243© The Author(s) 2019T. Hüsken, Tribal Politics in the Borderland of Egypt and Libya, Palgrave Series in African Borderlands Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92342-0

‘adala justiceadat wa taqalid customs and traditionsahl al-dhimma people protected under Islamic lawahl al-kitab People of the Book (referring to Christians and Jews)amar al-damm the unit of blood, the kinship group that bears (criminal)

responsibility‘aila, pl.‘a’ilat extended family, lineage, clan‘aqil, pl.‘awaqil wise senior man, elder‘asabiya tribal solidarity based on agnatic cognationbaraka blessingBarqa, Barga Cyrenaica, the eastern coastal region of LibyaDa‘ish Islamic Statefasad corruptiongaddiya earnestnessal-Gama‘a al-Islamiya the Islamic Group, Egyptian Sunni Islamist

movement (1992–1998)gharib stranger (non-kin)gumla collective form of workinggumruk customs

Glossary of arabic Terms

244 GLOSSARY OF ARABIC TERMS

Hizb al-Nour Party of the Light, Egyptian Salafist party founded in 2011al-Hizb al-Watani National Democratic Party (NDP), Egypthukm judgment (customary law), governance, order‘ib shameful, sinfulal-Ikhwan al-Muslimin the Muslim Brotherhood, trans-national Sunni

Islamic organization founded by Hassan al-Banna in 1928jalabiya/galabiya robeal-Jama‘a al-Islamiya al-Muqatila bi Libya the Libyan Islamic Fighting

Group (LIFG), founded in 1995 by Libyans who had fought against the Soviet forces in Afghanistan

al-ligan al-thawriya revolutionary committees, Libyakatiba, pl. kata’ib militia, armed group, brigademadrasa, pl. madaris religious school, often without formal registrationMaglis al-Sha‘b the People’s Assembly, Egyptmajalis al-hukama’ councils of law and rule by customary law, Libyamahmul mobile phonemandub member of parliamentmarbu‘a, pl. marabi‘ the men’s space and the room where guests are

received in the tribal housemardi, pl. maradi conflict mediator on the basis of customary lawmi‘ad case or trial in customary lawmuharrib, pl. muharribin smugglermutatarrif, pl. mutatarrifin radical, attributed to Islamistsnas min wadi al-Nil People from the Nile Valley, attributed to Egyptians

by the Awlad ‘Alial-nitham literally “the system,” used by Egyptian revolutionary protest-

ers as a signifier for the regime of Hosni Mubarakqabaliya tribalism (in the sense of factionalism)qabila tribe, clanqaraba/garaba agnatic kinshipqarib, pl. qaribin relativeal-Qiyadat al-Sha‘biya al-Ijtima‘iya Popular Social Leadership Councils,

created by the Gaddafi regime in 1993 for the co-option of local tribal authorities

ragil al-khir a man of good fortune, a man of authority in tribal societyrijal al-khayma the men of the tent, important informal circle around

Gaddafi

245 GLOSSARY OF ARABIC TERMS

Sad Shin abbreviation for al-Sahara’ al-Sharqiya (the Eastern Desert), signifier for smuggling attributed to the borderland tribes, used not only in a ironic, but also in a morally disqualifying, way

Salafiya or al-haraka al-Salafiya Salafists, the Salafist movementsamada head scarfSanusiya Islamic reform movement founded by the Islamic preacher and

learned reformer Muhammad bin ‘Ali al-Sanusi in 1843.shanna red or black felt capshari‘a Islamic lawal-shar‘iya al-thawriya revolutionary legitimacy (in the Gaddafi era)sheikh or sheikh al-qabila tribal chief (Libya) or administrative tribal

chief (Egypt); spiritual leader/mentor; preacher; holy mansidriya Bedouin waistcoatsiyasat al-‘a’ilat politics of extended families, attributed to (clientelist)

kinship politicssiyasa taht al-tarabiza politics under the table, clandestine politicssulh reconciliation (customary law)Suq Libya the Libyan Market in Marsa Matrouh, Egypttahrib smugglingtijara tradethuwwar revolutionaries‘umda superior tribal chief (Libya) or superior administrative tribal chief

