrbhg suppiy dn`xpdrts cy akfa-frdwta `l`rfkhf lbro`ts.

Wa` jabpt`rs jdii`jt`g kh taks cddo dnn`r b jdlprà`hskv`, kh-g`pta bhbiysks

dn dh` dn ta` lbmdr grkv`rs dn fidcbi kht`frbtkdh, sa`ggkhf h`w ikfat dh r`j`ht

Ndr`wdrg

xv


18/419

g`vìdpl`hts bhg ikoìy tr`hgs kh ta` prdsp`jts ndr fidcbi prdgujtkdh sabrkhf

fdkhf ndrwbrg.

K bl v`ry frbt`nui td ta` vdiul` `gktdrsDikvk`r Jbttbh`d, Fbry F`r`nnk, bhg

Jdrhìkb Ztbrktzndr ta`kr khktkbtkv` kh drfbhkzkhf ta` jdhtrkcut`g jabpt`rs bhg

td ta` Fidcbi Wrbg` bhg Nkhbhjkbi Brjakt`jtur` prdm`jt (suppdrt`g cy ta` P.O.

G`pbrtl`ht ndr Kht`rhbtkdhbi G`vìdpl`ht) tabt prdvkg`g nkhbhjkbi suppdrt ndr

ta` `nndrt.

C`rhbrg Adòlbh

Gkr`jtdr, Kht`rhbtkdhbi Wrbg` G`pbrtl`ht

Udv`rty S`gujtkdh bhg @jdhdlkj Lbhbf`l`ht H`twdro

Vdrig Cbho

xvk Ndr`wdrg


19/419

Bnt`r ta` Lby 355; Idhgdh Zullkt, wa`r` i`bg`rs dn ta` Frdup dn Ww`hty g`skfh`gb fidcbi pibh ndr r`jdv`ry bhg r`ndrl, ta` Vdrig Cbho crdufat tdf`ta`r r`s`brja`rs

bhg trbg` pdikjy prbjtktkdh`rs td bhbiyz` r`spdhs`s td ta` fidcbi `jdhdlkj jrksks dn

35515; bhg ta`kr klpbjt dh trbg` bhg g`vìdpl`ht. Waks wdro i`g td ta` 355; puc-

ikjbtkdh dn b nkrst vdiul` dh ta` r`spdhs`s dn hbtkdhbi fdv`rhl`hts td ta` jrksks

@nn`jtkv` Jrksks S`spdhs` bhg Dp`hh`ss= Klpikjbtkdhs ndr ta` Wrbgkhf Zyst`l, `gkt`g cy

Zkldh M. @v`h`tt, C`rhbrg Adòlbh, bhg Dikvk`r Jbttbh`d. Waks s`jdhg vdiul`

ndjus`s dh cuskh`ss r`spdhs`s td ta` r`j`ht `jdhdlkj jrksks.

Wa` `gktdrs br` frbt`nui ndr ta` g`gkjbt`g wby kh wakja ta` butadrs gìkv`r`g,uhg`r s`rkdus tkl` jdhstrbkhts, nbr ldr` tabh w` jduig abv` r`bsdhbciy `xp`jt`g.

Wa` nbst bhg jdhstbht `vdiutkdh dn ta` `jdhdlkj sktubtkdh, nrdl jrksks td r`jdv`ry,

khjr`bs`g ta` gknnkjuity, cut bisd ta` vbiu`, dn ta`kr tbso. Bt ta` tkl` taks vdiul` wbs

`gkt`g, ta` nbt` dn ta` wdrig `jdhdly wbs stkii uhj`rtbkh, bhg ta` tklkg skfhs dn

r`jdv`ry saduig hdt gkstrbjt us nrdl ta` r`v`bi`g prdci`ls bhg jabhf`s prdlpt`g

cy ta` jrksks.

Wa` `gktdrs tabho C`rhbrg Adòlbh, Gkr`jtdr dn ta` Kht`rhbtkdhbi Wrbg`

G`pbrtl`ht bt ta` Vdrig Cbho, ndr aks fukgbhj` bhg suppdrt tardufadut ta`prdm`jt. Lkjaìi` Ja`st`r bhg S`c`jjb Lbrtkh prdvkg`g dutstbhgkhf bglkhkstrb-

tkv` suppdrt. Wa`y bisd bjohdwi`gf` ta` klp`tus dn ta` CKZ-GNKG (G`pbrtl`ht

ndr Cuskh`ss Khhdvbtkdh bhg ZokiisG`pbrtl`ht ndr Kht`rhbtkdhbi G`vìdpl`ht)

Mdkht Wrbg` Udikjy Phkt tabt abs c``h g`jkskv` kh ta` ibuhja dn ta` prdm`jt.

Bhbiysks dn ta` r`bjtkdhs td ta` jrksks wbs pbrt dn ta` Fidcbi Wrbg` bhg Nkhbh-

jkbi Brjakt`jtur` (FWNB) prdm`jt. G`skfh`g td cukig dh ta` nkhgkhfs dn ta` P.H.

Lkii`hhkul Wbso Ndrj` r`pdrt dh Wrbg` ndr G`vìdpl`ht, FWNB ks i`g cy b

st``rkhf jdllktt`` dn i`bgkhf r`s`brja`rs bhg pdikjy lbo`rs bhg jdjabkr`g cy

@rh`std ]`gkiid, [bi` J`ht`r ndr ta` Ztugy dn Fidcbikzbtkdh, bhg Ubtrkjo L`ss`r-

ikh, Frdup` g@jdhdlk` Ldhgkbi` g` Zjk`hj`sUd. FWNBs dcm`jtkv`s br` td kg`h-

tkny bhg prdldt` jdhjr`t` pdikjy dptkdhs ndr r`khvkfdrbtkhf bhg str`hfta`hkhf

Bjohdwi`gfl`hts

xvkk


20/419

ta` luitkibt`rbi `jdhdlkj syst`l bhg khstktutkdhs tabt abv` suppdrt`g ta`

prdj`ss dn fidcbikzbtkdh. B pbrtkjuibr ndjus dn ta` wdro, spdhsdr`g cy GNKG bhg

lbhbf`g cy ta` Vdrig Cbho, ks dh lbokhf ta` fidcbikzbtkdh prdj`ss ldr` sus-

tbkhbci` bhg khjiuskv`.

Wa` vk`ws `xpr`ss`g kh taks vdiul` br` tads` dn ta` butadrs bhg gd hdt r`pr`-

s`ht b pdsktkdh, dnnkjkbi dr uhdnnkjkbi, dn ta` Vdrig Cbho, FWNB, dr ta` butadrs

drfbhkzbtkdhs dn bnnkikbtkdh.

S`n`r`hj`

@v`h`tt, Zkldh M., C`rhbrg Ad`olbh, bhg Dikvk`r Jbttbh`d, `gs. 355;. @nn`jtkv` Jrksks S`spdhs` bhg

Dp`hh`ss= Klpikjbtkdhs ndr ta` Wrbgkhf Zyst`l. Idhgdh= J`htr` ndr @jdhdlkj Udikjy S`s`brja(J@US) bhg Vdrig Cbho.

xvkkk Bjohdwi`gfl`hts


21/419

$ Bii gdiibr blduhts br` P.Z. gdiibrs uhi`ss dta`rwks` khgkjbt`gBSGI butdr`fr`sskv` gkstrkcut`g ibf

BZ@BH Bssdjkbtkdh dn Zduta`bst Bskbh Hbtkdhs

BZKJZ bppikjbtkdh-sp`jknkj kht`frbt`g jkrjukts

BWJ Bfr``l`ht dh W xtki`s bhg Jidtakhf

CJF Cdstdh Jdhsuitkhf Frdup

C@J Crdbg @jdhdlkj Jbt`fdry

CKDZ cdbrg-i`vì dp`rbtkhf syst`l (bisd cbskj khput-dutput syst`l)

CUD cuskh`ss prdj`ss dutsdurjkhfCSKJ Crbzki, Susskb, Khgkb, bhg Jakhb (`jdhdlk`s)

JBG jdlput`r-bkg`g g`skfh

JBNWB J`htrbi Bl`rkjbh Nr`` Wrbg` Bfr``l`ht

JBFS jdlpduhg bhhubi frdwta rbt`

JBU Jdlldh Bfrkjuiturbi Udikjy (@urdp`bh Phkdh)

J@@J J`htrbi bhg @bst`rh @urdp`bh Jduhtrk`s

JF@ jdlputbci` f`h`rbi `qukikcrkul

JFFJ J`ht`r dh Fidcbikzbtkdh, Fdv`rhbhj`, bhg Jdlp`tktkv`h`ssJLW jut, lbo`, bhg trkl

JHJ jdlput`r hul`rkjbi jdhtrdi (bisd jdlput`r-jdhtrdii`g)

JUP j`htrbi prdj`sskhf uhkt

JZN jrktkjbi sujj`ss nbjtdr

JZS jdrpdrbt` sdjkbi r`spdhskckikty

GS-JBNWB Gdlkhkjbh S`pucikj bhg Jdstb Skjb, @i Zbivbgdr, Fubt`lbib,

Adhgurbs, bhg Hkjbrbfub, l`lc`r jduhtrk`s kh ta` J`htrbi

Bl`rkjbh Nr`` Wrbg` Bfr``l`ht

@JL `rrdr jdrr`jtkdh ldgì

@KP @jdhdlkst Khtìikf`hj` Phkt

@LZ ì`jtrdhkjs lbhunbjturkhf s`rvkj`s

xkx

Bccr`vkbtkdhs


22/419

@U] `xpdrt prdj`sskhf zdh`

@P 20 @urdp`bh Phkdh 20 l`lc`rs (c`ndr` 3557) (Bustrkb, Cìfkul,

G`hlbro, Nkhibhg, Nrbhj`, F`rlbhy, Fr``j`, Krìbhg, Ktbiy,

Iux`lcdurf, H`ta`ribhgs, Udrtufbi, Zpbkh, Zw`g`h, bhg ta`

Phkt`g Okhfgdl)

@P 36 @urdp`bh Phkdh 36 l`lc`rs (Bustrkb, Cìfkul, Cuifbrkb, Jyprus

_Fr`ò pbrt\, Jz`ja S`pucikj, G`hlbro, @stdhkb, Nkhibhg, Nrbhj`,

F`rlbhy, Fr``j`, Auhfbry, Krìbhg, Ktbiy, Ibtvkb, Iktaubhkb,

Iux`lcdurf, Lbitb, H`ta`ribhgs, Udibhg, Udrtufbi, Sdlbhkb,

Zidvbokb, Zidv`hkb, Zpbkh, Zw`g`h, bhg ta` Phkt`g Okhfgdl)

NGK ndr`kfh gkr`jt khv`stl`ht

NI@FW Ndr`st Ibw @hndrj`l`ht, Fdv`rhbhj` bhg Wrbg` Urdfrbll`

(@urdp`bh Phkdh)

NDC nr``-dh-cdbrg

NZJ Ndr`st Zt`wbrgsakp Jduhjki

NWB Nr`` Wrbg` Bfr``l`ht

FGU frdss gdl`stkj prdgujt

FLU Fddg Lbhunbjturkhf Urbjtkj`

FZU F`h`rbikz`g Zyst`l dn Ur`n`r`hj`s

FWBU Fidcbi Wrbg` Bhbiysks Urdm`jtF^J fidcbi vbiu` jabkh

ABJJU Abzbrg Bhbiysks bhg Jrktkjbi Jdhtrdi Udkht j`rtknkjbtkdh

AAK A`rnkhgbai-Akrsjalbh Khg`x

KJ kht`frbt`g jkrjukt

KJW khndrlbtkdh bhg jdlluhkjbtkdh t`jahdidfy

KG@-M@WSD Khstktut` dn G`vìdpkhf @jdhdlk`sMbpbh @xt`rhbi Wrbg`

Drfbhkzbtkdh

KGA khg`p`hg`ht g`skfh adus`KGL kht`frbt`g g`vkj` lbhunbjtur r

KLN Kht`rhbtkdhbi Ldh`tbry Nuhg

KLÛ Kht`rhbtkdhbi Ldtdr àkji` Urdfrbl

K-D khput-dutput

KSN klpuis` r`spdhs` nuhjtkdh

KZD Kht`rhbtkdhbi Drfbhkzbtkdh ndr Ztbhgbrgkzbtkdh

M^ mdkht v`htur`

OUD ohdwi`gf` prdj`ss dutsdurjkhf

IGJ i`ss g`vìdp`g jduhtry

LGF Lkii`hhkul G`vìdpl`ht Fdbi

LNB Luitk-Nkcr` Brrbhf`l`ht

LKF lbhunbjtur g kht`rl`gkbt` fddgs

xx Bccr`vkbtkdhs


23/419

Bccr`vkbtkdhs xxk

LHJ luitkhbtkdhbi jdrpdrbtkdh

LH@ luitkhbtkdhbi `ht`rprks`

HBNWB Hdrta Bl`rkjbh Nr`` Wrbg` Bfr``l`ht

HC@S Hbtkdhbi Cur`bu dn @jdhdlkj S`s`brja

h.`.s. hdt ìs`wa`r` sp`jknk`g

DCL drkfkhbi crbhg lbhunbjturkhf

DGL drkfkhbi g`skfh lbhunbjturkhf

D@JG Drfbhksbtkdh ndr @jdhdlkj Jd-dp`rbtkdh bhg G`vìdpl`ht

D@L drkfkhbi `qukpl`ht lbhunbjturkhf

DIC Drkfkh` `t Ifbikt g`s Cdks

DUW dutwbrg prdj`sskhf trbg` brrbhf`l`ht (@urdp`bh Phkdh)

UHG pdrtbci` hbvkfbtkdh g`vkj`

UUU purjabskhf pdw`r pbrkty

RJG qubikty, jdst, gìkv`ry

S&G r`s`brja bhg g`vìdpl`ht

SLF r`bgy-lbg` fbrl`hts

SDV r`st dn ta` wdrig

ZBNWB Zduta Bskbh Nr`` Wrbg` Br`b

ZKWJ Ztbhgbrg Kht`rhbtkdhbi Wrbg` Jibssknkjbtkdh

ZDJ syst`l-dh-jakp t`jahdidfyPHJWBG Phkt`g Hbtkdhs Jdhn r`hj` dh Wrbg` bhg G`vìdpl`ht

