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Glyphosate-resistant weeds in Ontario
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Weeds
1. Number of species a. 41 species in the world b. 17 species in the USA c. 6 species in Canada d. 4 species in Ontario
i. Giant ragweed (2008) ii. Canada fleabane (2010) iii. Common ragweed (2011) iv. Waterhemp (2014)
Introduction
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
2010 2010
Today Today
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Control 0.67 L/ac 0.33 L/ac
Susceptible Resistant
Control 0.67 L/ac 0.33 L/ac
Vink, UG Vink, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Essex
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane 2010
Essex
Kent
Lambton
Elgin
Middlesex
Niagara
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane 2011
Essex
Kent
Lambton
Elgin
Middlesex
Huron
Haldimand
Niagara
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane 2012
12 Counties
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane 2013
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane – 2014
28 Counties
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane – 2015
30 Counties
Perth
Essex
Perth
Hastings
Kent Brant
Wentworth
Niagara
Oxford
Perth
Waterloo
Perth
Hastings
Lennox Addington
Norfolk
Prescott Russel
Prince Edward
Essex
Norfolk
Not surprisingly, Ontario farmers indicate that glyphosate resistant Canada Fleabane is the
#1 weed management issue in the province
GFO, 2015
But, the problem has become even more challenging …
Multiple Resistant Canada Fleabane
Glyphosate Resistant Multiple Resistant
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Roundup + Broadstrike RC
Morpeth, ON Mull, ON
Multiple Resistant
23 Counties
How can GR Canada fleabane be controlled in a corn/soybean/wheat
rotation?
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Canada Fleabane in Corn
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
50 51
65 70
0 20 40 60 80 100
Atrazine Broadstrike RC
Primextra Converge+Atrazine
Callisto+Atrazine Banvel
Integrity Marksman
Weed Control (%)
Corn - Preplant
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
50 51
65 70
90 91 92
95
0 20 40 60 80 100
Atrazine Broadstrike RC
Primextra Converge+Atrazine
Banvel Callisto+Atrazine
Integrity Marksman
Weed Control (%)
Corn - Preplant
Sikkema, UG
Weedy Check
Canada Fleabane - Corn - PP
Callisto + Atrazine (91%)
Integrity (92%) Marksman (95%)
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
13 38 38
42 43
67 71 72
76
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup Atrazine
Permit Vios G3 Liberty
Armezon + Atrazine 2,4-D
Peak + Banvel Callisto + Atrazine
Pardner + Atrazine Distinct Banvel
Marksman
Weed Control (%)
Corn - Postemergence
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
13 38 38
42 43
67 71 72
76 91 91
96 96
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup Atrazine
Permit Vios G3 Liberty
Armezon + Atrazine 2,4-D
Peak + Banvel Callisto + Atrazine
Pardner + Atrazine Distinct Banvel
Marksman
Weed Control (%)
Corn - Postemergence
Sikkema, UG
Weedy Check
Canada Fleabane - Corn - POST
Pardner + Atrazine (91%)
Marksman (96%) Banvel (96%)
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Canada Fleabane in Soybean
Sikkema, UG
Herbicide % R+2,4-D 73
R+Aim 29
R+Liberty 74
R+Gramoxone 80
R+Eragon 77
R+Integrity 84
R+FirstRate 74
R+Classic 75
R+Valtera 29
Guardian Plus 72
Herbicide % R+Classic 65
R+FirstRate 73
R+Lorox 37
R+Sencor 85
R+Broadstrike 73
R+Pursuit 30
R+Command 20
R+Fierce 22
Guardian Plus 56
R+Conquest 26
Herbicide % R+Blazer 13
R+Reflex 16
R+Basagran 32
R+Pinnacle 17
R+Classic 45
R+FirstRate 51 R+Pursuit 25
R+Cleansweep 24
Flexstar 20
These 29 tankmixes were evaluated and did NOT provide acceptable control …
Preplant Burndown Herbicides
Soil Applied Residual Herbicides
Postemergence Herbicides
The bottom line in Canada fleabane management is
that we are trying to avoid having to control it
with postemergence herbicides, since they largely do not work.
