African exploration in the late nineteenth century is almostentirely a story of white males: scientists, traders andmissionaries. Mary Henrietta Kingsley stands out as anexception.

Ostensibly, Kingsley planned her first trip to Africa so she couldconduct research on fetishes and complete the academictreatise her father, an explorer, had begun. Privately, Kingsleytold a friend she was traveling to Africa "to die," though she haddreamt of such an adventure since childhood. Nevertheless,she prepared for the trip carefully, interviewing friends, doctors,missionaries, and former explorers, all of whom advised her notto make the trek. Kingsley was undaunted and set off for WestAfrica carrying only £300, and chemicals and specimencases designed to collect samples of unknown fish and insectsfor the British Museum.

Kingsley sailed the coast, finally putting in at the mouth of theCongo. Recognizing that the natives were naturally suspiciousof Europeans traveling without an obvious purpose, Kingsleypurchased cloth and other goods in the port and traveled inlandfor six months as a trader, exchanging goods for food andshelter along the way. During this and her second trip in 1895,Kingsley demonstrated resourcefulness in dealing with suchchallenges as rescuing a native from cannibals, defeatinga leopard with a bucket of water, learning to pilot a nativecanoe up the Ogooue River, and becoming the first whitewoman and third "Englishman" to climb the 14,435 foot MountCameroon. Upon her return to London, Kingsley campaignedfor an enlightened African policy, published her bookTravels inWest Africa and advocated a forum for the serious ethnologicalstudy of Africa. Kingsley's third trip was to Cape Town duringthe 1900 Boer War. There she encountered an epidemic ofdysentery, volunteered to nurse prisoners of war, contractedtyphoid, and died.

1. What is the main purpose of this passage?

A. To demonstrate that even the most seasoned Africanexplorers are at risk due to disease.

B. To outline the early history of African exploration.

C. To establish the need for a more tolerant colonial policy

in 19 th century England.

D. To discuss the achievements of one female explorer.

E. To argue that the contributions made by womenexplorers in Africa were as important as those made bymen.

2. The author suggests that Mary Kingsley may have gone toAfrica for each of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A. to serve as an Anglican missionary

B. to complete her father's fetish research

C. to fulfill a childhood dream

D. to collect specimens of fish and insects for the BritishMuseum

E. to die

3. Mary Kingsley's reason for purchasing cloth and othersupplies at the mouth of the Congo was:

A. to be able to trade for food and shelter along the way

B. to earn extra money to finance her trip

C. to assuage the natives' concerns over her motives

D. to acquire examples of fetish sculptures for her father'sresearch

E. to acquaint the natives with European goods

4. Why does the author insert the anecdotes about Kingsley'stravels in paragraph three?

A. To show that she was not afraid of wild beasts.

B. To compare the obstacles faced by female travelerswith those faced by male explorers of the day.

C. To entice you into reading Kinsley's best-selling bookTravels in West Africa.

D. To emphasize the dangers Mary faced in her travels.

E. To illustrate Kingsley's ability to conquer a variety ofchallenges.

5. Hubert Humphrey's attempt in his campaign to dissociatehimself from the Johnson foreign policies was built aroundemphasis on Humphrey's Senate career.

A. himself from the Johnson foreign policies was builtaround emphasis on Humphrey's Senate career

B. him from the Johnson foreign policies were built aroundemphasis on Humphrey's Senate career

C. him from the Johnson foreign policies was built aroundemphasis on Humphrey's Senate career

D. himself from the Johnson foreign policies were builtaround emphasis on Humphrey's Senate career

E. him from the Johnson foreign policies was built aroundemphasizing the Senate career of the candidate

6. Since conscious patients often died of shock on theoperating table, the invention of anesthesia was essential to thedevelopment of surgery as the invention of the propeller was topowered flight.

A. the invention of anesthesia was essential to thedevelopment of surgery as the invention of the propellerwas to powered flight

B. inventing anesthesia was as essential for thedevelopment of surgery as the invention of the propellerwas for powered flight

C. the invention of anesthesia was as essential in thedevelopment of surgery much as the invention of thepropeller had been for powered flight

D. the invention of anesthesia was as essential to thedevelopment of surgery as the invention of the propellerwas to powered flight

E. the invention of anesthesia was essential to thedevelopment of surgery, so was the invention of thepropeller essential to powered flight

Practice vs. Talent

Most people assume that those who are truly great atsome pursuit - for example, David Beckham at footballor Midori at playing the violin - are naturally, or perhapssupernaturally, talented. Those who hold this belief generallywould acknowledge that some practice is necessary for theseextraordinary individuals to hone their talents, but that at theroot, they were born with innate talents that no amount ofpractice could replace.