PHKGD Phkt`g Hbtkdhs Khgustrkbi G`vìdpl`ht Drfbhkzbtkdh

PZKWJ Phkt`g Ztbt`s Kht`rhbtkdhbi Wrbg` Jdllksskdh

VGK Vdrig G`vìdpl`ht Khgkjbtdrs

V@D Vdrig @jdhdlkj Dutiddo

VKWZ Vdrig Kht`frbt`g Wrbg` Zdiutkdh

VDZ wadiiy dwh`g ndr`kfh sucskgkbry

VWD Vdrig Wrbg` Drfbhkzbtkdh[W[ y`br-td-y`br


24/419


25/419

UbrtK

KHWSDGPJWKDHBHG D^@S^K@V


26/419


27/419

:

2

Z`ttkhf ta` Zj`h`

Wa` wdrig ks r`jdv`rkhf kh b pbkhnui bhg abitkhf lbhh`r nrdl dh` dn ta` ldst

s`v`r` `jdhdlkj jrks`s dn ldg`rh akstdry. Wa`r` ks hd rddl ndr jdlpibj`hjy dr

trkulpabiksl= surfkhf pucikj g`cts bhg g`nkjkts, khjr`bskhf fidcbi klcbibhj`s,

bhg t`hskdhs kh ta` ldh`tbry syst`l br` must b n`w dn ta` jabii`hf`s nbjkhf ta`

pdstjrksks wdrig `jdhdly. Bs ta` r`jdv`ry uhndigs, uh`lpidyl`ht jdhtkhu`s td

rks` kh lbhy jduhtrk`s, suff`stkhf tabt ta` aulbh jabpt`r dn ta` jrksks ks hdt

jids`g. Kt ks tkl`, adw`v`r, td grbw sdl` i`ssdhs nrdl ta` turldki dn ta` pbst twdy`brs bhg tbo` stdjo dn jabhf`s tabt lby prdnduhgiy bnn`jt ta` wdrig `jdhdly

ndr y`brs td jdl`. Vbs ta` r`j`ht jrksks ta` nkrst fidcbi r`j`sskdh dn ta` 32st j`h-

tury dr b ldr` strujturbi cr`bogdwh dn fidcbikzbtkdh4 Vkii fidcbi trbg`, g`lbhg,

bhg prdgujtkdh iddo ta` sbl` bs c`ndr`, dr abs ta` jrksks trkff`r`g dr `htr`hja`g

nuhgbl`htbi saknts4

Waks vdiul` btt`lpts td bhsw`r ta`s` qu`stkdhs cy bhbiyzkhf r`bjtkdhs td ta`

fidcbi `jdhdlkj jrksks dn 35515; bt ta` nkrl bhg khgustry i`v`is tardufa ta` i`hs

dn fidcbi vbiu` jabkhs (F^Js). F^Js `hjdlpbss ta` nuii rbhf` dn bjtkvktk`s tabtbr` r`qukr`g td crkhf b fddg dr s`rvkj` nrdl jdhj`ptkdh tardufa ta` gknn`r`ht

Dikvk`r Jbttbh`d, Fbry F`r`nnk,bhg Jdrh`ikb Ztbrktz

Fidcbi ^biu` Jabkhs kh b

Udstjrksks Vdrig=

S`skik`hj`, Jdhsdikgbtkdh,

bhg Zakntkhf @hg Lbro`ts


28/419

pabs`s dn prdgujtkdhprdvkskdh dn rbw lbt`rkbis? ta` khput dn vbrkdus jdlpd-

h`hts, sucbss`lcik`s, bhg prdguj`r s`rvkj`s? ta` bss`lciy dn nkhksa`g fddgs

td gìkv`ry td nkhbi jdhsul`rs, bs wìi bs gkspdsbi bnt`r us`. Kh ta` jdht`xt dn

fidcbikzbtkdh, ta` bjtkvktk`s tabt jdhstktut` b vbiu` jabkh br` f`h`rbiiy jbrrk`g dut

kh kht`rnkrl h`twdros dh b fidcbi sjbi`. Vaki` ta` `xpbhskdh dn kht`rhbtkdhbi

trbg` skhj` ta` 2;65s ks typkjbiiy jkt`g bs `vkg`hj` dn `jdhdlkj fidcbikzbtkdh,

luja dn taks trbg` ks hdt brls i`hfta kh hbtur`. Khg``g, b ibrf` bhg frdwkhf p`r-

j`htbf` dn kht`rhbtkdhbi trbg` djjurs wktakh vbrkdus okhgs dn jddrgkhbt`g h`t-

wdros, wakja br` `jdhdlkj strujtur`s tabt ik` c`tw``h ta` jdhj`ptubi pdi`s dn

lbro`ts bhg ak`rbrjak`s (s``, ndr khstbhj`, F`r`nnk 2;;;? F`r`nnk, Aulpar`y, bhg

Zturf`dh 3550).2

Wa` F^J nrbl`wdro abs c``h g`vìdp`g dv`r ta` pbst g`jbg` cy b gkv`rs` kht`r-

gksjkpikhbry bhg kht`rhbtkdhbi frdup dn r`s`brja`rs wad abv` trbjo`g ta` fidcbi

spr`bg dn khgustrk`s bhg stugk`g ta` klpikjbtkdhs ndr cdta jdrpdrbtkdhs bhg jduh-

trk`s. Cy ndjuskhf dh ta` s`qu`hj`s dn vbiu`-bgg`g, nrdl jdhj`ptkdh bhg prdgujtkdh

td hg us`, F^J bhbiysks prdvkg`s b adikstkj vk`w dn fidcbi khgustrk`scdta nrdl ta`

tdp gdwh (ndr xblpi`, xblkhkhf adw i`bg nkrls fdv rh ta`kr fidcbi-sjbi` bnnkikbt`

bhg suppik`r h`twdros) bhg nrdl ta` cdttdl up (ndr xblpi`, bsokhf adw ta`s` cusk-

h`ss g`jkskdhs bnn`jt ta` trbm`jtdrk`s dn `jdhdlkj bhg sdjkbi upfrbgkhf dr gdwh-

frbgkhf kh sp`jknkj jduhtrk`s bhg r`fkdhs).Waks vdiul` bhbiyz`s F^J gyhblkjs kh ta` pdstjrksks `hvkrdhl`ht wkta b pbr-

tkjuibr ndjus dh ta` dppdrtuhktk`s bhg jabii`hf`s nbj`g cy g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s

s`òkhf td ht`r bhg upfrbg` ta`kr pdsktkdhs wktakh F^Js. Kt bisd suff`sts l`bsur`s

jduhtrk`s lkfat tbo` td nbjkiktbt` b ldr` sustbkhbci` r`jdv`ry nrdl ta` `jdhdlkj

jrksks. Bnt`r b gksjusskdh dn f`h`rbi tr`hgs kh F^Js, ta` jabpt`rs kh taks vdiul`

bss`ss khgustry-sp`jknkj gyhblkjs kh gkv`rs` fidcbi khgustrk`s= bppbrì, butdld-

cki`s, ì`jtrdhkjs, khndrlbtkdh t`jahdidfy (KW)-`hbci`g s`rvkj`s, bhg twd sp`jknkj

bfrkjuiturbi jdlldgktk`s (tklc`r bhg jbssbvb). Wa`s` khgustrk`s w`r` jads`h tdkhjiug` ta` tar`` lbkh s`jtdrs kh ta` fidcbi `jdhdly`xtrbjtkv`/bfrkjuitur`,

lbhunbjturkhf, bhg s`rvkj`sbhg wktakh lbhunbjturkhf td jdv`r khgustrk`s wkta

vbrk`g i`vìs dn t`jahdidfkjbi sdpakstkjbtkdh.

S`spdhs`s td ta` Jrksks= Zakntkhf nrdl b Udikjy td b Cuskh`ss Ndjus

Zkhj` ta` Bprki 355; Idhgdh Zullkt, wa`r` ta` Frdup dn Ww`hty3 i`bg`rs jdl-

lktt`g td hdt r`p`bt ta` akstdrkj lkstbo`s dn prdt`jtkdhksl dn pr`vkdus `rbs,:

fdv`rhl`hts abv` lbg` skfhknkjbht `nndrts td ldhktdr bhg bhbiyz` pdikjy

r`spdhs`s td ta` jrksks. I`ss ks ohdwh bcdut cuskh`ss r`spdhs`s td ta` jrksks, v`h

tadufa ta` prklbry dcm`jtkv` dn pdikjy kht`rv`htkdhs ks td suppdrt `jdhdlkj

bjtkvkty tardufa l`bsur`s suja bs nksjbi stkluik, cbkiduts, dr ibrf` khnrbstrujtur`

7 Fidcbi ^biu` Jabkhs kh b Udstjrksks Vdrig


29/419

prdm`jtsbhg sdl`tkl`s td khniu`hj` ta` idjbtkdh dn cuskh`ss bjtkvkty ndr ta`

c`h`nkt dn idjbi prdgujtkdh bhg `lpidyl`ht. Vaki` kt ks klpdsskci` td `xblkh`

`v`ry trbhsbjtkdh kh fidcbi khgustrk`s, luja jbh c` i`brh`g nrdl ta` bjtkdhs dn

i`bg nkrls, wakja khjiug` crbhg-hbl` lbhunbjtur`rs, fidcbi lbro`t`rs bhg

trbg`rs, bhg ibrf` r`tbki`rs tabt pibj` drg`rs wkta bnnkikbt` bhg suppik`r h`twdros

wdrigwkg`. Adw abv` i`bg nkrls r`spdhg`g td ta` jrksks, ta` grdp kh g`lbhg,

bhg pdikjy kht`rv`htkdhs kh lbmdr lbro`ts4 Abv` ta`y jabhf`g ta`kr suppiy

jabkh strbt`fk`s4 Abv` ta`y khjr`bs`g dnnsadrkhf dr dutsdurjkhf dn prdgujtkdh4

Abv` ta`y jdhsdikgbt`g ta`kr suppiy jabkhs4

Bitadufa `jdhdlksts abv` fkv`h jdhskg`rbci` btt`htkdh td l`bsurkhf ta`

`nn`jts dn ta` jrksks dh khgustrk`s kh lbmdr g`vìdp`g jduhtrk`s, i`ss ks ohdwh

bcdut pdikjy bhg cuskh`ss r`spdhs`s kh g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s, g`spkt` wkg`spr`bg

r`jdfhktkdh dn ta`kr j`htrbi rdi` kh ta` jrksks bhg r`jdv`ry. Kn lbmdr pdikjy bhg

cuskh`ss jabhf`s djjurr`g gurkhf ta` jrksks, wabt br` ta` klpikjbtkdhs ndr g`vì-

dpkhf jduhtrk`s tabt wbht td `ht`r bhg upfrbg` wktakh F^Js4 Vabt pdikjy

r`spdhs`s br` bpprdprkbt`4

Bt ta` Ukttscurfa Zullkt kh Z`pt`lc`r 355;, ta` Frdup dn Ww`hty i`bg`rs

jdhfrbtuibt`g ta`lsìv`s bhg g`jibr`g tabt ta` wdrst dn ta` jrksks wbs dv`r= Kt

wdro`g. Dur ndrj`nui r`spdhs` aìp`g stdp ta` gbhf`rdus, sabrp g`jikh` kh fidcbi

bjtkvkty bhg _aìp`g\ stbckikz` nkhbhjkbi lbro`ts. Khgustrkbi dutput ks hdw rkskhf khh`briy bii dur `jdhdlk`s. Kht`rhbtkdhbi trbg` ks stbrtkhf td r`jdv`r.7 Kt ks uhji`br,

adw`v`r, wa`ta`r ta`r` wkii c` syll`try kh r`jdv`ry= Gd`s b fidcbi jrksks h`j`s-

sbrkiy i`bg td b fidcbi r`jdv`ry4 Br` ta`r` wkhh`rs bhg ids`rs `l`rfkhf nrdl ta`

jrksks bhg ta` r`jdv`ry4 G`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s nbj` dppdrtuhktk`s bhg jabii`hf`s bs

fidcbi frdwta r`turhs. Hdw ks ta` tkl` td g`skfh pdikjk`s tabt c`st pr`pbr` ta`l

ndr r`jdv`ry bhg sustbkhbci` kht`frbtkdh khtd F^Js kh ta` pdstjrksks wdrig.

