Early 1800s PoliticsGoal 2

War of 1812

James Madison became President in 1808 Father of the Constitution Did not want war

British continue harassment of U.S. trade US declares war b/c of British impressment (war hawks)

2nd war of Independence British burn Washington DC

Dolley Madison saves Washington US wins battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson Last battle of the war, we almost lost

Treaty of Ghent, 1814 (nothing changed hands) Star Spangled Banner- Francis Scott Key

Dolley Madison Saves Washington’s Portrait

Dolley after seeing the British were approaching Washington saved the full-length portrait of former president and national icon George Washington from desecration by vengeful British soldiers before fleeing the White House

Federal Powers

Powers expanded – use of implied powers and the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Constitution

Judicial Review (Supreme Court) Marbury v. Madison

Implied Powers and the National Bank 1st National Bank expired and the 2nd National Bank is

created as it is decided the need for stability and regulation is paramount to fears of Federal Power

Implied Powers and National Supremacy confirmed • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • National Bank can not be taxed by a state bank

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)• Interstate Commerce controlled by National Government

Foreign Affairs

End of the war of 1812 Era of Good Feelings – only one political party

temporarily as the Federalist party disappeared Northern border with Canada established 49th

parallel (British territory still) Florida becomes apart of the US, 1819

Adams-Onis Treaty also sets SW border with Spanish Mexico

Mexican War and Texas Independence causes division and tension in regards to the intent of the war and entering of Texas to the Union

Monroe Doctrine

James Monroe became President in 1816 US is still a fragile nation in the world arena

Manifest Destiny is pushing West and into contact with foreign power

Attempts to claim part of the world as our own “neighborhood” Connections to Manifest Destiny? Imperialism?

Monroe Doctrine States that Europeans should not interfere with

this hemisphere Attempts to interfere would be taken as a threat of

aggression

Missouri Compromise

Slavery had not been an issue since the Constitutional Convention ????? Slave Trade Compromise, Nat Turner Rebellion, etc. Abolition Movement was beginning to grow with

the addition of new states and new religious/social movements

1820 it was even with slave and free states – representation in the House

Decision: Missouri would enter at the same time as Maine to balance slave/free; line is drawn at Missouri to determine future of slavery

Madison Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6VQo1YjTOw

Market Revolution Goal 2

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Regional SpecializationRegional Specialization

EAST Industrial

SOUTH Cotton & Slavery

WEST The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

Capitalism - Distribution of Wealth

Capitalism - Distribution of Wealth

v During the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population.

v 1845 Boston top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

Markets Expand

New Markets change population centers

Competition within the US as well as Foreign

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840sSewing Machine

•Textile Industry became more efficient and clothes could be made in a factory setting •Fashion became more important and the desire to own fashionable clothing

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse1840 – Telegraph

•Linked towns and settlers •Improved communication for families as well as business and government

Inventions Improve Life

Increased communication Increases markets Improves standard of living

They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.

The “American Dream”The “American Dream”

A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:

Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Transportation Changes

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The Clermont• Increases travel and trade • Very profitable for the North

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System• Made NY a commerce center as it linked lakes to ocean – interstate and intrastate as well as foreign trade• By 1840 – 3,300 canals across the US• BY 1850 – 700 steamboats – called riverboats in the US

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]

Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates

The “Iron Horse” built by Peter Cooper – he called it the “TOM THUMB”

Traveled at the incredible speed of 10 mph

First trip – 13 miles between Ellicott & Baltimore MD

TheRailroadRevolution,1850s

TheRailroadRevolution,1850s

p Immigrant laborbuilt the No. RRs.

p Slave laborbuilt the So. RRs.

p Eventually it would connect the Atlantic to Pacific with the Transcontinental Railroad

Agriculture

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

•Made it possible to plant in the rocky West – moving agriculture westward •Made planting more efficient

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

•Wheat Harvesting was more efficient, thus more could be planted •Helped turn the Midwest into the “Breadbasket”

Agriculture

Increased markets, productivity, respect (foreign)

Become more self-sufficient within our country

Become more reliant on each other to produce the parts of the whole

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

ECONOMIC?