(Egypt)umma comprehensive community of believers in Islam‘urf customary lawwad‘ al-yadd putting one’s hand on sth., namely, land, turning land into

private property (customary law)watan territory or homeland of kinship associations like clans and tribeszawiya, pl. zawiyat religious endowment (of the Sanusiya)

247© The Author(s) 2019T. Hüsken, Tribal Politics in the Borderland of Egypt and Libya, Palgrave Series in African Borderlands Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92342-0

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261© The Author(s) 2019T. Hüsken, Tribal Politics in the Borderland of Egypt and Libya, Palgrave Series in African Borderlands Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92342-0

Index1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to notes.

AAccountability, 17, 21Activists, 207, 208, 214Actors, 64–68, 78, 80, 81, 91, 93, 95,

104, 106, 110, 113, 119, 123, 126, 130, 138, 142, 145, 147–149, 154n31, 155n40

Affiliation, 238Alliance, 171, 175, 176Anonymization, 17Appropriation, 75, 82, 93, 112, 130,

131, 133, 140, 142Arms, 167, 174, 186, 193–195,

199n22Associations, 62, 69–72, 74, 76–79,

81–91, 94, 95, 97–106, 110, 112, 113, 115–122, 129–135, 137–142, 145, 148–151, 151n4, 157n51

Authoritarian, 234, 235, 238Authority, 1–3, 5, 6

Awlad ‘Ali, 31–34, 36–48, 50, 51, 52n2, 52–53n4, 53n8, 53n10, 54n16–18, 55n33, 56n39

BBenghazi, 34, 38, 41Biographies, 17, 23Border, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10n2Borderland, 1–4, 6–10Bricolage, 93, 95, 154n31

CCairo, 33, 38, 39, 41, 43, 54n17,

55n27, 55n32Centrism, 235Chieftaincy, 66, 67, 75Citizenship, 168Clientelism, 233

262 INDEX

Committees, 36, 48Competition, 82, 93, 94, 100,

105, 112, 115, 129–132, 137, 139, 192, 193

Confederation, 31, 32, 53n10Confidentiality, 17, 21Configurations, 93, 104, 128, 147Congresses, 36, 48Connectivity, 2, 7–9Contextualization, 16, 17Conversation, 1, 2, 5Creativity, 195Criminalization, 180, 192, 196Critique, 204, 207, 213,

215–222Cross-border, 2, 5, 10n2Culture, 4, 9Customary law, 34, 45, 50Cyrenaica, 33, 34, 38, 39,

41, 42, 44, 48, 53n6, 54n23

DDeficiency, 234, 235Democratization, 234, 235Development, 31, 37, 47, 48, 51,

52n1, 55n34Disciples, 206–208, 212–215, 218,

225, 227, 228Discretion, 18Division, 71, 88, 100, 110, 115,

122, 130, 148, 150

EEconomy, 234, 236, 238Elections, 79, 90, 96–98, 103–105,

117, 119, 128, 132, 133, 136, 138–141, 146, 149, 154n29

Embedded, 167, 168, 174–180, 191, 192, 194–196

Entrepreneurs, 61–151Evolution, 235, 239

FFailure, 233, 236Field, 17, 19, 22, 23, 26–28

GGaddafi, Muammar, 2–6Governance, 234, 235Governorate, 31, 33, 40, 47, 50,

52n3, 52n4, 54n20, 54n22

HHeterarchical, 207, 226, 228Heterarchy, 7–10Hybrid, 234

IInformants, 16–18, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27Interlacement, 66, 68, 92, 93, 97, 104,

106, 119, 128, 132, 141, 154n31Intermediary, 66, 75, 83, 85, 91, 93,

95, 96, 98, 131, 223, 227, 228, 229n15

International, 32, 42, 44, 47, 48, 50, 52n1, 55n34, 56n38

Islamism, 204, 206, 207, 210–212, 215–222, 225–228, 228n3

JJihadism, 205, 206, 226, 227

KKinship, 33–36, 38, 42, 50, 51

LLegal pluralism, 65, 107–116, 154n26Legitimacy, 237, 238, 239n1Libyan Market, 171Locality, 8, 9