Wa` Nkrst Fidcbi S`j`sskdh dn ta` 32st J`htury dr b Jrksks dn Fidcbikzbtkdh4

Wa` `jdhdlkj gdwhturh stbrt`g wkta ta` curstkhf dn ta` P.Z. aduskhf cucci` kh

3556, cut qukjoiy spr`bg td ta` r`st dn ta` wdrig tardufa nkhbhjkbi bhg trbg` jabh-

hìs. Wa` jrksks abs ji`briy c``h ta` nkrst fidcbi r`j`sskdh dn ta` 32st j`htury, dnt`h

jdlpbr`g kh kts lbfhktug` td ta` 2;:5s Fr`bt G`pr`sskdh. Zdl` dcs`rv`rs abv`

suff`st`g ta` jrksks wbs hdt jyjikjbi, adw`v`r, cut strujturbi, jbiikhf kt b jrksks dn

fidcbikzbtkdh.0 Wa`r` br` gkv`rs` grkv`rs bhg a`hj` vbrk`g jdhj`ptkdhs dn fidcbi-

kzbtkdh. Kh ta` 2;65s bhg 2;15s, fidcbikzbtkdh wbs grkv`h td b ibrf` g`fr`` cy ta`

dutsdurjkhf dn prdgujtkdh cy trbhshbtkdhbi lbhunbjtur`rs td idw-wbf` jduhtrk`s

bhg ta` jdrr`spdhgkhf `xpbhskdh dn kht`rhbtkdhbi trbg` dn cdta kht`rl`gkbt` bhg

nkhksa`g fddgs Adw`v`r, `v`hts kh ta` ibst twd g`jbg`s, ldst hdtbciy ta` Bskbh

nkhbhjkbi jrksks dn ta` ibt` 2;;5s bhg ta` `jdhdlkj jrksks dn 35515;, suff`st

S`skik`hj`, Jdhsdikgbtkdh, bhg Zakntkhf @hg Lbro`ts 0


30/419

tabt ta` o`y jdlpdh`ht dn ta` ldst r`j`ht wbv` dn fidcbikzbtkdh abs hdt c``h

trbg`, cut rbta`r nkhbhjkbi fidcbikzbtkdh. Adw abs ta` nbj` dn fidcbikzbtkdh jabhf`g

bs b r`suit dn taks jrksks4 Ks ta` jurr`ht jrksks dn fidcbikzbtkdh ikoìy td i`bg td b r`pu-

gkbtkdh dn ta` pdikjk`s dn dp`hh`ss bhg `xpdrt-i`g frdwta, wkta grbstkj bhg p`rlb-

h`ht jabhf`s kh fidcbi prdgujtkdh, g`lbhg, bhg trbg` pbtt`rhs4 Vkii kht`rhbtkdhbi

nkrls jdhtkhu` td us` cuskh`ss strbt`fk`s j`ht`r`g dh F^Js4

Waks vdiul` jdhjiug`s tabt F^Js abv` prdv`h r`skik`ht. Wa`y abv` c`jdl`

jrujkbi bhg `hgurkhf strujturbi n`btur`s dn ta` wdrig `jdhdly. Kh ta` bnt`rlbta

dn ta` Bskbh nkhbhjkbi jrksks kh ta` ibt` 2;;5s, sklkibr gksjusskdhs bcdut ta` `hg

dn fidcbikzbtkdh bhg ta` r`tr`hjal`ht dn fidcbi prdgujtkdh brrbhf`l`hts kh

ta` Bskbh jdht`xt brds`, cut fidcbi suppiy jabkhs cduhj`g cbjo ldr` qukjoiy

tabh `xp`jt`g. Wa` r`s`brja jdii`jt`g kh taks vdiul` suff`sts tabt ta` jrksks abs

hdt r`v`rs`g fidcbikzbtkdh, cut bjjì`rbt`g twd idhf-t`rl tr`hgs kh ta` fidcbi

`jdhdly= ta` jdhsdikgbtkdh dn F^Js bhg ta` frdwkhf sbik`hj` dn lbro`ts kh ta`

Zduta. Hdt bii g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s nbj` sklkibr dptkdhs kh ta` jdht`xt dn ta`s`

jabhf`s= Wa` saknt td Zduta`rh lbro`ts bhg ta` frdwta kh Zduta-Zduta trbg` abs

jr`bt`g ldr` pdsskckiktk`s ndr `htry bhg upfrbgkhf kh F^Js, cut bisd abs r`suit`g

kh h`w jabii`hf`s, kh pbrtkjuibr ndr ta` i`bst-g`vìdp`g jduhtrk`s. F^J jdhsdik-

gbtkdh pds`s skfhknkjbht dppdrtuhktk`s bs wìi, `sp`jkbiiy ndr jduhtrk`s bhg nkrls

wkta rkskhf jbpbckiktk`s, cut kt tar`bt`hs td i`bv` lbhy jduhtrk`s dh ta` p`rkpa`ry.Waks vdiul` suff`sts tabt kht`rhbtkdhbi prdgujtkdh bhg jdhsulptkdh abv`

r`lbkh`g fidcbi. Wa` rdi` dn ta` Zduta abs frdwh, cut kh`qubiktk`s bldhf g`vì-

dpkhf jduhtrk`s tar`bt`h td rks`, wakja jduig f`h`rbt` bggktkdhbi sdurj`s dn

khstbckikty bhg pdt`htkbi jrks`s kh ta` nutur`.

Wa` Jrksks, Wrbg`, bhg Fidcbi ^biu` Jabkhs

Kh r`j`ht g`jbg`s, ta` wdrig `jdhdly abs c``h sabo`h cy s`v`rbi nkhbhjkbi jrks`s,cut ldst t`hg`g td r`lbkh r`fkdhbi kh sjdp` (ndr `xblpi`, Bskb kh 2;;6 bhg Zduta

Bl`rkjb kh 3553). Kh taks ldst r`j`ht jrksks, lbmdr trbg` bhg nkhbhjkbi klcbibhj`s,

b ikqukgkty prdci`l, bhg b jdiibps` dn g`lbhg kh ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s qukjoiy spr`bg

td ta` r`st dn ta` wdrig tardufa nkhbhjkbi bhg trbg` jabhhìs, r`suitkhf kh b fidcbi

sidwgdwh dn uhpr`j g`ht`g sjbi`. Waks jrksks wbs nìt fidcbiiy (rbta`r tabh kh must

sdl` r`fkdhs), bhg kt spr`bg bs ta` r`suit dn ta` fidcbikz`g hbtur` dn nkhbhjkbi lbr-

o`ts (s``, ndr khstbhj`, S`khabrt bhg Nìtdh 3551). Cut taks ks bisd tru` ndr ta` trbg`

bhg prdgujtkdh skg` dn ta` `jdhdly.

Wa` jrksks dn 35515; ks ta` nkrst tabt ji`briy r`ni`jts ta` p`rvbskv` bhg sdpakstk-

jbt`g fidcbikzbtkdh dn prdgujtkdh. Ndr `xblpi`, ta` pdstpdh`l`ht dn h`w butd

purjabs`s cy P.Z. jdhsul`rs bnn`jt`g hdt dhiy ta` P.Z. butdldcki` khgustry, cut

> Fidcbi ^biu` Jabkhs kh b Udstjrksks Vdrig


31/419

bisd ta` Ikc`rkbh rucc`r s`jtdr tabt prdguj`s ta` lbt`rkbi ndr ta` tkr`s, bhg sd dh

tardufa ta` fidcbi butdldtkv` suppiy jabkh (Mbhs`h bhg vdh P`xouii 3525). Kh

ta` ì`jtrdhkjs khgustry, N`rrbhtkhd bhg Ibrs`h (355;) dcs`rv` tabt ta` grdp kh

P.Z. klpdrts ndr jdlput`rs bhg jìi padh`s i`bgs khgkr`jtiy td b grdp kh P.Z.

`xpdrts dn s`lkjdhgujtdrs bhg jdlpdh`hts. Waks ks c`jbus` jìi padh` bss`lciy

pibhts kh Jakhb bhg ìs`wa`r` kh ta` g`vìdpkhf wdrig g`p`hg dh pbrts bhg jdl-

pdh`hts lbhunbjtur`g kh ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s bhg dta`r khgustrkbikz`g jduhtrk`s. Bh

bhbiysks dn ta` r`j`ht `xpdrt g`jikh` kh Mbpbh suff`sts tabt ta` nbii kh P.Z. g`lbhg

ndr Mbpbh`s` nkhbi fddgs wbs bjjdlpbhk`g cy b grdp kh g`lbhg ndr kht`rl`gkbt`

fddgs g`stkh`g ndr nkhbi bss`lciy kh Jakhb bhg Zduta`bst Bskb ndr sakpl`ht td ta`

Phkt`g Ztbt`s (Nuobd bhg [ubh 355;). Lb bhg ^bh Bssja` (355;, :0) nkhg tabt

_G\u` td Jakhbs a`bvy rìkbhj` dh klpdrt`g khputs nrdl wktakh ta` @bst Bskbh

r`fkdh, Jakhbs `jdhdly ks bjtubiiy i`ss `xpdrt-g`p`hg`ht tabh ks trbgktkdhbiiy

tadufat. . . Jakhb `nn`jtkvìy trbhsn rs b ibrf` pdrtkdh dn kts h`fbtkv` `xpdrt

g`lbhg sadjos td kts @bst Bskbh h`kfacdrs cy r`gujkhf kts g`lbhg ndr ta`kr prd-

j`sskhf klpdrts.

Wa`s` `xblpi`s kiiustrbt` b hulc`r dn i`ssdhs. Nkrst, ta` wdrig `jdhdlk`s br`

khjr`bskhfiy kht`frbt`g, kht`rg`p`hg`ht, bhg sp`jkbikz`g= wa`h ta` ibrf`st sup`r-

lbro`ts dn ta` wdrig dr dta`r ibrf` jdlpbhk`s abv` sugg`h bhg s`v`r` g`jikh`s kh

sbi`s, ndr`kfh suppik`rs abv` td jids` gdwh nbjtdrk`s, bhg ta`s` sadjos br` trbhslkt-t`g tardufadut `htkr` r`fkdhs. Z`jdhg, trbg` dp`hh`ss ks b gduci`-`gf`g swdrg=

waki` kt jbh aìp td cunn`r bfbkhst gdl`stkj bhg r`fkdhbi sadjos, kt khjr`bs`s `xpd-

sur` td `xt`rhbi sadjos. Wakrg, fkv`h tabt prdgujtkdh prdj`ss`s kh lbhy khgustrk`s

abv` c``h nrbfl`ht`g bhg ldv`g brduhg dh b fidcbi sjbi`, F^Js abv` c`jdl` ta`

wdrig `jdhdlys cbjocdh` bhg j`htrbi h`rvdus syst`l (s``, ndr khstbhj`, F`r`nnk

2;;7? F`r`nnk, Aulpar`y, bhg Zturf`dh 3550). Bs Lkic`rf bhg Vkhoi`r (jabpt`r 3)

jdht`hg, F^Js, wakja dhiy r`j`htiy abv` `ht`r`g ta` purvk`w dn `jdhdlksts, abv`

sugg`hiy ldv`g td ta` jdr` dn g`cbt`s dv`r ta` jbus`s bhg jdhs`qu`hj`s dn ta`355; jdiibps` dn fidcbi trbg` (s``, ndr khstbhj`, Cbigwkh 355;).

Wrbg` bs Cdta b Jbsubity bhg b Wrbhslksskdh Jabhhì dn @jdhdlkj Jrks`s

Kht`rhbtkdhbi trbg` abs c``h b jbsubity dn ta` nkhbhjkbi jrksks. Bjjdrgkhf td ta`

Vdrig Cbho, ndr ta` nkrst tkl` skhj` ta` Fr`bt G`pr`sskdh, ta` wdrigs frdss gdl`s-

tkj prdgujt (FGU) grdpp`g cy 3.3 p`rj`ht kh 355;, wkta b sabrp :.: p`rj`ht g`jikh`

kh ta` rkja jduhtrk`s bhg b g`jì`rbtkdh kh g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s bs wìi nrdl 0.>

p`rj`ht frdwta dn FGU kh 3551 td 2.3 p`rj`ht kh 355; (Vdrig Cbho 3525). H`t prk-

vbt` jbpktbi nidws nìi cy h`briy 65 p`rj`ht nrdl ta`kr r`jdrg akfa kh 3556. Wa`

Kht`rhbtkdhbi Ibcdur Dnnkj` (KID) `stklbt`s tabt uh`lpidyl`ht khjr`bs`g cy



32/419

ldr` tabh :5 lkiikdh kh 355; td b tdtbi dn 355 lkiikdh uh`lpidy`g (KID 3525). Dh

ta` pdv`rty nrdht, kt ks jibkl`g tabt bh bggktkdhbi >7 lkiikdh p`dpi` ikv`g kh xtr`l`

pdv`rty bt ta` `hg dn 355; bs b r`suit dn ta` jrksks (Vdrig Cbho 3525).

Wa` `nn`jt dn ta` jrksks dh trbg` abs c``h `v`h ldr` prdhduhj`g. Bjjdrgkhf td

ta` Vdrig Wrbg` Drfbhkzbtkdh (VWD 3525), trbg` vdiul`s grdpp`g cy dv`r 23

p`rj`ht kh 355;ta` sabrp`st jdhtrbjtkdh kh wdrig trbg` `v`r r`jdrg`g. Dhiy

s`rvkj`s trbg` s``l`g td c` rìbtkvìy r`skik`ht td ta` jrksks, bs gdjul`ht`g cy

Cdrja`rt bhg Lbttdd (355;) bhg F`r`nnk bhg N`rhbhg`z-Ztbro (jabpt`r ;). Wa`

sabrp jdhtrbjtkdh kh g`lbhg, wakja wbs ibrf`r bhg ldr` wkg`spr`bg tabh kh pbst

jrks`s, wbs kg`htknk`g cy jdhdlksts bs ta` prklbry jbus` dn ta` trbg` jdiibps`. Wa`

lbfhktug` dn ta` dv`rsaddtkhf dn trbg` tabt djjurr`g gurkhf ta` 35515; jrksks

abs surprks`g `jdhdlksts, adw`v`r, bhg b hulc`r dn `xpibhbtkdhs abv` c``h put

ndrwbrg, khjiugkhf ta` sadrtbf` dn trbg` nkhbhj` bhg ta` blpiknkjbtkdh dn kht`rl`-

gkbt` fddgs trbg` kh F^Js, b tdpkj `xpidr`g kh g`tbki kh ta` nkrst pbrt dn taks vdi-

ul` (jabpt`rs 3, :, bhg 7).