Recent research, however, reveals that talent contributes farless toward success than does practice. In fact, in none of thefields studied - which included sport, music, chess and medicine- have experts found any evidence that experts have any morenatural talent than amateurs. In short, the successes of world-class performers are almost entirely attributable to practice. Theimplications of this are obvious: a lack of success in any area ofinterest can no longer be blamed on a lack of talent - each of uscan achieve elite status in virtually any pursuit through copiousamounts of practice.

The structure of effective practice that emerged from the studiesis different from what might be expected, however. Researchershave defined a term known as 'deliberate practice' - repeatedefforts to improve the weakest aspect of performance, donewith forethought and with evaluated results. Practice in the waythat most people define it -- randomised activity, or repetition ofthe most enjoyable aspects of the performance -- is insufficient.

The concept of directed practice is best explained through anexample. Suppose that one wishes to improve one's golf gameto the elite level. Most people would approach their practiceby either playing more rounds of golf, or by practicing theirfavourite part of the game - say, their long game. Directedpractice, though, would dictate that the person analyse thecurrent state of his or her game, determine which aspect of the

game is his or her greatest weakness, and then repetitively andintensively practice that particular aspect. Suppose that yourweakness is putting the ball- to embrace the concept of directedpractice, you should spend hours on the practice green hittingthe same putts over and over again, planning and visualisingthem beforehand, and analysing and making improvementsafterward. Once your putting improves to the point that it isno longer your greatest weakness, move on to that part of thegame that now is, and repeat the process.

7. For most golfers, a trip to the driving range will improve theirgame more than would equal time playing a full round of golf.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

8. Directed practice aimed at improving the weakest element ofyour performance is likely to yield better results than directedpractice aimed at improving any other element.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

9. Natural talent and practice are equally important in gainingmastery of an activity.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

10. An individual who finds himself unable to do well at golfsimply has not spent enough time practising.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

Elizabethan English society was fragmented, defined by classdistinctions that went far beyond those of income or positionin social hierarchy. Religion, occupation, political affiliations,and even neighborhood would all contribute to a complicatedand keenly felt social identity. Nevertheless, one prevalentsocial tradition of that time and place offered an experience of

unity. In 16th century London, people from all social positions

flocked to Shakespeare's Globe, The Rose, and The Swan,outdoor playhouses that were fashioned after ancient Romanamphitheaters and engendered a community consciousness.Their entrance fees suited craftsmen and noblemen alike, andtheir physical layout facilitated interaction among the membersof the audience as they responded to the actors on stage.

The cross-class popularity of theater as social event may bedifficult for us to imagine today, as the Elizabethan theaterexperience was much different from that of attending amodern play. Theatrical performance as we know it is usuallyan individual experience, each of us a solitary spectator.When Elizabethan theatergoers gathered as an audience,they functioned as a collective. Whether enchanted by aperformance and suspending disbelief, or bored with aplay and heckling the actors, the class distinctions amongaudience members seemed to vanish. Regrettably, mostcontemporary theatergoers have not had opportunity to seethe way that theater, as an institution, has the power notonly to illuminate life truths on stage but also to help us toexperience and recognize the unifying power of community andthe commonality of the human condition.

11. Which of the following most closely resembles thecontrast between modern and Elizabethan theater attendanceexperiences as described in the passage?

A. A fan of a baseball team may feel a greater sense offellowship with a fan of that same team who has a different

profession than to a professional colleague who is a fan ofa different team.

B. Art movements that were highly popular in pastcenturies would likely have little impact on the average artenthusiast if those movements originated today.

C. Historians often misinterpret the significance of pastevents because they are only able to experience thoseevents vicariously.

D. Sports enthusiasts today often prefer to watchseveral athletic events at home, on television or online,participating in "fantasy leagues," rather than cheer on oneteam as part of a crowd.

E. Today's explorers and adventurers can increase theirchances of success by gaining insight from travel journalsdocumenting historical expeditions.

12. The passage provides support for which of the followingassertions about Elizabethan theater?

A. It was the most popular entertainment of its day.

B. It allowed people of disparate backgrounds to identifywith the actors on stage.

C. It led to the proliferation of cultural events in general.

D. Its cross-class appeal was a societal rarity.

E. It was widely considered a social obligation.

13. The author most probably refers to Roman amphitheaters inorder to

A. allude to the diversity of the theatergoing audience

B. help explain the popularity of Elizabethan theater

C. emphasize how the design of Elizabethan theatersfacilitated a specific audience mentality

D. allude to the size of the Elizabethan audience

E. convey the antiquity of the Elizabethan theater tradition

14. One reason some particle physicists are switching toastronomy late in their careers is that they tire of spendingyears constructing environments in which they can conductexperiments; astronomers have an infinite and ready-madesupply of environments at their disposal.

