Alphabetical Glossary of Automotive Termshttp://www.edmunds.com/glossary/A

A/C compressor

An engine-driven pump in the air conditioning system that increases the pressure of the refrigerant.

A/C drain hose

A hose used to drain condensation from the air conditioner evaporator.

A-pillar

See "Pillar."

ABS

Antilock braking system. A computer-controlled system that prevents brakes from locking up and tires from skidding during hard braking.

Accelerator pedal linkage

The linkage between the accelerator pedal and a vehicles throttle body or carburetor.

ACE filter

Active cornering enhancement filter. A device used in an electro-hydraulic suspension system to reduce body roll by adjusting the system to driving conditions.

Acquisition fee

Also known as a "bank fee," an "administrative fee" or an "assignment fee." For a vehicle lease, a fee charged by the leasing company at the inception of the lease that is intended to cover a variety of administrative costs, such as obtaining a credit report, verifying insurance coverage, checking the accuracy and completeness of the lease documentation, and entering the lease into its data and accounting systems.

Active pedestrian protection system

An electronic system designed to warn drivers of impending pedestrian traffic.

Actual cash value

Also referred to as "ACV." A method of valuing insured property that is computed by subtracting depreciation (based on the propertys age and condition) from its replacement cost. Compare "Replacement cost."

ACV

See "Actual cash value."

Adaptive cruise control

A laser- or radar-sensing cruise control system that causes a vehicle to automatically slow or stop in order to avoid front-end collisions.

Adaptive headlights

Headlights that turn as the driver turns the steering wheel, for the purpose of improving illumination in the direction of the turn.

Adjustable pedals

Accelerator and break pedals that can be moved closer to or further away from the driver's seat.

Adjustable suspension

A suspension that offers driver-selectable damper (and sometimes spring) firmness settings to suit varying conditions and personal preferences.

Administration fee

See "Acquisition fee."

Aerodynamic drag

For a moving vehicle, the force exerted by the flowfield of air moving in the opposite direction.

Aftermarket accessory

An accessory or piece of equipment that is not included in the vehicle as manufactured, but is purchased and installed at the dealership or other automotive establishments.

Air conditioner refrigerant

The liquid used in air conditioning systems, which has the property of boiling at ambient air temperatures.

Air conditioning

The cooling and dehumidification of a vehicles cabin air.

Air conditioning filter

A device that removes contaminants from external air entering the ventilation system.

Air filter

A device that filters incoming air fed to the engine.

Air filter restriction indicator

A device that identifies an impedance to the air filter system.

Air filtration

The removal of solid particulates (such as dust, pollen, mold and bacteria) from a vehicles cabin air by a filter placed in the ventilation system.

Air pollution score

A score from zero to ten given by the EPA to each new vehicle that represents the amount of air pollutants produced during a laboratory driving simulation of the vehicle.

Air pump filter

A device that eliminates contaminants from the air supply fed to the air injection system.

Airbag deactivation

A system that uses sensors in a vehicle?s front passenger seat to determine whether to activate that seat?s front airbag, based on whether it detects the presence of an individual of sufficient weight.

Airbags

A cushion that deploys and fills with air when a major impact occurs to reduce a vehicle occupants chances of coming in contact with the vehicles interior surfaces.

Angle of approach

The steepest angle of inclined roadway onto which a vehicle can be driven from a level roadway without the vehicles forward overhang making contact with the inclined surface.

Angle of departure

The steepest angle of inclined roadway from which a vehicle can be driven onto a level roadway without the vehicles rear overhang making contact with the inclined surface.

Antenna type

The type of antennas used in vehicle audio systems and navigation systems: mast, power telescoping, element and diversity.

Antilock brake system high pressure hose

The reinforced hose or hoses (with metal fittings at either end) that carry high pressure hydraulic fluid used in an antilock brake system.

Anti-theft

A device or system of devices that aid in preventing a vehicle from being stolen.

Anti-theft alarm

A device that uses an auditory signal and/or telemetric to alert a vehicles owner of an attempted theft.

Anti-theft codes

A four- to six-digit numerical key necessary to return functionality to a vehicles audio head unit after it has been removed or disconnected from the battery.

Anti-theft immobilizer

An electronic device that works together with a key (that includes a small transmitter) and that prevents the engine from starting when the key is not present.

Anti-theft remote control

An electronic device that unlocks a vehicles doors and, in some cases, opens its trunk, rolls down its windows and opens and closes its sunroof.

Antifreeze

See "Coolant."

APR

Annual Percentage Rate. The cost of credit (i.e., the interest rate) expressed as a yearly rate.

Asking price

The price for a vehicle asked (before any negotiations) by the dealer or other seller.

Assignment fee

See "Acquisition fee."

AT-PZEV

Advanced technology-partial zero emission vehicle. An emissions standard that meets PZEV requirements and has additional zero-emissions characteristics, such as operation by natural gas or hybrid vehicle batteries.

ATTS

Hondas Automatic Torque Transfer System, which is a system that distributes an engines torque output proportionately between the driven axles (so that the output is most effectively used).

ATTS unit fluid

Hydraulic fluid used in Hondas Automatic Torque Transfer System.

Audio format

The format of digital compression readable by a vehicles audio system, such as WMA, MP3, WAV, SACD or AAC.

Audio remote control

A wireless device that uses infrared or radio waves to control a vehicles sound system.

Auto-delay headlights

A feature that keeps the headlights on for a period after a vehicle is shut off to provide the occupants with light as they walk away from the vehicle.

Auto dimming rearview mirror

See "Electrochromatic rearview mirror."

Auto-leveling suspension

A suspension that adjusts the height of the vehicle so that its rear stays even with the front when cargo is carried; some systems offer multiple height settings for off-road, normal and high-speed operation.

Auto shift lock/starter safety switch

A device that prevents the starter from functioning unless the shifter is in the park or neutral position, and prevents the shifter from being moved unless the brake pedal is depressed.

Automated manual transmission

Also referred to as "DSG," "direct shift gearbox," "SMG" and "sequential manual gearbox." A conventional clutch-type manual transmission that employs electronic, pneumatic and/or hydraulic actuators in place of a conventional clutch pedal, and a purely mechanical shift lever. The driver may select either fully automatic shift mode or driver-controlled shift mode.

Automatic door unlock

A device that automatically unlocks a vehicles doors after a collision.

Automatic transaxle

A combination transmission and differential/drive axle assembly.

Automatic transaxle pressure filter

The external filter on an automatic transmission.

Automatic transmission

A transmission that uses a torque converter, planetary gearset and clutches or bands to automatically change a vehicles gears.

Automatic transmission bands

In an automatic transmission, adjustable circular straps lined with a friction material that are actuated to tighten around and stop the rotation of a drum as part of the shifting process.

Automatic transmission cooler hoses

Flexible tubes that carry transmission fluid to and from a heat exchanger or oil cooler.

Automatic transmission filter

A component in most automatic transmissions that is fitted over the fluid intake, usually in the pan, that prevents debris and other contaminants from circulating throughout the transmissions inner workings and potentially causing unnecessary wear or damage. Some transmissions use a reusable metal or nylon mesh-type screen in place of a disposable filter.

Automatic transmission fluid

The fluid used for lubricating and cooling an automatic transmission.

Auxiliary features

Factory-installed, optional parts that supplement similar existing systems, such as a transmission cooler, engine cooler or a secondary gas tank, that are typically available on trucks and SUVs.

Auxiliary input (Audio)

A method of connecting a peripheral media player to a vehicles entertainment system, either wired (for example, through an RCA jack, a USB port or a 1/8" TRS plug), or wirelessly (for example, through Bluetooth, A2DP or infrared).

Auxiliary lighting

A halogen lamp or light-emitting diode (LED) that is used to illuminate a specific region or part of a vehicle (such as the glove box or footwell) and is not located in the vehicles headliner.

Awareness aids

Electronic devices designed to keep a driver awake and alert while driving a vehicle.

AWD

All-wheel drive. A drivetrain that employs a front, rear and center differential to provide power to all four wheels of a vehicle.

Axle drive fluid

The liquid used for lubricating gears inside the axle.

Axle ratio

The number of revolutions a vehicles driveshaft makes for each revolution of the vehicles drive axle(s).

B

B-pillar

See "Pillar."

Backup assistance

A device or system of devices (usually a park distance sensor or a back-up camera) designed to aid a drivers control of a vehicle in reverse.

Balance shaft belt

A cogged belt that drives a shaft (usually in synchronization with the engines crankshaft) for the purpose of smoothing out vibrations.

Ball joints

Movable joints in the steering linkage and suspension system of a vehicle that permit rotating movement in any direction between the parts that are joined.