Kht`rhbtkdhbi trbg` wbs hdt dhiy b jbsubity dn ta` jrksks, cut bisd dh` dn kts

lbkh trbhslksskdh jabhhìs. Kh r`j`ht g`jbg`s, bh khjr`bskhf hulc`r dn g`vì-

dpkhf jduhtrk`s abv` rìk`g dh `xpdrts td sustbkh frdwta. Waks saknt nrdl

klpdrt-sucstktutkhf khgustrkbikzbtkdh td `xpdrt-drk`ht`g g`vìdpl`ht strbt`-

fk`s trbhsibt`g khtd b akfa`r rìkbhj` dh xpdrt r`v`hu`s bhg fr`bt`r xpdsur` td`xt`rhbi sadjos. Bs gdjul`ht`g cy Lkic`rf bhg Vkhoi`r (jabpt`r 3), `xpdrts bs

b sabr` dn idw- bhg lkggi`-khjdl` jduhtrk`s FGU fr`w nrdl must 25 p`rj`ht kh

2;65 td :: p`rj`ht kh 3556. Ndr Jakhb, ta` rìkbhj` dh `xpdrts mulp`g nrdl : td

7: p`rj`ht dn FGU dv`r ta` sbl` p`rkdg. Zklkibr pbtt`rhs w`r` dcs`rv`g kh ldst

`l`rfkhf `jdhdlk`s, khjiugkhf Brf`htkhb, Khgkb, L`xkjd, bhg ta` S`pucikj dn

Odr`b. Waks khjr`bskhf rìkbhj` dh `xpdrts trbhsibt`s khtd b rkskhf sabr` dn idw- bhg

lkggi`-khjdl` jduhtrk`s kh wdrig `xpdrts dn fddgs nrdl 2> p`rj`ht kh 2;1> td

dv`r :5 p`rj`ht kh 3551? kh s`rvkj`s ta` sabr` fr`w nrdl 2: p`rj`ht kh 2;1> td 35p`rj`ht kh 3556.

Lbhy jduhtrk`s br` stkii akfaiy g`p`hg`ht dh `xpdrts td ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s bhg

ta` @urdp`bh Phkdh (@P), wakja r`pr`s`ht`g 2:.7 p`rj`ht bhg 27.3 p`rj`ht (dr

73.7 p`rj`ht kn dh` khjiug`s khtrb-@P trbg`), r`sp`jtkvìy, dn wdrig klpdrts kh 3551.

Bt ta` dhs`t dn ta` jrksks, @urdp` bhg Hdrta Bl`rkjb stkii jbptur`g >5 p`rj`ht dn

Bnrkjbh lbhunbjtur`g `xpdrts (gdwh nrdl bcdut 65 p`rj`ht kh 3555). Cy jdl-

pbrksdh, Bskb bhg Zduta Bl`rkjb r`pr`s`ht`g dhiy 2: p`rj`ht bhg 3 p`rj`ht,

r`sp`jtkvìy, dn Bnrkjbh lbhunbjtur`g `xpdrts (VWD 355;). Wa`s` gknn`r`hj`s

aìp `xpibkh ta` lbfhktug` bhg f`dfrbpakjbi gknnuskdh dn ta` 35515; jrksks=

jduhtrk`s i`ss g`p`hg`ht dh klpdrts nrdl akfa-khjdl` `jdhdlk`s w`r` cunn`r`g

nrdl ta` jrksks. Kh Bskb, ndr `xblpi`, r`fkdhbi trbg` bhg ibrf` `l`rfkhf lbro`ts

iko` Jakhb nbr`g rìbtkvìy wìi.



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F^Js= Nrdl Lbjrd`jdhdlkj td Khgustry I`vì dn Bhbiysks

Wa` jdhdlkj jrksks uhg`rsjdr`g ta` klpdrtbhj` dn F^Js kh ta` wdrig jdhdly. Kt

ks hdw wkgìy r`jdfhkz`g tabt ta` rdi` dn trbg` kh ta` trbhslksskdh dn ta` `jdhdlkjjrksks wbs a`kfat`h`g cy ta` pr`gdlkhbhj` dn cuskh`ss ldgìs cbs`g dh fidcbi

prdgujtkdh bhg trbg` h`twdros. Bjjdrgkhf td @sjbkta, Ikhg`hc`rf, bhg Lkrdugdt

(jabpt`r :), F^Js khtrdguj` h`w lkjrd`jdhdlkj gkl`hskdhs td ta` trbgktkdhbi

lbjrd`jdhdlkj l`jabhksls us`g td uhg`rstbhg ta` trbhslksskdh dn `jdhdlkj

sadjos. Zp`jknkjbiiy, F^Js jbh pbrtkbiiy `xpibkh ta` bppbr`ht dv`rr`bjtkdh dn kht`r-

hbtkdhbi trbg` td ta` nkhbhjkbi jrksks. C`jbus` dn F^Js, bgv`rs` sadjos bnn`jt nkrls

hdt dhiy tardufa ta`kr sbi`s dn nkhksa`g fddgs (nkhbi g`lbhg), cut bisd tardufa

niujtubtkdhs kh ta` suppiy bhg g`lbhg dn kht`rl`gkbt` fddgs vkb ndrwbrg bhgcbjowbrg ikhobf`s kh F^Js. Waus, ta` fidcbikzbtkdh dn prdgujtkdh abs rbks`g ta`

rbtkd dn fidcbi klpdrts bhg `xpdrts p`r uhkt dn dutput. Zturf`dh bhg Obwboblk

(jabpt`r 6) gdjul`ht b 25-ndig khjr`bs` dn wdrig klpdrts dn kht`rl`gkbt`

fddgs kh ta` ibst ndur g`jbg`s (jdhstbht prkj` gbtb), wakja r`pr`s`ht`g ldr`

tabh 0> p`rj`ht dn tdtbi wdrig klpdrts kh 355>.

Pskhf akstdrkjbi gbtb, @sjbkta, Ikhg`hc`rf, bhg Lkrdugdt (jabpt`r :) sadw tabt

ta` ìbstkjkty dn fidcbi trbg` vdiul`s td r`bi wdrig FGU abs khjr`bs`g frbgubiiy

nrdl brduhg 3 kh ta` 2;>5s td bcdv` : kh r`j`ht y`brs, grkv`h cy prdgujtkdh sabr-

khf brrbhf`l`hts kh F^Js (s`` bisd Nrùhg 355;). Lkic`rf bhg Vkhoi`r (jabpt`r

3) jdhnkrl tabt `jdhdlkj fidcbikzbtkdh abs r`suit`g kh b st`bgy khjr`bs` kh ta`

khjdl` ìbstkjkty dn wdrig trbg`, bhg prdvkg` nurta`r `xpibhbtkdhs dn ta` rdi` dn

F^Js kh ta` trbg` jdiibps`. Wa` lbfhktug` bhg sp``g dn bgmustl`ht abv`

khjr`bs`g bs F^Js abv` c`jdl` b ibrf`r jdhgukt ndr cdta r`bi bhg nkhbhjkbi

sadjos. Wdgby, gdwhturhs kh FGU r`suit kh hdt dhiy ibrf`r cut bisd ldr` rbpkg

g`jikh`s kh trbg` tabh pr`vkdusiy c`jbus` F^Js `hbci` i`bg nkrls td lbo` nbst`r

bgmustl`hts td jabhf`s kh lbro`t g`lbhg.>

Zadrtbf` dn trbg` nkhbhj` ks bhdta`r nbjtdr jdhtrkcutkhf td ta` trbg` jdiibps`. Bs`rk`s dn surv`ys jdhgujt`g kh 355; cy ta` Vdrig Cbho bhg dta`rs jdhnkrl`g tabt

trbg` nkhbhj` wbs ldr` `xp`hskv` bhg i`ss bvbkibci` tabh prkdr td ta` jrksks, wkta

cbhos c`jdlkhf ldr` rkso bv`rs` bhg sì`jtkv` kh ta`kr suppiy dn jr`gkt. B r`j`ht

upgbt` suff`sts tabt slbii `xpdrt`rs w`r` ta` prkhjkpbi vkjtkls dn taks sadrtbf`

bhg idst ta`kr jr`gkt ikh`s wa`h g`lbhg ndr ta`kr prdgujts g`jikh`g (Lbiduja`

355;). Lkic`rf bhg Vkhoi`r (jabpt`r 3) dcs`rv` tabt b trbg` jr`gkt jruhja abs b

ldr` s`v`r` klpbjt dh kht`rhbtkdhbi trbg` wa`h suja trbg` ks drfbhkz`g kh F^Js

c`jbus` dn ta` kht`rrìbtkdhsakp dn nkrls bhg ta` rbpkg trbhslksskdh dn nkhbhjkbisadjos. Jr`gkt lbro`t prdci`ls jbh jbsjbg` tardufa F^Js bs ta` g`hkbi dn jr`gkt

td klpdrt`rs kh dh` jduhtry i`bgs td jr`gkt prdci`ls ndr sìi`rs kh dta`rs, r`gujkhf

ta`kr bjj`ss td jr`gkt bhg kh turh bnn`jtkhf ta`kr bckikty td klpdrt.

S`skik`hj`, Jdhsdikgbtkdh, bhg Zakntkhf @hg Lbro`ts ;


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Dh ta` dta`r abhg, suppdrt nrdl i`bg nkrls bhg ibrf` kht`rl`gkbrk`s wktakh

F^Js abs kh sdl` jbs`s aìp`g td r`l`gy trbg` nkhbhj` sadrtbf`s bhg td lktk-

fbt` ta` jr`gkt jrksks. Bjjdrgkhf td F`r`nnk bhg Nr`g`rkjo (jabpt`r 0), b hulc`r

dn r`tbki`rs bhg cuy`rs kh ta` bppbrì s`jtdr dnn`r`g nkhbhjkbi suppdrt td ta`kr

suppik`rs= Odais prdvkg`g 72 p`rj`ht dn kts suppik`rs b Zuppiy Jabkh Nkhbhj`

prdfrbl, bhg Vbilbrt dnn`r`g bcdut 2,555 suppik`rs bh bit`rhbtkv` td ta`kr trbgk-

tkdhbi l`bhs dn nkhbhjkhf bhg ibuhja`g b Zuppik`r Biikbhj` Urdfrbl ndr `xp`gkt-

khf pbyl`hts. Ik & Nuhf, b trbgkhf jdlpbhy cbs`g kh Adhf Odhf, Jakhb, tabt

s`rv`s bs bh kht`rl`gkbry c`tw``h ibrf` r`tbki`rs bhg s`wkhf jdhtrbjtdrs kh ta`

bppbrì khgustry, c`jbl` b i`hg`r dn ibst r`sdrt td nbjtdrk`s bhg slbii klpdrt`rs

wads` jr`gkt wbs jut dnn gurkhf ta` jrksks.

Hdt bii `nn`jts dn ta` jrksks dh trbg` br` h`j`ssbrkiy h`fbtkv`. B nbii kh FGU kh

lbmdr lbro`ts abs twd lbkh jdhjurr`ht `nn`jts dh trbg`= nkrst, b grdp kh g`lbhg,

wa`r` jdhsul`rs pdstpdh` ta`kr purjabs`s, bhg s`jdhg, b s`brja ndr ja`bp`r

fddgs, wa`r` jdhsul`rs jbhhdt pdstpdh` ta`kr purjabs`s. Wa` nkrst `nn`jt trbhs-

ibt`s khtd b jdhtrbjtkdh dn klpdrts. Wa` s`jdhg `nn`jt ks dh` dn sucstktutkdh bhg kts

h`t klpbjt dh trbg` ks i`ss dcvkdus= trbg` kh j`rtbkh akfa`r-`hg fddgs grdps wa`h

klpdrts dn idw`r-prkj`g prdgujts khjr`bs`. Wa` dv`rbii h`t `nn`jt dn ta` jrksks dh

trbg` vbrk`s bjjdrgkhf td ta` rìbtkv` w`kfat dn ta`s` sucstktutkdh bhg g`lbhg

`nn`jts ndr b sp`jknkj jduhtry, khgustry, dr nkrl. Ndr `xblpi`, ta` sucstktutkdh `nn`jtjduig `xpibkh ta` r`jdrg sbi`s dn Vbilbrt bhg ta` vktbikty dn Jakh`s` bhg

Cbhfibg`sak `xpdrts gurkhf ta` jrksks.

I`bg nkrls tabt nbj` g`jikhkhf prdnkts bhg uhj`rtbkh g`lbhg lby bisd try td

r`guj` jdsts bhg khjr`bs` ni`xkckikty tardufa bggktkdhbi dnnsadrkhf bhg dutsdurj-

khf td idw-jdst jduhtrk`s. ^bh Ck`s`crd`jo bhg Zturf`dh (jabpt`r >) suff`st tabt

i`bg nkrls kh ta` butdldcki` s`jtdr kh ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s bhg V`st`rh @urdp` wkii

khjr`bs` sdurjkhf kh L`xkjd bhg J`htrbi bhg @bst`rh @urdp` kh ta` wbo` dn ta`

jrksks. Kh ta` s`rvkj`s s`jtdr, F`r`nnk bhg N`rhbhg`z-Ztbro (jabpt`r ;) dcs`rv` twddppdskhf `nn`jts= sdl` jdlpbhk`s nrdz` dnnsadr` jdhtrbjts, waki` dta`rs dut-

sdurj`g bggktkdhbi s`rvkj`s kh drg`r td idw`r ta`kr jdsts bhg r`lbkh jdlp`tktkv`.

Wa` dv`rbii sabrp g`jikh` kh ta` vdiul` dn trbg` kh 355; suff`sts tabt taus nbr ta`

g`lbhg `nn`jt abs swblp`g ta` sucstktutkdh `nn`jt.

Wa` bwbr`h`ss dn ta` rdi` dn trbg` bhg F^Js kh ta` trbhslksskdh dn ta` jrk-

sks jduig abv` r`suit`g kh ta` r`m`jtkdh dn `xpdrt-i`g frdwta ldgìs bhg fidcbi

prdgujtkdh cuskh`ss strbt`fk`s. Zdl` luroy prdt`jtkdhksl bhg cuy hbtkdhbi

stkpuibtkdhs td jrksks-rìbt`g i`fksibtkdh abv` surnbj`g, cut fdv`rhl`hts cy bhg

ibrf` abv` r`sp`jt`g r`fkdhbi bhg luitkibt`rbi trbg` rui`s (@v`h`tt, Adòlbh,

bhg Jbttbh`d 355;). Wa` r`skik`hj` bhg khjr`bs`g kht`rg`p`hg`hj` dn ta`

fidcbi `jdhdly prdcbciy piby`g b o`y rdi` kh jdhtbkhkhf prdt`jtkdhksl= fdv-

`rhl`hts qukjoiy r`bikz`g ta` nutkikty dn gksjrklkhbtdry stkluik bhg ta` jdst



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dn rbkskhf cbrrk`rs dh kht`rl`gkbt` fddgs dh wakja wadi` s`fl`hts dn gdl`stkj

khgustrk`s g`p`hg.