SOCIAL?

POLITICAL?

FUTUREPROBLEMS?

Sectionalism Goal 2

Industrial Revolution

Developed in Great Britain Came to US because of Embargo Act of 1807 and

the War of 1812 (forced us to industrialize as we weren’t trading with Great Britain

Interchangeable Parts Assembly line and Specialization Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

Mass Production – less skill needed Lowell System – textile industry

Developed the modern factory idea Highly organized – basically little towns of their

own

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

Lowell Mills Time Table

Lowell Mills Time Table

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

Society

North Societal Changes – making NE perfect for industry▪ Owners of Industry – protected by courts and government ▪ Laborers – skilled artisans forced to become factory workers to compete

First Labor Unions Develop – because Middle Class is disappearing; cities becoming a concentration of lower class people

Anti-slavery movement South

Based on agriculture – little urban development and commericalization

Plantation owners Planters Farmers Slaves – became very profitable to sell/trade w/in the US as

Slave Trade was banned internationally

Cotton is King

Cotton is a valuable crop but requires great hand labor – i.e. need for slave labor

Invention of Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney – reduced time and cost to separate cotton from the seed

Increased capacity for cotton production with the addition of the western lands By 1820 more cotton was produced than any other

crop in the South Cotton becomes ½ the value of American exports by

1840 Price of a slave went from $600 in 1802 to $1,800 in

1860

Sectional Differences

Views differed on many issues See back of paper

Land Free Land vs. Market Value ▪ Debate over how to expand in the west

Tariff of 1816 High vs. Low: North advocates for high to protect against

British/Foreign goods and South Advocates for Low ▪ Increased cost of manufactured goods 20-25%

Slavery North – abolition movement picking up steam South – “necessary evil” to a “positive good”

American System

High Tariff Protective against foreign competition Supported by Democratic-Republicans

National Bank Need for a uniform currency as states were

printing their own and causing inflation System of Internal Improvements

Roads, bridges, canals- paid for by the federal government to build unity within the country

Help to settle western lands Promoted by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as

Economic Nationalism

Transportation

National Road – made by the Federal Government From Maryland to Ohio – was a toll road

Conestogas – wagons to travel west Erie Canal – made NE a commerce

center Railroad building will begin soon

Helped widen the gap between North and South

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820s

Age of Jackson“Jacksonian Democracy”

Goal 2

Champion of the

“Common Man”?

“King”Andrew?OR

Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

Jackson’s Opponents in 1824

Jackson’s Opponents in 1824

Henry Clay[KY]

John Quincy Adams[MA]

John C. Calhoun

[SC]

Results of the 1824 ElectionResults of the 1824 Election

A

“Corrupt Bargain?

”

A

“Corrupt Bargain?

”

Election of 1824

No winner of electoral college: there were 4 candidates and no one won a majority

John Q. Adams is chosen over Jackson as President Adams is president w/o winning the popular vote or the

electoral college – decision made by the House of Representatives

Called corrupt bargain as Jackson had most votes Adams appoints Clay as Secretary of State (believed to

be the position that led to the presidency) Jackson supporters formed Democratic Party and

opposed Adams policies Begins to campaign for next election

The “Common

Man’s”Presidential Candidate

The “Common

Man’s”Presidential Candidate

1828 Election Results

1828 Election Results

Election of 1828

Higher voter turnout b/c voting requirements had been lowered No property requirements in order to

vote in most states now Increase of the popular vote’s

importance Jackson appealed to the common

man: supported majority rule Jackson becomes 1st Western

President Frontier Lawyer who built his own wealth

Jackson’s Presidency

“ Common Man”’s President Not from aristocracy

Creation of the Spoils System Faithful supporters got a government job

as a reward for their support Greater democracy but women and

minorities we still ignored More eligible voters

Great silence over the issue of slavery – at the government level

Nullification Crisis

Tariff of Abomination (debate over high tariff) John C. Calhoun – VP from South Carolina Theory of nullification: protect Southern

beliefs on states rights; nullifies a series of tariffs in S. Carolina

S. Carolina threatens secession – Calhoun steps down as V.P

Jackson threatens the use of force – saw secession as treason and passes the Force Bill