Bank fee

See "Acquisition fee."

Base price

The MSRP of a vehicle before options, destination fee, any dealer advertising fee and other costs.

Basic/Bumper to bumper warranty

A vehicle warranty that covers everything except items that are subject to wear and tear or replacement in the ordinary course of vehicle ownership, such as oil and air filters, wiper blades and brake pads. Tires and batteries are often excluded, but usually have their own warranty provided by the manufacturers of those items. Emissions equipment is required by Federal law to be covered for two years or 24,000 miles.

Battery disconnect

A device that automatically disconnects a vehicles battery after a collision.

Bed dimensions

The physical dimensions of a trucks bed, consisting of width, height and depth.

Bed extender

A device that may be added to a pickup truck's bed when the tailgate is open, that sits on top of the tailgate, and that forms an enclosure that permits items that extend past the bed and onto the tailgate to be carried without risk of falling out.

Bed features

Factory-installed, optional accessories that add functionality or longevity to a trucks bed, such as a bed extender, tonneau cover or bed liner, that are typically available on trucks and SUVs.

Bed length measurement

The inside length of a pickup truck's cargo box or "bed," measured from the front wall to the face of the closed tailgate.

Bed liner

A heavy-duty plastic liner or spray-on coating that protects the inner painted surface of a pickup truck's cargo box.

Bed type

Type of truck bed: long, short, flare-side, step-side, dually and flat beds for trucks, and dump beds and tanks for SUVs.

Beltline

The horizontal line defined by the lower edges of a vehicles windscreen, rear and side windows and pillars.

Beverage cooler

A refrigerated storage area intended to cool beverages using a vehicles air conditioning system or a separate phase-cooling system.

Bi-level purge valve

In an evaporative emissions system, a valve that limits the flow of vapor from the charcoal canister to the intake during idling.

Biodiesel blend

Also referred to as "biodiesel." A fuel that is a mixture of petroleum-based diesel and plant-based diesel.

Block heater

An electric heater installed into a freeze plug hole in an engine block that preheats engine coolant in order to help start a vehicle under extremely cold weather conditions.

Body

The outer panels that shroud the mechanical and electrical workings of a vehicle.

Body water drains

Drain holes in strategic locations that provide an escape route for water that would otherwise remain trapped within a vehicles body.

Bolstering

Upholstered foam supports integrated into a seat that help keep the driver or passenger in an optimal position.

Bore

The diameter, in inches, of the cylinders in the vehicles engine.

Brake booster

A vacuum-based device that amplifies the foot pressure applied to power brakes.

Brake booster bellcrank pivot

The linkage pivot points behind some brake boosters.

Brake drying

A system that dries the brake pads through light friction just before a full stop is initiated, by using the ABS pump to bring the brake pads close to the rotors without significantly engaging them.

Brake fluid

The fluid used in the hydraulic brake system.

Brake lines, hoses & connections

Tubes and their connections that carry brake fluid between the various components in a vehicles brake system.

Brake linings

High-friction, heat-resistant material that is attached to the brake shoes in a rear drum brake system.

Brake master cylinder

A device that stores brake fluid and hydraulically forces it through the brake lines to the brakes when the brake pedal is depressed.

Brake pads

High-friction material attached to a metal backing plate.

Brake pedal

A device used to control a vehicles brakes.

Brake pedal spring

A spring attached to the pedal assembly that provides some resistance during pedal depression and also assists in returning the pedal to an upright position.

Braking assist

A system that monitors the swiftness of a driver's brake pedal application and applies additional braking force if it determines a that panic stop is occurring.

Branded title

A permanent designation on a vehicles title, registration or permit documents that indicates that a vehicle has incurred damage the repair of which is not possible or would cost more than the vehicle is worth, or that the vehicle has been sold for scrap. While branding designations vary by state, typical branding titles include rebuilt, salvage, irreparable and theft recovery.

Breakover angle

The maximum angle at which a vehicle can traverse a sharp ridge without making contact or hanging up between axles.

Brush guard

A metallic, tubular attachment to the front bumper of a vehicle that shields and protects the vehicle from plant life when driven off-road.

Bumpers

A supplemental device designed to protect a vehicles frame and/or body from collision damage.

Buyout amount

See "Payoff Amount."

C

C-pillar

See "Pillar."

Cabin lighting

Halogen lamps and/or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) located in a vehicles headliner that illuminate a vehicles interior space in its entirety.

Caliper configuration

A description of the number of hydraulic pistons used in a vehicles brake caliper and their arrangement in relation to each other.

Caliper type

The type of brake caliper: monoblock, sliding or dual sliding.

Cap reduction

Capital reduction. In a vehicle lease, any trade-in amount, cash down payment or rebate amount that reduces the cost of the vehicle being leased (its "capitalized cost").

Capitalized cost

Often called the "cap cost." The negotiated price of a vehicle to be leased, and one of the components used to determine the monthly lease payment.

Captive finance company

An automobile lender that is a subsidiary of an automobile manufacturer and whose principal business includes financing the sales and/or leases of that manufacturers vehicles.

Carbon dioxide

A naturally occurring "greenhouse gas" that is also a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels and that consists of two oxygen atoms bonded to a single carbon atom.

Carbon footprint

A measure of a vehicles total consumption of natural resources weighed against the Earths ability to regenerate those resources.

Carbon monoxide

A "greenhouse gas" that is a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels and that consists of a single carbon atom bonded to a single oxygen atom.

Carburetor

A device used on older internal combustion gasoline engines that is mounted on the engines intake manifold and supplies fuel to the engine.

Cargo area features

Built-in amenities that serve a specific purpose in the cargo areas of a vehicle.

Cargo door type

The type of cargo door: liftgate, vertical split-hinge or horizontal split-hinge.

Cargo hauler

A vehicle that is well-adapted for hauling cargo.

Cargo tie downs

Hooks, straps or eyelets that function as anchors for cargo nets and ropes used to secure objects.

Cash rebates

Rebates provided by the manufacturer directly to the customer at the time the vehicle is purchased to lower the final price of the vehicle. Consumers usually may elect to either receive this amount in cash or to credit the rebate as part of the vehicles down payment.

Catalytic converter

A canister in the exhaust system, usually situated before the muffler, containing a substance that reacts chemically with the exhaust in order to reduce harmful emissions.

Catalytic converter heat shield

A metal panel, which may be insulated, that is used to prevent the catalytic converter heat from harming surrounding areas.

CCV

See "Crankcase ventilation filter."

Center console trim

Wood, composite, leather or metal adornments intended to supplement the aesthetic elements of a vehicles center console.

Center of gravity

A hypothetical point at which all of the mass of an object acts as if it were concentrated. For a vehicle, the lower the center of gravity the less likely the vehicle will be to roll over when it is destabilized.

Certification sales region

A geographic area (usually identified by the states of which it consists) in which a specific vehicle is certified by the EPA to be sold to the public.

Certified pre-owned vehicle

A used vehicle offered for sale by a franchised dealer for that vehicle make and who follows the manufacturers requirements for "certifying" the vehicle (including inspection and service) and which, upon sale, is accompanied by a manufacturer-backed warranty.

Charcoal canister

A device that captures raw fuel vapors (hydrocarbons) from the vehicles fuel tank and carburetor bowl before they can escape into the air.

Child seat

An additional seat and harness specifically designed for the safety of small children and designed to work with a vehicles built-in restraint system.

Child seat anchors

Built-in attachment points that accept child safety seats built to ISOFIX international standards, commonly referred to in the USA as the LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children) system.

Childproof safety feature(s)

The option(s) to disable a vehicles windows, door locks and/or passenger air bag in order to prevent injury to children.

Choke linkage

On a carbureted engine, the assembly of parts that controls a valve that limits incoming cold air until the engine reaches operating temperature and is able to more efficiently vaporize fuel.

City fuel economy

The average number of miles a vehicle is able to travel using one gallon of fuel according to EPA simulated laboratory tests of city driving conditions.

Climate control

The computer-controlled regulation of heating and air conditioning systems to accommodate a user-specified temperature setting.

Climate-controlled seat filter

Air filter for air-conditioned seats.

Climate-controlled seats

Seats that have internal heating and cooling mechanisms.

Closer

An experienced dealership salesman or sales manager who attempts, towards the end of the negotiation process, to either improve the deal for the dealership or to persuade a hesitant buyer to commit to the purchase.

Clutch bushing & linkage

The parts of the mechanical connection between the clutch and clutch pedal in a non-hydraulic clutch system.

Clutch fluid

The liquid used in a hydraulic clutch system that helps disengage the clutch from the flywheel.

Clutch fork ball stud

The pivot point for the clutch fork in the clutch housing of a manual transmission.