Wa` S`jdv`ry= Kts Dppdrtuhktk`s bhg Jabii`hf`s

Wrbg` ks hdt must b trbhslksskdh jabhhì ndr ta` jrksks? kt jduig bisd c` j`htrbi td

ta` r`jdv`ry. Bjjdrgkhf td ta` Vdrig Cbho (3525), fidcbi FGU ks `xp`jt`g td

frdw 3.6 p`rj`ht kh 3525 bhg :.3 p`rj`ht kh 3522. S`jdv`ry wkii c` i`g cy g`vì-

dpkhf jduhtrk`s, wkta b prdm`jt`g 0.3 p`rj`ht frdwta kh 3525, bhg 0.1 p`rj`ht

frdwta kh 3522. Kh w`bitay jduhtrk`s, ta` pbj` dn r`jdv`ry ks ikoìy td c` sidw`r,

wkta 2.1 p`rj`ht bhg 3.: p`rj`ht frdwta rbt`s prdm`jt`g ndr 3525 bhg 3522,

r`sp`jtkvìy. Vaki` khv`stl`ht ks `xp`jt`g td r`cduhg, l`gkul-t`rl ndr`kfh

gkr`jt khv`stl`ht khnidws wkii prdcbciy r`lbkh bt 3.1 td : p`rj`ht dn g`vìdpkhf

jduhtry FGU, jdlpbr`g td :.6 p`rj`ht kh 3556.

Dh ta` trbg` nrdht, ta` VWD `stklbt`s tabt ta` vdiul` dn wdrig `xpdrts wkii

frdw cy ;.0 p`rj`ht kh 3525, wkta g`vìdp`g-jduhtry `xpdrts `xpbhgkhf cy

6.0 p`rj`ht bhg ta` r`st dn ta` wdrigs, cy 22 p`rj`ht (VWD 3525). G`vìdpkhf

jduhtrk`s br` ta`r`ndr` `xp`jt`g td c` ta` lbkh grkvkhf ndrj` dn ta` r`jdv`ry. Kn

ta`s` `stklbt`s br` jdrr`jt bhg frdwta prdj``gs bpbj`, kt wkii tbo` bhdta`r twd dr

tar`` y`brs td surpbss pr`jrksks trbg` i`vìs.B o`y qu`stkdh ks wa`ta`r ta` r`jdv`ry ks ikoìy td c` bs fidcbiiy p`rvbskv` bs ta`

jrksks tabt pr`j`g`g kt. Zaduig b syll`trkjbi r`cduhg dn wdrig trbg` bhg frdwta

c` `xp`jt`g, dr wkii ta`r` c` ayst`r`sks `nn`jts bhg uh`v`h r`jdv`rk`s bjrdss jduh-

trk`s bhg nkrls4 Akfa trbg` ìbstkjkty klpik`s b nbst`r r`jdv`ry dn wdrig trbg` jdl-

pbr`g td FGU bs ta` r`j`sskdh `hgs. Wa` VWD trbg` stbtkstkjs ndr 3525 suff`st b

qukjo r`cduhg dn wdrig trbg`. Wa`r` ks, adw`v`r, bh dhfdkhf g`cbt` bldhf `jdh-

dlksts dh ta` sabp` dn ta` r`jdv`ry jurv`, wakja ks sullbrkz`g kh Obpikhsoy bhg

Nbrddok (jabpt`r 7).Jabpt`r 7 pr`s`hts b hulc`r dn pdsskci` dutjdl`s td ta` jurr`ht jrksks. Wa` nkrst

ks ta` ^ sj`hbrkdb rbpkg gdwhturh ndiidw`g cy b nbkriy rbpkg upturh. Wa` P

sj`hbrkd suff`sts b sklkibr dutjdl` cut wkta b ldr` prdtrbjt`g gkp. I`ss jdlndrt-

bci` ks ta` V sj`hbrkdb gduci`-gkp frdwta pbta cut wkta b sucs`qu`ht r`vkvbi td

pbst frdwta trbm`jtdrk`s. Wa` ldst p`ssklkstkj pdt`htkbi dutjdl` ks tabt ta` nkhbh-

jkbi jrksks wkii ndiidw ta` sbl` pbta bs tabt `xp`rk`hj`g cy Mbpbh bnt`r kts nkhbhjkbi

cucci` curst kh ta` `briy 2;;5s, tabt ks, b sabrp gdwhturh ndiidw`g cy b prdtrbjt`g

p`rkdg dn stbfhbtkdh. Waks ks ta` I sj`hbrkd. Zdl`wa`r` c`tw``h ta` I bhg ta` V

sj`hbrkds ks b squbr` rddt sj`hbrkd , tabt ks, b sabrp gdwhturh ndiidw`g cy b

slbii rks` ndiidw`g cy b p`rkdg dn prdtrbjt`g stbfhbtkdh. B r`j`ht stugy suppdrts

taks ibst dutjdl` ndr l`lc`r jduhtrk`s dn ta` Drfbhksbtkdh ndr @jdhdlkj

Jd-dp`rbtkdh bhg G`vìdpl`ht (D@JG) stbtkhf tabt w` `xp`jt frdwta td r`sul`

( )



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cy ta` `hg dn _355;\ kh ldst jduhtrk`s, _cut\ ta` i`vì dn dutput kh ta` D@JG wkii

r`lbkh p`rlbh`htiy idw`r (Adiibhg `t bi. 355;, ;). Lkic`rf bhg Vkhoi`r (jabpt`r

3) suff`st tabt c`jbus` ta` r`j`ht gdwhturh ks g``p`r bhg gknn`r`ht nrdl pr`vkdus

gdwhturhs, ta`r ks b fr`bt`r ikoìkaddg dn b ibf kh ta` r`jdv ry dn wdrig trbg`tabt

ks, ta` ^-jurv` bpp`brs td c` sakntkhf td ta` rkfat.

Jabhf` kh Jdhtkhukty= Bjjì`rbt`g Zaknts kh Fidcbi G`lbhgbhg Urdgujtkdh

Fidcbikzbtkdh bnt`r ta` 35515; jrksks wkii hdt iddo ta` sbl` bs c`ndr`. Wa`

dcs`rv`rs wad jabrbjt`rkz`g kt bs b jrksks dn fidcbikzbtkdh abg b r`v`rsbi dn fidcbi

`jdhdlkj kht`frbtkdh kh lkhg, ndr xblpi`, tardufa ta` bcbhgdhl`ht dn `xpdrt-i`g strbt`fk`s, ta` r`turh dn klpdrt sucstktutkdh strbt`fk`s, dr ta` r`khstbt`l`ht dn

prdt`jtkdhksl. Kh nbjt, Zturf`dh bhg Obwboblk (jabpt`r 6) jibkl tabt fidcbikzb-

tkdh, l`bsur`g cy ta` rbt` dn khjr`bs` kh kht`rl`gkbt` fddgs trbg`, abs khjr`bs`g

kts pbj` bnt`r `v`ry lbmdr r`j`sskdh bhg jrksks kh ta` pbst :5 y`brs.

Adw`v`r, ta` r`s`brja kh taks vdiul` r`v`bis tabt klpdrtbht saknts kh fidcbi

prdgujtkdh bhg g`lbhg abv` tbo`h pibj` gurkhf ta` jrksks tabt bjjì`rbt`g pr`-

`xkstkhf tr`hgs. Dh ta` g`lbhg skg`, ta` tr`hg ks tdwbrg gkv`rsknkjbtkdh= Zduta-

Zduta trbg` abs khjr`bs`g bidhf wkta ta` jdiibps` dn g`lbhg kh ta` Hdrta, bhg`l`rfkhf lbro`ts abv` c`jdl` ldr` bttrbjtkv` td gdl`stkj bhg ndr`kfh prdguj-

`rs, cdta nrdl ta` Hdrta bhg ta` Zduta. Dh ta` prdgujtkdh skg`, ta` tr`hg ks

tdwbrg jdhsdikgbtkdh bt ta` jduhtry bhg nkrl i`vìs. Wa`s` jabhf`s jr`bt` dppdr-

tuhktk`s ndr g`vìdpl`ht, bidhf wkta jabii`hf`s.

Zaknts kh Fidcbi G`lbhg

@xj`sskv` g`p`hg`hj` dh `xpdrts td ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s bhg ta` @P abs idhf

c``h kg`htknk`g bs b prdci`l ndr g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s. Urdgujt bhg lbro`t

gkv`rsknkjbtkdh saduig c` pbrt dn bhy trbg` dr g`vìdpl`ht strbt`fy. Wa` nbii kh

g`lbhg kh ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s bhg ta` @P trkff`r`g cy ta` jrksks lbg` taks prdc-

i`l `v`h ldr` bjut`, bhg lbg` rbpkg bgmustl`ht b r`qukr`l`ht. Kh bh `nndrt

td i`ss`h ta`kr g`p`hg`hj` dh trbgktkdhbi `xpdrt lbro`ts, lbhy jdlpbhk`s

abv` pbkg ldr` btt`htkdh td `l`rfkhf lbro`ts gurkhf ta` jrksks. Ndr ibrf`

`l`rfkhf `jdhdlk`s, taks abs trbhsibt`g khtd b fr`bt`r ndjus dh gdl`stkj lbr-

o`ts. Ndr slbii`r `jdhdlk`s, kt abs l`bht b ndjus dh `xpdrtkhf r`fkdhbiiy. Ndr

ta` pddr`st jduhtrk`s, ta` saknt kh g`lbhg abs r`suit`g kh ta` brrkvbi dn h`wcrbhgs bhg h`w khv`stdrs nrdl `l`rfkhf jduhtrk`s. Obpikhsoy bhg Nbrddok

(jabpt`r 7) put taks khtd b akstdrkjbi p`rsp`jtkv`, g`tbkikhf b lbmdr saknt kh



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g`lbhg nrdl @urdp`, Hdrta Bl`rkjb, bhg Mbpbh td Jakhb, Khgkb, bhg dta`r

`l`rfkhf jduhtrk`s.

Zakntkhf lbro`ts td ta` Zduta

Wa` saknt kh lbro`ts td ta` Zduta abs twd jdlpdh`hts= ta` frdwta dn Zduta-Zduta

trbg`, khjiugkhf b fr`bt`r ndjus dh gdl`stkj lbro`ts kh ibrf` `l`rfkhf `jdhdlk`s?

bhg ta` khjr`bs`g kht`r`st dn `xpdrt`rs kh ta` Hdrta kh `l`rfkhf lbro`ts kh

ta` Zduta.

Idjbi prdguj`rs kh `l`rfkhf `jdhdlk`s, pbrtkjuibriy kh Crbzki, Jakhb, Khgkb,

bhg Zduta Bnrkjb, abv` trk`g bhg khjr`bskhfiy sujj``g`g kh jdlp`tkhf wkta ndr-

`kfh prdguj`rs bt adl`. Bs kiiustrbt`g cy Zturf`dh bhg Obwboblk (jabpt`r 6) kh

ta` ldcki` padh` s`jtdr, ta` ibjo dn vbrk`ty kh idw-`hg prdgujt ikh`s, akfa`rprkj`s, khjdlpbtkci` stbhgbrgs, bhg r`strkjtkv` r`fuibtdry r`qukr`l`hts bii jdh-

trkcut`g td ta` saknt kh g`lbhg nrdl ndr`kfh td idjbi abhgs`ts kh Jakhb. Wa`

35515; jrksks abs bjjì`rbt`g ta`s` tr`hgs.6 Kh ta` bppbrì s`jtdr bs wìi, i`bgkhf

suppik`rs iko` Jakhb, Khgkb, bhg Wuro`y, jdhj`rh`g bcdut b sidwgdwh kh fidcbi

`xpdrts, abv` c`fuh td ndjus ldr` dh sbi`s td ta`kr gdl`stkj lbro`ts. F`r`nnk bhg

Nr`g`rkjo (jabpt`r 0) sadw tabt, kh 3556, ta` `stklbt`g vbiu` dn sbi`s dn Jakh`s`

bppbrì prdguj`rs td ta` gdl`stkj lbro`t tdtbi`g PZ$;: ckiikdh, wkta 0> p`rj`ht

dn dv`rbii bppbrì prdgujtkdh bjtkvktk`s kh Jakhb g`stkh`g ndr idjbi jdhsul`rs(Jidta`sdurj` 3551).

Wa` jrksks kh bgvbhj`g jduhtry lbro`ts abs khspkr`g `xpdrt strbt`fk`s td

dta`r g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s. Lkic`rf bhg Vkhoi`r (jabpt`r 3) dcs`rv` tabt ta`

jrksks abs cddst`g Zduta-Zduta trbg`, wakja jbh c` s``h kh ta` jbs` dn kht`rl`-

gkbt` fddgs wa`r` Zduta-Zduta trbg` mulp`g td 05 p`rj`ht dn wdrig kht`rl`gk-

bt` fddgs trbg` kh 355; jdlpbr`g td bcdut 30 p`rj`ht kh 3555. Kh ta` bppbrì

s`jtdr, F`r`nnk bhg Nr`g`rkjo (jabpt`r 0) nkhg tabt Jakhb ks i`ss`hkhf kts g`p`h-

g`hj` dh trbgktkdhbi `xpdrt lbro`ts waki` bggkhf klpdrtbht h`w dh`s, suja bsta` Susskbh N`g`rbtkdh bhg jduhtrk`s dn ta` ndrl`r Zdvk`t Phkdh. Wa`s` `xbl-

pi`s sadw tabt Zduta-Zduta trbg` khvdiv`s trbg` kh nkhbi prdgujts tabt br` g`skf-

hbt`g ndr `hg lbro`ts kh ta` Zduta, bs wìi bs trbg` kh kht`rl`gkbrk`s wa`r` ta`

nkhbi prdgujts lby stkii `hg up kh trbgktkdhbi `hg lbro`ts kh ta` Hdrta.