A. One reason some particle physicists are switchingto astronomy late in their careers is that they tire ofspending years constructing environments in which theycan conduct experiments; astronomers have an infiniteand ready-made supply of environments at their disposal

B. Late in their careers, one reason that some particlephysicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by thefact that particle physicists must spend years constructingenvironments in which they can conduct experiments,while astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supplyof environments at their disposal

C. Late in their careers, one reason that some particlephysicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by thefact that particle physicists must spend years constructingenvironments in which they can conduct experiments,while an infinite and ready-made supply of environments isat the disposal of astronomers

D. The fact that particle physicists must spend yearsconstructing environments in which they can conductexperiments while astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at their disposal is onereason, late in their careers, some particle physicists areswitching to astronomy

E. The existence of an infinite and ready-made supply ofenvironments at the disposal of astronomers comparedwith the fact that particle physicists must spend yearsconstructing environments in which they can conductexperiments suggests one reason some particle physicistsare switching to astronomy late in their careers

Australia's Stolen Generation

Between the late-1860s and the early 1970s, over 100,000Aboriginal Australian children - mostly infants or toddlers - weretaken from their families and placed either in orphanages orcharitable institutions or with Caucasian foster families. Themodern Australian government has concluded that as muchas 10% of Aboriginal children were displaced in this way, andthat no Aboriginal family in the country avoided the loss of atleast one child. These children are now known as members ofAustralia's 'Stolen Generation.'

The tactics of the Australian government were often cruel,and sometimes treacherous. Local governments employedAboriginal Protection Officers, who had the authority to removechildren with or without cause. Naturally, the parents protestedthe actions of these officials, often violently so, and manytimes Aboriginals were severely beaten for trying to protecttheir young. In other cases, government dishonesty wasused -- some parents were told that their children neededhospitalisation, either for routine immunisations or checks,or for more serious maladies, and then told that the childrenhad perished when in fact they had been placed into the child-welfare system.

Why would the Australian government engage in thisprogrammatic destruction of Aboriginal families? Ostensibly,it was for the children's own good. Aboriginal populations haddeclined precipitously since the in-migration of Europeans,and officials concluded that Aboriginal civilisation was doomedto collapse. Given that assumption, they reasoned, futuregenerations of Aboriginals had to assimilate quickly into whitesociety, against Aboriginal will if necessary.

There is a large and growing body of evidence, though, thatindicates that these programs were initiated to hasten thecollapse of Aboriginal civilisation, not only through cultural

assimilation but ultimately by hastening the intermarriage ofAboriginals with members of other races.

Regardless of historical motives, the effects of the programsare largely negative. All of the taken children are now grownand continue to be victims of their experience. They are likelyto have poorer health; higher rates of alcoholism, drug use &addiction, and incarceration; and shorter life spans than theaverage Australian - and even the average Aboriginal.

15. Australian Aboriginals have, on average, shorter lifeexpectancy than most people throughout the world.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

16. Intermarriage between Australian Aboriginals and membersof other races was taking place even before the taking ofAboriginal children began.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

17. The Australian government of the late 1860s through theearly 1970s employed various tactics aimed at eliminating theAboriginal populace.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

18. The abduction of young Aboriginals in Australia was largelyintended to provide a captive labour force for wealth whitelandowners.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

19. One student at the school was not yet fifteen, yet he wasalready a master in both chess and in bridge.

A. master in both chess and in bridge

B. master of both chess and in bridge

C. master of both chess and of bridge

D. master both chess and bridge

E. master of both chess and bridge

The United States is the only industrialized nation that has notconverted to the metric system, despite a major movement inthe 1970s that pushed hard for such a conversion. The debateover whether to convert has vociferous advocates on bothsides, and both cite cost as evidence for their positions. Thecost of converting to the metric system would undoubtedly behundreds of millions of dollars, but the cost of not converting willbe far greater. Continued American adherence to a system thatthe rest of the industrialized world has abandoned results in asignificant loss of trade revenue as well as a significant increasein production costs. To compete in today's growing globalmarket, for example, many U.S. businesses must create oneversion of a product to distribute domestically and another todistribute abroad. Furthermore, U.S. reluctance to convert putsAmericans at an international educational disadvantage whenit comes to mathematics and science. To prepare Americanstudents for success and to compete in the burgeoning globalmarket, the United States must once again push for conversionto the metric system. This could best be accomplished ingraduated steps, beginning with the dual labeling of productsand signage as well as teaching the metric system exclusivelyin schools.

20. The passage implies which of the following about the failureof the 1970s U.S. movement to convert to the metric system?