Clutch lines & hoses

In a hydraulically actuated clutch, the tubes that carry fluid between the clutch master cylinder and the slave cylinder.

Clutch master cylinder

In a manual-transmission vehicle with a hydraulically actuated clutch, a small-bore hydraulic cylinder mechanically connected to the clutch pedal that actuates a slave cylinder, which in turn actuates the clutch fork that disengages the clutch when the clutch pedal is depressed.

Clutch pedal

A pedal located on the floor of the vehicle to the left of the brake pedal that, when depressed, disengages the clutch from the flywheel.

Collapsible steering column

A steering column that collapses in the event of a hard frontal impact to reduce the risk of injury to the driver.

Collision insurance

Vehicle insurance that cover damage caused by a collision with another vehicle or object.

Combined fuel economy

The average number of miles a vehicle is able to travel using one gallon of fuel according to EPA simulated laboratory tests that consist of 55% highway and 45% city driving conditions.

Compass

A digital or analog display that indicates the direction a vehicle is facing.

Comprehensive insurance

Vehicle insurance that cover damage other than that caused by a collision with another vehicle or object.

Compression ratio

The ratio of (i) the volume of a vehicles engine cylinder with its piston at bottom dead center to (ii) the volume of the same cylinder with its piston at top dead center.

Console

A storage area located in a vehicles dash or headliner, between seats or underneath the seats.

Convertible roof type

The type of convertible roof tops, including soft tops, hard tops, T-tops, Targa-style tops, and tops that are manual or power operated.

Convertible wind blocker

Also known as an "aeroboard." An on a convertible vehicle, the glass or plastic shield that prevents reversion of high-velocity air as it passes over the low-pressure, low-velocity air in the passenger compartment.

Coolant

Also known as "antifreeze." A mixture of water and ethylene glycol that has both a higher boiling point and a lower freezing point than plain water.

Cooled seats

Seats that can direct air from the air conditioning system through tiny holes in the center section of the seat bottom.

Cooling fan & shroud

A mechanically, hydraulically or electrically driven fan that pulls cooling air through a vehicles radiator; the shroud forms a direct passage between the radiator and fan, improving the fans effectiveness.

Cornering brake control

A feature of some antilock brake systems that proportions and applies brake force in order to prevent oversteer.

Cornering lights

A pair of white driving lights located at the two front corners of a vehicle designed to aid during cornering.

CPO

See "Certified pre-owned vehicle."

Crankcase breather

A ventilation system or device that allows excessive crankcase pressure to escape.

Crankcase depression regulator valve

A valve that prevents excess pressure from building in the crankcase (which could lead to oil leakage past the seals).

Crankcase ventilation filter

Also known as the "CCV." A filter that prevents foreign particles from entering the crankcase.

Crash test ratings

Ratings that represent a vehicles performance in various crash tests, published by the organization(s) that conduct such tests.

Credit score

A number (referred to as a "score"), prepared by a company in the business of scoring individuals creditworthiness or in accordance with algorithms it has established, that represents a judgment as to the individuals creditworthiness and which is based on an analysis of data reflected in his or her credit report and other personal information.

Credit tier

The credit "category" in which a consumer is placed by credit-rating companies, based on the consumers personal credit history. A consumers credit tier helps predict how financial institutions will view that consumer as a financial risk (i.e., the likelihood that he or she will make payments on time and ultimately repay the loan). Edmunds.com uses five tiers: platinum, gold, silver, bronze and unclassified. For more information, visit http://www.edmunds.com/tmv/about_finance.html.

Credit union

A financial institution that is owned by its account holders, membership of which is based on specified criteria (for example affiliation with an employer or union).

Cruise control

A device that, when engaged by the driver, automatically controls a vehicles speed.

Crumple zone

A section of a vehicles structure that collapses during impact to absorb energy.

Curb weight

The total weight of a vehicle, including a full tank of fuel, all fluids and standard equipment, but without any cargo or passengers.

Curtain airbags

Also known as "head airbags." Wide-spanning airbags that when deployed cover the side glass in a side impact or, in some applications, a rollover, to keep occupants' heads and limbs fully inside the vehicle.

Customer cash incentive

A cash payment made by the manufacturer of a vehicle to a customer to incentivize its purchase.

CV joints

Constant velocity joints, which are located on either end of the drive axles and transmit engine power while enabling full steering and suspension movement. Black accordion boots cover and protect these joints and hold lubricant.

CVT

A transmission with a continuously variable drive ratio (as opposed to conventionally stepped gear ratios) that maintains a steady acceleration curve with no pauses for gear changes.

Cylinder configuration

The arrangement of an engines cylinders.

Cylinder deactivation

A feature of some engines that allows the engine to turn off two or more cylinders in order to maximize fuel efficiency.

Cylinder head bolts

Bolts that clamp an engines cylinder heads to the engine block.

D

Dealer cash incentives

Amounts that are paid to dealers by manufacturers to stimulate vehicle sales by incentivizing the dealers to lower their prices to consumers, typically paid or earned upon the dealers purchase of the vehicle from the manufacturer, upon the dealers sale of the vehicle, or when the dealer achieve specified sales volume targets.

Dealer holdback

A percentage of either the MSRP or invoice price of a new vehicle (depending on the manufacturer) that is repaid to the dealer by the manufacturer after the vehicle is sold. For more information, read this article on dealer holdback.

Death brake

A system of devices, including a heart rate sensor, that applies braking when the drivers heart stops beating.

Deceleration fuel cut-off

A system that automatically cuts the fuel supply when coasting or braking in order to achieve better fuel efficiency and more effective engine braking, and resumes fuel supply when acceleration is once again needed.

Deceleration system

An emissions device on a manually shifted vehicle that bleeds vacuum from the intake when the vehicle is in gear with the throttle closed. This causes the fuel injectors to close during conditions of deceleration and results in reduced emissions.

Declaration page

Also referred to as the "Declaration of insurance." The portion of a property or liability insurance policy that states the name and address of policyholder, the property insured, its location and description, the policy period, the premiums and supplemental information.

Declutching/freewheeling

The act of disengaging a vehicles transmission from its driveshaft, either manually or automatically, when its driveshafts rpm exceeds the transmissions rpm.

Demo

(i) a test drive; (ii) a vehicle that has been used as a demonstration model by a dealership.

Depreciation

The amount by which a vehicle (or any physical item) loses its value over time. In vehicle lease transactions, the projected depreciation of the vehicle is used to determine the vehicles projected residual value and the monthly lease payments.

Descent control

An off-road version of cruise control that uses the ABS and traction control systems to independently manipulate a vehicle's four brakes, which allows the driver to descend steep and uneven terrain at a walking speed more effectively than the driver can by using a break pedal that controls all four brakes at once.

Destination charge

The fee that the manufacturer charges to deliver a vehicle from the factory to the dealership, and that is passed on by the dealer to the consumer; it is not included in the MSRP of the vehicle. The destination fee is the same for a particular vehicle no matter where the dealership is located (with the exception of Alaska and Hawaii in some instances).

Diesel engine

A vehicle with an engine that uses diesel fuel and compression ignition.

Diesel engine hour meter

A digital or analog display that shows the amount of time (in total hours) that a diesel vehicles engine has run over its lifetime.

Differential fluid

The liquid used for lubricating gears inside the differential.

Direct injection system

A fuel injection system in which the injection nozzles are located inside the combustion chamber of each piston.

Direct shift gearbox

Also referred to as "DSG," "SMG," "sequential manual gearbox" and "automated manual transmission." See "Automated Manual Transmission."

Disc brake type

The type of brake rotors: solid, vented, slotted, cross-drilled, ceramic or carbon.

Disc changer

An in-dash or remote-mounted CD or DVD/CD player that can store and read multiple discs and play them through the vehicles audio system.

Displacement (CCs)

The volume, in cubic centimeters, of a vehicles engine cylinder with its piston at bottom dead center, multiplied by the total number of cylinders in the vehicles engine.

Disposition fee

An amount charged by the leasing company at the end of a lease that is intended to cover the cost of retrieving and selling the vehicle if the lessee chooses not to buy it. The lessee is billed for this charge after the vehicle is returned.

Distributor cap

The nonconductive cap of the distributor that contains the contacts leading to each individual spark plug.

Distributor rotor

The rotating, nonconductive component of a distributor that contains contacts and that, when aligned, complete an electrical circuit between the ignition coil and a spark plug.

Diverter valve

On an engine equipped with an air pump, a valve activated during deceleration that allows air from the air pump into the intake to dilute the air/fuel mixture (in an attempt to reduce emissions).