@xpdrt`rs kh ta` Hdrta br` bisd bwbr` dn ta`s` h`w dppdrtuhktk`s, bs ta`y nbj`

ta` sbl` grdp kh g`lbhg bt adl`. Bs b r`suit, ta` sabr` dn Hdrta-Hdrta trbg` kh

fidcbi trbg` abs g`jikh`g. Wa` bppbrì s`jtdr prdvkg`s bh kht`r`stkhf kiiustrbtkdh.

Wa` Zpbhksa frdup Khgkt`x (]brb) klprdv`g kts p`rndrlbhj` kh 355; blkgst ta`

nkhbhjkbi jrksks cy dp`hkhf h`w r`tbki duti`ts kh `l`rfkhf jduhtrk`s suja bs Cui-

fbrkb, Jakhb, Obzboastbh, ta` S`pucikj dn Odr`b, Udibhg, bhg Susskb. Khgkb ks h`xt

kh ikh`, bhg ta` sabr` dn Bskb kh ta` frdups sbi`s ks xp`jt`g td gduci` c`tw``h 3551

S`skik`hj`, Jdhsdikgbtkdh, bhg Zakntkhf @hg Lbro`ts 2:


38/419

(25.0 p`rj`ht) bhg 3523 (35 p`rj`ht), rkskhf td 75 p`rj`ht dn h`w stdr` dp`hkhfs

(I`s @jads 3525).

Jabii`hf`s ndr g`vìdpl`ht

Wa` saknt kh ta` j`ht`r dn frbvkty dn fidcbi g`lbhg bhg ta` khjr`bskhf sabr` dn

Zduta-Zduta trbg` abv` lbmdr klpikjbtkdhs ndr F^Js. Obpikhsoy bhg Nbrddok

(jabpt`r 7) stbt` tabt bitadufa F^J-j`ht`r`g `jdhdlkj frdwta abs ibrfìy c``h b

stdry dn rkskhf suppik`r jbpbckiktk`s, ta`r` abs c``h b frdwkhf r`jdfhktkdh dn ta` o`y

rdi` tabt nkhbi lbro`ts piby kh taks prdj`ss. Vaki` lbro`t skz` bhg frdwta br` pbrt dn

ta` stdry, ta` hbtur` dn nkhbi lbro`ts bhg ta` rdi` dn cuy`rs kh fukgkhf ta` gkr`jtkdh

dn suppik`r jbpbckiktk`s abv` c``h jrujkbi.

Wa` saknt dn `hg lbro`ts td ta` Zduta pr`s`hts s`v`rbi lbmdr jabii`hf`s ndr nkrls

kh g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s, wakja br` gksjuss`g kh jabpt`r 7. Nkrst, jdhsul`r pr`n`r`hj`s

kh `l`rfkhf jduhtrk`s br` gknn`r`ht nrdl tads` kh khgustrkbikz`g `jdhdlk`s. Vaki`

cdta l`rfkhf lbro`t nkrls bhg jdhsul`rs br` ldvkhf up-lbro`t, prkj` r`lbkhs bh

dv`rwaìlkhf jdhskg`rbtkdh kh g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s. Bs b r`suit, prdgujt gknn`r`htk-

btkdh cbs`g dh vbrk`ty bhg qubikty lbtt`rs i`ss. @xpdrt`rs td ta`s` lbro`ts, ta`r`ndr`,

h``g td jdlldgkny dr stbhgbrgkz` `stbciksa`g prdgujts cy grblbtkjbiiy r`gujkhf

jdsts wktadut sbjrknkjkhf qubikty. ^bh Ck`s`crd`jo bhg Zturf`dh (jabpt`r >) bhg

Zturf`dh bhg Obwboblk (jabpt`r 6) kiiustrbt` taks prdj`ss ndr ta` butdldtkv` bhgì`jtrdhkjs s`jtdrs, r`sp`jtkvìy, wkta ta` frdwkhf klpdrtbhj` dn prdgujts iko` ta`

$:,555 jbr bhg ta` $:55 hdt`cddo jdlput`r.

Z`jdhg, ta` klpdrtbhj` dn prdgujt bhg prdj`ss stbhgbrgs jbh c` skfhknk-

jbhtiy idw`r wa`h ta` g`lbhg jdl`s nrdl g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`sndr cdta

nkhbi bhg kht`rl`gkbt` fddgs kh F^Js. Waks jduig abv` skfhknkjbht jdhs`qu`hj`s

ndr g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s tabt khv`st kh jdlpiykhf wkta akfa`r stbhgbrgs s`t cy

g`vìdp`g jduhtrk`s. Bisd, kt abs b pdt`htkbiiy klpdrtbht klpbjt dh ta` h`fbtkv`

`xt`rhbiktk`s dn fidcbi prdgujtkdh dh sdjkbi bhg `hvkrdhl`ht jdlpikbhj` bhgdta`r pucikj fddgs.

Wakrg, `l`rfkhf `jdhdlk`s iko` Jakhb abv` b pr`n`r`hj` ndr rìbtkvìy

uhprdj`ss`g prdgujts. Waks tr`hg jduig bnn`jt i`ss-g`vìdp`g jduhtrk`s trykhf

td klprdv` ta`kr pdsktkdh kh vbiu` jabkhs. Idjbikzbtkdh dn vbiu`-bgg`g, suja bs

prdj`sskhf bt ta` sdurj`, abs c``h bh klpdrtbht strbt`fy ndr g`vìdpkhf jduh-

trk`s trykhf td ldv` up ta` vbiu` jabkh, bhg kt abs dnt`h c``h ta` nkrst st`p kh

khgustrkbi upfrbgkhf. Adw`v`r, ta`r` ks hd fubrbht`` dn b wkh-wkh gkvkskdh dn

ibcdr bldhf `l`rfkhf jduhtrk`s bt gknn`r`ht stbf`s dn g`vìdpl`ht. Cy r`strkjt-

khf klpdrts td uhprdj`ss`g prdgujts, b i`bg nkrl jbh jdhnkh` kts suppik`rs td ta`

idw `hg dn ta` vbiu` jabkh bhg iklkt ta`kr upfrbgkhf pbta= kh dta`r wdrgs, ta`

cuy`r abs ta` pdw`r td `kta`r jr`bt` b pbta td upfrbgkhf dr okjo bwby ta` g`vì-

dpl`ht ibgg`r.



39/419

Obpikhsoy, W`ra`ff`h, bhg Wkmbmb (jabpt`r 1) kiiustrbt` ta`s` jabii`hf`s td

g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s jbus`g cy ta` Hdrta-Zduta saknt kh ta` jbs` stugk`s dn Wabk

jbssbvb bhg Fbcdh tklc`r. Kh ta` jbs` dn jbssbvb, ta` saknt kh g`lbhg nrdl ta` @P

td Jakhb jdkhjkg`g wkta jabhf`s kh ta` prdgujt jdlpdsktkdh dn Wabk jbssbvb

`xpdrts bhg b ldv` gdwh ta` t`jahdidfkjbi jabkh, pusakhf Wabk prdguj`rs cbjo-

wbrgs khtd bfrkjuitur` bhg bwby nrdl lbhunbjturkhf (b ji`br kiiustrbtkdh dn `jd-

hdlkj gdwhfrbgkhf). B nurta`r jdhs`qu`hj` dn taks saknt kh g`lbhg wbs b

r`guj`g rdi` dn stbhgbrgs kh prdgujtkdh prdj`ss`s bhg kh prdgujts. Wa` stdry dn

Fbcdhs tklc`r prdgujts ks qukt` sklkibr. Vaki` Jakhbs g`lbhg ndr wddg abs

frdwh rbpkgiy, kts jdlp`t`hjk`s kh wddg-uskhf khgustrk`s abv` bisd `xpbhg`g, bhg

ta` sadrtnbii kh suppiy abs i`g td Jakhb klpdrtkhf idfs rbta`r tabh prdj`ss`g

wddg prdgujts. Wa` saknt kh ta` `hg lbro`t nrdl ta` @P td Jakhb bisd i`g td b jdi-

ibps` dn stbhgbrgs. Wa` butadrs dn jabpt`r 1 suff`st tabt fr`bt`r g`lbhgs ndr

qubikty r`qukr` ta` jbpbjkty td klprdv` qubikty bhg sokii i`vìs dv`r tkl`. Vkta ta`

lbro`t sakntkhf td Jakhb, Fbcdh`s` tklc`r suppik`rs jbh sìi tklc`r prdgujts td

Jakhb krr`sp`jtkv` dn ta` qubikty, bs idhf bs ta` prkj` ks idw bhg vdiul`s br` ibrf`.

^krtubiiy hdh` dn ta` `hvkrdhl`htbi dr ibcdr stbhgbrgs r`qukr`g ndr `xpdrt td ta`

@P bppiy td prdgujts `xpdrt`g td Jakhb.

Wa` saknt dn g`lbhg nrdl ta` Hdrta td ta` Zduta, bt i`bst wa`h kt jdl`s td

Jakhb, jr`bt`s b ckhg ndr suppik`rs kh ta` g`vìdpkhf wdrig. Dh ta` dh` abhg,Jakhb bhg dta`r `l`rfkhf `jdhdlk`s jbh cddst ta` vdiul` dn `xpdrts td dta`r

g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s kh ta` sadrt ruh, jdlp`hsbtkhf ndr nbiikhf `xpdrts td khgus-

trkbi jduhtrk`s bhg dp`hkhf up `xpdrt dppdrtuhktk`s ndr slbii-sjbi` nkrls dr nkrls

wkta iklkt`g jbpbckiktk`s. Dh ta` dta`r abhg, ta` saknt td ldr` cbskj prdgujts bhg

prdj`ss`s wkta idw`r stbhgbrgs jduig stbii khgustrkbi upfrbgkhf kh ta` l`gkul ruh

bhg idhf ruh. Bs jabpt`r 1 sadws, taks saknt kh g`lbhg bhg g`jikh` kh prdj`sskhf

r`qukr`l`hts abv` jdhs`qu`hj`s ndr nbjtdr utkikzbtkdh bhg r`turh dh khv`stl`ht kh

`xpdrtkhf jduhtrk`s, wakja lust ndr`fd ta` ndr`kfh `xjabhf` bhg sucstbhtkbi fbkhskh `lpidyl`ht bhg sokii bssdjkbt`g wkta gdwhstr`bl prdj`sskhf bjtkvktk`s bhg nbj`

r`guj`g khj`htkv`s ndr jbpktbi khv`stl`ht.

Zaknts kh Fidcbi Urdgujtkdh

Zkhj` ta` 2;15s fidcbikzbtkdh abs g``p`h`g, wkta bh khjr`bskhf hulc`r dn g`vìdpkhf-

jduhtry nkrls pbrtkjkpbtkhf kh F^Js, typkjbiiy cy prdgujkhf kht`rl`gkbt` khputs dr

p`rndrlkhf nkhbi bss`lciy. F^Js `xpbhg`g bt gknn`r`ht rbt`s, wkta bppbrì bhg butd-

ldcki`s frdwkhf kh ta` 2;>5s bhg 2;65s kh t`rls dn ta` gksp`rskdh bhg jdlpi`xkty

dn ta` suppiy jabkh? ta` i`jtrdhkjs khgustry i`bgkhf ta` wby kh ta` 2;;5s bhg 3555s?

bhg ta` s`rvkj`s s`jtdr, bhg `sp`jkbiiy cuskh`ss prdj`ss dutsdurjkhf, c`khf ta` ldst

r`j`ht `xblpi` dn gyhblkj F^Js. Vaki` kt ks gknnkjuit td f`h`rbikz` bjrdss bii



40/419

khgustrk`s, ta` 35515; jrksks bjjì`rbt`g jdhsdikgbtkdh tr`hgs, uhg`r wby skhj` ta`

2;;5s, kh s`v`rbi khgustrk`s.

Jdhsdikgbtkdh dn F^Js

Lkic`rf bhg Vkhoi`r (jabpt`r 3) prdvkg` `vkg`hj` dn f`dfrbpakj jdhsdikgbtkdh

wkta ta` dhs`t dn ta` jrksks. Wa`y nkhg tabt jdhsdikgbtkdh ks ldst prdhduhj`g kh

t`xtki`s, krdh bhg st`ì, lbjakh`ry, bhg trbhspdrtbtkdh. Kh sdl` s`jtdrs, khjiugkhf

abhgcbfs, bppbrì, bhg nddtw`br, jdhsdikgbtkdh c`fbh kh ta` 2;;5s. Wa` i`vì dn

jdhsdikgbtkdh vbrk`s nrdl s`jtdr td s`jtdr, bhg wktakh `bja s`jtdr, g`p`hgkhf dh

ta` strujtur` dn prdgujtkdh bhg trbg`. Ndr xblpi`, kh ta` jdht`xt dn ta` jrksks, ta`

butadrs suff`st tabt cuy`r-grkv`h vbiu` jabkhs, wa`r` ibrf` r`tbki`rs iko` Vbilbrt

bjt bs drg`r-pibjkhf i`bg nkrls, abv` `xp`rk`hj`g akfa`r jdhsdikgbtkdh tabh abv`

prdguj`r-grkv`h jabkhs, wa`r` crbhg`g lbhunbjtur`rs bhg t`jahdidfy jdlpb-

hk`s iko` Ndrg bhg A`wi`tt Ubjobrg i`bg F^Js. Waks jduig c` c`jbus` t`jahdidfy,

jbpktbi, bhg sokii-kht`hskv` vbiu` jabkh bjtkvktk`s br` abrg`r td rìdjbt` bhg sjbi` up

kh sp`jknkj jduhtry idjbtkdhs tabh ks ibcdr-kht`hskv` wdro.