Henry Clay proposes a compromise that post pones secession

Indian RemovalIndian Removal

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Indian Policy

Different views about Indian policy Indian Removal Act of 1830

Move Native Americans out of valuable Southern lands

Cherokee take the issue to the Supreme Court and they win – Federal government overrule the State government (supremacy clause)

Jackson ignores the court and order removal

Trail of Tears 1838

National Bank

Jackson disliked the Bank of the U.S. “Money Power” Aristocracy

Thought it was an abuse of power and served the wealthy first Bank stocks were corruption

Jackson vetoed the new charter for the bank and withdrew all government funds Causes creation of Whig party

Van Buren

Martin Van Buren was elected after Jackson Campaign manager for Jackson; VP 2nd term

Suffered because of Jackson’s bank policies Massive inflation; stopped accepting paper $ for

federal land Panic of 1837 left many in bad economic

situations Worse depression to date – banks, farmers,

businesses were all going bankrupt Newly formed Whig party gains strength

Supporters of Democrats leave and create the Whig Party

The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

Harrison and Tyler

War Hero William Henry Harrison becomes first Whig President Beginning of modern campaigns

Harrison dies 1 month into office Portrayed as a commoner

John Tyler is first V.P. to become President Institutes American System Idea and throws out

Whig ideas (ran as a Whig with Harrison) Whigs: strong federal government to manage

economy; loose constructionist; American System supporters (protective tariffs, internal improvements and national bank)

Expansion DBQ Essay

Intro Paragraph Historical Context to start you No “in this essay I will say…”

Body Paragraph 1 Describe government actions: war, purchase, etc.

Body Paragraph 2 Describe the impact

Conclusion Was it worth it?

Must use 5 of the documents!!!! Include your unit vocabulary!!!!

Era of Reform and Mid-1800’s Reform

Goal 2

The Second GreatAwakening

The Second GreatAwakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal

Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

Societal Change

2nd Great Awakening Period of religious revival after 1800 Fewer religious “pilgrims”

Utopian Communities – Brook Farm A group living area that would be perfect Based on everyone working together Most did not work well

Transcendentalism

Belief in a simple life People could transcend their lives in

order to achieve balance and a higher state of consciousness

Walt Whitman “Leaves of Grass” Ralph Waldo Emerson “Self Reliance” Henry David Thoreau “Civil

Disobedience” Walden Pond

Education

One Room School House Few were educated beyond the age of 10 Horace Mann

Advocated for public schools for everyone Trained teachers Set standards for schools statewide Eliminating the use of corporal punishment Free and public education paid for by taxes

Education would give Americans knowledge and tools they needed to participate in an industrialized democracy

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Institution Reform

Dorothea Dix - Massachusetts Help for the mentally ill Helped to start many mental hospitals

Prison Reform Prisons were a place of retribution not

rehabilitation Advocated for rehabilitation and

repentance so that prisoners could contribute to society

American Writers

James Fenimore Cooper – Frontier and Expansion

Nathaniel Hawthorne – Romaticism Herman Melville Edgar Allen Poe – Detective Novel Emily Dickenson – Poetry and

Women

Abolitionists

Those who opposed slavery Development of the Underground

Railroad to take slaves to freedom in Canada

William Llyod Garrison – “The Liberator”

David Walker – freedom by force Frederick Douglas – “North Star”

Former slave who wrote about and spoke about his experience as a slave

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad

Life Under Slavery

Rural slavery work and home were in the same place Plantations Field work House workers