DMV fees

Department of Motor Vehicle fees. Sometimes referred to as "title and license fees." The fees payable to the state in which a vehicle is purchased and/or registered, primarily for vehicle titling, registration and license plates.

Down payment

A cash payment credited against the purchase price of a vehicle, which reduces the amount to be financed. In a lease transaction, this amount is often referred to as the "capital reduction."

Downshift cable

A transmission cable connected to the throttle that shifts the transmission into a lower gear when the accelerator is depressed suddenly beyond a certain point.

Drain plug washer

A composition or plastic sealing washer used on a bolt-type drain plug.

Drive axle boots

The flexible, conical, accordion-like covers that contain lubricant and protect the constant-velocity joints on a drive axle shaft.

Drive belt tensioner

A self-adjusting device used for maintaining proper tension on the drive belt.

Drive belt(s)

A belt that transfers the rotation of the engine through the crankshaft pulley to drive various devices, such as the alternator, water pump, air conditioning compressor or power steering pump.

Drive shaft

A sturdy metal tube with universal joints on either end that connects the engine to a differential on a rear-wheel or four-wheel drive vehicle.

Drive system

The type of drive system: two-wheel drive, four-wheel drive or all-wheel drive

Drive train mounts

Flexible, energy-absorbing components that attach parts of a vehicles drive train (for example, the transmission, transfer case or differential housing) to the chassis.

Drive-off fees

Also referred to as "Total Due at Signing." The total cost that must be paid by the lessee at the inception of a vehicle lease, which typically includes the first months lease payment, any security deposit required by the leasing company, any acquisition fee charged by the leasing company, any documentation fees charged by the dealer, and various state registration fees.

Driver state sensor

A device that monitors a drivers eye movement and/or vital signs while a vehicle is in motion.

Drivetrain

The system of components that generates power and transmits it to a vehicles wheels.

Drivetrain warranty

See "Powertrain warranty."

Driving lights

Auxiliary high-beam driving lamps.

DSG

Direct shift gearbox. Also referred to as "SMG," "sequential manual gearbox" and "automated manual transmission." See "Automated Manual Transmission."

Dual-mode hybrid

A hybrid vehicle with two different drive systems, referred to as Modes. In the first mode the vehicles runs solely on an electric motor powered by the vehicles battery system. When the electric-only mode is low on power, or during harder acceleration and faster speeds, a gasoline engine mode will initiate. The second Mode uses a gasoline engine to help power the vehicle and recharge the electrical system batteries.

Dusk-sensing headlights

A feature that, when activated, automatically turns on the headlights and taillights when the ambient light dims at sunset.

Dynamic brake control

See "Emergency brake assist."

E

E85

A fuel consisting of gasoline or another hydrocarbon mixed with up to 85% denatured ethanol.

Early termination

Ending a vehicle lease before its original term has expired.

Easy entry

A device that automatically retracts a vehicles power seats and/or steering column when the engine is switched off.

EGR system

Exhaust Gas Recirculation system. A device that redirects a small amount of exhaust to the engine intake in an effort to lower combustion temperature and reduce the emission of nitrogen oxide.

Electric battery type

The type of battery used to power the electric motor in a hybrid or electric vehicle: lead-acid, flooded, gel, lithium ion, absorbed glass mat, Zebra Na/NiCL2 or NiZn traction.

Electric motor performance

An electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles electric motors ability to do work, expressed in terms of horsepower, torque or kilowatts.

Electric motor type

The type of electric motor in a hybrid or electric vehicle used to power the drive wheels: permanent magnet motor or other traction motor.

Electric vehicle

A vehicle that is run entirely on electricity, using batteries, capacitors and one or more traction drive systems.

Electrochromatic rearview mirror

A rearview mirror that automatically dims at night when it detects a bright glare.

Electronic brake force distribution

A feature of some antilock braking systems that proportions and applies brake force to each wheel independently.

Electronic stability control

See "Stability control."

Emergency brake assist

An electronically controlled system that maximizes brake efficiency during panic stops.

Emergency braking preparation

A system that uses the adaptive cruise control sensors to monitor the following distance to the car ahead; if the gap is closing sufficiently quickly, in anticipation of a panic stop the system will cause the ABS pump to pre-fill the brakes and will bring the brake pads close to the rotors.

Emergency Trunk Release

A glow-in-the dark pull handle inside a car's trunk that permits escape for someone trapped inside.

Emissions certification standards

Numerical limits on the pollutants produced by a vehicle established by the EPA and the California Air Resource Board.

Emissions hoses & tubes

Hoses and tubes utilized by any of a vehicles emission control devices.

Emissions score

A score from zero to 10 given by the EPA to each new vehicle that represents the amount of total emissions produced during a laboratory driving simulation of the vehicle.

Emissions standards

The maximum allowable levels of NOx, carbon monoxide, nonmethane organic compounds and particulate matter permitted by EPA regulations to be emitted by each new vehicle.

Engine Auto Stop/Start

A system that automatically shuts the engine off when a vehicle comes to rest for a period, and then restarts it automatically when the brake is released and the throttle is depressed.

Engine descriptor

A special notation attached to a vehicles engine code in order to describe its emissions rating or its fuel economy, or that indicates that it can be run on multiple fuel sources.

Engine hour meter

A device that records the number of hours an engine has run over its lifetime.

Engine oil

A substance that lubricates and cools the moving parts of the engine and reduces corrosion and the formation of rust.

Engine oil level warning system

A device that automatically brings a low engine oil level to the attention of a driver.

Engine performance

An engines ability to do work in terms of horsepower, torque or efficiency.

Engine size

A vehicle engines displacement, in liters (according to its manufacturer).

Engine thermostat

A device that senses the temperature of the engine coolant for the purpose of regulating the engine cooling system.

Entry lighting

A system of lights that aids a driver or passenger in entering a vehicle in the dark.

Environmental impact

An assessment of the biophysical effects a vehicle has on the environment, commencing with its production and ending with its disposal.

EPA fuel economy/MPG estimates

The city and highway fuel economy ratings issued by the EPA.

EPA interior volume

The amount of total space within the cabin of a vehicle as measured by the EPA.

EPA testing

Laboratory tests of new vehicles conducted by the EPA in controlled driving simulations, for the purpose of generating data on average fuel economy, air pollution and greenhouse gas production.

Equity

For a vehicle that has been financed through a loan, the difference at any time between what a vehicle is worth at that time and the amount that is then owed on the loan.

ESC

See "Stability control."

Estimated annual fuel costs

The estimated cost of fueling a vehicle over the course of a year, assuming 15,000 miles per year are driven and a price per gallon designated by the EPA.

Ethanol

Ethyl alcohol. A commonly used vehicle fuel.

EV

Electric vehicle.

EV effective range per charge

The average distance an electric vehicle is able to travel on a full charge, as measured by the EPA and listed on the vehicle's window sticker.

Evaporative control canister

A device that captures raw fuel vapors (hydrocarbons) from a vehicles fuel tank and carburetor bowl before they can escape into the air.

Evaporative control canister filter

A filter on the evaporative control canister that filters incoming air as fuel vapors contained in the canister are being drawn back into the engine.

Evaporative control system

An emission control system that prevents raw fuel vapors from entering the atmosphere.

Excess mileage penalty

A fee the lessee must pay when the allotted miles specified in the lease are exceeded. The fee is customarily $0.12-$0.25/mile in excess of the allotted miles.

Excess wear and tear

Wear or damage to a vehicle that is in excess of what is normally expected in the ordinary course of operating a leased vehicle.

Exhaust pressure regulator valve

A device that directs warm exhaust to a vehicles intake in an effort to aid fuel vaporization and reduce warm-up time.

Extended warranty

A vehicle warranty sold by the manufacturer of the vehicle or a third party that extends the vehicles basic warranty beyond its original period.

Exterior camera

A video camera mounted outside a vehicle that relays its signal to a monitor within the cabin.

Exterior mirrors adjustment type

The type of position adjustment control for the exterior mirrors: power, memory or manual.

External temperature display

The digital display of the ambient air temperature around a vehicle.

F

Factory-installed

Vehicle equipment that is installed by the manufacturer (in contrast to equipment that may be installed by the dealer or the owner).

Factory tuner

A "Factory Tuner" is a vehicle model that has significant engine and/or chassis upgrades as compared its parent model. It is built at the factory and typically has a name that includes a "factory tuner" designation (e.g. Mercedes-Benz "AMG" or BMW "M"). Examples include the BMW M3 and the Cadillac XLR-V.

Fan hub

The mechanical connection between the radiator fan and its point of attachment.

FF

Front-engine front-wheel drive. A vehicle that is propelled solely by its front wheels and whose engine is located forward of its front axle.