A. It resulted in more support and advocacy for conversionin the long term.

B. It has been attributed to deficiencies in the U.S.educational system.

C. It was ill-timed because it accompanied economicrecession.

D. It made the cost-based argument for conversion evenmore compelling in the present.

E. It was largely due to the fact that gradualimplementation was not proposed.

21. The author most likely refers to cost as a reason to opposeconversion in order to

A. explain why the debate is likely to continue

B. convey the similarity of some of the arguments on bothsides

C. claim that the issue of cost should be studied in moredetail

D. imply that some of the opponents' arguments are valid

E. undermine the logic of the opponents' claim

22. The author would most likely support which of the followingassertions?

A. After converting, the United States economy would bemore likely to recover from periods of economic decline.

B. American students' mathematics and science skills willcontinue to drop unless metric conversion is undertaken.

C. United States companies' distribution costs will keepvarying with respect to national and international productlines.

D. Only the United States still clings to an antiquatedmeasurement system.

E. The United States' reticence to adopt the metric systemhampers its scientific and economic competitiveness.

Stock Options

The use of company stock - that is, shares of ownership inthe equity of the company - as a component of employeecompensation has grown dramatically over the past 30 years.While equity compensation used to be the exclusive provinceof top executives, more and more levels of employees havereceived it as time has gone on. Because of the way thesecompensation vehicles work, though, most employees neverrealise much value from them.

The most common equity vehicle used as a compensation toolis the employee stock option. A stock option grants the right topurchase a specific number of shares of the company's stock,at a given price, on or before some specific date in the future.The most common form of employee stock option gives theemployee the right to purchase shares at the price in effect onthe date of grant of the option, after the option vests, but beforethe expiration date, provided that the employee continues to beemployed by the company until the exercise happens.

Another common type of employee equity compensation is therestricted share. This is simply a grant of a share of stock, butwith some sort of restriction on the ownership of that stock -most often, continued employment until some future vestingdate.

A company's choice of which type of equity vehicle to grantdepends on many factors. The option to purchase a singleshare of stock is inherently less valuable than the shareitself, since the option requires the employee to put up thepurchase price. So in order for a company to give its employeea certain amount of compensation, it must grant more optionsthan restricted shares, and companies may be less willingto encumber these scarce resources. However, the optionarguably has more motivational power, since it only has value if

the company's stock price rises and employees therefore onlyprofit if the company does well.

23. Restricted stock is more commonly used as an employeecompensation vehicle than are stock options.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

24. Shares of restricted stock carry more inherent value than anequivalent number of shares covered by a stock option.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

25. Employees at lower organisational levels have receivedsignificant increases in overall compensation due to the use ofequity compensation in the last 30 years as compared to thetime before that.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

26. If a company's interest is in motivating its employees toperform well, it is better off granting them equity compensationthan an equivalent amount of cash compensation.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

Congress has had numerous opportunities in recent years toreconsider the arrangements under which federal forest landsare owned and managed. New institutional structures meritdevelopment because federal forest lands cannot be efficientlymanaged under the hierarchical structure which now exists.The system is too complex to be understood by any singleauthority. The establishment of each forest as an independentpublic corporation would simplify the management structure andpromote greater efficiency, control, and accountability.

To illustrate how a system for independent public corporationsmight work, consider the National Forest System. Each NationalForest would become an independent public corporation,operating under federal charter, which gives it legal authorityto manage federal land in the same manner that other federalcorporations manage communications, transportation, orelectrical generation facilities. The charter would give thecorporation the right to establish its own production goals, landuses, management practices, and financial arrangements,within the policy constraints set by the Public CorporationsBoard. To assure economic efficiency in making decisions, thePublic Corporations Board would establish a minimum averagerate of return to be earned on assets held by each corporation.Each corporation would be required to organize a system forreporting revenues, costs, capital investments and recovery,profits, and the usual measures of financial health normallyrequired of any private corporation. While the financial objectivewould not necessarily be to maximize profit, there would be arequirement to earn at least a public utility rate-of-return on theresources under the corporation's control.

The primary advantage of this approach to federal landmanagement lies in the potential for achieving greater efficiencyin the utilization of land, capital, and labor. A second advantagestems from the potential stabilization of the personnel involvedin managing federal lands. A positive program of advancement,

more flexible job classifications, professional training, andabove all, countering outside bids with higher salary, wouldenable a corporation to develop a more stable professionalworkforce. A third advantage is that federal land managementwould become less vulnerable to the politics of special interestgroups.

27. The primary purpose of this passage is to

A. suggest that the National Forest System is plagued bymany problems

B. argue that it is necessary to restructure themanagement of federal forest lands

C. insist that private corporations be allowed to managethe country's natural resources

D. discuss the role of private corporations in themanagement of the National Forest System

E. highlight the competing needs of public agenciesmanaging communications, transportation, and nationalforests

28. According to the passage, all of the following are potentialbenefits of forming public corporations to manage federal forestlands EXCEPT

A. a more stable labor force

B. more effective management of natural resources

C. the ability to offer competitive salaries

D. less vulnerability to special interest groups

E. expansion of federal forest land boundaries

29. According to the passage, the responsibilities of acorporation authorized to manage a National Forest shouldinclude which of the following?