H`v rtaì`ss, ta` jdhsdikgbtkdh pa`hdl`hdh abs c``h dcs`rv`g bjrdss ta` sp`j-

trul dn ta` s`jtdrs jdv`r`g cy taks vdiul`. Zturf`dh bhg Obwboblk (jabpt`r 6)

suff`st tabt ta` jrksks sp`g up b prdj`ss dn jdhsdikgbtkdh kh i`jtrdhkjs tabt abg c``h

uhg`r wby skhj` ta` curstkhf dn ta` t`jahdidfy cucci` kh 3552. Urdgujtkdh idjb-tkdhs kh ì`jtrdhkjs vbiu` jabkhs abv` c``h i`ss gksp`rs`g tabh kh dta`r s`jtdrs, suja

bs bppbrì, cut skhj` ta` 3552 gdt.jdl jrksks bhg bjjì`rbt`g cy ta` 35515; jrksks, b

saknt td `l`rfkhf jduhtrk`s, `sp`jkbiiy Jakhb, abs bjjì`rbt`g.

F`r`nnk bhg Nr`g`rkjo (jabpt`r 0) gdjul`ht b jdhsdikgbtkdh prdj`ss kh ta`

bppbrì khgustry spurr`g cy ta` pabs`dut dn ta` Luitk-Nkcr` Brrbhf`l`hts qud-

tbs bt ta` `hg dn 3557. Wa`y sadw tabt ibrf`, idw-jdst Bskbh prdguj`rs (Jakhb,

Cbhfibg`sa, Khgdh`skb, bhg ^k`thbl) abv` khjr`bs`g ta`kr `xpdrt lbro`t sabr`s bt

ta` `xp`hs` dn r`fkdhbi sdurjkhf jduhtrk`s suja bs L`xkjbh, J`htrbi Bl`rkjbh,bhg Jbrkcc`bh suppik`rs ndr ta` Phkt`g Ztbt`s, bs wìi Hdrta Bnrkjbh bhg @bst`rh

@urdp`bh suppik`rs ndr ta` @P. Wa` saknt td ibrf` jduhtrk`s kh @bst bhg Zduta Bskb

abs jdl` bt ta` `xp`hs` dn i`ss-g`vìdp`g jduhtrk`s kh Zuc-Zbabrbh Bnrkjb bhg

slbii`r `jdhdlk`s kh Zduta`bst Bskb.

Kh ta` butdldcki` s`jtdr, ^bh Ck`s`crd`jo bhg Zturf`dh (jabpt`r >) dcs`rv` ta`

c`fkhhkhf dn b akstdrkj lbro`t saknt wktakh ta` butdldtkv` khgustry td ibrf` g`vì-

dpkhf jduhtrk`s, ldst ikoìy bjjì`rbt`g cy ta` jrksks. Wa` butadrs pr`gkjt tabt ta`

jurr`ht g`jikh` kh ldr` lbtur` lbro`ts ks ikoìy td c` p`rlbh`ht bhg tabt Jakhb

wkii sddh djjupy ta` tdp spdt bhg o``p kt ndr ta` ndr`s``bci` nutur`. Kh ta` butdld-

tkv` khgustry, prdgujtkdh abs t`hg`g td ndiidw lbro`ts.

Jdhsdikgbtkdh ks tbokhf pibj` hdt dhiy bt ta` jduhtry i`vì, cut bisd bt ta`

nkrl i`vì. Wa`r` ks b t`hg`hjy cy i`bg nkrls td pr`n`r ibrf`r, ldr` jbpbci`,

2> Fidcbi ^biu` Jabkhs kh b Udstjrksks Vdrig


41/419

fidcbiiy dp`rbtkhf, nkrst-tk`r suppik`rs. Waks jbh c` dcs`rv`g kh ta` bppbrì,

butdldcki`, bhg ì`jtrdhkjs s`jtdrs. Waks tr`hg pr`gbt`s ta` jrksks? adw`v`r,

i`bg nkrls us`g ta` jrksks td jdhsdikgbt` ta`kr suppiy cbs`s nurta`r bhg ndjus dh

ckf, wìi-`stbciksa`g jdlpbhk`s wkta wadl ta`y abv` dhfdkhf strbt`fkj rìb-

tkdhsakps. Waus, ta` ìklkhbtkdh bhg sautgdwh dn lbrfkhbi suppik`rs gurkhf

ta` jrksks jduig `xbj`rcbt` bsyll`trkj cuykhf pbtt`rhs wa`h g`lbhg r`jdv`rs.

C`jbus` ibrf` drg`rs fkv` ta`l bh bgvbhtbf` kh jr`gkt lbro`ts, fidcbi suppik`rs

wkii c` kh b c`tt`r pdsktkdh td `xpbhg wa`h ta` lbro`t r`cduhgs, nurta`r r`kh-

ndrjkhf ta` jdhsdikgbtkdh dn F^Js bt ta` nkrl i`vì.

Jabii`hf`s ndr g`vìdpl`ht

G`vìdpkhf-jduhtry nkrls s`òkhf `htry bhg upfrbgkhf dppdrtuhktk`s kh F^Js

nkhg tabt jabhfkhf rdi`s kh `xpdrt ak`rbrjak`s ks hdt bh `bsy tbso. Wa` jdhsdikgb-

tkdh dn F^Js abs biidw`g tads` g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s bhg nkrls tabt abv` sp`-

jknkj jbpbckiktk`s td r`lbkh kh ta` fbl`? ta`y lby nkhg upfrbgkhf dppdrtuhktk`s

bs ta`kr rìbtkdhsakps wkta i`bg nkrls c`jdl` jids`r bhg ldr` strbt`fkj, dr ta`y

lby nkhg ta`kr pbtas cidjo`g bs ta`y f`t tdd jids` td jdlp`tkhf wkta ta`kr jus-

tdl`rs. Ji`briy, lbro`t skz` ks j`htrbi td i`bg nkrls sdurjkhf bhg prdgujtkdh

g`jkskdhs bs ta` pdt`htkbi ndr idjbi khgustrkbi frdwta dnt`h frbvktbt`s tdwbrg ta`

ibrf`st g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s. ^bh Ck`s`crd`jo bhg Zturf`dh (jabpt`r >) prdvkg`bh `xblpi` dn b vkrtudus jyji` dn g`vìdpl`ht kh ibrf` `l`rfkhf `jdhdlk`s kh

ta` butdldcki` s`jtdr= i`bg nkrls sdig nkhbi prdgujts kh v`ry ibrf` lbro`ts dhiy,

suja bs Crbzki, Jakhb, dr Khgkb? taks i`g ta`l td `stbciksa idjbi g`skfh, `hfkh``r-

khf, bhg r`fkdhbi a`bgqubrt`rs nbjkiktk`s, wakja prdvkg` dppdrtuhktk`s ndr idjbi

suppik`rs.

Jdhsdikgbtkdh dn F^Js abs s`rkdus klpikjbtkdhs ndr tads` jduhtrk`s bhg nkrls

wkta iklkt`g jbpbckiktk`s s`òkhf td ldv` up ta` vbiu` jabkh, bhg kt lby wdro td

`xjiug` pdt`htkbi h`w `htrbhts `htkrìy. Kn sdl` jduhtrk`s bhg nkrls abv` b sdikgfrkp bt ta` i`vì dn fidcbi nkrst-tk`r suppik`rs, taks jduig c` bh dcstbji` td h`w htry

dr upfrbgkhf ndr idw`r-tk`r jduhtrk`s bhg nkrls. Ndr `xblpi`, kh ta` ì`jtrdhkjs

bhg butdldtkv` khgustrk`s, ta` `l`rf`hj` dn pdw`rnui nkrst-tk`r suppik`rs bhg ta`

klpdrtbhj` dn strbt`fkj rìbtkdhsakps wkta b abhgnui dn o`y jdlpdh`ht suppik`rs

(dr pibtndrl i`bg`rs) iklkt ta` `htry bhg upfrbgkhf dppdrtuhktk`s ndr idw`r-tk`r

suppik`rs kh suppiy jabkhs. ^bh Ck`s`crd`jo bhg Zturf`dh (jabpt`r >) jdhjiug`

tabt slbii g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s nbr nrdl ibrf` `xkstkhf lbro`ts abv` f`h`rbiiy

c``h uhbci` td g`vìdp ta`kr butdldtkv` khgustrk`s bhg wkii jdhtkhu` td abv`

`xtr`l` gknnkjuity gdkhf sd kh ta` nutur`. Bjjdrgkhf td Zturf`dh bhg Obwboblk

(jabpt`r 6), jduhtrk`s bhg nkrls hdt y`t khvdiv`g kh ì`jtrdhkjs F^Js bpp`br td c`

dut dn ta` fbl` ndr ta` ndr`s``bci` nutur`. F`r`nnk bhg Nr`g rkjo (jabpt`r 0) brfu`

tabt r`qukr`l`hts ndr nuii-pbjobf` s`rvkj`s kh ta` bppbrì khgustry (nrdl g`skfh td



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gkstrkcutkdh) put jduhtrk`s prdvkgkhf dhiy bss`lciy s`rvkj`s (jut, lbo`, bhg

trkl) bt b s`v`r` gksbgvbhtbf` ldvkhf ndrwbrg.

Jduhtrk`s bhg nkrls tabt c`h`nkt nrdl jdhsdikgbtkdh bisd nbj` jabii`hf`s. Wa`

jdhstbht jdlp`tktkdh ndr ndr`kfh khv`stl`ht bhg jdhtrbjts wkta fidcbi crbhg

dwh`rs bhg dta`r i`bg nkrls i`bv`s lbhy g`vìdpkhf-jduhtry suppik`rs wkta iktti`

i`v`rbf` kh ta` jabkh. Wa` r`suit ks bh uh`qubi pbrtktkdh dn ta` tdtbi vbiu`-bgg`g

bhg r`wbrgs bidhf vbiu` jabkhs kh nbvdr dn i`bg nkrls. Waks ks ta` jbs`, ndr `xblpi`,

kh ta` bppbrì s`jtdr (jabpt`r 0). Kh ì`jtrdhkjs, jabpt`r 6 sadws tabt `v`h ta`

wdrigs lbmdr jdhtrbjt lbhunbjtur`rs abv` c``h trbpp`g kh idw vbiu`-bgg`g s`f-

l`hts dn ta` vbiu` jabkh. Kh ta` p`rsdhbi jdlput`r khgustry, ldst dn ta` prdnkts

abv` c``h jbptur`g cy crbhg`g i`bg nkrls suja bs Gìi bhg A`wi`tt Ubjobrg, bhg

`sp`jkbiiy cy pibtndrl i`bg`rs kh sdntwbr` dp`rbtkhf syst`ls (Lkjrdsdnt) bhg j`h-

trbi prdj`sskhf uhkt jakp s`ts (Khtì).

B nurta`r qu`stkdh td c` gksjuss`g ks wa`ta`r ta`s` saknts kh prdgujtkdh td ta`

ibrf`st g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s br` p`rlbh`ht. Bs `xpibkh`g cy Zturf`dh bhg

Obwboblk (jabpt`r 6), khhdvbtkdh r`lbkhs b jabii`hf` ndr g`vìdpkhf-jduhtry

nkrls. Dh dh` abhg, idjbi nkrls lby `hjduht`r prdci`ls bs h`w t`jahdidfk`s

jdl` bidhf dr idjbi jdhsul`rs c`fkh td bso ndr ldr` sdpakstkjbt`g prdgujts. Dh

ta` dta`r abhg, kt ks ikoìy tabt ta` i`brhkhf jurv` ndr idjbi nkrls wkii aìp g`vìdp

g``p`r `xp`rtks` (ndr `xblpi`, g`skfh) bhg khjr`bs` jdlp`tktkv`h`ss vks--vksluitkhbtkdhbi jdlpbhk`s dv`r ta` idhf ruh. Kh ta` s`rvkj`s s`jtdr, ta` sustbkhbcki-

kty qu`stkdh rìbt`s td ta` bckikty dn g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s td suppiy `hdufa sokii`g

p`rsdhhì td jdhtkhu` td adst dnnsadr` nbjkiktk`s (jabpt`r ;).

Zdl` dcs`rv`rs suff`st, adw`v`r, tabt g`vìdp`g jduhtrk`s br` idskhf ta`kr

i`bg`rsakp kh khhdvbtkdh. Ndr `xblpi`, Ndrtuh` 055 jdlpbhk`s hdw abv` ;1 S&G

j`ht`rs kh Jakhb bhg >: kh Khgkb? KCL `lpidys ldr` p`dpi` kh ta` g`vìdpkhf

wdrig tabh kh Bl`rkjb? bhg kh 3551, ta` Jakh`s` tì`jdl fkbht Aubw`k bppik`g ndr

ldr` kht`rhbtkdhbi pbt`hts tabh bhy dta`r nkrl kh ta` wdrig. G`vìdpkhf jduh-trk`s abv` tbo`h ta` i`bg kh prdgujts tbkidr`g td ta` h``g dn ta`kr adl` lbro`ts

bhg dta`r lbro`ts kh ta` Zduta. Zd-jbii`g nrufbi khhdvbtkdh (ndr `xblpi`, ta`

$:55 hdt`cddo jdlput`r dr ta` $:,555 jbr) ndr idw-khjdl` jdhsul`rs abs

c`jdl` b r`bi nbjtdr kh h`w lbro`t jr`btkdh (@jdhdlkst3525). Adw`v`r, ta`s`

sujj`ss`s lby abv` b sadrt ikn` spbh? kh bhy jbs`, ta`y khvdiv` dhiy b iklkt`g hul-

c`r dn g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s, i`bvkhf dta`rs, pbrtkjuibr ta` i`bst-g`vìdp`g jduh-

trk`s, dut dn jdht`htkdh.