Urban slavery Skilled labor More freedoms as they would go to work

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground

Railroad

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground

Railroad

Rebellion

Slaves turn to violent methods Nearly 200 slave revolts by the mid

1800s Denmark Vesey’s attempt at a large

uprising was crushed before it started in Charleston

Nat Turner, 1831 led a slave revolt – killed 60 initially on his way and then he was in hiding for 6 weeks until he was caught and hanged

Scared many slave holders in the South

Led to greater control over slaves

Anti-Slavery AlphabetAnti-Slavery Alphabet

Anti-Slavery

Emancipation – freedom of all slaves throughout the country not just in the North

Religious reasons – Moral wrong to have slaves –

conditions and treatment Values of the Constitution – Life,

Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness for all (equality)

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroade “Conductor” ==== leader of the

escape

e “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves

e “Tracks” ==== routes

e “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves

e “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

Pro-Slavery

New fear of revolt – complete society upheaval if slaves revolted Illegal to teach a slave to read or write Illegal for slave to gather in groups unless overseer was

there to monitor Black codes begin – form to communicate and

give hope to each other Used songs and stories to code their messages

Religious support “happy” plantation slave myth

They are happier as they are taken care of and given a purpose; they would be lost without the direction of the master

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own

Way!

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own

Way!

R2-8

Women’s Reform

Abolitionists/Suffrage Grimke sisters Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Stanton Susan B. Anthony Two movements closely tied as women viewed the

existence of slaves similarly to their existence Temperance

Move to ban alcohol Blamed alcohol for problems of the industrial society Saw women and children as the victims of the

drunken men who would abuse and beat them

“The Drunkard’s Progress”

“The Drunkard’s Progress”

From the first glass to the grave, 1846

Reforms

Women’s Education – women were not educated; if they were it was not at the collegiate level Catherine Beecher Oberlin College – first college to accept

women Health Reform

Elizabeth Blackwell▪ Medical positions for women

Amelia Bloomer

Women’s Movement

Women saw increased opportunities in reform movements Women had prominent roles in the church

and that carried over to many of the reform movements as they were grounded in the religious awakening taking place

Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 Declaration of Sentiments – ideals of the

Declaration of Independence (equality) applied to women

Women’s Life

Cult of domesticity Husband, children, home, church

Limitations on Women – British custom that stayed in America Could not hold office Could not vote in most places Could not speak in public Could not own property or keep wages if

husband lived Divorce meant the husband received all

wealth and children

Changing Workplace

Development of industry Decline of skilled labor – could not

compete with the price of mass production Growth of urban areas

Urbanization concerns and complications Cost of goods decreased and supply

increased Volume production not quality production –

price reduced Women were not working in the home but

working outside the home

Lowell System

Lowell Textile Mills Samuel Slayter in Massachusetts

Factory system Perfected the English ideas

Company town for young girls Live and work at the factory

Strict control over the workers lives Factory conditions would worn of

future problems

Working Conditions

Long hours – 10+ hours shifts 6 days a week Poor ventilation and lighting

Led to more injuries and health issues Unsafe working conditions

Machinery, type of work Development of labor unions and

strikes Many were begun by women as they

held a high percentage of the factory jobs

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Immigration

Lots of immigration in the mid 1800s Led to feelings of nativism Caused by poverty in Europe

Many were Irish or German Therefore Catholic not Protestant

Most immigrants settled in cities to get factory jobs Taking American jobs Weight on American Society

Low wages of immigrants made union activity difficult Willing to work when Americans were not and therefore made

it difficult to enact change Know-Nothing Party

Kept party a secret and would state if asked “I know nothing”

Reform Essay

THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION

Theme: Reform Movements Reform movements have been an important part of United States history.

Task: Identify three reform movements in the United States since 1800 and for

each reform movement Describe the historical circumstances that led to the need for reform State two goals of the movement Discuss one action taken by the government, a group, or an

individual in support of this goal Evaluate the success of the reform movement at achieving its desired

goals

Expansion Essay