I. Establishing formal procedures for making official reportsof the corporation's financial well-being II. Earning at least aminimum return on the corporation's resources and assets

III. Achieving a maximum level of profits on the corporation'scapital investments

A. I only

B. II only

C. III only

D. I and II

E. I, II, and III

30. The author suggests that administrators of federal forestlands have been handicapped by which of the following?

A. The public expectation that federal forest lands willremain undeveloped

B. The failure of environmental experts to investigate theproblems of federal forest lands

C. The inability of the federal government to competewith private corporations for the services of skilledprofessionals

D. The unwillingness of Congress to pass laws to protectfederal forest lands from private developers

E. The difficulty of persuading citizens to invest theircapital in a government-run endeavor

31. According the passage, the present problems of federalforest lands derive mainly from

A. overuse by the population

B. inefficient organization

C. hostility from special interest groups

D. the corporate mentality of Congress

E. opposition to reform by government employees

32. The author's attitude toward the "hierarchical structure"mentioned in line 6 can best be characterized as

A. resigned

B. admiring

C. skeptical

D. bitter

E. ambivalent

33. Which of the following best describes the organization of thepassage?

A. A proposal is made and then supporting arguments areset forth.

B. One claim is evaluated and then rejected in favor ofanother claim.

C. A point of view is stated and then evidence for andagainst it is evaluated.

D. A problem is outlined and then various solutions arediscussed.

E. Opposing opinions are introduced and then debated.

34. Of all the possible threats that affect American nationalsecurity, the possibility of electromagnetic attack is maybe themore difficult for analysis.

A. is maybe the more difficult for analysis

B. is probably the most difficult to analyze

C. is maybe the most difficult for analysis

D. is probably the more difficult to analyze

E. is, it may be, the analysis that is most difficult

Adverse Selection

The foundation of much of modern business - and in particular,of the insurance industry - is the management of risk. At itsbest, risk management allows a company to minimise financialthreats, to accurately predict losses that are likely to resultfrom those threats, and to bear losses even when they aregreater than predicted. While no one can accurately predict thefuture, good risk managers can determine the probabilities ofvarious outcomes and use those probabilities to prepare forlikely outcomes.

A noteworthy threat to successful risk management is adverseselection, a peril inherent particularly in insurance products.Adverse selection is the process by which less-desirable(in terms of risk) customers, having a greater-than-averageincentive to purchase a particular policy, do so in larger-than-expected proportion to more-desirable customers, making thepool of policyholders riskier than the insurer predicted.

Adverse selection may be illustrated by the example of aparticular life insurance policy. Clearly, individuals with thegreatest incentive to purchase life insurance are those whoengage in risky behaviours, since they are likely to profit mostfrom their policies. This means that, for example, smokers, skydivers, and private pilots have more incentive to purchase lifeinsurance than the general public does.

If the insurer that designed the policy fails to account for thesebehaviours (for example, by charging higher premiums of thosewho engage in them), then the risk-takers will find that the costof the policy is lower than those of policies that do properlyreflect them. Risk-takers will thus purchase this policy in greaternumbers than will non-risk-takers, causing the overall pool ofpolicyholders to be ever riskier, which in turn will lead to higher-than-predicted losses for the insurer. Once high losses on thepolicy begin to be realised, the insurer is likely to raise renewal

prices on the policies, creating a greater incentive for non-risk-takers to abandon the policies, and making the risk pool riskierstill.

35. Risk management is the process by which accuratepredictions of future events are made.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

36. Adverse selection is the aspect of insurance that mostmakes risk management difficult.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

37. Individuals who smoke or sky-dive are likely to die soonerthan individuals who do neither of these things.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

38. The profitability an insurer realises from the sale of aninsurance policy is linked to the expected versus actual risk ofits collective group of policyholders.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

The California ground squirrel must constantly balancethe conflicting demands of self-preservation and predatorassessment. Because predator assessment requires a fairlyhigh degree of proximity and sensory contact, the groundsquirrel can only safely assess predators from whom thereis little to no immediate threat. For example, when avianpredators, including the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle,launch sudden, unexpected aerial attacks, self-preservationmust take precedence over the acquisition of knowledge.Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, pose relatively little immediatedanger, and give the squirrel the greatest opportunity forpredator assessment.

Predator assessment might normally be hampered by theinherent danger of the rattlesnake's lethal bite. But whilesquirrels constitute almost 70 percent of the rattlesnake'sdiet, adult ground squirrels are all but immune to rattlesnakes.Rattlesnakes hunt slowly and stalk their prey, in markedcontrast to sudden avian attacks. And even though arattlesnake's strike is fast, the ground squirrel can move muchfaster. More important, any danger posed by a snakebiteis mitigated by proteins in the squirrel's blood that conferresistance to rattlesnake venom. Adult ground squirrels willgenerally survive a rattlesnake bite that could prove lethal toa grown human. Indeed, it is the squirrel pups that are mostsusceptible to rattlesnake bites, because their smaller bodiescannot neutralize a full bite's worth of venom.