Jdhjiuskdhs

Wa` butadrs kh taks vdiul` suppdrt ta` jdhjiuskdh tabt ta` jrksks dn 35515; abs

hdt r`v`rs`g fidcbikzbtkdh. F^Js abv` prdv`h r`skik`ht bhg abv` `l`rf`g bs b



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idhf-t`rl strujturbi n`btur` dn ta` wdrig `jdhdly. Adw`v`r, klpdrtbht saknts kh

fidcbi prdgujtkdh bhg g`lbhg abv` tbo`h pibj` bhg ta` jrksks abs bjjì`rbt`g pr`-

`xkstkhf tr`hgs tdwbrg f`dfrbpakj bhg drfbhkzbtkdhbi jdhsdikgbtkdh. Wa` jrksks

abs bisd uhg`rikh`g ta` frdwkhf klpdrtbhj` dn lbro`ts kh ta` Zduta. Wa`s`

jabhf`s jr`bt` dppdrtuhktk`s ndr g`vìdpl`ht, bidhf wkta jabii`hf`s, cut ta` c`h-

`nkts bhg cbrrk`rs br` uh`v`hiy gkstrkcut`g bldhf g`vìdpkhf jduhtrk`s. Waks vdi-

ul` suff`sts tabt wdrig prdgujtkdh bhg g`lbhg pbtt`rhs abv` r`lbkh`g fidcbi

bhg tabt ta` rdi` dn ta` Zduta abs frdwh, cut kh`qubiktk`s bldhf g`vìdpkhf

jduhtrk`s tar`bt`h td rks`.

Kh bggktkdh td ta` klpdrtbhj` dn ta`s` f`h`rbi pbtt`rhs, khgustry gyhblkjs

lbtt`r. Kt ks `ss`htkbi td uhg`rstbhg jdhgktkdhs kh sp`jknkj khgustry vbiu` jabkhs kh

ta` pdstjrksks wdrig, bhg ta` dppdrtuhktk`s bhg jabii`hf`s ta`y jr`bt` ndr g`vìdp-

khf jduhtrk`s s`òkhf td `ht`r bhg upfrbg` wktakh ta`s` jabkhs. Bjjdrgkhfiy, taks

vdiul` khktkbiiy prdvkg`s b fidcbi p`rsp`jtkv` dh ta` jrksks bhg kts klpbjts dh

fidcbi prdgujtkdh bhg g`lbhg kh ta` nkrst tar`` jabpt`rs, bhg ta`h turhs kh ta`

h`xt nkv` jabpt`rs td ta` sp`jknkjs dn F^Js kh o`y khgustrk`s tabt br` grkvkhf kht`-

frbtkdh dn ta` wdrig `jdhdly.

Hdt`s

2. Ndr ldr` cbjofrduhg dh ta` fidcbi vbiu` jabkh p`rsp`jtkv` bhg rìbt`g pucikjbtkdhs, s`` ta`

Fidcbi ^biu` Jabkhs V`c skt`= attp=//www.fidcbivbiu`jabkhs.drf/.

3. Wa` Frdup dn Ww`hty l`lc`rs br` nkhbhj` lkhkst`rs bhg j`htrbi cbho fdv`rhdrs dn 2; jduh-

trk`s (Brf`htkhb, Bustrbikb, Crbzki, Jbhbgb, Jakhb, Nrbhj`, F`rlbhy, Khgkb, Khgdh`skb, Ktbiy, Mbpbh,

S`pucikj dn Odr`b, L`xkjd, Susskb, Zbugk Brbckb, Zduta Bnrkjb, Wuro`y, Phkt`g Okhfgdl, bhg Phkt`g

Ztbt`s dn Bl`rkjb) bhg ta` @urdp`bh Phkdh.

:. Ztbt`l`ht dn ta` I`bg`rs dn ta` Frdup dn Ww`hty, Idhgdh, Bprki 3, 355;, pbrbfrbpa 33.

7. Ztbt`l`ht dn ta` I`bg`rs dn ta` Frdup dn Ww`hty, Ukttscurfa, Z`pt`lc`r 30, 355;, pbrbfrbpas 0>.

0. Waks jrksks ks hdt must b fidcbi jrksks. Waks jrksks ks hdt b jrksks kh fidcbikzbtkdh. Waks jrksks ks b jrk-

sks dn fidcbikzbtkdh, Hkjdibs Zbrodzy, Ur`skg`ht dn ta` Nr`hja S`pucikj, Vdrig @jdhdlkj Ndrul,

Gbvds, Zwktz`ribhg, Mbhubry 36, 3525.>. Wa` butadrs bisd bjohdwi`gf` b hulc`r dn bjjduhtkhf bhg dta`r prdci`ls tabt lkfat `xbff`r-

bt` ta` `nn`jt dn ta` jrksks dh trbg`.

6. Adw`v`r, twd jbv`bts br` klpdrtbht kh ta` Jakh`s` ldcki` padh` jbs`. Nkrst, luitkhbtkdhbi jdl-

pbhy crbhgs qukjoiy fbkh`g cbjo lbro`t sabr` wkta ta` trbhsktkdh td ldr` n`btur`-rkja :F padh`s.

Idjbi crbhgs jduig hdt lbo` taks saknt wktadut fkvkhf ldst dn ta`kr prdnkts up td cuy L`gkbW o jakp s`ts

pibtndrls. Wa`y gkg hdt abv` ta` kht`rhbi `xp`rtks` td ldv` wkta ta` lbro`t. Z`jdhg, idjbi prdgujtkdh

kh Jakhb ks dnt`h hdt jbrrk`g dut cy idjbi nkrls.

S`n`r`hj`sCbigwkh, Skjabrg, `g. 355;. Wa` Fr`bt Wrbg` Jdiibps`= Jbus`s, Jdhs`qu`hj`s bhg Urdsp`jts. J`htr` ndr

@jdhdlkj Udikjy S`s`brja ndr ^[email protected].

Cdrja`rt, Khfd, bhg Bbgktyb Lbttdd. 355;. Wa` Jrksks-S`skik`hj` dn Z`rvkj`s Wrbg`. Vdrig Cbho Udikjy

S`s`brja Vdrokhf Ubp`r 7;26. Vdrig Cbho, Vbsakhftdh, GJ.

S`skik`hj`, Jdhsdikgbtkdh, bhg Zakntkhf @hg Lbro`ts 2;


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Jidta`sdurj`. 3551. Wa` Fr`bt Bppbrì Zdurjkhf Kssu`s dn 3551Bhg Adw Wd G`bi wkta Wa`l.

Lbrja Lbhbf`l`ht Crk`nkhf. Brdq Iklkt`g, Vdrj`st`rsakr`, PO.

@jdhdlkst. 3525. Wa` H`w Lbst`rs dn Lbhbf`l`ht. 20 Bprki. Idhgdh.

@v`h`tt, Zkldh M., C`rhbrg Adòlbh, bhg Dikvk`r Jbttbh`d, `gs. 355;. @nn`jtkv` Jrksks S`spdhs` bhgDp`hh`ss= Klpikjbtkdhs ndr ta` Wrbgkhf Zyst`l. Idhgdh= J`htr` ndr @jdhdlkj Udikjy S`s`brja

(J@US) bhg Vdrig Cbho.

N`rrbhtkhd, Lkjabì M., bhg Bkl`` Ibrs`h. 355;. Wrbhslksskdh dn ta` S`j`sskdh tardufa P.Z. Wrbg`.

^[email protected]. Bufust 3;.

Nrùhg, Jbrdikh`. 355;. Wa` Wrbg` S`spdhs` td Fidcbi Gdwhturhs= Akstdrkjbi @vkg`hj`. Vdrig Cbho

Udikjy S`s`brja Vdrokhf Ubp`r 0520. Vdrig Cbho, Vbsakhftdh, GJ.

Nuobd, Oydmk, bhg Wbhfmuh [ubh. 355;. Vay Ks Mbpbh Zd A`bvkiy Bnn`jt`g cy ta` @jdhdlkj Jrksks4 Bh

Bhbiysks Cbs`g dh ta` Bskbh Kht`rhbtkdhbi Khput-Dutput Wbci`s. ^[email protected]. Muh` 1.

F`r`nnk, Fbry. 2;;7. Wa` Drfbhkzbtkdh dn Cuy`r-Grkv`h Fidcbi Jdlldgkty Jabkhs= Adw P.Z. S`tbki-

`rs Zabp` Dv`rs`bs Urdgujtkdh H`twdros. Kh Jdlldgkty Jabkhs bhg Fidcbi Jbpktbiksl, `g. Fbry

F`r`nnk bhg Lkfuì Odrz`hk`wkjz, ;0233. V`stpdrt, JW= Fr``hwddg Ur`ss.. 2;;;. Kht`rhbtkdhbi Wrbg` bhg Khgustrkbi Ppfrbgkhf kh ta` Bppbrì Jdlldgkty Jabkh.Mdurhbi

dn Kht`rhbtkdhbi @jdhdlkjs 71 (2)= :665.

F`r`nnk, Fbry, Mdah Aulpar`y, bhg Wkldtay Zturf`dh. 3550. Wa` Fdv`rhbhj` dn Fidcbi ^biu`

Jabkhs. S`vk`w dn Kht`rhbtkdhbi Udiktkjbi @jdhdly23 (2)= 61257.

Adiibhg, Gbwh, Sby Cbrrìi, Wbtkbhb Nkj, Kbh Aurst, Kbhb Ikbgz`, Bik Drbzfbhk, bhg Sbjaì Vaktwdrta.

355;. Jdhsul`r Zp`hgkhf bhg ta` Nkhbhjkbi Jrksks. Hbtkdhbi Khstktut` @jdhdlkj S`vk`w

325 (Djtdc`r)= ;20.

KID (Kht`rhbtkdhbi Ibcdur Drfbhkzbtkdh). 3525. Fidcbi @lpidyl`ht Wr`hgs. F`h`vb= KID.

Mbhs`h, Lbrkdh, bhg @rko vdh P`xouii. 3525. Wrbg` bhg @lpidyl`ht kh ta` Fidcbi Jrksks. F`h`vb= Kht`r-

hbtkdhbi Ibcdur Drfbhkzbtkdh.

I`s @jads. 3525. ]brb pduss` i`s nùx gbhs i`s pbys l`rf`hts. Lbrja 21. Ubrks.Lb, Biysdh, bhg Brk ^bh Bssja`. 355;. Va`h Jakhb Zh``z`s, Bskb Jbtja`s b Jdig= @nn`jts dn Jakhbs

@xpdrt G`jikh` kh ta` S`bil dn ta` Fidcbi @jdhdlkj Jrksks. Cur`bu dn @urdp`bh Udikjy Bgvks`rs

Ldhtaiy Crk`n 36 (Muh`)= :3:>.

Lbiduja`, Lbrk`l. 355;. Wrbg` bhg Wrbg` Nkhbhj` G`vìdpl`hts kh 27 G`vìdpkhf Jduhtrk`s Udst-

Z`pt`lc`r 3551= B Vdrig Cbho Zurv`y. Vdrig Cbho Udikjy S`s`brja Vdrokhf Ubp`r 02:1. Vdrig

Cbho, Vbsakhftdh, GJ.

S`khabrt, Jbrl`h, bhg Bhgr`w Nìtdh. 3551. Wa` Nkrst Fidcbi Jrksks dn ta` 32st J`htury. J`htr` ndr

@jdhdlkj Udikjy S`s`brja ndr ^[email protected].

Vdrig Cbho. 3525. Fidcbi @jdhdlkj Urdsp`jts 3525. Vbsakhftdh, GJ= Vdrig Cbho.

VWD (Vdrig Wrbg` Drfbhkzbtkdh). 355;.355; Kht rhbtkdhbi Wrbg` Ztbtkstkjs. F`h`vb= VWD.

. 3525.3525 Kht rhbtkdhbi Wrbg` Ztbtkstkjs. F`h`vb= VWD.



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UbrtKK

WA@ jrksks bhgtr`hgs kh

fidcbi trbg`,g`lbhg, bhgprdgujtkdh


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3:

2

3

Fidcbi vbiu` jabkhs (F^Js), wakja dhiy r`j`htiy `ht`r`g khtd ta` purvk`w dn

`jdhdlksts, br` hdw bt ta` j`ht`r dn ta` g`cbt` dv`r ta` jbus`s bhg jdhs`qu`hj`s

dn ta` 35515; jdhdlkj jrksks bhg jdiibps` dn fidcbi trbg`. N``hstrb (2;;1) hdt`gta` prdlkh`hj` dn b fidcbi gkskht`frbtkdh dn prdgujtkdh, cut hdt uhtki ta` `ssby

cy Frdsslbh bhg Sdssk-Abhsc`rf (355>) dh ta` wìnbr` `nn`jts dn dnnsadrkhf wbs

ta`r` crdbg bjohdwi`gfl`ht cy `jdhdlksts dn ta` `xtrbdrgkhbry hbtur` dn trbg`

wktakh F^Jswabt ta` butadrs jbii trbg` kh tbsos rbta`r tabh trbgktkdhbi trbg`

kh nkhbi fddgs. Ur`vkdusiy, trbg` kh kht`rl`gkbt`s wbs f`h`rbiiy ldgì`g bs b

r`nkh`l`ht dn ta` kht`rhbtkdhbi gkvkskdh dn ibcdr bjjdrgkhf td prkhjkpi`s dn jdl-

pbrbtkv` bgvbhtbf` (ndr `xblpi`, s`` Brhgt bhg Ok`rzodwsok, 3552). Zkhj` ta`

fidcbi gdwhturh, F^Js br` s``h bs j`htrbi td ta` grblbtkj jdiibps` dn wdrigtrbg` (s`` ta` brrby dn jdhtrkcutkdhs kh Cbigwkh 355;b). Vìi gdjul`ht`g, taks

jdiibps` abs c``h ldr` s`v`r`, rbpkg, bhg p`rskst`ht tabh trbg` jdiibps`s `xp`rk-

`hj`g kh ta` pbst, khjiugkhf gurkhf ta` Fr`bt G`pr`sskdh. Waks jabpt`r `xpidr`s

ta` rdi` dn F^Js kh ta` 355; trbg` jdiibps` bhg ta` prdsp`jts ndr wdrig trbg` bhg

k

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Global Value Chains in a Postcrisis World: A Development Perspective