FICO

Fair Isaac Corporation, which is a company that calculates and distributes consumer credit scores.

Finance

To borrow money (either as a loan or in the form of a lease) to obtain some or all of the funds to acquire a vehicle.

Finance and insurance office

Sometimes referred as the "F&I office." The office within a dealership in which vehicle purchase contracts are prepared and signed and additional services (including insurance and extended warranties) may be offered to the purchaser.

Finance incentive

Manufacturer loan programs offered to consumers, usually for a limited period, on selected vehicles and/or in certain areas, as an incentive to purchase a vehicle.

Finance rate

See "APR."

Flex-fuel engine

An engine that can be run on more than one type of fuel (for example, E85 and gasoline).

Flex fuel vehicle

A vehicle than can run on at least two different fuel sources either simultaneously through a single fuel system or separately through multiple fuel systems.

Fog lights

A pair of driving lights that provides a wide, low beam in an attempt to undercut fog.

Forced induction

The forced compression of air into an engines cylinders by means of a supercharger or turbocharger.

Four-square worksheet

A standard form used at many dealerships that helps salespeople keep track of four elements of a deal during negotiations with a customer: the price of the vehicle, the amount to be credited for the trade-in, the down payment and the monthly payment.

4WD

A drivetrain that employs two differentials and a transfer case to provide power to all four wheels of a vehicle.

Four-wheel steering

A feature of some vehicles that allows the rear wheels to be steered (by a computer and actuators), for the purpose of increasing high-speed cornering stability.

FR

Front-engine rear-wheel drive. A vehicle that is propelled solely by its rear wheels and whose engine is located forward of its front axle.

Front brakes specifications

The dimensions of the major components of a vehicles front brake rotors, and the type of brake ventilation employed.

Front mid engine

A vehicle with an engine that is forward of its passenger compartment but aft of its front axle.

Front seat type

The type of front seating: bucket seats, sport seats, split-bench seats or captains chairs.

Fuel capacity

The amount of fuel that a vehicles fuel tank can hold.

Fuel cell vehicle

A vehicle that utilizes fuel cells to create electricity through a chemical process using oxygen from the air and hydrogen.

Fuel consumption

The rate at which an engine depletes its fuel supply.

Fuel economy

A measure of the amount of fuel used by a vehicle over a certain distance, or the distance traveled per volume of fuel used.

Fuel filler cap

A cap used to seal a vehicles fuel filler neck.

Fuel filter

A replaceable metal or plastic canister that prevents particulate matter and most contaminants in the fuel from reaching the engine.

Fuel injection system

A device that atomizes fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure and delivers it to the vehicles engine.

Fuel lines & connections

The tubing and connections that carry fuel through a vehicle.

Fuel pre-filter

For diesel-fuel engines, the device that filters the fuel immediately before it enters the fuel pump.

Fuel pump shutoff

A device that automatically shuts off a vehicles fuel pump after a collision.

Fuel system

The assemblage of parts that stores and delivers fuel for the engine, including the fuel cap, fuel tank, fuel lines and hoses, fuel pump, fuel filter and fuel injectors or carburetor.

Fuel type

The type of fuel used to power a vehicle: gasoline, ethanol, E85, diesel, bio-diesel, natural gas or electricity.

Fuel/water separator

A device that separates the water from the fuel in addition to, or as part of, the fuel filtering system.

G

Gap insurance

In a vehicle lease, insurance that covers any "gap" between (i) the amount the lessees insurance company will pay to the lessee if the leased vehicle is stolen or destroyed, and (ii) the aggregate remaining amount the lessee owes at that time to the leasing company.

Gas guzzler Tax

A graduated federal tax levied at the time of initial new-vehicle purchase on vehicles with especially poor fuel economy.

Gas/electric hybrid engine

A powertrain that combines an electric motor and a gasoline or diesel internal combustion engine.

Gasoline engine

An internal combustion engine that burns conventional gasoline.

Gauges

See "instrumentation."

Greenhouse

The portion of a vehicle above its beltline.

Greenhouse gas score

A score from zero to 10 given by the EPA to each new vehicle by that represents the amount of greenhouse gases emitted during a laboratory driving simulation of the vehicle.

Greenhouse gases

Gases produced by vehicles that use hydrocarbons as fuel (such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide and hydroflourocarbons) that contribute to reducing the loss of atmospheric heat into space.

Gross vehicle weight rating

Also referred to as "GVWR." The sum of a vehicles curb weight, cargo weight capacity and passenger weight capacity.

Ground clearance

The distance between the lowest point of a vehicle and level ground.

GVWR

See "Gross vehicle weight rating."

Gyro sensor

A device that enables a vehicles navigation system to determine the direction the vehicle is facing.

H

Haldex clutch

Limited slip coupling used in vehicles with automatic all-wheel drive systems to engage and disengage a secondary axle when needed.

HCCI

Homogeneous charge compression ignition. An internal combustion engine in which gasoline and air are compressed to the point of auto-ignition.

Head airbags

See "Curtain airbags."

Head room

The distance from the hip of a vehicles occupant to the vehicles interior rooftop.

Head unit

The central control unit for a vehicles entertainment system.

Headlight washers

A set of washer nozzles and/or wipers that clean a vehicles headlights.

Headlights

A pair of bright lamps that provide visibility during darkness.

Headsets

A pair of small speakers that, when placed close to a passengers ears, enables the passenger to listen to a vehicles sound system without disturbing other passengers.

Heads-up display

A digital display projected from a vehicles dashboard onto its windshield to provide information within the drivers direct line of sight.

Heated air temperature sensor

A device that provides information needed by a vehicles computer to determine the temperature of the air coming into the engine.

Heated mirrors

Sideview mirrors with internal electronic heating coils designed to prevent fog and ice from obstructing visibility.

Heated windshield

A windshield with tiny embedded heating elements that act to resist fogging.

Heated windshield wiper rests

Heating elements below the wipers that melt ice and snow when they freeze to the glass.

Heater

A heat exchanger placed in the ventilation system that diffuses heat from the engines cooling system into an airstream generated by an inline fan.

Heater hoses

Tubing that carries engine coolant between a vehicles cooling system and heater core.

Height

The distance between the tallest part of a vehicle and level ground.

Highway fuel economy

The average number of miles a vehicle is able to travel using one gallon of fuel according to EPA simulated laboratory tests of highway driving conditions.

Hill holder

A device that applies brake pressure when a vehicles clutch is disengaged.

Hinge type

The type of door hinge: standard, scissor, gullwing or suicide-style.

Hip room

The distance from the drivers side lower door panel to the front passengers lower side door panel.

Horse Power

A unit of measurement for engine power that was originally developed as a way to express the output of steam locomotives in terms of the strength of draft horses.

HVAC

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.

Hybrid degree

The level of hybrid technology used for a vehicle: full, mild, power-assist or plug-in.

Hybrid drivetrain layout

The drivetrain layout in a hybrid vehicle: parallel, series or combined.

Hybrid engine

A powertrain that combines an electric motor and an alternative means of propulsion and/or power generation (for example, hydrogen). A gas/electric hybrid engine is the most common example of a hybrid engine.

Hybrid gas engine performance

A hybrid vehicles gasoline engines ability to do work, expressed in terms of horsepower or torque.

Hybrid performance

A hybrid engine and electric motors combined ability to do work in terms of horsepower, torque or efficiency.

Hybrid power source

The source of power in a hybrid vehicle: gas/electric, plug-in, fuel cell or pneumatic.

Hybrid vehicle

A vehicle that combines the use of internal combustion and electricity as power sources.

Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds commonly used as a fuel source consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Hydrogen fuel cell

An energy conversion device that produces electricity by means of electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and an oxidant.

I

Idle speed

The RPM of the engine free from load (all accessories off), at normal operating temperature and in neutral (or, in the case of an automatic transmission, park or neutral).

Idler pulley

A guide or tightening pulley for a belt or chain.

Ignition timing

The process of setting the time that a spark will occur in the combustion chamber (during the power stroke) relative to piston position and crankshaft angular velocity.

ILEV

Inherently low-emission vehicle. An emissions standard for alternative-fuel vehicles with closed and pressurized fuel systems.

Inboard brakes

A braking system that is located within the chassis of a vehicle instead of at its hubs.

In-car cellular phone

A cellular phone that either (i) has a handset built into the vehicle, or (ii) is a portable unit with an accompanying dock built into the vehicle that enables operation through the vehicles entertainment and stereo system.

Incentive

Any kind of financial assistance from a vehicle manufacturer that, by reducing either the net price or the cost of financing/leasing, motivates customers to buy/lease a new vehicle. The most common incentives are customer cash rebates, low-interest financing and leases that are subsidized by the manufacturer.