This innate resistance allows the ground squirrel to changethe dynamic of the traditional predator-prey relationshipand approach the rattlesnake in an effort to acquire usefulinformation regarding size and body temperature. Largersnakes, which deliver more venom per strike, are naturally moredangerous, as are warmer snakes, which can strike faster,from a greater distance, and with greater accuracy. Visualcues can be helpful, but the squirrel is often hampered by the

surrounding vegetation and darkness of burrows. Auditory cuesare generally more reliable. For this reason, the ground squirrelwill engage in tail-flagging, sand-kicking, and substrate-throwingin an attempt to put the snake on the defensive, and coax thesnake into rattling its tail. The sound of a particular snake'srattle "leaks" information about the snake's size and bodytemperature. Not only does this information allow the squirrel toaccurately assess the surrounding danger to itself and its pups,but it also allows the squirrel to communicate this danger (orlack thereof) to other squirrels by additional tail-flagging.

39. Which of the following can most reasonably be concludedabout adult ground squirrels on the basis of the passage?

A. They are found exclusively in California.

B. They have always been immune to rattlesnake venom.

C. They are sometimes vulnerable to a rattlesnake'svenom.

D. They generally stay away from rattlesnakes in order toprotect their young.

E. They have only avian and reptilian predators.

40. According to the passage, the adult ground squirrelgenerally does NOT engage in which of the following?

A. The self-application of snake scent

B. Acquisition of knowledge regarding a rattlesnake's size

C. Biting rattlesnakes

D. Large-scale assessment of avian predators

E. Communication with other adult ground squirrels

41. The author mentions the hunting method of rattlesnakes inorder to

A. show how the rattlesnake can sneak up on a groundsquirrel engaged in predator assessment.

B. give an example of an attack against which the adultground squirrel must defend itself in order to survive.

C. explain why 70 percent of squirrels are eaten byrattlesnakes.

D. show how the rattlesnake is different from the red-tailedhawk and golden eagle.

E. provide a secondary explanation for the adult Californiaground squirrel's ability to safely approach the rattlesnake.

42. The passage suggests which of the following aboutpredator-prey relationships?

A. They only allow for predator assessment when there isno danger from the predator.

B. They often do not allow for a high degree of predatorassessment.

C. They are fairly traditional in their resistance to evolution.

D. They tend to minimize the predator-prey proximity.

E. They are the same regardless of the species inquestion.

A newly unearthed Aztec tomb must have been created after1428 but before 1430. It couldn't have been constructed before1428 because it contains a type of headdress that was notcreated until later that year. It also could not have been builtafter 1430 because it contains a type of wood that the Aztecswere known to have stopped using in that same year.

43. Which of the following is an assumption on which theargument depends?

A. The style in which the Aztecs built tombs did not changebetween 1428 and 1430.

B. There is no other evidence in the tomb that can betested accurately for age.

C. No stocks of the old wood existed after 1430.

D. The Aztecs did not construct the tomb over the courseof many years.

E. The headdress was familiar to most Aztecs in 1428.

44. Although modern roller coasters have loops in which theyturn upside-down, old-fashioned roller coasters have more andlonger straight drops.

A. old-fashioned roller coasters have more and longerstraight drops

B. the old-fashioned roller coaster has more and longerstraight drops

C. whereas old-fashioned roller coasters have more andlonger straight drops

D. old-fashioned roller coasters having more and longerstraight drops

E. old-fashioned roller coasters drop longer and straighter

One of the controversies plaguing policy makers is whetherdeficit spending is a responsible remedy for unemployment andeconomic decline. The concept that a government can fuel itseconomy by running deficits was advanced by John MaynardKeynes, a British economist whose ideas were adopted byindustrial nations whose economies floundered in the wake ofWorld War II. In times of monetary crisis since then, those whobelieve that government spending encourages recovery andthose who see government intervention as an assault on thefree market have argued the merits of Keynesian economics.

International monetary struggles after World War II pushedKeynes's ideas to the forefront and engendered a policy divisionbetween major political parties in the United States. Keynesasserted that during downturns, government funding of publicworks could strengthen the economy by creating jobs andstimulating business and industry. Since then, a reliance ondeficit spending has fueled the fiscal policies of U.S. leadership,despite the outcry of politicians who condemn governmentactivity in the marketplace and defend the necessity of abalanced budget. In practice, Keynesian philosophy hasbeen misunderstood, and the economist's message has beenmisinterpreted by its detractors. In fact, Keynes advocateda free market economy and acknowledged its power. Hebelieved, however, that government spending serves as apolitical stabilizer, a tool that restores the power of the freemarket after economic shocks, ensuring that the budgetbalances itself.

45. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. clarify the philosophy behind an economic strategy thatis widely applied today

B. downplay the value of an economic policy that wasfounded on erroneous beliefs

C. highlight the contrast between government tacticsaimed at stimulating economic prosperity

D. suggest a reason fiscal policies fail to protect nationsfrom economic decline

E. undermine the wisdom of a fiscal policy that has beenlinked to economic success

46. The author would most likely agree with which of thefollowing statements about Keynesian economics?

A. It can be successful in the face of hardship butdevastating during prosperous times.

B. It explains how insistence on partisan dogma canambush a stable economy.

C. It has been rendered ineffective due to corruption of theeconomist's goals.

D. It makes sense only when a nation has exhausted morepreferable roads to recovery.

E. It has been unjustly characterized as fiscallyirresponsible.

47. The author most probably refers to the industrial nations inorder to

A. limit the appeal of Keynesian theory to economicallyprosperous nations

B. link the rise of Keynesian economics to a specifichistorical era

C. provide a historical time reference for the rise of the freemarket

D. stress the value of fiscal stability to a nation'scommercial success

E. trace the corruption of Keynesian theory to a specifichistorical era

Benefits Consultant: Company-sponsored retirement plansthat feature multiple investment options are misleadinglyattractive. The investment managers of a given fund frequentlyhave the power to shift its strategy; such changes are oftendramatic and alter the behavior of the fund in ways anemployee could not have foreseen upon initially selecting it. Asa result, it is difficult for employees to accurately predictthe effects of an investment plan on their financial future.

48. In the argument above, the two portions in boldface playwhich of the following roles?

A. The first is the consultant's main conclusion; the secondis a subsidiary assertion in support of that conclusion.

B. The first raises a subsidiary assertion that supportsthe consultant's ultimate conclusion; the second is thatconclusion.

C. The first is an observation the consultant holds to beregrettably true; the second is evidence in support of adifferent observation.

D. The first is an observation the consultant disagreeswith; the second is an observation the consultant ultimatelysupports.

E. The first is an observation the consultant considersproblematic; the second is a claim the consultant uses asevidence in support of a possible solution.

Toys4Them, an online toy merchant, generated $220 million inrevenue last year, an 8.6 percent increase over the previousyear. However, the number of toys sold did not increasesignificantly last year over the previous year.

49. Each of the following, if true, could explain the apparentdiscrepancy EXCEPT:

A. Last year, Toys4Them changed its accounting policy tono longer count toys given away to charities as sold toys.

B. Toys4Them sold a higher proportion of more expensivetoys last year than the previous year.

C. Last year, the number of consumers shopping for toysincreased over the previous year.

D. Last year, Toys4Them experienced an unprecedentedboom in its divisions that do not sell toys.

E. Because of an economic downturn, Toys4Them heavilydiscounted its toys during the holiday season two yearsago.

Numerous studies of chemotherapy patients over the lastten years have shown that patients who had regularlyattended support groups or received counseling experiencedsignificantly fewer side effects and shorter recovery timesfrom chemotherapy than did patients who had not. Clearly,although the mainstream scientific community has been slowto acknowledge it, psychological support has an effect on thebody's ability to heal.

50. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen theargument above?

A. The survival rates for chemotherapy patients in thestudy were virtually identical regardless of whether or notthey received support.

B. The patients who did not attend support groups chosenot to do so, even though they were healthy enough toattend.

C. Many medical doctors believe that the mind plays a rolein the causation and prevention of illness.

D. The majority of chemotherapy patients must undergomore than one round of treatment.

E. Some hospitals do not conduct support groups on theirpremises for chemotherapy patients and their families.

51. The customer will not be responsible for transactions madewith lost or stolen credit cards after issuing replacement cards.

A. The customer will not be responsible for transactionsmade with lost or stolen credit cards after issuingreplacement cards

B. No customer will be responsible for transactions madewith lost or stolen credit cards after they are issuedreplacement cards

C. The customer will not be responsible for transactionsmade with lost or stolen credit cards after replacementcards have been issued

D. Responsibility for transactions made with lost or stolencredit cards will not be the customer's after he is issuedreplacement cards

E. The customer will not be responsible for transactionsmade with lost or stolen credit cards after such time asthey will have been issued replacement cards

Origins of Dada

The anti-art movement known as Dada began as a loosely-organised protest of World War I. Several artists and writerswho had earlier fled to neutral Switzerland began to meet in theCabaret Voltaire in 1916, informally presenting performances,art pieces, and writings that protested the War. Thesepresentations took on increasingly and shockingly nonsensicalforms, with the intent of jolting observers' awareness of theridiculousness of the war itself.