Dr. Mark Loux Ohio State University
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Flexstar Baker, Clark Agri Service
54
0 20 40 60 80 100
90-100%
80-89%
70-79%
60-69%
50-59%
0-49%
% of studies Summary of 84 studies in Essex and Kent county
Consistency of Control?
Sikkema, UG
Roundup + Eragon is the foundation for GR Canada Fleabane control, but …
54
10
10
5
4
19
0 20 40 60 80 100
90-100%
80-89%
70-79%
60-69%
50-59%
0-49%
% of studies Summary of 84 studies in Essex and Kent county
Consistency of Control?
Sikkema, UG
Roundup + Eragon is the foundation for GR Canada Fleabane control, but …
Variable control
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Roundup + Eragon
The variable emergence pattern of Canada fleabane and its tendency to emerge late in the season,
means there are no “bullet-proof” Canada fleabane management programs
Dr. Mark Loux
Ohio State University
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
12
84
92
97
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup
Roundup + Eragon
Roundup + Eragon + 2,4-D
Roundup + Eragon + Sencor
GR Canada fleabane control (%) – 8 WAA Budd, UG
3-way tankmix provides control
Control
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Roundup + Eragon + Sencor
3-way tankmix provides control
80 88 94
0
20
40
60
80
100
330 490 660 Xtendimax (mL/ac)
Dicamba applied Preplant in RR Xtend Soybean
Can
ada
Flea
bane
Con
trol
(%)
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Sikkema, UG
Roundup Ready Xtend Soybean
Glyphosate 900 + Dicamba 450 Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane Variable control with dicamba in some environments
Control Roundup Xtend
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Canada Fleabane in Wheat
Sikkema, UG
59 61 62
72 80 81
89
0 20 40 60 80 100
Peak+Pardner Refine M Buctril M
MCPA ester Trophy
Estaprop 2,4-D ester
Target Infinity
Weed Control (%)
Winter Wheat
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
59 61 62
72 80 81
89 92
0 20 40 60 80 100
Peak+Pardner Refine M Buctril M
MCPA ester Trophy
Estaprop 2,4-D ester
Target Infinity
Weed Control (%)
Winter Wheat
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
59 61 62
72 80 81
89 92 92
0 20 40 60 80 100
Peak+Pardner Refine M Buctril M
MCPA ester Trophy
Estaprop 2,4-D ester
Target Infinity
Weed Control (%)
Winter Wheat
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Weedy Check
Canada Fleabane – Wheat - POST
Infinity Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Weeds In Ontario
Conclusion Our research indicates and practices by Ontario farmers show that this is a
manageable problem
Can Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane be managed in soybean?
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Can Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane be managed in soybean?
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
2015 2017
Glyphosate Resistant Weeds In Ontario
Conclusion Our research indicates and practices by
Ontario farmers show that this is a manageable problem,
BUT Ontario farmers will lose a tremendous amount
of money due to … a) Yield loss due to GR weed interference
b) Increased herbicide cost
Can Ontario Farmers Eliminate this Problem through Good Management?
Sikkema, UG
This takes guts to say publicly Dr. Michael Owen, Iowa State University The evolution of glyphosate resistant weeds is not a
problem with the herbicide, glyphosate, or the Roundup Ready technology.
Glyphosate resistant weeds developed because of the
way we used glyphosate and the Roundup Ready technology.
We found that grower management practices were the number one factor that influenced
the selection for glyphosate resistant waterhemp on individual farms.
Dr. Pat J. Tranel
University of Illinois
Glyphosate Stewardship
Does management matter? Why is the field on the left so much
cleaner?