Incentives and rebates

An auto industry term that encompasses all methods by which manufacturers attempt to stimulate vehicle sales and leases by reducing the net cost to consumers without reducing the vehicles MSRPs, which includes customer rebates, dealer cash incentives and special leases.

Individual monitors

More than one video monitor in the rear passenger area of a vehicle with a rear seat entertainment system.

Instrumentation

Digital and/or analog displays used to convey to the driver information such as dynamic engine parameters, operating conditions, RPM, speed and water temperature.

Instrumented testing

The analysis of a vehicles performance characteristics using precise scientific equipment.

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

Sometimes referred to as the "IIHS." An organization created by the insurance industry for the purpose of reducing the losses (deaths, injuries and property damage) from vehicle crashes.

Integrated turn signal

A turn signal light that is mounted on or in a vehicles sideview mirror.

Intelligent alternator

An alternator that operates primarily when the engine has no need for power, i.e., when coasting or during braking. The alternator remains passive while the vehicle is under power, with needed electrical power provided by the battery, for the purpose of improving the vehicles fuel efficiency.

Intelligent car

A vehicle that employs the latest in telemetrics, driver awareness and/or pedestrian safety technology.

Interior lighting

Halogen lamps or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) used to illuminate a vehicles interior space.

Interior trim

Wood, composite, leather or metal adornments intended to supplement the aesthetic elements of a vehicles interior.

Intermittent wipers

A wiper setting that causes the wipers to pause for a driver-selected period between wipes.

Invoice

Also referred to as "Invoice Price." The price that appears on the invoice that the manufacturer sends to the dealer when the dealer receives a vehicle from the factory. More information on invoice price.

K

Keyless ignition

A system that allows the activation by the driver of a push-button to start a vehicle if proximity sensors detect the electronic key inside the vehicle.

Kingpin bushings

Lubricated solid bearings or bushings usually present between the kingpin and steering knuckle.

Knee airbags

Small airbags that deploy under the dashboard by the knees, typically on the driver's side where the steering column and other hard vehicle parts are located.

L

Lane departure warning system

A system of electronic components designed to warn a driver when a vehicle strays out of its lane.

Lease incentive

An incentive offered by the manufacturer to reduce the cost of a vehicle lease, either by reducing the interest rate or increasing the residual value of the vehicle.

Lease factor

See "Money factor."

Lease fee

See "Money factor."

Lease term

The number of months that constitute the term of a vehicle lease.

Leg room

The distance from the floor of a vehicle (a persons ankle point) to the centerline of the seat (a persons hip joint).

Length

The distance from the most forward-facing point of a vehicle to the most rearward point.

Lemon

A vehicle that is found to have numerous or severe defects not readily apparent before its purchase. Used both informally to mean a vehicle that proves to be defective, imperfect or unsatisfactory, and with more precise meaning in various states "lemon laws" that provide vehicle purchasers certain rights.

Lessee

The person or entity that leases a vehicle.

Lessor

The entity that owns the vehicle being leased. Although most leases are arranged by a dealership, in almost all cases the lessor is either a financial institution or a division of the vehicle manufacturer.

LEV

Low emission vehicle. A vehicle that meets the average emissions standard within the LEV program.

LEV Program

See "Low Emissions Vehicle (LEV) Program."

Li-ion

Li-ion (Lithium-ion) battery is a type of rechargeable battery that offers better performance versus conventional rechargeable batteries such as NiCad (Nickel-Cadmium) and NiMH (nickel-metal hydride). Lithium-ion offers more power and less weight, which offers an extended driving range. However, Li-ion batteries are more fragile and can be damaged by extreme temperatures.

Liftgate window

The window integrated into the hinged lid of a hatchback, wagon, SUV or crossover that swings upward to provide access to the cargo area.

Light bar

Additional lighting mounted on a metal or plastic frame that is attached to a vehicles roof, and that is typically available on trucks and SUVs.

Limited production vehicle

A vehicle for which the manufacturer has established a limit on the number units to be produced, without regard to the maximum number the manufacturer may be able to sell. These vehicles typically have special interior and/or exterior trim and/or costly performance enhancements that distinguish them from their mainstream counterparts.

Limited warranty

A vehicle warranty that is in effect for a specified number of years and/or miles driven.

Lip spoiler

A spoiler that is flush-mounted to a vehicles trunk lid or liftgate that allows air to flow over it but not under it (and that is usually installed for aesthetic purposes).

LNG

LNG (Liquefied natural gas) is natural gas (CH4) that has been refined and liquefied. The Process of liquefying natural gas requires the removal of contaminants like helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons then condensed into a liquid state close to atmospheric pressure 3.6 psi (25 kPa) by cooling it to approximately ?260 F (?163 C).

Load height

The minimum height to which an item must be lifted in order to be loaded into a vehicles cargo area.

Load rating

See "Tire load index."

Lock cylinders

The part of a hatch or doors latching mechanism into which the key is inserted.

Locks

A device or system of devices that prevents a vehicle from being entered without a key or an electronic keyless entry remote control.

Low Emissions Vehicle (LEV) Program

The National Low Emissions Vehicle Program. An EPA-sponsored initiative to reduce the amount of emissions per vehicle.

Low fuel warning indicator

An alert, usually in the form of a halogen lamp or LED, warning the driver of a low fuel supply.

Low-interest financing

A loan offered by the manufacturers captive finance company at a below-market interest rate.

LPG

Liquefied petroleum gas. Also referred to as "GPL," "LP Gas" or "autogas." A blend primarily of two hydrocarbon gases, propane and butane. Propylene and butylenes can also be present in small concentration. Ethanethiol, a powerful odorant, is also added so that leaks can be detected.

Luggage capacity

A measurement of a vehicles trunk/cargo volume with all standard seats in place.

Lumbar support

A mechanical or pneumatic device that matches a vehicles seat back to the contours of the driver or passenger.

M

M85

M85 is a blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasoline. It is not commonly used because Methanol and Methanol fumes are poisonous.

Make

For a vehicle, either the name of its manufacturer or, if the manufacturer has more than one operating unit, the name of that unit.

Manifold heat control valve

A thermostatic device that routes exhaust heat to the intake manifold in order to promote fuel vaporization and reduce warm-up time.

Manual extending mirrors

A sideview mirror that can be manually moved further away from a vehicle when it is towing an object.

Manual transmission

A transmission that uses a clutch and a shift (gear) selector to change gears.

Manual transmission fluid

The fluid used for lubricating and cooling a manual transmission.

Manufacturers engine code

An alphanumeric code given to an engine by its manufacturer in order to distinguish it from other engines.

Map storage

The media on which the maps for a vehicles navigation system are stored (generally CD, DVD or hard drive).

Marketing support

An auto industry term that describes programs that manufacturers provide to stimulate sales or assist dealers in the advertising and marketing of their vehicles.

Massaging seats

Seats that contain moving mechanical elements in the seatback, usually with several selectable settings.

Max HP RPM

The speed of an engine at which it generates its maximum horsepower.

Max Torque RPM

The speed of an engine at which it generates its maximum torque.

Maximum cargo capacity

A measurement of a vehicles cargo volume when the rear seats (including a third row if applicable) are folded or removed.

Memory settings

Preset positions and settings (for power seats, mirrors or steering column positions for a vehicles driver) or for the HVAC system, audio system, exterior mirrors or navigation system, that can be recalled using a button.

Mid-engine

A vehicle that is propelled solely by its rear wheels and whose engine that is aft of the passenger compartment but forward of the rear axle.

Mileage allowance

In a vehicle lease, the number of miles the lessee is permitted to drive over the term of the lease without incurring an excess mileage penalty.

Model

A specific vehicle brand identified by a name or number (and which is usually further classified by trim or style level).

Model year

For a vehicle model, the calendar year designation assigned by the manufacturer to the annual version of that model.

Money factor

Also referred to as a "lease factor" or "lease fee." An auto leasing industry term for expressing the interest rate used to calculate the monthly lease payment, and equal to the leases APR divided by 2,400. (For example, an APR of 7.2% equals a money factor of 0.0033.)

Monroney sticker

Also referred to as a "Window sticker." A sticker, required by law for all new vehicles sold in the United States, that is affixed to the side window or windshield and that must include the following information: MSRP, engine and transmission specs, standard equipment and warranty details, optional equipment and pricing, city and highway mileage ratings as determined by the Environment Protection Agency, and crash test ratings from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Monthly payment

The amount of principal and interest that must be paid each month under the terms of a finance or lease contract.

MPG

Miles per gallon.

MSRP

Manufacturers suggested retail price. Also referred to as "sticker price."

