Upload
natalie-blair
View
221
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Go to Section:
Trapping EnergyHave you ever used a solar-powered calculator? No matter where you go, as long as you have a light source, the calculator works. You never have to put batteries in it.
Section 8-2
Interest Grabber
Go to Section:
Interest Grabber Answers
1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works?
They convert light energy into electrical energy.
Section 8-2
Go to Section:
Interest Grabber Answers
2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants?
Plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Section 8-2
Go to Section:
Interest Grabber Answers
3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green?
Leaves are green, as are some stems.
Section 8-2
Go to Section:
Interest Grabber Answers
4. What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes?
The green color is the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.
Section 8-2
REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
8-2
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Atoms are the basic unit of MATTER:
A NUCLEUS contains ______________ ______________
______________ orbit nucleus in
ENERGY LEVELS
PROTONS (+)NEUTRONS
ELECTRONS (-)
Atoms differ in numbers of protons, neutrons, &
electrons
Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm
Atoms that have gained or lost electrons have anelectric charge andare called__________
They are writtenwith a + or –next to theirsymbol
IONS Na+
Cl-
1.____________2.____________3.____________4.____________5.____________6.____________
Atoms/ions important for living things
Carbon - C
Oxygen - OHydrogen - HNitrogen - NSulfur - S
Phosphorus - P
ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES
Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGEN
atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes ________
WATER
Image by: Riedell
A chemical formula tells what kind of molecules and how many are in a molecule
EX: ________H2O
________________ = kind of chemical reaction in which molecules are produced by joining smaller molecules together
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H20
SYNTHESIS
2 water molecules
Hydrogen molecule oxygen molecule
An chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20
______________ _______________Molecules that react Molecules that are
produced
products→reactants
http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
Chemical reactions need help to get started
EX: A fire needs a match to get it started.
http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpghttp://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL . . . Once you get it up there, it can roll down by itself
Energy required to get a chemical reaction started
= _________________ energy
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
ACTIVATION
REACTANTSPRODUCTS
ACTIVATIONENERGY
CATALYSTS HELP CHEMICAL REACTIONS HAPPEN FASTER
Catalysts work by ____________ theactivation energy required to get a chemical reaction started.
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
DECREASING
CATALYSTS in Living Things
In living systems PROTEINS called __________ act as catalysts to control chemical reactions.
Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm
SEE ANIMATIONof AMYLASE
ENZYMES
Remember from
CELL BIO
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpgImage from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm
ENZYMES are PROTEINS that make chemical reactions happen faster
PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES
ENZYMES fit together with _____________ (reactants) like a lock and key to form an____________________________.
__________are released and enzyme is free to help again
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
SUBSTRATES
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
PRODUCTS
See a video about enzyme reactions
Video 4Enzymatic Reactions 2D
Many enzyme NAMES end in _____and the beginning of the name tells what it doesDNA Polymerase= “polymerizes” joins monomers to make DNA
Protease= breaks down proteins
ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP
-ASE
Go to Section:
8–2 Photosynthesis: An Overview
A. Investigating Photosynthesis
1. Van Helmont’s Experiment
2. Priestley’s Experiment
3. Jan Ingenhousz
B. The Photosynthesis Equation
C. Light Pigments
Section 8-2
Section Outline
Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS
began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered
it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________
__________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________.
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from the ________… that was the only thing he had added!
In 1643-a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling.
Jan van Helmont
seedling hadgained
soil unchanged
WATER
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something hecouldn’t see…__________________ from the air.carbon dioxide
water carbonCarbohydrates
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT1771- An English minister,
_________________________,
discovered that a flame burning
in a closed jar would die out.
If he placed a __________ in the
jar and allowed a few days to
pass, the candle could be lit again.
The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_7.htmlhttp://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_8.html
We now know it was …____________OXYGEN
Joseph Priestley
live plant
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1779-
Dutch scientist ________________________
showed Priestley’s plant experiment only
worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ !
http://www.rgg.og.schule-bw.de/Dokus/d-faech/Biologie/Klasse%208/Bilder/Fotosynthese/Ingenhousz-Netz.JPG
Jan Ingenhousz
light
THE BIG PICTURE
These experiments led to work by later
scientists who finally discovered that in the
presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water
into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
Carbondioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen
6 CO2_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2→
In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
__________________
and
__________________
are needed for photosynthesis to happen.
chlorophyll
light energy
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm
____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction.
Photosynthesis
consumed
Reaction 1 → Product → X
Reaction 2 → Product Y
A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________
biochemical pathway
Go to Section:
See a video clip about PHOTOSYNTHESIS(8B)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-Dependent Reaction
Light-Independent Reactions
Light & Water
oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Carbon Dioxide (CH2O)n
Calvin Cycle
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products
LIGHT ENERGY
CO2 + H2O SUGARS + O2
Sunlight is made upof many different_______________of light
Your eyes “see”different wavelengths asdifferent ___________
http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg
wavelengths
colors
Sizes of Wavelengths
http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html
Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________.
pigments
By: VanderWal
The main energy absorbing moleculein green plants is___________________
_________________ are pigments too.(These look yellow, orange, and brown)
CAROTENOIDS
http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg
http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg
CHLOROPHYLL
Carotenoids are what you see when chlorophyll disappears in the fall
http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg
red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll a absorbs ________wavelengths, buteven more____________light.It absorbs very little ______ light.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
red
violet
Blue
red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll babsorbs ______light and even more_________ light
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
red
Blue-violet
Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis,
BUT . . . .
Myth:
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
Chlorophyll a & b______________absorb_______________wavelengths oflight
do NOT
green
Why are plants green?BECAUSE…Chlorophyll _____________light very well in the __________________regions and _________ lightin the green regions of spectrum.
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif
absorbs
blue-violet and red
reflects
We “see” reflected light
Light wavelengths that are reflected
bounce back to your eyes . . .
so leaves “LOOK” green.
Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html
___________________________________
When you see a plant with yellow flowers and green leaves, the plant is reflecting ____________________________wavelengths of light
yellow and green
By: VanderWal
When you ______ a plant with yellow and purple flowers, the plant is _____________ yellow and purplewavelengths of light
By: VanderWal
reflecting
see
Plants ________________ mainly___________________________ wavelengths of lightfor photosynthesis.
red and blue-violet
By: VanderWal
absorb and use
Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light.
ENERGY
ABSORBS
ENERGY & ELECTRONS
When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferredto electrons in the chlorophyll molecule.
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif
http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif
HIGH ENERGY ____________make photosynthesis work!
ELECTRONS
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis: The students will be able to:• explain the biochemical processes that a plant
uses in photosynthesis• explain the role ADP-ATP cycle has within the
chloroplast of the cell (9-12.L.1.1)• explain the light reaction (9-12.L.1.1)• explain the steps of photophosphorylation and
the Calvin Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)
SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
• Photosynthesis and respirationATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymesMitochondriaChloroplasts
LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things
Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle;
analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle;
predict the function of a given structure;
High school students performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes)
describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes);
describe the relationship between structure and function
High school students performing at the
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes)
name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes);
recognize that different structures perform different functions;
SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration and their importance to plant and animal life. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples: photosystems, photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle
LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things.