263 INDEX

MMarsa Matrouh, 31, 33, 35, 38,

40–42, 47, 50, 52n4, 54n20–22, 55n33

Militia, 6Mobile phones, 96, 107, 141–143Models, 65, 71, 73, 79–81, 86, 97,

99, 107, 126, 130, 133–138, 141, 145, 153n23, 153n24

Modernity, 235, 236, 239Modernization, 235, 239Moral, 166, 168, 174–176, 178,

179, 197n6Mosque, 204, 205, 207–210,

213–216, 219, 223

NNeo-patrimonialism, 235

OOrder, 166, 171, 176, 182, 184, 186,

191, 193–195, 199n28Orientalism, 37, 38

PPara-sovereignty, 238Participant observation, 13–28Party, 6, 22, 23, 61, 63, 65, 67,

78, 82, 91, 92, 96–99, 103, 105–113, 115, 117, 119, 124, 131–133, 137, 140, 141, 149, 152n15, 155n40, 176, 188, 191–193, 215, 220, 227, 228, 237

Periphery, 2Permission, 22Pioneers, 61–151Political Islam, 203–228Politics, 18–20, 22–24, 26, 28,

28n1Postcolonial, 8

Practices, 64–67, 70–72, 74, 75, 78, 80–82, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95, 99, 105–107, 109, 111, 113, 128–138, 140, 144, 147, 153n24, 154n31, 156n42, 157n51, 206, 207, 212, 214–222, 227

Preachers, 204, 206–221, 224, 225, 227

Productivity, 168, 195, 196

RRadicalism, 204, 225, 227Relationship, 2–4, 6Reliability, 25Research, 13–28Revolution, 13–15, 19, 22, 23, 26Revolutionaries, 13–14, 19

SSanusiya, 44, 46, 48Shari‘a, 209–211, 213, 219–222,

224–226, 228, 228n7Smugglers, 165–167, 169, 176, 178,

179, 181–186, 189–194, 199n22Smuggling, 165–196, 198n19,

199n23Social relations, 19Sovereignty, 3, 6–8Spiritual leader, 208Statehood, 233–235System, 61, 70, 72, 78, 80, 83, 84,

87, 88, 93, 94, 97, 100, 107, 111, 113, 115, 123, 127–129, 132, 135, 141, 144, 153n18, 156n43

TTerritoriality, 168, 196Territory, 31–33, 40, 43, 44, 49,

52, 53n7

264 INDEX

Tobruk, 34, 41–43, 45, 47, 53n6Trade, 165–167, 169–173, 176, 178,

179, 182, 183, 185, 187, 189, 190, 192, 194, 197n9, 198n14, 200n30

Trans-border, 62, 82, 85–87, 90, 92, 100–106, 147

Transformation, 233, 239Transgressive, 31, 32, 34, 43, 49, 50Transnational, 32, 52Tribalism, 37, 136, 137, 205, 227Tribe, 4, 6, 9, 14, 26, 32–34, 36–39,

42, 44–48, 51–52, 53n6, 53n10, 54n14, 55n28, 56n40, 68–75, 77, 81, 83–90, 94, 96, 97, 99, 102, 104–106, 110, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 120, 122, 128–130, 132, 137, 139, 141, 145, 148, 149, 153n19, 153n22, 156n44, 156n46, 166, 174, 177, 178, 181, 187, 192–194, 197n10, 203–229, 235, 238

Trust, 17, 21, 23

UUmma, 220, 222Urbanization, 170, 193

VViolence, 6, 14, 15, 19, 49,

112, 148, 150, 183, 194, 199n22, 206, 225, 227, 234, 237, 238

WWar, 7, 14, 15, 21, 40, 44,

45, 47, 54n18, 55n31, 74–76, 85, 117, 143, 144, 153n24, 169, 171, 172, 174, 180, 182, 185, 194, 197n8, 233, 234

YYouth, 168, 179, 189–191