N

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Sometimes referred to as the "NHTSA." An agency of the United States government authorized to order manufacturers to recall and repair vehicles, or vehicle equipment, when investigations indicate that they contain serious safety defects in their design, construction or performance.

Natural gas engine

An internal combustion engine that burns natural gas.

Navigation interface

The means by which a vehicles navigation system is controlled, including touch screen, jog dial, push button and/or voice activation.

Navigation system

A device that communicates with global positioning satellites to determine a vehicles physical location and plot a course using stored map information.

NHTSA campaign ID number

The identification number assigned to a recall by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

NHTSA item number

The identification number assigned to a technical service bulletin by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Nightvision

An exterior camera that uses infrared technology to provide added visibility when driving in the dark.

NLEV program

National low emission vehicle program. A voluntary national low emission vehicle program for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks that is enforced by the EPA (outside of California) once automakers and states opt in and the program is in effect.

NOx

An abbreviation for six chemical compounds produced during high temperature combustion, containing only nitrogen and oxygen atoms, that react with volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight to create photochemical smog.

Number of speeds

The number of different drive ratios a vehicles transmission is capable of selecting.

NVH dampening

A system of devices that lessens the noise, vibration and harshness in the passenger compartment of a vehicle.

O

OEM

Original equipment manufacturer, i.e., the manufacturer of a vehicle.

Office of Defects Investigation

An office within the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration that conducts defect investigations and administers safety recalls, and that monitors the adequacy of manufacturers recall campaigns.

Off-road ready

A vehicle with high-ground-clearance outfitted for the rigors of traveling on non-paved roads.

Oil filter

A cartridge-filled canister placed in an engines lubricating system to strain dirt and abrasive materials out of the oil.

On-board diagnosis system

A computer-controlled system that identifies malfunctioning or out-of-adjustment components under its control through the display of trouble codes. The presence of trouble codes is usually indicated by an intermittently or constantly lit "check engine " or "service engine soon" light.

115V AC Outlet

An electrical socket receiving 115v AC current produced by a vehicles charging system.

One-touch windows

Vehicle windows with a changeover switch that is capable of automatically rolling the window glass completely up or down (as well as functioning as a conventional momentary power window switch).

Optional equipment

Equipment that is not included in the manufacturers base configuration of a vehicle.

Overpressure safety switch

A switch used on a turbocharged engine that warns the operator of excessive and potentially harmful intake pressure that may be caused by component malfunction.

Oversteer

A handling characteristic of a vehicle that causes it to turn more sharply than the driver intends because the rear wheels are sliding to the outside of the turn.

Oxygen sensor

In a computer-controlled, fuel-injected vehicle, a sensor mounted in the exhaust stream that relays air/fuel ratio information to the fuel control computer that allows the computer to make adjustments.

P

Parallel hybrid

A vehicle that is powered by an electric motor and an internal combustion engine that are inline. This type of hybrid can be driven on either full electric mode, gasoline engine mode, or combined. This is the most common type of hybrid vehicle currently used today.

Parking assist

An electronic system that employs laser, radar or sonar technology to enable a vehicle to park itself, in some cases without driver input.

Parking lights

Sometimes referred to as "daytime running lights." White lights intended to increase a vehicles visibility to other drivers.

Parking senors

Button-size sensors in the front and/or rear bumpers that measure the distance to nearby cars and other objects and alert the driver using sounds or lights.

Passenger memory settings

Preset power seat positions for the passenger that can be recalled using a button.

Passenger volume

The total volume of space available for passengers in the front and rear seat(s) of a vehicle.

Payload

A vehicle's carrying capacity (in pounds) of occupants and cargo, and equal to the vehicle's Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) minus its curb weight.

Payoff amount

Also called the "buyout amount." The amount that, at any specified time during the term of a vehicle lease or loan, is required to be paid in order to discharge the remaining obligation.

PCV filter/PCV valve

Positive crankcase ventilation filter/positive crankcase ventilation valve. Devices that allow the venting of combustion gases from the crankcase to the intake system instead of into the atmosphere.

Pedal adjustment

The mechanism that controls the position of a vehicles gas, brake and/or clutch pedal to suit the needs of the driver.

Pillar

A shaft or other structure that supports the roof of a vehicle, with the A-pillars being the structures that frame the windscreen, and each successive set of structures (moving toward the rear of the vehicle) being named after successive letters of the alphabet.

Pilot bearing

A bearing that is press-fit into the rear of the crankshaft and that supports the tip of the transmission input shaft.

Plenum chamber water drain valve

A valve used on some vehicles to drain collected condensation from the intake plenum.

Plug-in vehicle

A vehicle powered solely by electricity available from a standard domestic AC power socket.

Plus size wheels

Also known as "up-sized wheels." Wheel and tire packages that are larger in diameter than those included in a vehicles standard equipment.

Polarization coating

A coating that reduces the glare from sideview mirrors by modifying the reflected light.

Post collision communication

A component of a vehicles telemetrics system that, when triggered, automatically informs authorities after a collision.

Postcrash safety

Safety measures and devices that lessen the chance of a driver or passenger being hurt in the aftermath of a collision.

Power activated release

The electronically controlled release of a vehicles hatch or trunk (in contrast to a conventional cable-activated release mechanism).

Power extending mirrors

An electronically controlled sideview mirror that can be moved further away from a vehicle when it is towing an object.

Power steering

An electric and/or hydraulic system that multiplies, for ease and comfort, the force a driver exerts on the steering wheel.

Power steering fluid

Hydraulic fluid used in a power steering system.

Power steering hoses

The flexible hoses carrying hydraulic fluid between the various components of a power steering system.

Powertrain warranty

Also referred to as the "drivetrain warranty." A vehicle warranty that covers most of the parts that make the vehicle move, including the engine, transmission, drive axles and driveshaft. As with a basic warranty, "consumable" parts such as hoses and belts are not covered. However, most of the internal parts of the engine, such as the pistons and bearings, which are also subject to wear and tear, are covered by a powertrain warranty.

Precrash safety

Safety measures and devices that prevent a collision from occurring or lessen the chances of a driver or passenger injury in the event of a collision.

Precrash safety seats

Seats that spring into a safe position when a precrash systems senses an impending collision.

Precrash system

A system of devices that employs radar or laser technology to sense an impending collision and reacts by implementing precautionary measures, including tightening seatbelts and applying braking.

Premium audio

A sound system that has been provided to the vehicle manufacturer by a name brand audio manufacturer.

Privacy glass

A vehicle window with a factory-installed tint, utilizing either a mylar covering or smoked glass, that has enough opacity to obscure the vehicles interior from view.

Private party price

The price consumers are paying private sellers for similar vehicles.

Program car

A "program car" is one that was owned by the manufacturer and given to employees for a short time to use for company business and later purchased at auction by the dealership. Sometimes former rental cars turn up on used car lots advertised as "program cars"; this will be revealed if you run a vehicle identification number (VIN) check using a service such as CARFAX or AutoCheck.

Purchase option

The right given to a vehicle lessee to purchase the vehicle at the end of the lease term for an amount equal to the vehicles residual value.

Purge valve

In an evaporative emissions control system, the valve that allows the venting of fuel vapors from the charcoal canister to a vehicles intake and prevents the canister from becoming saturated and nonfunctional.

PZEV

Partial zero emission vehicle. A vehicle that has zero evaporative emissions and meets the EPAs SULEV standard.

R

Radiator core & AC condenser

The part of a vehicles radiator and air conditioning systems made up of small-diameter tubes with a series of thin, heat-conducting fins in between.

Radiator hoses

The tubes between the radiator and the engine.

Radio data system

A small portion of the FM frequency that is allocated for broadcasting alphanumeric news, traffic and song information.

Rain-sensing wipers

A feature that uses rainfall sensors to engage the wipers and adjust wiper speed accordingly.

Real time traffic updates

Traffic congestion information gathered by road sensors and other means read by a vehicles navigation system through communications satellites.

Rear area cargo cover

A feature that uses rainfall sensors to engage the wipers and adjust wiper speed accordingly.

Rear brake type

The type of rear brake: drum or disc.

Rear defroster

A device that melts ice or frost or removes condensation from a vehicles rear window.

Rear door type

The type of rear door: hinged or sliding.

Rear electric motor performance

An electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles rear electric motors ability to do work, expressed in terms of horsepower, torque and/or kilowatts.

Rear electric motor type

The type of rear electric motor in a hybrid vehicle or EV used to power the rear wheels: permanent magnet motor or other traction motor.

Rear HVAC

The climate-control system used to regulate heating and air conditioning for the area of a vehicle behind the front row seating.