By late 1916, a number of seminal manifestoes and otherworks had begun to define Dada, and the name itself had beenapplied to the movement. While the exact origins of the namehave been lost to time, it is commonly believed that the wordwas chosen to represent the movement because it is itselfnonsensical.

As Dada developed and spread, first to other Europeancountries and later to the United States, it emerged as a sharpdressing-down of all things previously thought of as 'art'.While most great artistic movements prior to Dada had beenrepresentational, logical, and beautiful, Dada itself becameabstract, illogical, and, often, ugly to the point of obscene.Perhaps best illustrating this development is the single mostfamous piece of Dada art, Fountain by Marcel Duchamp. Thispiece, a urinal pseudo-signed by the artist, was quite shockingwhen unveiled in 1917.

By the mid-1920s, the Dada movement unravelled as itspractitioners moved on to other modern art forms such assurrealism. However, the history of the movement survives; theCabaret Voltaire itself was turned into a Dada museum in 2002.

52. Dada had its origins in the night clubs of New York City.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

53. The most widely-known example of Dada art is a bathroomfixture.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

54. The Dada movement was an active force for about tenyears.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

55. Neutral Switzerland embraced the anti-war Dadamovement.

A. True

B. False

C. Can't tell

56. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance donot apply to small, emergent economies in the same way theyapply to established economies, because they are developingand are not in equilibrium.

A. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balancedo not apply to small, emergent economies in the sameway they apply to established economies, because theyare developing and are not in equilibrium

B. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium,formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance donot apply to small, emergent economies in the same waythey apply to established economies

C. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium,small, emergent economies are not subject to the sameapplicability of formulas for gross domestic product andtrade balance as established economies

D. Because small, emergent economies are developingand are not in equilibrium, formulas for gross domesticproduct and trade balance do not apply to them in thesame way they apply to established economies

E. Small, emergent economies are not subject to theapplicability of formulas for gross domestic product andtrade balance in the same way as established economies,because they are developing and are not in equilibrium

Truancy is a serious issue for school administrators, but theyare facing an impossible challenge: they do not have the staffnecessary to identify and discipline all of the students whoseabsences are unauthorized. Because the number of studentswho will be caught and punished is so minimal, the actionstaken by school administrators will have only a limited effect onthe number of students who continue to miss school withoutauthorized permission.

57. The answer to which of the following questions would besthelp evaluate the accuracy of the conclusion above?

A. Will new school attendance technology allow schooladministrators to more quickly and easily identifyindividuals whose absence is unauthorized?

B. Will the threat of disciplinary action alter the behavior oftruant students?

C. Will school administrators dedicate the bulk of theirresources to disciplining truant students?

D. Is a small minority of students responsible for themajority of unauthorized absences?

E. Do many truant students decide to be absent in groups?

The rise of industrial production of consumer goods in themid-19th century led to a marketing phenomenon that changedthe nature of not only product advertising in the United Statesbut also the market itself. Advertising tactics became muchmore aggressive. The small advertisements that had beenburied in newspapers gave way to bright, bold ads that wereplastered on billboards. They contained slogans that peoplewould remember and were intended to persuade ratherthan simply to inform, which was the aim of most previousadvertising. This new mode of advertising even stimulatedcompetition among companies that produced similar types ofproducts, as it encouraged companies to create and promoteproducts that were not merely useful but appealing anddistinctive as well. The public was bombarded with a new arrayof product choices that promised to facilitate their work andsimplify their lives.

The new products of the Industrial Age, such as the automobile,the refrigerator, and the sewing machine, certainly did improveAmericans' quality of life, but ironically their promotion mayhave contributed to one of the most severe periods of economicsuffering in American history. The new culture of consumerismled many manufacturers to overestimate actual demand, andthus to overproduce. The resultant overabundance of supplyand saturation of the market is often cited as one of the causesof the Great Depression.

58. It can be inferred from the passage that Industrial Ageadvertisers contributed to an economic decline by

A. improving Americans' quality of life

B. creating competition for brand recognition

C. creating an inaccurate picture of market conditions

D. deliberately misleading manufacturers about the long-term implications of advertising strategy

E. overestimating the usefulness of the products theypromoted

59. The author most likely discusses how advertising led tocompetition among companies that produced similar products inorder to

A. allude to a danger in contemporary advertisingcampaigns

B. give an example of the significant societal and marketchanges effected by advertising

C. argue that increased economic competition led to theGreat Depression

D. reveal a consequence of overly-aggressive businesspractices

E. suggest a valid reason to oppose aggressiveadvertising

60. According to the passage, the advertising industrycontributed to the Great Depression by

A. encouraging irresponsible consumer spending

B. manifesting indifference toward actual consumer need

C. misdirecting its resources

D. creating an erroneous impression of consumer demand

E. undermining the credibility of industry