Sikkema, UG
Does management matter? • Continuous RR soy (6 yrs) • No-till • Glyphosate sprayed each year
• Corn-soybean-wheat rotation • Conventional tillage • Glyphosate used in corn & soy
Sikkema, UG
North American corn and soybean farmers have indicated by their
purchasing patterns that they value Roundup Ready crops and the use of
glyphosate for weed control
Dr. Peter Sikkema University of Guelph
I think you will agree …
1. It must be used less frequently, or 2. It must be used differently than it was
in the past
I think you will also agree … For farmers to continue to get benefit from this technology in the future …
Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results
Albert Einstein
Cropping system diversity is the foundation for resistance management
Dr. Stephen Powles
University of Western Australia
Glyphosate Stewardship
1. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Adding a non-RR crop to your rotation, or, adding an additional non-RR crop to your diversified crop rotation?
a. Conventional corn b. IP soybean c. Cereals - Winter wheat or spring cereals d. Dry beans e. Forages
Diverse Crop Rotations
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
2. Would you consider…
Glyphosate Stewardship
Applying multiple herbicide modes-of-action on every acre, every year by using a two-pass weed control program?
a. Corn i. Acuron, Converge, Engarde, Integrity, Lumax,
Primextra b. Soybean
i. Boundary, Canopy, Conquest, Fierce, Freestyle, Integrity, Optill, Pursuit or TriActor
Glyphosate Stewardship
Applying multiple herbicide modes-of-action on every acre, every year by adding a tankmix partner to Roundup applied POST?
a. Corn i. Banvel, Halex, Marksman, Vios G3
b. Soybean i. Classic, FirstRate, Flexstar, Pursuit
3. Would you consider …
Multiple Crops & Multiple Herbicide Modes-of-action Crop Timing Herbicide Group
Corn POST Distinct 4, 19 Soybean Wheat
Glyphosate Stewardship Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Multiple Crops & Multiple Herbicide Modes-of-action Crop Timing Herbicide Group
Corn POST Distinct 4, 19 Soybean PP Eragon + Sencor 14, 5 Wheat
Glyphosate Stewardship Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Multiple Crops & Multiple Herbicide Modes-of-action Crop Timing Herbicide Group
Corn POST Distinct 4, 19 Soybean PP Eragon + Sencor 14, 5 Wheat POST Infinity 27, 6
Six modes-of-action over a three-year, three-crop rotation
Glyphosate Stewardship Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
4. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Strategically incorporating some of the alternate/new technologies when they become available rather than relying on Roundup Ready exclusively?
a. Corn i. Liberty Link, Enlist
b. Soybean i. Liberty Link, RR2 Xtend, Enlist, Balance Soybean
5. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Including tillage at strategic points in your diversified crop rotation?
Cowbrough, OMAF Sikkema, UG
6. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Seeding a cover crop after winter wheat harvest to reduce Canada fleabane emergence?
7. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Making near-perfect weed control your objective in your corn/soybean/wheat rotation?
a. Reduce weed seed return to the soil
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Corn Soybean Wheat
Glyphosate Stewardship
The intensive use of glyphosate in the absence of other weed management tools is not a
sustainable practice.
Dr. John Soteres Monsanto
February 2013
Closing Quotes
That Ontario farmers will implement weed management practices that limit the selection of additional glyphosate resistant weeds. This will
ensure the usefulness of glyphosate and Roundup Ready crops for many years in the future.
Dr. Peter Sikkema University of Guelph
Glyphosate Stewardship
My hope is …
Acknowledgements • Graduate Students – Joe Vink, Joanna
Follings, Holly Byker, Laura Ford, Annemarie Van Wely, Scott Ditschun, Chris Budd, Mike Schryver, Taiga Cholette, Brittany Hedges, Brendan Metzger, James Ferrier
• Research Technician - Chris Kramer • Summer research assistants • Funding agencies
If you do not have glyphosate resistance on your farm yet – adopt
Integrated Weed Management now.
Use glyphosate judiciously at strategic points in your long term crop rotation.
Dr. Peter Sikkema University of Guelph
Final Thought