Rear seat entertainment system

The elements of a vehicles entertainment system accessible to rear seat passengers.

Rear seat type

The type of rear seating: bench seats, bucket seats, removable seats, split-bench seats, captains chairs or seats that convert into a bed.

Rear spoiler

An aerodynamic device attached to a vehicles trunk lid or liftgate consisting of one or more airfoils supported by uprights that allows air to flow over it as well as under it, resulting in decreased lift and increased stability at high speeds.

Rebate

A cash payment offered as an incentive by the manufacturer to consumers, which is usually applied by the consumer to reduce the net price of a vehicle.

Recall

A recall is a notice sent by a vehicle manufacturer to owners of a vehicle advising them that the vehicle has or may have a serious defect that may compromise the safety of the vehicle and that the service departments of that manufacturer's dealers will make any necessary replacements or repairs free of charge.

Ordinarily, recalls affect only a portion of the production run of a given year, make and model.

For more about recalls, please see A Quick Guide to Recalls. To find out about any recalls that may apply to your vehicle, please use our Maintenance Guide.

Recall notice

A notice by a manufacturer to the owners of a defective/unsafe vehicle or vehicle component (as well as dealers) that a recall has occurred.

Recommended fuel type

The optimal type of fuel (based on its octane rating) recommended by a vehicles manufacturer.

Regenerative braking

A method of assisting the deceleration of a hybrid or electric vehicle in which the vehicles electric motor switches from drive/output mode to generator mode. This recharges the battery by converting a portion of the vehicles kinetic energy into electrical energy.

Rear area cargo cover

A feature that uses rainfall sensors to engage the wipers and adjust wiper speed accordingly.

Remote start

A feature of a vehicles electronic key fob that controls the vehicles ignition.

Remote trunk release

The control of a vehicles power-activated release using a button on an electronic key fob or smart key.

Remote window operation

The control of a vehicles power window system by one or more buttons on an electronic key fob or smart key.

Renewable energy

Natural energy sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar power, wind power, hydrogen and biofuels.

Repair kit

Tire repair equipment that typically consists of an emergency tire sealant and a means of refilling a flat tire.

Replacement cost

A method of valuing insured property that uses the cost of replacing the property at current prices and does not take into consideration the propertys condition or whether it has depreciated since first acquired. Compare "Actual cash value."

Required fuel type

The minimum acceptable type of fuel (based on its octane rating) recommended by a vehicles manufacturer.

Residual value

A vehicle leasing companys assumption of what a vehicle will be worth at the end of the lease, which is a factor used to determine the monthly lease payment. (The higher the residual value, the lower the monthly payment.)

Retained accessory power

A feature that permits the operation of a vehicles power accessories after the key is removed from the ignition for a set period of time or until a door is opened.

Retractable mirrors

Sideview mirrors that can be moved closer to a vehicle when parking in a tight space or using an automatic car wash.

Reverse tilt mirrors

Power sideview mirrors that tilt down when a vehicle is in reverse in order to aid the driver in parallel parking.

Roadside assistance

A service available from various manufacturers that assists a driver when a vehicle is inoperable.

Roll-over protection

A system of devices that works to prevent or lessen the damage from rollover accidents.

Roof rack

A metal or plastic device attached to a vehicle that is used to anchor cargo to the vehicles roof.

Roof spoiler

A spoiler that is mounted from the rearward-facing edge of a vehicles roof to the liftgate just above the rear windshield, or to the upper edge of the rear windshield itself (and that is usually installed for aesthetic purposes).

Roofline

The outline or contour of the roof a vehicle.

Row count

The number of available rows of seating in a vehicle.

RPM

Revolutions per minute.

RR

Rear-engine rear-wheel drive. A vehicle that is propelled solely by its rear wheels and whose engine is located aft of its front axle.

Run flat

A tire that is capable of being driven on temporarily after losing its pneumatic pressure.

Running boards

Rocker panel extensions that function as steps to aid the driver and passengers in the entering and exiting of tall vehicles.

Rust & corrosion warranty

A warranty that covers the repair or replacement of the vehicles sheet metal in the event of damage from rust or corrosion that is severe enough to cause a hole. Surface rust is not covered.

S

Salvage title

An automobile title with a notation that the vehicle has been damaged in excess of approximately 70% of its pre-accident market value. The exact percentage depends on the insurance provider and any applicable laws and regulations. This notation gets applied to a title when an insurance company pays a total-loss claim on a vehicle, but then sells the vehicle at an auction center.

Satellite communication

A proprietary system used to send and receive vehicle data, crash information, concierge services and navigation to and from a vehicle through communications satellites.

Satellite radio

A radio receiver that receives radio signals broadcast from communications satellites rather than a conventional terrestrial tower.

Scheduled maintenance warranty

A warranty that covers service procedures recommended by the manufacturer at predetermined intervals to preserve and/or prolong the life of a vehicle.

Seat adjustment type

The type of adjustment control for the seats: manual, power or power-with-memory.

Seat belts

Harnesses designed to secure vehicle occupants during a collision.

Seat extension

An attached support, consisting of a metal frame with upholstered foam, that lengthens a vehicles seat bottom.

Seat features

Devices integrated into a vehicles seats that control seat temperature, seat adjustability, driver comfort and other settings.

Seatback storage

A storage pocket that is either attached to the backside of the seat or integrated into the seat itself.

Seatbelt force limiters

A part of the seatbelt pre-tensioner that helps prevent the seatbelt from being tightened to the point of injury to the occupant.

Seatbelt pretensioners

A seatbelt with a mechanism that reels in the belt when the airbag is deployed for the purpose of keeping the occupant in the proper position.

Seating capacity

The number of people that can be safely seated and restrained in a vehicle, including the driver.

Secondary air supply system

A type of emissions-reducing system that promotes the combustion of unburnt hydrocarbons in the exhaust stream by introducing oxygen (fresh air) pulled in by a vacuum created by exhaust pulsations (and which essentially performs the same function as an air injection system without relying on an air pump or diverter valve).

Security deposit

A payment required at the inception of a vehicle lease to provide collateral to the leasing company for the lessees promise to comply with the terms of the lease.

Self-leveling headlights

A system that uses suspension height sensors to determine the orientation of a vehicle's body for the purpose of making up-down adjustments to the direction of the headlights, for the protection of oncoming drivers.

Self leveling suspension (SLS) filter

Sometimes referred to a an "SLS filter." A device used to remove contaminants from hydraulic fluid in a self-leveling suspension system.

Separate rear audio

The capability of a vehicles sound system to deliver a different audio source to the rear seat passengers than the audio source being delivered to the front seat passengers.

Sequential manual gearbox

Also referred to as "SMG," "direct shift gearbox," "DSG" and "automated manual transmission." See "Automated Manual Transmission."

Series hybrid

An electric vehicle with a gasoline combustion engine that is only used to recharge the vehicles batteries. The gasoline engine does not drive the wheels directly. An example is the Chevrolet Volt.

Serpentine belt

A ribbed drive belt that drives more than one engine accessory.

Service reminder light

A light that indicates that general vehicle maintenance is needed or that a specific service is required.

Shields and under-hood insulation

Heat-proof panels and padding that protect under-hood components from excessive heat.

Shift control mechanism

The location of the shift control mechanism, which includes levers, paddles or buttons.

Shift linkage

Any collection of mechanical connections between a vehicles operating control(s) and its transmission.

Shift protocol

The means by which a driver changes gears, including buttons, paddles or a lever.

Shiftable automatic transmission

An automatic torque converter transmission equipped with a feature that permits the driver to actively select either fully automatic or driver-controlled shift modes by using a dual-gate shifter and/or remote shifter controls.

Shoulder room

The distance from the drivers upper door panel to the front passengers upper door panel.

Side airbags

Small airbags that deploy from the outside edge of a seat to protect the occupant's ribcage in a side impact collision.

Side curtain rollover sensor

A sensor that determines in the event of a collision whether or not it is necessary to deploy a vehicles side curtain airbags.

Side impact beam

A structural support designed to protect a vehicles occupants from side impacts.

Side pockets

A storage pocket that is either attached to the door panel of a vehicle or integrated into the vehicle door.

Single-limit insurance

An autmotive insurance policy with a single combined dollar limit of coverage for property damage, liability coverage and bodily inury coverage. Compare "split-limit insurance."

Skid plate

A shield typically attached to the bottom of a vehicles front bumper that is designed to guard the undercarriage in the case of insufficient ground clearance.

Sliding rear window

A small window inside a trucks rear windshield that opens and closes by sliding on a system of metal or plastic rails attached to the windshield.

SmartWay

A designation issued by the EPA for new vehicles with a score of six or higher in both air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and a combined total of more than